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DE DATTA, Surajit Kumar, 1933AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS ANDUTILIZATION OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERSIN SOME GREAT SOIL GROUPS OF HAWAII.

University of Hawaii, Ph.D., 1963Agriculture, general

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS AND UTILIZATION

OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS IN SOME

GREAT SOIL GROUPS OF HAWAII

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN SOIL SCIENCE

JANUARY 1963

By

Surajit Kumar De Datta

Thesis Committee:

G. Donald Sherman, ChairmanHarry F. ClementsOtto R. YoungeEdward J. BrittenRobert L. FoxEdison W. Putman

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. G. Donald Sherman

for giving me the opportunity of studying at the University

of Hawaii. His interest and advice are greatly appreciated.

My grateful thanks are due to the Rockefeller Foundation and

officials of the College of Tropical Agriculture, University

of Hawaii, for providing the fellowship during the period

1959 to 1962. My cordial thanks are also due to

Dr. J. C. Moomaw and Dr. Robert L. Fox for their encourage

ment and guidance during the course of this investigation.

Financial support received for this project from the National

Science Foundation is appreciated. Finally my thanks are due

to Messrs. Y. Kanehiro, K. H. Houng, G. G. Beckmann, and other

members of the staff in the Department of Agronomy and Soil

Science for their help from time to time; also, to

Mrs. Betty Someda for typing the manuscript.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Phosphorus fixation and availability; definition,mechanisms, and factors affecting phosphorus fix-ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .

Ion uptake and soil fertility; availability ofnative and added phosphorus fertilizers ....

Application of phosphate fertilizers to upper plantparts (foliar nutrition of phosphorus) . • . . .

Factors affecting foliar absorption of nutrientelements with a particular reference to phosphorus

Specific factors affecting foliar nutrition ofphosphorus . . . . . • • • . . . . ,

Relative absorption of phosphorus from foliar sprayand from soil application.••••...•.•.

Phosphorus solubility and availability to plants andaluminum status of some acid soils as influenced byliming .......••

Aluminum status in some acid soils

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Soils studied

Hilo series •Kapaa seriesHalii seriesPauwela seriesMolokai seriesKoko seriesLualualei seriesX-ray analyses

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page

Experiment I. The availability of fertilizer phosphorusin relation to various rates and isotopes (p3l and p32)of phosphorus in three Latosols of Hawaii 23

Greenhouse study . . . . . . . . . . 23Che~ccal and radio-chemical analyses 24

Experiment II. The availability of phosphorus, and utilization of phosphate fertilizers added to four great soilgroups of Hawaii as influenced by sources and methods ofphosphorus application. . 24

Design of experiment 24Test crop . . . . 24Potting soils 24Phosphorus sources . 25Rates and methods of phosphorus application 25Seed treatments and plantings .... 25Nutrient elements and moisture supply 26Foliar spray . . . . • • . 26Harvesting •..•.•. 27Chemical and radiochemical analyses 27

Experiment III. Phosphorus solubility and availabilityto plants and aluminum status of plants and soils as in-fluenced by liming 27

Greenhouse study 28Plant ashing 29CalOllation 29

Analytical procedures for soil analyses 30

Water soluble aluminum . . . 30Extractable aluminum 31Phosphorus fixation studies 31Statistical analyses 31

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . 33

Experiment I. (Results). Availability of fertilizer phosphorus in relation to various rates and isotopes ofphosphorus . . ~ • . • 33

Discussion (Experiment I). 36

Experiment II. (Results). Phosphorus availability to sugarcane as influenced by various phosphate fertilizers andmethods of application 38

Discussion (Experiment II) • 54

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Experiment III. Soil phosphorus and aluminum solubilityand uptake by plants as influenced by liming . . .

Experimental results (short-term extraction).Phosphorus extraction studies

Experiment III. (Discussion) .

Short-term extractionLong-term extrac~ion.

Laboratory experiments (Results) •

Phosphorus fixation studiesAluminum status in soils

Laboratory experiment (Discussion)

SUMMARY.

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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20TABLE I.

TABLE II.

LIST OF TABLES

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVEN HAWAIIAN SOILSBELONGING TO SIX GREAT SOIL GROUPS . . . . . . .

THE INFLUENCE OF TWO ISOTOPES OF PHOSPHORUS (p31

AND p32) AND RATES OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ONSUDAN GRASS YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, AND THEPHOSPHORUS STATUS AND pH OF THE SOILS AFTERHARVEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

TABLE III. YIELD OF SUGAR CANE AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUSPHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUSAPPLICATION EXPRESSED AS MULTIPLES OF THE CHECK(NO P). PLANTS WERE GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS 40

TABLE IV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON RELATIVEPHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS MULTIPLES OF THE CHECK(NO P). PLANTS WERE GROWN IN pars FOR 3 MONTHSAND IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . 43

TABLE V. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUSYIELDS (P CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD).DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS MULTIPLES OF THE CHECK(NO P). SUGAR CANE GROWN IN pars FOR 3 MONTHSAND IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . , . . . 45

TABLE VI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THEALUMINUM CONCENTRATION (PPM.) IN DRY MATTERDURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN pars INFOUR DIFFERENT SOILS 50

TABLE VII. INFLUENCE OF VARmOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUMYIELD (ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD)IN SUGAR CANE TOPS. PLANTS WERE GROWN IN parsFOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . 51

TABLE VIII. EXTRACTABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS (MODIFIED TRUOG)AND SOIL pH AFTER 3 MONTHS GROWTH OF SUGAR CANE 53

TABLE IX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE P YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONX YIELD OF DRY MATTER) DURING 4 DAYS Roar-SOILCONTACT. SUDAN GRASS GROWN FROM SEED IN SIX DIF-FERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

TABLE X. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANTPHOSPHORUS DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER DURING 4DAYS ROar SOIL CONTACT. SUDAN GRASS GROWNFROM SEED IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . 64

TABLE XI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANTPHOSPHORUS DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER DURING 4DAYS ROar-SOIL CONTACT. KOA HAOLE GROWN FROMSEED IN SIX DIFFERE~i SOILS. . . . . . . . . 65

TABLE XII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF DRY MATTER(GRAMS/par) DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN pars FROM SEEDS IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . ..... , . 67

TABLE XIII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF DRY MATTER(GRAMS/par) DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN pars FROMSEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . 69

TABLE XIV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS DURING 21 DAYS OFPLANT GROWTH. .SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN pars INSIX DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

TABLE XV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS DURING 24 DAYS OFPLANT GROWTH. KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWNIN pars IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . 82

TABLE XVI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONSDURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. SUDAN GRASSGROWN IN pars FROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENTSOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

TABLE XVII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONSDURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. KOA HAOLE(1,. GLAUCt:) GROWN IN pars FROM SEEDS IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

TABLE XVIII. PHOSPHORUS AND ALUMINUM STATUS IN SUDAN GRASSAND KOA HAOLE (b. GLAUCA), GROWN SUCCESSIVELY,IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS WITH VARIOUS LIME ANDPHOSPHORUS TREATMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 87

TABLE XIX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE IIA II VALUE OF FRIED ANDDEAN. SUDAN GRASS FOLLOWED BY KOA HAOLE (L.GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTS FOR 21 AND 24 DAYS, RES-PECTIVELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

TABLE XX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF LIME AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PHOSPHORUS EXTRACTEDWITH O. 02N H2S04 AND SOIL pH AFTER THE HARVEST OF PLANTS. FOUR DAYS ROOT-SOIL CONTACTWITH SUDAN GRASS AND KOA HAOLE FOLLOWED BYSUDAN GRASS AND KOA MOLE GROWN FROM S~EDS

IN POTS FOR 21 DAYS AND 24 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY 90

TABLE XXI. INFLUENCE CF RAlES CF Ca(OH) 2 APPLICATION ANDTIME OF EQUILIBRATION ON SOIL pH, ALUMINUMSTATUS AND IMMOBILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUSBY FOUR ACID SOILS OF HAWAII . . . . . . . . . 98

APPENDIX

TABLE XXII. YIELD OF SUGAR CANE (GRAMS DRY MATTER PERPOT) AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS PHOSPHATEFERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION. PLANTS WERE GROWN IN POTS FOR3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . 113

TABLE XXIII, INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERSAND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ONPHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.PLANTS GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR 'DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

TABLE XXIV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERSAND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ONPHOSPHORUS YIELD (P CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTERYIELD) IN MILLIGRAMS P/POT IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.PLANTS GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOURDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

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APPENDIX (Continued)

TABLE XXV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF THE PLANT PHOSPHORUS DERIVED FROMFERTILIZER DURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANEGROWTH IN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . 116

TABLE XXVI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERSAND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THEPERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUSDURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN POTSIN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . 117

TABLE XXVII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ONTHE "A" VALUE OF FRIED AND DEAN, 1952. SUGARCANE GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS AND IN FOURDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

TABLE XXVIII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PHOSPHORUS YIELD(PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X YIELD OF DRYMATTER) DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN POTS FROM SEEDS IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • 119

TABLE XXIX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PHOSPHORUS YIELD(PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X YIELD OF DRYMATTER) DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. KQ~

HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTS FROM SEEDS INSIX DIFFERENT SOILS ... . . . . . . . . . 120

TABLE XXX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANTP DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER DURING 21 DAYS OFPLANT GROWTH. SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN POTS INSIX DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

TABLE XXXI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANT PDERIVED FROM FERTILIZER DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANTGROWTH. KGA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTSIN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS 122

TABLE XXXII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUM YIELD(ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION X YIELD OF DRYMATTER) DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.SUDAN GRASS GR~N IN POTS FROM SEEDS INSIX DIFFERENT SOILS ... . . . 0 • • • 123

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TABLE XXXIII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUM YIELD (ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION X YIELD OF DRY MATTER)DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. KOA HAOLE1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTS FROM SEEDS IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

TABLE XXXIV. INFLUENCE OF REACTION TIME ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS BY SEVEN HAWAIIANSOILS. DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF PREMAINING IN SOIL SOLUTION. . . . . . . . . 125

TABLE XXXV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONIN SUDAN GRASS AND PHOSPHORUS TAKEN UP FROMFERTILIZER IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS. SUDANGRASS GROWN IN POTS FOR 21 DAYS . . . . . . . 126

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PLANT YIELDS(GRAMS DRY MATTER/POT). SUGAR CANE GROWN IN POTSFOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . 39

FIGURE 2. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUSCONCENTRATION IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.. PLANTS GROWNIN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . 42

FIGURE 3. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUSYIELD (P CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD) INSUGAR CANE TOPS. PLANTS GROWN IN POTS FOR 3MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS . . . . . . . . 44

FIGURE 4. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF THE PLANT PHOSPHORUS DERIVED FROMFERTILIZER DURING 3 MONTHS Of SUGAR CANE GROWTHIN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS. . . . . . . . 47

FIGURE 5. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ANDMETHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS DURING3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN POTS IN FOURDIFFERENT SOILS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

FIGURE 6. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ONTHE "A" VALUE OF FRIED AND DEAN, 1952. SUGAR CANEGROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS AND IN FOUR DIFFERENTSOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

FIGURE 7. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN PERCENTAGE UTILIZATIONOF ADDED PHOSPHORUS (FOLIAR APPLICATION) ANDDRY MATTER YIELD DUE TO FOLIAR APPLIED PHOS-PHORUS IN SUGAR CANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

FIGURE 8. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN PERCENTAGE UTILIZATIONOF ADDED PHOSPHORUS (SOIL APPLICATION) AND PHOS-PHORUS YIELD IN SUGAR CANE (SOIL APPLICATION). . 57

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

FIGURE 9. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ANDREGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS (FOLIAR APPLICATIONAND PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUGAR CANE (FOLIARAPPLICATION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FIGURE 10. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN I~" VALUE AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUGAR CANE . . . . . . . . .

FIGURE 11. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPH0RUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS GROWN INHILO SOIL FOR 21 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . .

FIGURE 12. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FElITILIZER IN KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA)GROWN IN HILO SOIL FOR 24 DAYS . . . . . . .

FIGURE 13. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS GROWN INKAPAA SOIL FOR 21 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . .

FIGURE 14. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN KOA HAOLE (k. GLAUCA)GROWN IN KAPAA SOIL FOR 24 DAYS . . . . . . .

FIGURE 15. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS GROWN INHALII SOIL FOR 21 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . .

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FIGURE 16. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X PLANTYIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROMFERTILIZER IN KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN INHALII SOIL FOR 24"DAYS . . . . . . . . 76

FIGURE 17. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS GROWN INTHREE NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE SOILS FOR21 DAYS I 77

FIGURE 18. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS ANDLIME APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION,PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XPLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANT B~DERlVED

FROM FERTILIZER IN KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWNIN THREE NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE SOILSFOR 24 DAYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

FIGURE 19. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCENT UTILIZATION OF ADDEDPHOSPHORUS AND PLANT ALUMINUM IN SUDAN GRASSGROWN FROM SEED IN SOIL FOR 21 DAYS . . . . . 92

FIGURE 20. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILITY INSOIL WATER SYSTEMS AND PHOSPHORUS TAKEN UP BYPLANTS DURING 4 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

FIGURE 21. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONIN PLANTS AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUDAN GRASSGROWN IN THREE ACID SOILS FOR 21 DAYS. . . . . . 94

FIGUPJ: 22. RELATIONSHIP (COAAELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONIN PLANTS AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN KOA HAOLE(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN THREE ACID SOILS FOR24 DAYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

FIGURE 23. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION FACTOR) BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS YIELD INSUDAN GRASS AND KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWNSUCCESSIVELY IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS. . . . . 99


FIGURE 24. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL pH AND ALUMINUMEXTRACTED WITH IN BaC12 . . . . . . • . .

FIGURE 25. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS RATES OF LIMING ON THERETENTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR ACID SOILSAFTER I-HOUR EQUILIBRATION . . . . . . . .

FIGURE 26. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS RATES OF LIMING ON THERETENTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR ACID SOILSAFTER 48-HOUR EQUILIBRATION . . . . . . .

FIGURE 27. IMMOBILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS BY SEVENHAWAIIAN SOILS DURING 4-DAY EQUILIBRATION OFSOILS WITH A PHOSPHORUS SOLUTION . . . . .

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INTRODUCT ION

The soil is a supplier of phosphorus; and. i.n addition, it governs

phosphorus availability through complex reacd.ons between itself ar..d fer

tilizer phosphorus. Conservative phosphate fertilization of some soils

has not always effectively provided phosphorus for crop plants. Low ef

ficiency of phosphorus recovery has long been an important, practical

agricultural problem and has led many workers to study the problem of

phosphorus immobilization. It is this immobilization which is believed

largely responsible for low phosphate fertilizer recovery by plants and

for low crop yields. Low recovery of added phosphorus by agronomic crops

is a seri.ous problem il'. most Hawaiian soils.

Experiments conducted by Ayres (1934) and by Chu and Sherman (1952)

have shown that phosphorus fixation occurs very rapidly or even almost

immediately in many Hawaiian soils. Fixation of phosphorus and thus its

availability, can be regulated to some extent by certain management prac

tices of soils. Heavy phosphorus applications are sometimes advocated t.o

saturate the phosphorus fixation complex in soils with excess of phos

phorus for plant utilization (Younge, 1961; Younge and Moomaw: 1960).

Sometimes also the correct choice of a chemical compound to supply

phosphorus may improve fertilizer efficiency. When the factors responsible

for phosphorus fixation are understood more completely. a greater measure

of fertili.zer efficiency will be attained.

Direct application of phosphate fertilizer material to the plarrt

could be one solution to the soil fixation problem if a number of dif··

ficulties are overcome. Among these are: physiological burni~g of

leaves and stems, poor recovery of added phosphorus, and lack of uniform

distribution of the added nutrient within the plant. Some of these

2

difficu'cies may be overcome by using suitable fertilizer material,

controlled pH, proper concentration, and efficient means of application.

It is widely believed that the influence of lime on phosphorus

availability depends on the solubility and mobility of aluminum. The use

of soil amendments such as applications of lime to acid soils may be use-

ful in reducing the solubility and mobility of aluminum. It is commonly

believed that phosphorus availability to plants increases as soils are

limed close to pH 7.0; but this generalization may not apply in the

tropics. Greene (1954) has reported that results from liming in the

tropics have usually been unsatisfactory, and he concluded that the

question of liming tropical soils should be reconsidered.

In this study on phosphorus; one of the hypotheses proposed for

testing was: when lime is applied before phosphorus, phosphorus reacts

with the precipitated aluminum and forms a surface complex which rapidly

equilibrates with the soil solution. And further, when lime is applied

after the application of phosphorus, the phosphorus interacts with the

surfa .e and becomes covered by the precipitated aluminum.

The objectives of the various experiments performed and reported in

this thesis are summarized as follows:

1. 31 32to determine the influence of two isotopes; P and P ,phos-

phorus compounds, rates, and methods of phosphorus application

on the availability of native and applied phosphorus in diverse

soil systems.

2. to determine the availability of soil phosphorus ('rA" value of

Fried and Dean; 1952) as influenced by sources and various times

of lime and phosphorus application in several Hawaii.an soils.

3

3. to determine the influence of liming and phosphate fertilization

on the intensity of phosphorus fixation by soils with diverse

mineral systems, such as amorphous hydrated oxides, goethite

gibbsite; kaolin (1:1 clays), and montmorillonite (2:1 clays),

in various tropical soils.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Phosphorus fixation and availability; definition; mechanisms, and factors

affecting phosphorus fixation

Dean (1949) has defined "fixed" phosphorus " as the soil phos-

phorus which has become attached to the solid phase of soils ..... ".

Williams (1950) uses the term "phosphorus fixation" to denote the decrease

in solubility as distinct from availability which depends upon many other

factors. Kardos (1955) defined it as " .... ,the process whereby readily

soluble plant nutrients are changed to less soluble forms by reaction

with inorganic and organic components of soils with the result that the

nutrients become restricted in their mobility in the soil and suffer a

decrease in their availability to plants." Hemwall (1957) defined phos-

phorus fixation as " ..... phosphorus which has been rendered insoluble

that is defined as "fixed", ..... ".

The literature on phosphorus fixation is enormous. Reviews on this

subject have been written by Hidgley, 1940; Wild, 1949; Dean, 1949; and

Hemwall 1957. Therefore, only a very brief summary of pertinent liter-

ature on the mechanism involved and factors affecting phosphorus fixation

will be presented in the following few paragraphs.

Chemical fixation, adsorption or surface reaction. There is a ten-

den'y for phosphorus to concentrate at the solid liquid interface of the

soil system which may lead to fixation of phosphorus. The phosphorus thus

adsorbed and/or precipitated is relatively easily exchangeable. The

nature of the adsorption process is related to hydrated sesquioxides and

clay minerals especially of the 1:1 type (Mattson, 1931; Ravikovitch,

1934; Scarseth, 1935; Stout; 1939; and Coleman, 1944).

;j

,j

5

Anion exchange. The mechanism of phosphorus fixation is a reversible

reaction with the possibility of anion exchange as pointed out by Stout,

1939. Rubins and Dean (1947) considered that the major factor in fixation

is the replacement of one anion on the exchange complex by another, which

is present in a greater concentration, or by an anion which possesses a

stronger tendency to hold its position on the exchange complex, Phos-

phate ions exchange with the hydroxyl ions on the clay crystal surface

and with those of aluminum and ferric hydroxide which are present as

adventitious substances or as coating on the clay.

Chemical precipitation. Truog (1938) considered that the main

cause of phosphorus fixation is due to a precipitation of compounds

(minerals) in the soil and the phosphorus added as fertilizer. Further-

more, phosphorus present in soils as calcium phosphate is available to

plants and phosphorus present as iron and aluminum phosphates) is available

to plants only with difficulty. Iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides

have been recognized by many investigators as active agents in phosphorus

fixation in acid soil systems. In a recent review Ginzburg (1960) dis-

cussed the importance of sesquioxides in phosphorus adsorption by solIs.

In acid soil systems the main products of phosphorus fixation are gen-

erally insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates. According to Wright

(1959), Lindsay et al. (1959), and Wright and Peech (1960), some crys-

tal line phosphorus minerals of the variscite - barrandite - strengite

isomorphous series govern the concentration of phosphorus in solution in

various acid soils. Terman and Stanford (1960) believe taranakite-like

forms may also exist in several soils.

In most instances soil fractionation procedures or other suitable

extracting procedures, have indic;ated an important role for iron and

aluminum in phosphorus fixation in acid soils (Catani and Pellegrino.

1957; Chai and Caldwell, 1959; Larsen et al., 1959; Coleman et~.) 1960;

Hsu and Jackson, 1960; Rathje: 1960; Saeki and Okamoto, 1960; Taylor,

1960; Yuan et ~." 1960; Chang and Chu, 1961; Lindsay and DeMent, 1961;

and Patel and Mehta, 1961).

Clay minerals also playa significant role in the process of phos

phorus fixation. Although these components are occasionally considered

separately as active agents in phosphorus fixation, it is becoming in

creasingly evident that both fix phosphorus by essentially the same

mechanisms. It is probable that the aluminum present in and on the clay

is responsible for the phosphorus·fixing propertie.s of clay minerals.

According to Haseman et~. (1950a), a process of phosphorus fixation by

clay minerals can be regarded as consisting of two distinct processes.

The initial rapid fixation is due to the chemical reaction of iron and

aluminum present in readily available forms and then later slow fixation

results from the reactions with iron and aluminum released frow the de

composition of the various minerals. This hypothesis was substantiated

by later works (Ellis and Truog, 1955). Results from various Hawaiian

soils showed that soils from which free oxides had been removed have a

lower amount of phosphorus fixed than soils with free oxides present

(Chu and Sherman, 1952). Hernwall (1957) measured the solubility of both

kaolinite and montmorillonite clays and of the resultant aluminum phos

phate. He concluded that highly insoluble compounds of aluminum phosphate

are formed with phosphorus and clay minerals by reacting with soluble

aluminum.

Fried and Dean (1955) determined the phosphorus-fixing characteristi.cs

of cation exchange resins saturated with iron and aluminum. They found

7

that these materials were capable of fixing phosphorus and concluded that

a similar phenomenon could occur in the soil via the clay minerals.

In alkaline and calcareous soils, phosphorus fixation is due to the

formation of insoluble calcium phosphates. According to Chu and Sherman

(1952), the fixation of phosphorus by chemical precipitation by calcium

ions does not seem to be a serious problem in most Hawaiian soils; it will

not be included in the present discussion.

Factors affecting phosphorus fixation. The course and extent of re

actions by which phosphorus fertilizers are fixed in soils are influenced

by a number of variables such as:

1. concentration of phosphate ions in soil solution (Ravikovitch,

1939) .

2. time' of reaction (Scarseth and Tidmore, 1934; Heck, 1934).

3. temperature (Low and Black, 1950).

4. reaction (pH) of the solution (Black, 1942; Coleman, 1944; and

Perkins and King, 1944).

5. types of mineral (Stout, 1939; Chatterjee and Datta, 1951; and

Chu and Sherman) 1952).

6. particle size (Coleman, 1944; Perkins and King, 1944).

7. exchangeable cations (Heck) 1934; Coleman and Mehlich, 1948; and

Pratt and Thorne, 1948).

8. effects of salts (Kurtz et~.; 1946; and Low and Black, 1950).

Iou uptake and soil fertility; availability of native and added phosphorus

fertilizers

The uptake of ions from soil by a growing plant depends on the capa

city of the plant to take up the element and the capacity of soil to

supply that element in requisite amounts. Independent investigations of

8

plant or soil systems may not give a complete measure of soil fertility

with reference to a particular nutrient element. It is possible to eval-

uate soil fertility with reasonable certainty by a study of interacting

soil-plant system.

The soil as a source of phosphorus. The availability of a nutrient

depends upon the integration of various factors and according to Overstreet

and Dean (1951) it may be considered " ..... as the state of being sufficient

for the use of plants.; ... ".

According to Fried and Dean (1952), the plant is the only agent

that can determine the amount of a nutrient available to plants. A

concept was presented by the authors by which a given nutrient in a soil

is compared to that of a standard containing this nutrient. An ~umption

was made that when two sources of a given nutrient are present in the soil

the plant will absorb from each of these sources in proportion to the res-

pective quantities available. From this assumption the amount of available

nutrient element can be determined quantitatively if the amount of nutrient

in the plant derived from the fertilizer and from the soil were known.

The authors described this value as the "A" value, where

A B(l-y)

Y

and A amount of available nutrient in the soil

B = amount of fertilizer nutrient (standard) applied

y = propor~ion of nutrient in the plant derived from the standard.

The method of Fried and Dean has been used by several workers in an

attempt to obtain quantitative measurement of available soil phosphorus

(Olsen et ~., 1954; Thompson and Pratt, 1954; Webb and Pesek, Jr.,

1954; Grunes et al., 1955; Caldwell et~., 1956; Verma, 1956; Ensminger

9

and Pearson, 1957; Golden, 1959; Franklin and Reisenauer, 1960; Maung,

1960; Schacht schabel , 1960; and Golden, 1961).

The amount of a nutrient that equilibrates with radioactive nutrient

in solution is also used in the laboratory to measure the available nu-

trient element. The amount of phosphorus on the surface of soil particles

is measured as surface phosphorus. McAuliffe et~. (1947), initiated

this procedure and indicated that an estimation of surface phosphorus

could be a reasonable method to evaluate nutrient availability; surface

or equilibration phosphorus is calculated as follows;

surface phosphorus (p32) X solution phosphorus (p31 )solution phosphorus (p32)

A relationship between "A" values and the amount of surface phosphorus

was established by Olsen (1953). A correlation coefficient of 0,952 was

found for a wide variety of soil types and conditions, The work of Olsen

(1953) indicated that the measurement of surface phosphorus may be useful

in the study of the reactions occurring when a fertilizer is applied to a

soil.

Fried (1957) has indicated the utility of surface phosphorus in

various soils and has discussed its application in evaluating avai.1able

soi.1 phosphorus. Phosphorus fixation ~as high in calcareous soil of'\1

Turkey and surface phosphorus was a podr indicator of phosphorus avail-

ability to plants (Fox et al.; 1961; and Fox et~., 1960).

Fertili?~r phosphorus uptake in relation to phosphorus isotopes (p31

and p32) in ~he fertilizer. Stable phosphorus, p3l, and radioactive

phosphorus, p32, are believed to be absorbed by the plant in the same

magnitude; these two isotopes perform the same chemical functions in the

plant. The difference between the two isotopes is in their atomic weights,

10

During decay the p32 atom releasesjS particles. The purpose of using

radioactive phosphate fertilizer is to determine the amount of plant

phosphorus derived from the soil as well as from the fertilizer source

and residual phosphorus remaining from previous fertilizer applications.,

McAuliffe et~. (1947) have shown that the p3204 ions added to the soils •

will undergo an isotopic exchange with some of the native soil phosphates.

If isotopic exchange is of appreciable magnitude, it would be necessary

to account for such losses by this mechanism. In later years, various

workers have reported their findings on isotopic exchanges occurring in

soil systems.

The validity of an assumption made by Hevsy (as quoted by Van den

Hende and De Loose 1958) to the effect that the roots do not differen-

tiate (H2P3204) and (H2P3l04) ions, was verified by fractionating the

amounts of p3l and p32 after maize had been grown on various substances

containing both isotopes. BaGed on the fact that the absorption of

labeled ?hosphorus from fertilizer is inversely proportional to the

amount of exchangeable phosphorus in the soil, a study was made of the

correlation between available phosphorus in soil as determined by using

labeled salts and as determined by standard chemical procedures. The

use of mono-calcium phosphate or di-calcium phosphate made no difference

in phosphorus uptake.

Yuan and Robertson (1958) reported that after 25 hours; p32 was

sorbed at the same rate as p3l. Provided a period is allowed for equi-

librium to be reached before available, labile, or exchangeable phosphorus

are measured, p32, with the ,Qarrier p3l, can be used as a measure of

available, labile or isotopically exchangeable phosphorus.

j

j

11

According to Bouldin and Black (1960); the main advantage of using

isotopes to evaluate different fertilizers is that of sensitivity. The

uptake of an isotope from a labeled fertilizer provides q means of de

tecting differences in the availability under conditions when yield of

plants or yield of nutrients are too low to be estimated by chemical

methods. Furthermore as long as no discrimination between isotopes

exists in the various reactions the nutrient undergoes before measure

ment, the validity of the estimates of uptake is not affected by changes

in availability that may result from reaction of the nutrient with the

soil, by isotopic exchange. A similar study was also reported by

Mattingly and Talibudeen (1961).

Comparative efficiency of various phosphate fertilizers. The ef

ficiency of various phosphorus sources as fertilizer materials has been

reviewed by Hendricks and Dean) 1952; Rogers et al.) 1953; and Fried,

1953a. Recently a comparison was made by Saunders (1958) of the degree

of phosphorus retention by soils frou different phosphate fertilizers

such as superphosphate) double superphosphate, potassium dihydrogen

phosphate and dicalcium phosphate. The soils used were of low; medium,

and high phosphorus status. Changes in soil pH would occur in the im

mediate vicinity of the phosphorus particle and affect the concentration

of phosphorus in the soil solution and the utilization of the applied

phosphorus. Laboratory and greenhouse studies with monocalcium, mono am

monium and diammonium phosphates were made by Bouldin and Sample, 1959.

It was found that dicalcium phosphate was superior to monocalcium phosphate

in Hartsells soil, while monocalcium phosphate was much superior to di

ammonium phosphate in Webster soil. Monoammonium phosphate was intermediate

in behavior between the two other sources in the Hartsells soil, but was

12

roughly equivalent to monocalcium phosphate in the Webster soil. The

Hartsells soil and the Webster soil had pH values of 5.2 and 8.3, res

pectively. Phosphate fertilizers produced by Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA) have undergone extensive evaluation in various places of the United

States. The behavior of some of these water soluble phosphate ferti.lizers

differs in acid and in calcareous soils (Terman and Stanford, 1960).

Suehisa (1961), working with dicalcium phosphate and rock phosphate

reported that the yield of dry matter in the first and second cuttings

of Sudan grass was improved by these two phosphorus sources; monoammonium

phosphate showed improvement only in the first cutting, The least

soluble rock phosphate released more phosphorus than the highly soluble

ammonium phosphate when these two sources were compared with the check

(no phosphorus).

Application of phosphate fertilizers to upper plant parts (foliar nutri

tion of phosphorus)

The practice of foliar nutrition was reported early by Gris (1844);

and in later years by Biddulph (1941) and Colwell (1942).

In recent years great progress has been achieved in understanding

and in evaluating foliage sprays as a means of supplying essential nu

trient elements in crop production. The greater water solubilities and

higher analyses of nutrient elements in the commercial fertilizers make

fertilizers suitable for foliar application. The practice of foliar

application may be of value in supplying an adequate amount of phosphorus

to plants in soils having high phosphorus fixing capacities.

In recent years research on foliar application of nutrients has

been greatly fa~ilitated by the use of radioisotopes. The use of tagged

fertilizer makes it possible to distinguish the element absorbed from

/

/

13

the foliar spray and the same nutrient element absorbed simultaneously

from the soil. Therefore it is possible to follow the translocation of a

particular nutrient from two independent sources within the plant (~ittwer

and Lundahl, 1951; Silberstein and Wittwer, 1951; Lecat) 1~52; Burr et al.,

1956; Tukey et al., 1956; Wittwer, 1957; Aguiar, 1958).

Comprehensive reviews on foliar absorption of specific micro and

macro elements are available (Boynton, 1954; Wittwer and Teubner, 1959;

and Pandey, 1959). Numerous papers have appeared since 1940 describing

the rapidity of transport, pattern of distribution, and magnitude or the

contribution to nutrition of phosphorus (p32) applied as foliar spray

(Arnon et al., 1940; Biddulph, 1941; Colwell, 1942; Biddulph and Markle,

1944; Silberstein and Wittwer, 1951; ~!ittwer and Lundahl, 1951; Yatazawa

and Higashino, 1952; Asen et al., 1953; Eggert and Kardos, 1954; Fisher

and Walker, 1955; Biddulph, 1956; Suleimanov, 1956; Bukovac and Wittwer,

1960; and Yakushkina, 1960.

Factors affecting foliar absorption of nutrient elements with a particular

reference to phosphorus

The factors affecting foliar absorption can be classified into two

broad groups: external factors, such as temperature, light, pH of the

fertilizer solution, and carrier of the treating solution, various ad

ditive chemicals and internal factors such as morphological nature of the

absorbing organ and the nutritional status of the plant species. These

factors, affecting foliar nutrition, were studied by Long et al., 1955;

Teubner et al., 1957; Koontz and Biddulph, 1957; Thorne, 1958; Koontz,

1958; and Van den Hende et a1., 1960.

14

Specific factors affecting foliar nutrition of phosphorus

pH effect. pH of 2 to 3, as compared to a higher pH of the applied

phosphorus solution, facilitates more rapid uptake by leaves (Silberstein

and Wittwer, 1951; Swanson and Whitney, 1953; Eggert and Kardos, 1954;

Fisher and Walker, 1955; Mitsui, 1956; and Teubner et al., 1957).

Boroughs et al., 1961 studied the absorption of phosphorus between

pH values of 2 and 12 by cacao seedlings using NaHZP04 as a source of

phosphorus; they showed that a higher level of phosphorus uptake took

place between pH 2 and 6 with a peak at about pH 5 but a rapid decline

throughout the alkaline range.

A similar curve was obtained using KH2P04, but at a level much

higher than that was found with NaHZP04' According to Tukey ~~.,

1956, optimum pH for maximum phosphorus absorption depends upon the

nature of the phosphorus compounds applied.

Surfactants and wetting agents. Depending on the chemical nature

and the concentration of surfactant and wetting agent, anion uptake may

be increased by addition of surfactants and wetting agents (Fisher and

Walker, 1955; Teubner et ~~, 1957 and Boroughs ~~" 1961), may be

decreased (Swanson and Whitney 1953; Teubner ~~., 1957) or may not

be affected (Barrier and Loomis _ 1957; Teubner et ~., 1957; and Thorne,

1958). According to Tukey ~ &. (1956) the possibility of leaf burning

is reduced if a wetting agent is added to the spray formulation at suit

able concentration Wetting agents properly used promote more uniform

application of the spraying solution, Boroughs ~~. (1961) did not ob

serve great differences in the effects between cationic, anionic and

nonionic wetting agents. Certain detergents, however, will reduce the

rate with which phosphorus is absorbed.

15

The effects of air temperature, humidity, and light on phosphorus

uptake are not very clear and the results reported are inconsistent

(Barrier and Loomis, 1957; Thorne, 1958; and Maeda and Kojima, 1959)

Recently Sekioka (1961) reported that the p32 absorption by the leaf of

sweet potato increased with increasing air temperature when the plants

owere kept in darkness for 15 hours and at soil temperatures up to 40 C

According to Bukovac and Wittwer (1960) pretreatment of bean plants

with growth substances altered foliar absoprtion and transport of some

nutrients Maleic hydrazide reduced the uptake of p32 and gibberellin

A3 reduced the subsequent transport of p32 to the roots.

Other important factors affecting foliar absorption of phosphorus

have been studied by various workers These factors are leaf age (Tukey'

~&, 1956; Van den Rende et &., 1960, nutrient levels (Thorne and

Watson, 1953), and leaf surface (Oliver, 1952 and Indenko, 1960), etc,

Cations associated with the phosphate fertilizers are important be-

cause they influence the solubility and ionization of the phosphorus com-

pounds, This suggests an exchange mechanism in the entry of foliar applied

phosphorus (Tukey, ~&" 1956). Similar studies were also made by

Boroughs ~ &. (1961),

Relative absorption of phosphorus from foliar spray and from soil

application

A quantitative evaluation of phosphorus absorbed and trans, Jcated

from foliar spray as well as phosphorus obtained simultaneously from the

soil, is possible with the help of radioisotopes, Considering quantities

applied, foliar-applied phosphorus was utilized more efficiently than

phosphorus applied as broadcast to the soil (Silberstein and Wittwer,

1951), Similar results were reported for foliar spray as compared with

16

soil application by Eggert et~. (1952); Lecat (1952); Thorne and Watson

(1953); Wittwer et~. (1957); and Aguiar (1958). According to

Shereverya (1959) plant nutrition by foliar application is not only an

additional channel of nutrition, but also a means of regulating root up

take of phosphorus.

Uptake of phosphorus from foliar spray increased the yields of crops

(Wolfenbarger, 1949; Aufhammer and Hopfengart, 1952; and Thomas, 1960).

In pot experiments, spraying with NPK increased production of dry matter

in moist soil, but had an opposite effect in dry soil (Ivanov, 1959). In

other words moisture status of the soil played an important role in the

utilization of applied NPK.

Phosphorus solubility and availability to plants and aluminum status of

some acid soils as influenced by liming

The idea that lilliing acid soils promotes the availability of native

and added phosphorus, has been maintained by various authors for many

years, Comprehensive reviews on this subject have been written by Truog

(1953) and by Coleman et~. (1958). Since then several papers have ap

peared reporting that application of lime increases the availability of

phosphorus in the soil and decreases the fixation of added phosphorus

(Army and Miller, 1959; Goralski and Moskal, 1960; Maleina, 1960; Barnes

et~., 1960; Paton and Loneagan, 1960; Thomas, 1960; and Harper, 1962).

Liming tropical soils. It appears that one of the important re

actions of lime in acid soils is the replacement of exchangeable Al by

Ca with the formation of Al(OH)3' It is generally believed that liming

soils to about pH 7 increases the phosphorus supply to plants. Such an

assumption does not necessarily hold in many tropical soils. The

17

question of liming acid tropical soils should, therefore, be reconsidered

(Greene, 1954).

Richardson (1951) suggested that caution is often needed in liming

tropical soils since the practice of liming may lead to trace element

deficiencies in the soil. The lime requireffients of various soils in

Hawaii were studied by Matsusaka and Sherman (1950),

Cassidy (1954) reported that an application of 3 tons of coral stone

per acre to the soils in Fiji gave good responses in rice and sugar cane.

Younge (1959) found that an application of Z tons of lime to Humic

Ferruginous Latosols produced a substantial increase in yield of forage

and seed production for Kaimi clover (Desmodium~anum). Furthermore~

improved yields may result from addition of lime alone, and/or from a

mixture of Mo (PK Mg B).

Clements (1958) reported that responses could be expected over and

above those due to phosphorus and calcium as nutrients by using ground

coral rock (CaC03) and superphosphate. In an experiment at Pepeekeo

(Island of Hawaii), Clements (1959) found that on experimental plots re

ceiving 400 pounds PZ05/acre as raw rock phosphate-superphosphate mixture

and various rates of CaC03 (0-10,000 pounds limestone/acre) the sugar

cane tonnage as well as sucrose content were increased and he concluded

"..... that the calcium carbonate has stimulated cane growth, even though

presumably there was enough calcium available to the plant from the phos-

phate fertilizer. ".

Monteith (1961) reported that both calcium carbonate and calcium

silicate appeared to increase the yield of Sudan grass, growing in a

Hydrol Humic Latosol, provided the pH remained below 6.8. Above this

pH value, yield was depressed. Monteith concluded that the increased

18

yield was probably due to a reduction of 'toxic' aluminum brought about

by the action of calcium ions and increasing pH.

Liming of Hawaiian sugar cane soils has been reviewed by Ayres

(1961). The effects of heavy application of lime in the Hydrol Humic

Latosol were studied by Rixon (1962), There was a significant increase

in soluble phosphorus in the soils of the Hilo series receivillg lime

treatment, but only a very slight increase in soluble phosphorus with the

application of lime in soils of Akaka and Kaumoali series. In similar

soils of the Hydrol Humic Latosol, Clements (1960, 1962) reported that a

heavy application of lime as coral stone reduced aluminum concentration

in the nodes of sugar cane, increased the phosphorus concentration in the

plant; and greatly affected the amount of soluble aluminum in the soils

studied. The increase of phosphorus content was attributed to the greater

vigor of the root system.

Aluminum status in some acid soils

In acid soils, aluminum ions and hydrogen ions may be present to

gether in high concentrations and may limit the crop growth considerably.

According to Olson (1953) direct damage due to H-ions does not occur until

soil pH is about 3.5. According to McGeorge (1924) the presence of toxic

amounts of aluminum in many Hawaiian soils was indicated by chemical

analysis. Nondiffusible colloidal aluminum hydroxides was shown to be

harmful when in contact with plant roots (McLean and Gilbert, 1927; Trenel

and Alten, 1934).

Application of lime to acid soils increases the exchangeable calcium

and decreases the extractable aluminum in soils (Rixon, 1962; Rixon and

Sherman, 1961).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Soils studied

Seven surface soils representing six gre3t soil groups, were used

in one or more of the studies reported here. The soils are described in

the following paragraphs and some pertinent data concerning their prop-

erties are given in Table I.

Hilo series. Soils from the Hilo, series belong to the Hydrol Humic

Latosol great soil group. The soil material representing this series

was collected from the Island of Hawaii. Soils of the Hilo series are

derived from volcanic ash and have low bulk density. The soil occurs

below an elevation of 1000 feet. In this zone, average annual precipi.-

tation ranges from 125 to 160 inches. Soils of the Hilo series often

contain 200-300% moisture in the field. The soil material consists of

clay sized minerals WhlCh are amorphous to X-ray and according to

Sherman (1952) is relatively rich in iron and aluminum oxides. A striking

characteristic of this soil material is that it dries irreversibly, and

this dehydration causes crystallization of the amorpho:ls portion (Sherman.'

1957). Dehydration, induced by extended sun-drying or by short periods

oin an oven at 105 C., reduces the cation ex~hange capacity of this soil

(Kanehiro and Sherman, 1956). The pH of the soil samples used in the ex-

periment was 3.8, a lower pH value chan normally expected from this soil

series. The soil material was collected from an uncultivated area. The

plant cover included staghorn ferns which may account for the unusually

low soil pH (Sherman and Kanehiro, 1946-48). The low soil pH value may

also be attributed to partial crystallization of the amorphous material

(Sherman, personal cornrnuni~ation), which may have taken place even though

soil material at all time retained considerable amounts of moisture.

TABLE 10 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVEN HAWAIIAN SOILS BELONGING TO SIX GREAT SOIL GROUPS

Hila (ovenProperty Measured Hila dry Soil Series

(moist) basis) Kapaa Halii Molokai Koko Lualualei Pauwela

pH (H2O) 3.8 - 4.8 5.3 7.0 7.0 7.8 5.0

pH (KCl) 3.9 - 4.4 4.2 6.2 6.4 6.9 4.2

Surface phosphorus (ppm)* 29.9 70.5 113.9 35.4 33.7 296.3 30.8 -13.6...!.1

Phosphorus in soil solution (ppm.) 0.004 - 0.02 0.09 0.05 2.36 3.82 0.08

H2S04 -extractable soil P (ppm.)* 2.5 5.9 3.7 4.4 10.4 201. 5 966.2 2.5

Extractable (BaC1?) ali~num

(me./lOO g. soil)* 4.76 11.23 3.28 2.99 0.38 0.12 0.10 1. 79

Extractable (N~OAc-BaC12) aluminum(me./lOO g. soil)* 6.25 14.75 10.40 3.91 0.09 0.09 0.07 1.95

Aluminum in soil solution (ppm.) 4.37 - 0.06 0.35 0.02 O.O~ 0009 0.36

Cation exchange capacity(me./lOO g. soil) 28 65 29 22 16 52 42 18

*All values are expressed on oven-dry soil basis.

1JMore fertilizer phosphorus was present (p32 counting) than was estimated as total by chemical means.It is suggested then that phosphorus may have precipitated from the soil extract after p32 counting~nd prior to chemical analysis.

No

2i

There is also a possibility that the soil series is Akaka; but, even so,

the pH is abnormally low.

Kapaa series. The Kapaa soil series is a very deep~ well drained

Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol developed in saprolitic ferruginous bauxite

on gently sloping uplands on the Island of Kauai. The soil occurs on

lower mountain slopes between elevations of about 200 and 1000 feet. Mean

annual rainfall ranges from 60 to 100 inches. Soils of this series have

high concentrations of gibbsite (X-ray analysis) ~ the trihydrate oxide of

aluminum.

Ha1ii series. Soils in the Ha1ii series~ a member of the Hono1ua

family of the Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol great soil group are described

by Sherman et~. (1962). Soils in this series are derived from a parent

material consisting of basalt. Soils collected were from the eastern side

of Kauai. Soils in this series occur at altitudes from 300 to 1000 feet.

Annual rainfall varies from 70 to 150 inches. Pea-sized nodules~ possibly

consisting of iron oxide or iron-oxide coated aggregates, were common

throughout the surface. X-ray analysis showed that these soils have

gibbsite and goethite and other iron or titanium oxides as important

minerals.

pauwela series. Soils from the Pauwela series were collected from

the wettest part of an area of Humic Ferruginous Latoso1s on the Island

of Maui. The parE!nt material of this soil series is a basalt. Soils of

the Pauwela series occur at elevations from sea level to 1500 feet. Mean

annual rainfall ranges from 80 to 150 inches. The dominant minerals in

this soil series are oxides of iron~ titanium~ and aluminum.

Mo10kai series. The soils belonging to the Mo10kai series are f.rom

the Low Humic Latosol great soil group. Soils of this series have devel-

22

oped on a basaltic material in a semiarid to subhumid climate of subtropical

regions having a pronounced dry period (Sherman and Alexander, 1959).

Soil material from this series was collected from the Island of Oahu. The

soil colloids are mainly Kaolinitic (1:1 clays). Iron oxides have become

concentrated throughout the solum mainly through the loss of silica and

bases.

Koko series. Soils from the Koko series belong to the Red Desert

great soil group. Soil material from this series was collected from the

vicinity of Koko Head on the Island of Oahu. The parent material of this

soil series is of alluvial material that has been washed from deposits of

volcanic ash and cinders. Soils are found from sea level to an elevation

of 200 feet in areas with a mean annual precipitation of 10 to 20 inches.

The dominant minerals in this soil series consist of 2:1 clays.

Lualualei series> Soils from the Lualualei series belong to the

Dark Magnesium Clay great soil group, and were collected from the

Lualualei Valley on the Island of Oahu. These soils resemble the "Regur"

or "Black cotton soils" of India and liB lack Earths" of Australia in their

physical and chemical characteristics. Soils in this series are derived

from alluvial parent material. These soils are found at elevations of

less than 250 feet and receive an annual rainfall of 15 to 25 inches.

X-ray analysis showed that the dominant minerals are of 2:1 type (mont

morillonite).

X-ray analyses. The dominant minerals present in the seven surface

soils used in various study were determined by X-ray diffraction on

powdered samples, using copper radiation and a nickel filter.

23

Experiment I. The availability of fertilizer phosphorus in relation to

various rates and isotopes (p3l and p32) of phosphorus in three Latosols

of Hawaii

Greenhouse study. Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense),

Cali.fornia No. 23, was grown. from seeds, in a container consisting of two

waxed paper cartons, a bottomless one telescoped within the other. The

container was filled with vermiculite to within one-half inch of the top.

After 2 weeks, the plants were thinned to 15 per container. All of the

nutrient elements (macro and micro) other than phosphorus were supplied

uniformly to all treatments. Moisture was supplied uniformly to all pots.

At the end of 2 weeks, plants were beginning to show symptoms of phosphorus

deficiency. During this period, a thick pad of roots was formed underneath

the top carton.

Phosphorus was applied at three rates, viz. 0, 87.5, and 175 pounds

of P per acre, on a surface area basis, to the soil materials from the

Kapaa, Molokai, and Pauwela series. These rates are roughly equivalent to

0, 90, and 180 milligrams of P per 100 grams of air-dried soil (all three

soils had almost the same moisture content). Sodium pyrophosphate as

31 32Na4P2 07 and as Na4P2 07 was used as a source of phosphorus. Treatments

were replicated four times. At the end of 3 weeks) the Sudan grass seed-

lings growing in the vermiculite culture were transferred to cartons con-

taining soil with the various phosphorus treatments. Plants were kept in

contact with the soils and allowed to grow in them for 5 days. One set of

plants was grown in the vermiculite culture for the entire experimental

period (26 days), in order to ascertain the extent to which phosphorus

could be supplied by seeds and vermiculite. This short-term plant-growth

2~

extraction method was suggested by Stanford and DeMent (1957). This

extraction technique has the advantage of minimizing nutritional and

plant-growth side effects, When the plants were 26 days old they were

harvested close to the surface of the vermiculite, dried in an oven at

70P C., weighed, and ground in a Wiley Mill for chemical and radio-chemical

analyses.

Chemical and radio-chemical analyses. One gram of plant material was

digested in perchloric-nitric acid mixture, and total phosphorus determined

colorimetrically as molybdivanadophosphoric acid as described by Kitson

and Mellon (1944). The amount of plant phosphorus derived from the

fertilizer was determined by end window jB counting of aliquots (50;Ug. P)

of evaporated plant digest.

Experiment II. The availability of phosphorus, and utilization of phos

phate fertilizers added to four great soil groups of Hawaii as influenced

by sources and methods of phosphorus application

Design of experiment. The following variables were incorporated into

a factorial design. Four soils three sources of phosphate fertilizers:

and two methodr, of application. The treatments were replicated six times,

In addition to these variables four check pots (without phosphorus treat

ment) were included for each soil and for each source of phosphate fer

tilizer. The pots were arranged as randomized blocks.

Test crop. Sugar cane which is the principal crop in Hawaii and well

adapted in most of these soils was used as an indicator plant. The variety

50-7209 which is quite popular in the plantations in Hawaii, was used for

the experiment.

Potting soils. Twelve pound lots of air dried soil material (these

soils had similar moisture content) from the soil series of the Kapaa,

25

Lualualei, Molokai, and Pauwela, were weighed separately in plastic

wastebaskets. These baskets had a diameter of 8.25 inches and were about

11 inches deep. Two small outlets were drilled near the bottom at the

side of each pot.

Phosphorus sources. Phosphate fertilizers tagged with p32 as mono

ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium pyrophosphate; and boneash

concentrated superphosphate with the same particle size and with the same

specific activity (0.20 mc/0.44 g. of P) were obtained from the Plant

Industry Station; Beltsville; Maryland. These three fertilizer materials

were received one week apart.

Rates and methods of phosphorus application. Phosphorus was supplied

at the rate of 175 pounds P/acre on a surface area basis to the experi

mental soils. This rate was approximately equivalent to 675 milligrams

of P/12 pounds of air-dried soil material (124 ppm. P on air-dry soil

basis).

Phosphorus was supplied by two different methods. In one series

phosphate fertilizer was mixed thoroughly with the soil material in an

electric blender and in another series test plants were grown for one

month in soils without phosphorus treatment, then the upper parts of the

plants were sprayed with phosphate fertilizer with a fine atomizer. Both

upper and lower surfaces of the leaves were sprayed as uniformly as pos

sible. Where phosphorus was supplied to soils, it was applied in one

installment (175 lbs. P/acre). The foliar application was divided into

four equal applications (44 lbs. P/acre in each spraying).

Seed treatments and plantings. Since the fertilizer materials were

received at one week interv81s, plantings were also made at one week

intervals. Sugar cane seed pieces were obtained from the Genetics Depart-

26

ment of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. These

seed pieces were cut into "one eye pieces" each consisting of one node

with 1 inch length on each side of the eye. Seed pieces were then treated

with dilute (1:1600) phenol mercuric acetate (PMA) solution at 500 C. in

order to control seed-borne diseases and to enhance germination. Two

one-eye seed ~ieces were then planted in the soils at about 2 inches deep

and 2 inches apart. The first planting was done in soils in the series of

ammonium phosphate treatments on February 24, 1961. A week later i.e. on

March 3, sugar cane was planted in the series of potassium pyrophosphate

treatments. The final planting was that in the series of concentrated

superphosphate treatments on March 10.

Nutrient elements and moisture supply. All the nutrient elements

(macro and micro) other than phosphorus were supplied to the soil after

the planting. Excess N or K in the NH4H2P3204 and K4P1207 were balanced

in other treatments to avoid effects due to nitrogen and potassium. One

gram of Nand 1 gram of P were supplied subsequently in each additional

month of plant growth. Moisture was maintained at uniform levels in soils

throughout the growing period.

Foliar spray. A month after the planting, the first series of plant

tops were sprayed with a solution NH4H2P3204' The spraying solution was

mixed with a minute quantity of commercial detergent IDreft'. The final

solution had a pH value of 3.8. Plant tops were sprayed at the rate of

44 pounds pi acre or 169 milligrams p/pot (2 plants). Three additional

foliar applications, identical with the first, were carried out at 3 week

intervals. Similarly, in two other series of plants, phosphorus was

sprayed with the same level of P and intervals with two other fertilizer

27

materials. Potassium pyrophosphate (K4P~207) solution had a pH value of

11.25 and concentrated superphosphate (p32) dissolved in 10% citric acid

had a pH value of 2.35. The plants treated with potassium pyrophosphateI

showed definite physiological burning effects over all the leaves and

stems. The subsequent sprayings with K4P~207 were carried out after the

pH was adjusted to 5.3 with IN RN03

. Plants? grown in this series, re

covered from the injury due to physiological burning within 2 weeks and

did not show any further symptoms of burning.

Harvesting. Plants were harvested close to the soil surface after 3

months of plant growth, cleaned with dilute detergent 'Dreft ' , and washed

thoroughly with water. These precautions were taken so that residual

phosphorus still adhering to the leaf and stem surface was removed.

Plant samples were dried in an oven at 700 C., weighed~ and ground in a

Wiley Mill for chemical and radiochemical analyses.

Chemical and radiochemical analyses. The procedures followed for

chemical and radiochemical analyses were the same as those described in

the previous experiment (experiment I); except that a 2 gram sample of

plant material was digested.

Aluminum in the plant digest was determined colorimetrically after

reaction with aluminon. Thioglycollic acid was added to prevent inter-

ference from iron (Chenery, 1948b). Optical density was measured with a

Coleman Junior Spectrophotometer at 525 ~ wavelength,

Experiment III. Phosphorus solubility and availability to plants and

aluminum status of plants and soils as influenced by liming

It is commonly believed that the influence of lime on phosphorus

availability depends largely on its effect on the solubility of aluminum

28

at the time of phosphorus application. An experiment was conducted to

determine the solubility of aluminum and availability of phosphorus to

crops as influenced by various times of lime and phosphorus application

in six Hawaiian soils.

Greenhouse study. Soil materials from Hila, Kapaa, Halii, Molokai,

Koko, and Lualualei soil series were used in this study. The first three

soils were acidic and the other three were neutral to basic in reaction

as previously described.

These soil materials were treated with lime and/or with phosphorus

fertilizer. Three lime treatments for the acid soils (Hila, Kapaa, and

Halii soil series) were as follows: "No lime ,II Illimed early" (42 days

before root-soil contact), and Illimed late" (just before root-soil con-

tact). The phosphorus treatments, superimposed upon the lime treatments

were as follows: "Earlyll (applied 36 days before root-soil contact),

"Intermediate ll (applied 14 days before root-soil contact), and IlLate ll

(applied immediately before root-soil contact). All lime treatments re-

ceived Ca(OH)2 to increase the pH value of the soil to about 6.0. Phos

phorus LP32 labeled Ca(H2P04)2-1 was applied in solution, at 44 ppm. P as

oven dry soil basis (except for Hila which was on moist soil basis), and

thoroughly mixed with the soil material.

The method of Stanford and DeMent (1957) was used to extract P from

the soils. In this series of studies, plants were initially grown in

sand culture instead of the vermiculite culture used in the former ex-

periment. Sudan grass of the variety California No. 23, and Koa haole

(Leucaena glaucal/ Benth.) were used as indicator plants. Root-soil

l/Originally described as Leucaena leucocephala.

29

contact was for 4 days. Following the 4 day extraction period, root pads

were removed from the soil and soil samples for each treatment were com-

posited to give two 600 gram samples of soil. These soils were repotted

and seeded to Sudan grass which grew for a period of 21 days. Following

the harvest of Sudan grass, Koa haole (1. glauca) seeds were SO'WTI in the

same soils and grown for 24 days, after which the plants were harvested

above the cotyledons. All of the plant samples were then dried in an oven

oat 70 C., weighed, and ground in a Wiley Mill for chemical and radio-

chemical analyses.

Plant ashing. Plant material (0.25 to 0.30 g. in each case) was

ignited with alcoholic magnesium nitrate in a silica crucible, and ashed

for 12 to 16 hours in a muffle furnace. These plant ash samples were

dissolved with either 10 mI. of IN HCl or 20 mI. of 0.5N HCl depending

upon the amount of plant material and estimated radioactivity.

Calculation. From the total phosphorus data and the radioactivity

measurements, the following results were calculated. The calculations

were made on the principle of the isotope dilution. The steps involved

in these calculations are as follows:

1. Specific activity

Counts/minuteoramount of P present in the evaporated plant digest

2. Percentage of the plant P derived from the fertilizer =

Specific activity of the sample (corrected for decay) X 100Specific activity of the fertilizer standard (corrected for decay)

3. Amount (weigh~ of fertilizer P taken up by plants =

Item #2 (above) x P yield (P concentration x yield of dry matter)100

30

4. Percent utilization of added phosphorus =

Amount (wt.) of fertilizer P taken up by plants X 100Milligrams of P added as fertilizer

5. 'A' value (available soil P in relation of added phosphatefertilizer) =

(Fried and Dean 1952)B (1-y)

A = ------------y

Where A = the amount of soil phosphorus supply

B = the amount of fertilizer phosphorus supply

y = fraction of the phosphorus in the plant derived fromthe fertilizer

Analytical procedures for soil analyses

Samples of the original soil materials were analyzed for pH; cation

exchange capacity, extractable (H20) IN BaC12 and IN NH40 Ac -0.2N BaC1 2

mixture) aluminum phosphorus fixation capacities, surface phosphorus,

extractable (H20 and 0.02N H2S04) phosphorus. Samples of soil material

collected from the pots after harvest were composited to determine pH and

extractable (0.02N H2S04) soil phosphorus. The analytical procedures

mentioned above are described briefly in the following paragraphs.

Soil pH was determined in aLl, soil.:water mixture and in a I 2, IN

KCI mixture by using Beckman pH meter. Cation exchange capacity was

measured using normal ammonium acetate, adjusted to pH 7 O. as described

by Piper (1944). Aluminum was extracted with three extracti.ng solutions

i.e. with H20, IN BaC12 and N NH40 Ac -0.2N BaClZ mixture.

Water soluble aluminum. Weigh out 10 grams of air dried soil in a

150 mI. beaker; add 50 mI. of water. allow to stand overnight.

Filter with Whatman filter paper No. 42.

Pipette 10 mI. aliquot into a 150 mI. beaker for Al determination.

31

Extractable aluminum. Weigh out 10 grams of air dried soil in a

150 mI. beaker, add 50 mI. of extracting solution (IN BaC12 or N NH40 Ac

-0.2N BaC12 mixture buffered to pH 4.8), allow to stand overnight.

Filter it through Whatman filter paper No. 42 and wash the soil

with 10 mI. lot,of extracting solution.

Transfer the filtrate to a 100 mI. volumetric flask and make up to

the volume.

Pipette 1 mI. aliquot from the volumetric flask into a 150 mI. beaker

for aluminum determination.

Aluminum, extracted with three extractants (H20, BaC12 and NH40 Ac

BaC12 mixture), was determined calorimetrically using aluminon and adding

thioglycollic acid as an agent to prevent interference by iron as des

cribed by Chenery (1948b).

Phosphorus fixation studies. The fixation of phosphorus by the

experimental soils was measured by shaking soil samples in 4.4 ppm. P

(monocalcium phosphate) solutions labeled with p32 (soil: solution, 1;10).

followed by centrifuging for 45 minutes at about 20,000 X G, and then by

;d counting an evaporated aliquot of~the supernatent liquid. Determi

nations were made after equilibrating for various lengths of time.

Surface phosphorus of these soils was calculated, using the phosphorus

fixation data together with total phosphorus determined colorimetrically.

In addition to phosphorus material, different levels of lime were also

applied to the four acid soils (Hila, Kapaa, Halii, and Pauwela soil

series) for the purpose of studying the effect of liming on pH, aluminum

status, and immobilization of added phosphorus,

Statistical analyses. Experimental data, such as yield of dry matter,

phosphorus concentration, phosphorus yield, percent of the plant P derived

32

from fertilizer, percent utilization of added phosphorus; were analyzed

stat',istically by the method of "analysis of variance" with randomized

block design in factorial combinations. The IF' values, significant

statistically were subjected to Duncan's new (1955) multiple range test.

Correlations and regressions were computed wherever it was felt helpful

for presentation and discussion of the data.

,J

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiment I. (Results). Availability of fertilizer phosphorus in

relation to various rates and isotopes of phosphorus

A short-term plant growth method was used in order to ascertain the

availability of phosphorus to plants in relation to three rates and two

31 32 .isotopes (P and P ) of phosphorus. Sudan grass was grown as a test

crop.

Results from the plant yields from the five-day root-soil contact;.

showed that the application of phosphorus to the Kapaa soil increased dry

matter as compared to the treatment lacking phosphorus. However, these

differences were not significant. Yield of plants placed in contact with

Kapaa soil was apparently lower than yield of plants which was grown en-

tirely in the vermiculite culture. In general~plant yields from Sudan

grass did not vary signif:lcantly (statistically) with the two isotopes

used or with the three rates of P application (Table II).

Mean data from the plant yields are as follows:

SoilKapaa Pauwela Molokai

Sudan grass yields(g. dry matter/pot)

1.74 1.86 1.90

,j

Application of phosphorus to the three soils increased phosphorus concen-

tration and phosphorus yield in Sudan grass (Table II). The differences

between phosphorus yield due to rates and those due to soils were highly

significant.

Sodium pyrophosphate either applied as p3l or as p32 did not change

P yields significantly.

TABLE II. THE INFLUENCE OF TWO ISOTOPES OF PHOSPHORUS (p31 AND p 32 ) AND RATESOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON SUDAN GRASS YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, AND

THE PHOSPHORUS STATUS AND pH OF THE SOILS AFTER HARVEST

Rates of P Plant P ExtractablePhosphorus application, Yield of Plant P P yield Utili- derived (0.02N H2SO4) pH inisotopes (surface area dry matter in the in plants zation of from the P in soils soils

basis) (g./pot) dry matter (mgs./pot) added P fertilizer after harvest after(los. P!acre) (%) (%) (%) (ppm. ) harvest

n~ne 0 1.20 0.030 0.48 - - 7 5.23p 1 87.5 1.84 0.053 0.99 - - 216 6.30p32 87.5 1.80 0.045 0.81 0.071 7.06 194 6.35p31 175 1.85 0.064 1.20 - - 355 6.38p32 175 1.82 0.074 1.33 0.200 27.41 277 6.59

n~ne 0 1.93 0.030 0.59 - - 21 6.58P 1 87.5 2.02 0.075 1. 55 - - 665 7.36p 32 87.5 1. 72 0.077 1. 31 0.493 34.02 647 7.28p31 175 2.00 0.062 1.23 - - 1239 7.43p32 175 1.86 0.078 1.46 0.641 79.29 1150 7.83

none 0 1. 79 0.036 0.64 - - 6 5.06p 31 87.5 1.82 0.048 0.86 - - 133 6.24p32 87.5 1.89 0.075 1.43 0.286 17.98 129 6.16p31 175 1.89 0.079 1.49 - - 374 6.74p32 175 1.94 0.098 1.89 0.214 17.76 344 6.86

enone 1.84 0.054 1.00

w~

35

Phosphorus yield data. representing means of three rates of P

application and means of three soils, are arranged according to their

relative magnitude. Each mean value differed significantly from the

others.

SoilKapaa Molokai Pauwela

Phosphorus yields inSudan grass (mg.p/pot)

0.88 1.12 1.16

Phosphorus yields of Sudan grass increased progressively with the

increasing rates of P application. The interaction, soils X rates was

also significant.

Rates of P application(Lbs. pI?cre)

o 87.5 175

Phosphorus yields(rng. p/pot) 0.57 1.16 1.43

Phosphorus concentration and phosphorus yield in Sudan grass grown

entirely in vermiculite culture were higher than in plants grown in con-

tact with any of the three soils lacking phosphorus,

Less than 1% of the added P was utilized by Sudan grass (Table II).

Differences in percentage utilization of added phosphorus between soils

rates of P application, and their interactions were significant. Similar

trend was also obtained with the percentage of the plant phosphorus de-

rived from the fertilizer. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 175 pounds

pi acre increased percentage utilization of added P from the Kapaa and the

Molokai soils, but not from the Pauwela soil. Here the percentage utili-

zation remained the same as for the lower rate. Similar trends were also

obtained in the percentage of plant P derived from the fertilizer.

36

After harvest, the amount of extractable (0.02N H2S04) phosphorus

and pH values increased with increased rates of phosphorus application

(Table II).

Discussion (Experiment I). Application of phosphorus to Kapaa soil

increased Sudan grass yields. Increased plant yields from the Kapaa soil

were associated with increased phosphorus content in plants supplied by

fertilizer. In general, addition of phosphorus did not make any dif

ference to the plant yields. For a 5-day root-soil contact it seems

rather difficult to obtain any plant yield response due to the added

phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus fixation process is very rapid

in some soils and rates higher than 175 pounds P/acre may be needed in

order to obtain response due to the added phosphorus. Responses due to

higher rates (more than 175 pounds P/acre) of phosphorus may be possible

since there is evidence which has shown that bauxitic soils responded to

phosphorus even at the rate of 1200 pounds P/acre (Younge, 1962). More

over, the amount of extractable soil phosphorus was very low in the Kapaa

soil (Table I) and higher rates of P application may be desirable because

percent recovery of fertilizer phosphorus is generally low in the Kapaa

soil.

Increases in phosphorus concentrations and phosphorus yields in

Sudan grass may be explained on the basis of phosphorus status in plants

before root-soil contact. Plants growing in vermiculite culture lacking

phosphorus treatments for 2 1/2 weeks showed definite symptoms of phos

phorus deficiency. Before root-soil contact, the root system of Sudan

grass was extensive. This enabled the plants to take up a considerable

amount of phosphorus within the 5-day root-soil contact. The higher the

37

rate of phosphorus application the higher were the phosphorus yields in

Sudan grass. It seems possible that even higher phosphorus yields may be

obtainable with higher rates than 175 pounds P/acre.

Phosphorus yields were least in plants grown in the Kapaa soil and

highest in plants grown in the Pauwela soil. The differences between

phosphorus yield in plants grown in Kapaa soil and plants grown in

Molokai and Pauwela soils were generally large. This may be on account

of higher rates of immobilization of added phosphorus in the Kapaa soil

as compared to the Molokai and the Pauwela soils (Figure 27).

Phosphorus concentration and phosphorus yield in Sudan grass grown

entirely in vermiculite culture were higher than in plants grown in

contact with soils lacking phosphorus. It is possible that the test

plants may have lost some of the seed and vermiculite phosphorus to the

soil; or the phosphorus may have moved from the upper plant parts into

the newly formed roots. These results were obtained for short-term ex

tractions of phosphorus; it is possible that results would be different

if obtained over a longer extraction time.

Less than 1% of the fertilizer P was utilized by plants. Low utili

zation of added phosphorus may be explained by the short period of root

soil contact and the extremely higher rates of phosphorus application (90

and 180 milligrams P per 100 grams of soil).

After harvest, the increase in extractable phosphorus in all three

soils lacking phosphorus treatment may be on account of the rise in pH

values (Kapaa and Pauwela soils) or the greater mobility of soil phosphorus

on account of the profuse root system,

38

Experiment II. (Results), Phosphorus availability to sugar cane as

influenced by various phosphate fertilizers and methods of application

A greenhouse study was carried out in order to evaluate three phos-

phate fertilizers suitable for sugar cane nutrition. Two methods of

application were compared to ascertain their relative capacity to supply

phosphorus during early periods of plant growth. Plants were grown for

3 months in four different soils whose chemical or mineralogical compo-

sitions differed.

Plant yields from sugar cane differed with three phosphate fertilizers

and two methods of application (Figure 1). Plant yields were disti.nctly

different in treatments lacking phosphorus and which were planted on

different dates. In general, the early planted canes were inferior to

the second and final plantings. The data (Figure 1) for the plant yields

were computed as multiples of the check (no phosphorus treatment) and are

presented in Table III. Analysis of variance on the plant yield data

expressed as multiples of the check showed that the differences between

plant yields due to soils, pliosphate fertilizers (types of phosphorus

compounj) were highly significant statistically. The mean data are as

follows:Soil

Lualualei Molokai Pauwela Kapaa

Relative sugar cane yields(multiples of the check) 1.00 1. 21 1.55 2.23

It is evident that response due to added phosphorus was highest in plants

grown in Kapaa soil and lowest response was obtained in plants grown i.n

Lualualei soil. Plant yields also seemed to have declined with the addi·

tion of phosphorus to Lualualei soils (Figure 1).

lUlU CUE IIIIOW. '011I THllIU MONTHI

39

I•Q

~ ,,-

0 .....~1Ol.""'''''''1OlII• '(lUiII UfUtU,OII

. ~

FIGURE 1. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OFPHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PLANT YIELDS (GRAMS DRY MATTER/POT).

SUGAR CANE GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOURDIFFERENT SOILS

40

TABLE III. YIELD OF SUGAR CANE AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS PHOSPHATEFERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION EXPRESSED

AS MULTIPLES OF THE CHECK (NO P). PLANrS WERE GROWNIN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil Methods of P NH4H2P04 K4P207 Concentrated

application superphosphateMultiples Multiples Multiples

of the check of the check of the check

Kapaa SOlI application 2.19 2.44 1.97Foliar application 2.64 2.21 1.94

Lualualei Soil application 0.93 0.95 0.85Foliar application 1.22 1.00 1.07

Molokai Soil application 1.28 1.27 0.99Foliar application 1.28 1.37 1.06

Pauwela Soil application 2.31 1.50 1.12Foliar application 1.13 1.46 1.05

Sugar cane yields associated with three phosphate fertilizers are as

follows;Phosphate fertilizers usedCone.

superphosphate K4P207 NH4H2P04

Relative sugar cane yields(multiples of the check) 1.26 1.52 1.71

The mean data from each of the four soils and three phosphate fer-

tilizers significantly differed from those of the others.

In general; plants grown in all the four soils) fertilized with

NH4H2P04, appeared to be less healthy as compared to cane plants grown

in the same soils with the other two phosphate fertilizers. Poor growth

has also been noticed by Clements (personal communication) in some cane

fields treated with ammonium phosphate.

41

The interactions, sails X sources of phosphate fertilizers, soils X

methods of application) and soils X sources of fertilizers Xmethods of

application,were highly signifi~1nt.

Two methods of phosphorus application i.e. phosphorus applled to the

soil or sprayed to cane plants did not make any significant difference on

plant yields.

The treatments and their results on phosphorus concentration (percent

of the dry matter) in sugar cane are shown in Figure 2. Similar data

when computed as multiples of the che~k are shown in Table IV.

The differences between phosphorus concentrations (multiples of the

check) in sugar cane plants due to soils) sources of fertilizers, methods

of application and their first and second order interactions were highly

significant.

Means of P yield from the main effects are as follows:

SoilLualualei Molokai pauwe1a Kapaa

Relative phosphorusconcentration in sugarcane tops (multiplesof the check)

1.48 2.32 2.80 3.47

Mean values of the relative phosphorus ::oncentrations resulting from

the use of three phosphate fertilizers are as follows:

Phosphate fertilizers usedCone,

NH4H2P04 Superphosphate K4P207

Relative phosphorusconcentration in sugarcane tops (multiplesof the check)

1.94 2.24 3.36

42

·- .....PlIoIII ~,o

0"""~ lOll

I,..~

- .,• 'OLIAJt 1- CiOM, 'UfO hfOII1Ul(

'"

035 .

i

o JoLi!,

~0151-

; ~ ~

OI'f '" ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~'" ~ ~

~~ ~~ ~ E'i

~~ l""~ V

I?,,' ~ 1'/ ~ B ~~ B ~ ~~ 1/ t/

~ 1/ B [;~

f7. ~ ~1'/

~ ~ ~

"U~ Ir~~ ~ ~ I....~ ~

~ ~I.... ~ B ~ ~ B 1/ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ B~ lL~ [I ~ ~ ~ t/ ~ ~r ~u...~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ U-~, • I • , I • I

IKAPAA lUAlUALEI WOlOKAI PAUWElA

~

~z<...JQ.

Ul:::la:eJ:Q.UleJ:Q.

...J..leI-

FIGURE 2. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION

IN SUGAR CANE TOPS. PLANTS GROWN IN POTSFOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

43

Each of the above means is significantly different from the others.

Differences between the phosphorus concentrations due to two methods of

applications were highly significant.

TABLE IV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON RELATIVE PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION

IN SUGAR CANE TOPS. DATA ARE EXPRESSED AS MULTIPLESOF THE CHECK (NO P), PLANTS WERE GROWN IN POTS

FOR 3 MONTHS AND IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil Methods of P NH4H2P04 K4P207 Concentrated

application superphosphateMultiples Multiples Multiples


Kapaa Soil application 1.38 2.15 2.53Foliar application 3.72 6.69 Lf.38

Lualualei Soil application 1,09 1.13 1.11Foliar application 1.71 2.29 1. 53

Molokai Soil application 1.42 1.65 1. 35Foliar application 2.16 4.60 2.72

Pauwela Soil application 1.28 1. 91 1. 33Foliar application 2.82 6,48 2.99

The absolute effects of phosphate fertilization of soil on phosphorus

concentration in the plant were similar in the Kapaa and Pauwela soils

(Figure 2) but the relative effects were greater in the Kapaa soil

(Table IV). The phosphorus concentration of plants growing in the

Lualualei soil was influenced least by phosphate fertilization.

Phosphorus yields of plants variously treated with phosphorus are

shown in Figure 3. Similar data when computed as multiples of the check

are shown in Table V.

SUGAR CANE GROWN FOR THREE WONTHS

44

IoQ....o-'

'";:(/)

:la:orQ. .,(/)

orQ.

..J "gI-

• p ••- '~."".-

KAPAA LUALUAlEJ

1I _ "., _:'~.

= •••12~·s - ~~ .. c '.If" ...... <~=.,

FIGURE 3. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS YIELD (P CONCENTRATION

X DRY MATTER YIELD) IN SUGAR CANE'TOPS. PLANTS GROWN INPOTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

45

TABLE V. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON PHOBEROaUS YIELDS (P CONCEN

TRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD). DATA ARE EXPRESSEDAS MULTIPLES OF THE CHECK (NO P). SUGAR CANE

GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS AND INFOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil Methods of NH4H2P04 K4P207 Concentrated

P application superphosphateMultiples Multiples Multiples


Kapaa Soil application 2.90 5.05 4.99Foliar application 8.74 14.21 8.53

Lua1ua1ei Soil application 1.05 1.10 0.97Foliar application 2.16 2.30 1.67


Pauwela Soil application 3.n 2.84 1. 54Foliar application 5.64 9.44 3.18

Phosphorus yields) compared to checks were highest in plants grown

in Kapaa soil and lowest in Lua1ua1ei soil. The main effects due to

soils, sources of fertilizers, methods of application and their inter-

actions were highly significant. Duncan's test showed that each mean

value was significantly different from the others. These mean values

are arranged as follows:

SoilLualualei Molokai Pauwela Kapaa

Relative P yields insugar cane (multiplesof the check)

1.54 2.91 4.30

Relative P yields were highest in cane plants grown in the Kapaa

soil and lowest in plants grown in the Lualualei soil.

Phosphate fertilizers usedCone.

Superphosphate NH4H2P04 K4PZOI

Relative P yields insugar cane (multiplesof the check)

3 15 3.52 5,44

The two mean values underscored did not vary significantly from

each other. The above data indicate that relative phosphorus yield of

sugar cane was highest in the plan~grown with K4P207 treatments as com-

pared with the yield from the other two phosphate fertilizers.

Of the three fertilizer materials compared, monoammonium phosphate

was least effective in increasing the phosphorus percentage of the plan~.

This was true for all soils and both methods of application (Figure 4).

However, phosphorus from NH4H2P04, applied as foliar spray, increased up

to fivefold the percentage of plant P derived from fertilizer as compared

to that obtained when the same fertilizer material was applied to the

Kapaa soil (Figure 4). Fertilizer phosphorus in ~ane plants did not vary

to any great extent between soil applications and foliar applications of

K4P207 or concentrated superphosphate. The differences between the pH"

cent age of plant P derived from fertilizer due to soils, sources (ft..r-

tilizer compounds). methods of application and their interactions were

highly significant. Mean values of main effects are as follows~

SoilLualualei Kapaa Pauwela Molokai

Percentage of plantP derived from fertilizer

36.48 42.13 44.57 49.55

The two means underscored indicate that they do not differ signif-

icantly from each other. The following mean data show that plant P

47

,.- ....'0.

D-,- ......,1- .... M'tII .......ft

f:?'J'lX.lAI

,

,~ ~

r/ r/ ~ ~0 1/

~~ V V

r/ V I ~" ~

r/~ ~ I (

~ r/~ ~ '~

" V v ~ /:8 ~/

~V

/~v I ~ ~" ~ ~

/

~~ / :% '/~ ~ ~ / / V '% >;!I / V" ~ ~ ~

/ % ' /

~ " ,'% "~ 1/

~~ /,, 1/

~ 1/ ~~ ~~r ~ ~ 1/ V

~ ~ ~ II~ I i ~1/. • . , I • , • • • •.

KAPAA LUALUALEI MOUlKAI PaUllELA

L- I

"

-'<IoI-

...ot'

~ .a:...o'"~a:

'"o..

FIGURE 4. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF THE PLANT PHOS

PHORUS DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER DURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGARCANE GROWTH IN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

48

derived from fertilizer was least from the NH4H2P04 and highest from

the concentrated superphosphate:


NH4H2P04 K4P207 Superphosphate

Percentage of plantP derived fromfertilizer

19.96 52.15 57.44

Plants sprayed with phosphorus solutions contained 20 times more

fertilizer phosphorus than did plants which received the same amount of

fertilizer applied to the Kapaa soil (Figure 5). Percentage utilization

of added phosphorus was only 0.12 from Kapaa soil fertilized with mono-

ammonium phosphate and never exceeded 3.6% for any soil.

Differences between the percentage utilization of added phosphorus

resulting from different phosphate fertilizers, methods of application

and their interactions were highly significant. Uptake of fertilizer

phosphorus by plants from the four soils did not vary significantly.

However uptake of fertilizer phosphorus from the Kapaa soil was con-

sistently low. The mean data from the statistically significant main

effects are as follows:


NH4H2P04 Superphosphate K4P207

Percentage utilizationof added P by sugarcane

0,96 4.77 6.10

More than threefold increase in fertilizer P supply was obtained

from the phosphate fertilizers applied as foliar spray as compared with

the phosphorus applied to the soil.

12SUGAR CANE GROWN FOR THREE MONTHS

EJ SOIL APPLICATION M- NH4H!P04

• FOLIAR APPLICATION P-K4P2 07

, S- CONC. SUPER PHOSPHATE

:'. r;: r:: :" :.:I' 0,

":'" ",

0' 0 I;: "r :.'

d" "

[ ,I~ "

:' , " .:; ~ " " ~:- fl. " " III :1 \ I .

M P 8' I M P 8 r M p 8 TM P S IKAPAA LUALUALEI MOLOKAI PAUWELA

~ 100:oJ:a.(/)

~ Ba.Q1&1QQ< 6ll.oZo~ 4NoJj:~

at 2

o

FIGURE 5. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION

OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS DURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANEGROWTH IN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

49

50

Methods usedSoil application Foliar application

Percentage of plantP derived fromfertilizer

1. 57 6.32

Differences between the aluminum concentration in sugar cane plants

resulting from various phosphorus tre~tments were not very great (Table

VI). Aluminum concentrations in sugar cane decreased on account of the

phosphorus applied to the Kapaa and Lualualei soils. Whereas with

similar phosphorus treatments aluminum concentrations usually increased

in plants grown in the Molokai and the Pauwela soils.

TABLE VI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION

(PPM.) IN DRY MATTER DURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANEGROWTH IN pars IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil Phosphorus NH4H2P04 Kl2°7 Concentrated

treatments superphosphateppm. ppm, ppm,

Kapaa None (check) 158 75 206Soil application 121 65 175Foliar application 179 158 218

Lua1ua1ei None (check) 111 106 200Soil application 72 102 160Foliar application 113 149 186

Mo1okai None (check) 68 130 256Soil application 141 144 220Foliar application 98 151 288

Pauwe1a None (check) 85 131 153Soil application 123 157 199Foliar application 145 154 221

51

Applications of concentrated superphosphate increased aluminum yield

in sugar cane grown in all the four soils as compared to aluminum yield

in plants grown in similar soils fertilized with NH4H2P04 and K4P207 as

phosphate fertilizers (Table VII), However, the checks (lacking phosphate

fertilizer) also contained much more AI, indicating some other factors

must be involved here.

TABLE VII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODSOF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUM YIELD (ALUMINUM

CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD) IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.PLANTS WERE GROWN IN pars FOR 3 MONTHS

IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil Phosphorus NH4H2P04 K4P207 Concentrated

treatments superphosphatemgm. mgm. mgm.

Kapaa None (check) 1.10 0,98 3.30Soil application 1.82 2.08 5.60Foliar application 3,40 4.58 6.76

Lualualei None (check) 1.33 2.65 4.60Soil application 0.79 2.45 3.20Foliar application 1. 70 3.73 4.46

Molokai None (check) 0,61 1. 95 4,35Soil application 1.69 Z.74 3.96Foliar application 1,18 3.17 5.47

Pauwela None (check) 0.08 2.62 4.44Soil application 2,83 4.71 6.77Foliar application 2.76 4,47 6.85

"A" values (available soil P in relation to added phosphate fer-

tilizers), were extremely high in Kapaa, Lualualei, Molokai, and

Pauwela soils when NH4HZP04 was the standard fertilizer material

(Figure 6). The "A" value was highest in the Pauwela soil treated with

IUIAIl CAN[ nOWN fOft TH~[[ MONTHI

OM· ..V.'G"

~.-~~ ..••-(OIle.. .....U".O"Hl1[

""no

'"

52

:'. :

.-:.-::

..,..II:

, I" , 'I" . 'I"L..UAUIALII IIClU*AI•. 'I'AlJ'I1Ll'

FIGURE 6. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ON THE "A"VALUE OF FRIED AND DEAN, 1952. SUGAR CANE GROWN

IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS AND IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

53

NH4H2P04 and lowest in the same soil treated with concentrated

superphosphate.

Data on P yield in cane plants, expressed as multiples of the check,

were correlated with "A" values in four different soils, No such re-

lationships could be established except for the Kapaa soil (r = -0.851**).

Table VIII shows the relation between additions of phosphate fer-

tilizers and extractable (0,02N H2S04) phosphorus and pH values in soils

after plant harvest, A rather low but significant (r = 0.630**) relation-

ship was found between phosphorus yield in sugar cane tops and extractable

phosphorus in soils after the plant harvest. Occasionally, phosphorus

extracted after the harvest, seems to have increased even though no phos-

phorus was applied (Table VIII).

TABLE VIII, EXTRACTABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS (MODIFIED TRUOG)AND SOIL pH AFTER 3 MONTHS GROWTH OF SUGAR CANE


treatments superphosphateppm. P pH ppm. P pH ppm. P pHin soil in soil in soil

Kapaa None (check) 11 4.5 4 4.7 4 4.7Soil application 69 4.7 25 4.8 51 4.7

Lualualei None (check) 1074 7,1 952 70 953 7.0Soil application 1155 7.0 1143 7.0 1064 7.0

Molokai None (check) 16 5.5 24 5.3 12 4,9Soil application 62 5.3 45 5,3 46 5.2

Pauwela None (check) 5 4.9 5 4.9 18 4.7Soil application 31 4.7 31 5.0 42 4.7

Soil pH values after harvest were lower than the original samples

irrespective of phosphate fertilizer treatment.

54

Discussion (Experiment II). Differences in plant and P yields of

sugar cane grown in four soils were associated with differences in

phosphorus status of soils. Kapaa soil, being extremely deficient in

available phosphorus, responded most to added phosphate fertilizers and

Lualualei, having abundant available phosphorus; responded least. De

crease in plant yields on account of added phosphate fert.ilizers to

Lualualei may be associated with the formation of insoluble phosphates

of zinc, manganese, or iron.

Plant yields, relative to check were sometimes greater when sugar

cane was grown in soils treated with NH4HZP04 as compared to soils

treated with concentrated superphosphate and K4PZ07. But, the lowest

phosphorus concentration was also obtained in plants grown in soils

treated with NH4HZP04' The higher the solubilities of phosphate fer

tilizers the greater would be the rate of immobilization uf added

phosphorus. Therefore, it seems possible that less soluble phosphate

fertilizers will effectively supply phosphorus to plants for a longer

time than the more soluble phosphate materials. Suehisa (1961) reported

that the less soluble phosphate fertilizers show a better effect than

the highly soluble ammonium phosphate in ·promoting yields of Sudan grass.

In the first series of plantings; the yields of the check plants were

lower than in the other two planting dates. For this reason, in the

first series of plantings, the higher yields associated with NH4HZP04

fertilizer may actually be more apparent than real.

Two methods of phosphorus application made significant differences

in phosphorus yields and phosphorus concentrations as well as in utiliza-

55

tion of fertilizer phosphorus but did not change the plant yields. Many

plants have especially high phosphorus requirements during early growth.

It appears that phosphorus can be moved into the cane plant, by foliar

sprays. It is further evident (Figure 7) that yields can be increased

by this method of phosphorus applications. The outstanding ability of

Hawaiian soils to fix added phosphorus have been demonstrated. Foliar

applications of phosphorus should give greater efficiency of fertilizer

use. This is evident from Figures 8 and 9 showing greater phosphorus

status in plants sprayed with phosphate fertilizer as compared to that

from similar fertilizer treatments applied to the soil.

All of the plants which received foliar phosphorus were high in

phosphorus, yet did not always yield as the phosphorus content tndicated

they should •. This may indicate that phosphorus taken up from the spray

may not be immediately translocated to the plant tissue where it can

enter into some of the metabolic processes in the plant. However, with

increase in time higher phosphorus status may result in higher plant

yields.

Higher amounts of fertilizer phosphorus present in sugar cane

plants grown in four soils when treated with K4PZ07 and concentrated

superphosphate than in those treated with NH4HZP04 may be explained in

terms of relative solubilities of the fertilizers. NH4HZP04 being

highly soluble was immobilized by the oxides; hydroxides and clay

minerals of soils almost immediately as compared to K4PZ07 and concen

trated superphosphate. Highest quantity of fertilizer P was obtained

in plants with concentrated superphosphate treatments which is least

SUGAR CANE GROWN FOR THREE MONTHS

C Kl2

07- pH 5.3 (DISSOLVED IN IN HN03) 0

• CONC. SUPER PHOSPHATE - pH Z.15 Q

(DISSOLVED IN 10% CITRIC ACID)

o NH4Hl04 -pH 3.8 0 0

(IN WATER)

z 14oI-ot(,)

-'0. IZ0.ot

a:ot

~ 10lL

II)

:::l

~ 8J:0.II)

oJ:0. 6cwccotlL 4oz2~ ZN

-'I:::l

o

oo

o

r·0.734··

y. -3.846 +0.44Z X

56

~ ZO 30

DRY MATTER YIELD IN GRAMS (FOLIAR APPLICATION)

FIGURE 7. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS

(FOLIAR APPLICATION) AND DRY MATTER YIELD DUE TO FOLIARAPPLIED PHOSPHORUS IN SUGAR CANE

57

4.00

Z SUGAR CANE GROWN FOR THREE MONTHS0 0

...ocI:uJCLCL 3.00ocI:

.J 0

0SCIl:JII:0

0:z: 0CL 0CIl2.000

:z:CL

0 00

IIJ00ocI:

...0

0z 1.00 r' 0.782*40... .....ocI: y. -0.618 +0.0697 XNJ 0 0i=:J

I 0

0 10 20 30 40

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN MILLIGRAMS (SOIL APPLICATION I

FIGURE 8. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR; BETWEEN PERCENTAGE· UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS

(SOIL APPLICATION) AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDIN SUGAR CANE (SOIL APPLICATION)

r4~...J 120.0.<t

a:<t:::; 10o...III::J

~ 8:I:0.IIIo:I:0. 6aOJaa<t... 4azo

~ 2N

...J

IOJ

SUGAR CANE GROWN FOR THREE MONTHS

o NH4,\P04-pH 3.8 (IN WATER)

• ~P207-pH ~.3 (DISSOLVED IN IN HN03)

" CONC, SUPER PHOSPHATE - pH Z.I~

(DISSOLVED IN 10% CITRIC ACID)

r-O.938"AY-··Z.393 +0.126X

oo

o

30 ~O 70 90 noPHOSPHORUS YIELD IN MILLIGRAMS (FOLIAR APPLIi.ATION)

58

FIGURE 9. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS

(FOLIAR APPLICATION) AND PHOSPHORUS YIELDIN SUGAR CANE (FOLIAR APPLIC~rION)

i

.i

i

j

59

soluble as compared to NH4H2P04 and K4P207. However~ Pauwe1a soil

responded (plant yield) very much better to soil applied monoammonium

phosphate than to the foliar application. The rate of immobilization

in the Pauwe1a soil is evidently low. This was demonstrated in subseque4t

studies (Figure 27). Evidently the availability of phosphorus from

NH4H2P04 is dependent upon the rapidity and capacity of soils to immo-

bi1ize added phosphorus.

It is known that aluminum is toxic to some plants, though the

question of critical concentrations for various plant species is only

partially understood, The critical aluminum concentrations will un~

doubted1y depend on a number of environmental factors as well as on plant

spe':ies. Aluminum toxicity seems to be associated with soil pH values

about 5.5 or less.

Three months of sugar cane growth did not change the pH of the Kapaa

soil. Therefore it may be assumed that aluminum concentration in the

soil remained the same. Nevertheless, application of phosphate fertilizer

reduced alunlinum concentration in the plants; this suggests that aluminum

uptake was-inhibited by interaction of phosphorus wlth aluminum either ir

the soil or in the roots. The question of aluminum toxicity does not

arise in soils like Lua1ua1ei (pH 7.0 after the harvest). Application

of phosphate fertilizers and/or plant growth was accompanied by acidi-

fication of Mo10kai soil. Soil from the Mo10kai series has low bufferi.rg

~apacity. According to McGeorge (1924), the concentration of aluminum in

the ionic form should be abundant below pH 5.5. Therefore; applications

of phosphorus to Mo10kai soil (pH values 4.9 to 5.3 after harvest) did

60

not reduce the aluminum concentration in cane plants growing in this soil..

No explanation is offered for the increase in aluminum ,~oncentration in

plants grown in Pauwela soil with phosphorus application.

Sin:e phosphorus was a limiting factor in three of these soils, high

"A" values in all the four soils treated with NH4HZP04 should have also

increased phosphorus status of cane plants. On the contrary phosphorus

content in plants treated with NH4HZP04 was lowest as compared to the

other two fertilizers. It seems that the increase in "A" values in soils

treated with NH4HZP04 is not on account of the increase in the avail-

ability of soil phosphorus but on account of the higher immobilizations

of added phosphorus. This may be further substantiated from Figure 10.

A close but inverse relationship was observed between the "A" values in

soils and phosphorus yields from cane plants. If the concept of "A"

value had been applicable in the four soils studied, the relationship

should have been positive. This indicates that the assumptions made for

the computation of "A" values do not apply when P immobilization by the

soil is extremely high, Thus the "A" values obtained are not valid; the

apparent increase in "A" values may be attributed to the high rate of

phosphorus fixation.

Experiment III, Soil phosphorus and aluminum solubility and uptake by

plants as influe~ced by liming

Experimental results (short-term extraction). The reversion or

I\

"fixation" of fertilizer phosphorus is so intense in mcny tropical soils

that tremendous rates of phosphate fertilization are required for optimum

plant growth (Younge and Moomaw, 1960). It appears that one of the im-

2000 rSUGAR CANE GROWN FOR 3 MONTHS

1600

61

r. -0.6!18 N

1-1794.146-36.629 X

- 1200II.

:III.II.

UJ:::l.JCl:> 800

~.

400

•• •

•

o 10 20 30 40 50

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN MILLIGRAMS

60 70

FIGURE 10, RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN "A" VALUE AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUGAR CANE

62

portant reactions of lime in acid soils is the replacement of exchangeable

Al by Ca with the formation of Al(OH)3' Therefore an investigation was

carried out to ascertain the influence of liming and phosphate fertili-

zation on the solubility of aluminum and the availability of fertilizer

phosphorus in some diverse tropi~al soils.

Results showed that application of lime to acid soils (Hilo, Kapaa;

and Halii) did not change the phosphorus yield in Sudan grass (Table IX).

Phosphorus yields in Sudan grass grown entirely in sand culture were

higher than in plants grown in contact with phosphorus, with or without

lime treatments. Similar results were also obtained from Sudan grass

grown in vermiculite culture (Experiment I).

TABLE IX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE P YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION XYIELD OF DRY MATTER) DURING 4 DAYS ROOT-SOIL CONTACT.

SUDAN GRASS GROWN FROM SEED IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

Soil Lime Time of phosphorus applicationapplication Early Intermediate Late Mean

mgm. mgm. mgm. mgm.

Hilo None 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06Early 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Late 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06

Kapaa None 0.07 0.06 0.06 O.OEEarly 0.05 0.06 0.08 0,06Late 0.07 0.06 0,06 O.Of

Halii None 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06Early 0.07 0.06 0.06 O.OELate 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06

Molokai None 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06

Koko None 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.10

Lualualei None 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Sand cultur~ None 0.11

63

Short-term (4-day root-soil contact) P extra;tion by Sudan grass

(Table X) demonstrated that each of the three acid soils responded very

differently to liming. Phosphorus extraction from the Hilo soil was

generally increased by liming; and especially so when the lime was ap

plied late, shortly before root-soil contact was established. In

general; percentage of plant phosphorus derived from fertilizer from the

crystalline Kapaa and the Halii soils were similar and were very different

from the amorphous Hilo soil. In Halii soil especially~ lime applied

just before root-soil contact drastically reduced the percentage of the

plant P derived from fertilizer from both the intermediate and the late

application (Table X).

The percentage of plant P derived from fertilizer (Table X) for the

three neutral or alkaline soils was much higher than for the three acid

representatives.

Phosphorus be~ame progressively less available to plants with in

creasing time of reaction before root-soil contact; this trend was most

evident in Halii and least evident in Koko.

During harvesting, it was observed that root development was ex

tremely poor in Koa haole (Leucaena glauca) as compared to Sudan grass.

Less than 1% of the plant P was derived from the fertilizer in Koa haole

grown in soils with various lime and phosphorus treatments similar to

Sudan grass (Table XI). In certain instances~ so little fertilizer

phosphorus was taken up by Koa haole as to be undetectable. It was con

cluded that essentially all of the phosphorus in Koa haole plants were

derived from the sources other than the fertilizer applied--probably

from the seed.

TABLE X. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LUiEAPPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANT PHOSPHORUS DERIVED

FROM FERTILIZER DURING 4 DAYS ROOT SOIL CONTACT.SUDAN GRASS GROWN FROM SEED IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS


% % % %

Hila None 0.12 0.28 '0.23 0.21Early 0,14 0.22 0.62 0.33Late 0.27 0.61 0.92 0.60

Kapaa None 0.11 0.13 0.36 0.17Early 0.05 0.09 0.29 0.14Late 0.00 0.10 0.20 0,13

Halii None 0.07 0.42 1.11 0.53Early 0.05 0.19 0.95 0.40Late 0.07 0.08 0.29 0.18

Molokai None 1.33 2.36 2.37 2.02

Koko None 3.92 4.37 6.17 4.82

Lualualei None 6.33 9.31 10.28 8.74

TABLE XI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANT PHOSPHORUS DERIVED

FROM FERTILIZER DURING 4 DAYS ROOT-SOIL CONTACT.KOA HAOLE GROWN FROM SEED IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

65

Soil Lime Time of phosphorus applicationapplicat ion Early Intermediate Late Mean

% % % %


Kapaa None 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.03Early 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01Late 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01


Molokai None 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03

Koko None 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.09

Lualua1ei None 0.04 0.06 0.22 0.11

66

Phosphorus extraction studies. After completion of the shortwterm

extraction using Sudan grass or Koa haole, Sudan grass was grown from

seed in soils composited from the short-term experiment. Then} after

the harvest of Sudan grass, Koa haole was planted in the same soils and

allowed to grow for 24 days.

Dry matter yields of Sudan grass were increased by phosphate fer-

tilization in the three acid soils and Molokai soil (Table XII). Sudan

grass yields of plants grown in Koko and Lualualei soils were higher

than those grown in the other four soils.

Plant yield of Sudan grass grown in the three acid soils with various

lime and phosphorus treatments were subjected to statistical analysis,

Differences in plant yields due to soils and lime treatments were highly

significant. The mean data from the main effects are as follows:

SoilHilo

Plant yields of Sudan grass(gms. /pot) 0.36 0.44 0.52

Duncan's multiple range test showed that each mean value obtained

from three soils was significantly different from the others.

Lime applicationsNone Early Late

Plant yields of Sudan grass(gms '/pot) 0.37 0.45 0.50

Plant yields did not vary significantly between early or late ap-

plication of lime but application of lime increased Sudan grass yields

significant ly.

Plant yield data from Sudan grass grown in all six soils with va-

rious times of phosphorus application were analyzed statistically.

TABLE XII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF DRY MATTER (GRAMS/POT) DURING

21 DAYS OF PLANT GROwrH. SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN POTSFROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

67

Soil Lime Time of phosphorus applicationapplication Early Intermediate Late

g. g. g.

Hilo None 0.18 (P none)None 0.37 0.33 0.30Early 0.48 0.41 0.53Late 0.48 0.58 0.52

Kapaa None 0.20 (P none)None 0.29 0.30 0.40Early 0.41 0.34 0.40Late 0.37 0.28 0.44

Halii None 0.32 (P none)None 0.45 0.42 0.49Early 0,49 0.50 0.49Late 0.53 0.55 0.73

Molokai None 0.37 (P none)None 0.41 0.69 0.55

Koko None 1.35 (P none)None 1.61 0.77 1.60

Lualualei None 1.32 (P none)None 1.35 1,30 1.38

68

Differen-;es in plant yields due to soils; times of phosphorus application;

and their interactions were highly significant. Yield data from Sudan

grass grown in six soils are summarized as follows:

Soil.Kapaa Hilo Halii Molokai Koko Lualualei

Plant yields(gms '/pot) 0.33 0. 33 ..::;.O~.4..:::..5_....::.0.:..:.5~5 ..::.1.:.;;:.3~3_-=1~.3:...:.4

When phosphorus was allowed to react with the soil before planting

the yield of Sudan grass sometimes decreased but there were some out-

standing exceptions. The following data are means of Sudan grass yields

obtained from the various times of phosphorus application.

Times of phosphorus applicationIntermediate Early Late

Sudan grass yields(gms./pot) 0.63 0.75 0.78

Koa haole, grown after the harvest of Sudan grass, showed a general

response to the addition of phosphorus. Application of lime together

with phosphorus increased plant yield in the Hilo and Kapaa soil but did

not show any increase in the Halii soil where the results were not very

consistent (Table XIII). Koa haole yields were different on account of

various durations of phosphorus equilibration but the differences were

inconsistent in various soils (Table XIII). Differences between plant

yields associated with soils and lime treatments (three a~id soils) were

highly significant. Mean data from the main effects due to soils and

lime treatments are as follows:

Koa haole yields(gms./pot)

Hilo

0,67 0.70

HaUi

0.75

TABLE XIII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF DRY MATTER (GRAMS/POT) DURING

24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWI'H. KOA HAOLE (1, GLAUCA) GROWNIN POTS FROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

69

Soil Lime Time of phosphorus applicationapplication Early Intermediate Late

g. g. g.

Hilo None 0.49 (P none)None 0.49 0.61 0.57Early 0.73 0.83 0.74Late 0.79 0.67 0.58

Kapaa None 0.64 (P none)None 0.69 0.62 0.66Early 0.72 0.69 0.68Late 0.74 0.72 0.73

Halii None 0.71 (P none)None 0.78 0.66 0.76Early 0.77 0.76 0,75Late 0.72 0.78 0,76

Molokai None 0.70 (P none)None 0.47 0.52 0.71

Koko None 0.63 (P none)None 0.65 0.77 0.73

Lualualei None 0.51 (P none)None 0.60 0.56 0.60

70

Differences between Hilo and Kapaa soils were not significant.

Lime applicationNone Early Late

Koa haole yields(gms,fpot) 0.65 0.72 0.74

Application of lime significantly increased Koa haole yields but

the differences between the two durations of lime-phosphorus equilibration

did not change Koa haole yields significantly. Yields of Koa haole which

grew in six unlimed soils with phosphorus applied at various times were

also analyzed statistically. Plant yield differen::.es associated with

soils were significant. Mean plant yields for the six soils are as fol-

lows:Soil

Hilo Molokai Lualualei Kapaa Koko Halii

Koa haole yields(gms,fpot) 0,56 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.72 0,74

Mean data underscored do not differ signifi~antly with each other.

The differences in plant yields as a function of various times of

phosphorus application were not significant. Figures 11 to 16 show the

results from the phosphorus yield; phosphorus con8entration) and per~

centage of plant phosphorus derived from fertilizer in Sudan grass and

Koa haole grown in three acid soils. Figures 17 and 18 show the similar

results from the plants grown in the three neutral or slightly alkaline

soils. In general, phosphorus yields from SudaR grass grown in the

three neutral or slightly alkaline soils (Molokai; Koko, and Lualualei)

were higher (Figure 17) than the phosphorus yields from the same plants

grown in the three acid representatives (Hilo) Kapaa, and Halii), Mean

71

II:W!::!oJ

i=II:WI&.

50 :IoII:...

40 e>i:IIIo

30 II;;)II:o:xL

20~:xL

~o ~

LII.o

o ~

o

SUDAN GRASS GROWN FOR 21 DAYS IN HILO SOIL

~ - PHOSPHORUS EARLY

~ - PHOSPHORUS INTERMEDIATE

'l. - PHOSPHORUS LATE

:

"" "

" "" :

"::

":" "

".." "

: I

Iv Iv~ I"

": :,

t... " VNO .. I Pr I " I ~ '- I '. I { '- I " I ~

NO LIME LIME EARLY LIME LATE

0,600

o

III 0;;) oJ

~!!!:z: )0

:; ~ 0,200011::z: 0lL :x... A.Z IIIC 0oJ %lL ..

Ir:::!

II:III...~;:I C)0 II:

~ j 0.400

II. =o :I.,. z- -

FIGURE 11. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, PHOSPHORUS YIELD

(PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X PLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGEOF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS

GROWN IN HILO SOIL FOR 21 DAYS

0.3-a:l&JlIe(

:I~

a:Q

:J 0.2

."VI::Ja:0:E:a.VI0:E:a. 0.1I-ze(oJa.•

o

VI:I

: 1.4

"oJoJ

:t 1.3

~

QoJ

l&J 1.2~

VI::Ja:~ 1.1a.VIo:E:a.~ 1.0

o

KOAHAOLE GROWN !'OR 24 DAYS IN HILO SOIL

~ - PHOSPHORUS EARLY


It. - PHOSPHORUS LATE

~::

Ir".:.:

/::

~...

. .,

~., '.: "::.

:~"" .:

/ :.", /

.:. "..' / /." :;

NO P I Pr I ~ I It Pr I ~ I It. Pr I ~ T It

NO LIM E LIME EARLY LIME LATE

72

a:l&JN

oJ

Ia:l&J

o.~ u.

:Ioa:l&.

0,4 :3>a:l&Jo

0.3 VI::Ja:o%a.

0.2 ~

%a.Iz

0.1 e(oJa.l&.o

o ."o


(PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X PLANT YIELD), AND PERCENTAGEOF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN KOA HAOLE

(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN HILO SOIL FOR 24 DAYS

73

a:wN

oJ

Ia:w...~oa:...ow>a:w

15 01J)

:::>a:o:I:

o ::;o:I:Q.

I-

5 ~oJQ.

...o

o "I

o

20

SUDAN GRASS GROWN FOR 21 DAYS IN KAPAA SOIL

~- PHOSPHORUS EARLY


It - PHOSPHORUS LATE

'.17.'

.' 1/

~ I.. 1/.:.. LI".

1I:II·:

mI I~::

I I II ;] I " II·~

hII:II·

NO P I ~ I ~ I PL ~ I ~ I PL ~ I ~ I ItNO LIME LIME EARLY LIME LATE

o

0.400

0.600

0.200

lEI



GROWN IN KAPAA SOIL FOR 21 DAYS

104 0.40

KOAHAOLE GROWN FOR 24 DAYS IN KAPAA SOIL

Po' PNOSPHORUS EARLY II:...N

~ 0.3 1.3P, - PHOSPHORUS INTERMEDIATE 0.30 ~

It- PHOSPHORUS LATE I-...II:I- ...I- ...e

:I:I... 0II:II: ...0... 00

1.2 I- 0.20 ~

i0.2

! II:....,0 0:> ..J .,0: ...

0 : :>:z: ~ II:o. 0., .,:z:

0 :> o.:z: II:0.10

.,o. 0 IJI- 00.1 :z: :z:I- o. o.z .,

l-e 0z..J :z:eo. o...J• rA ~;o....

lI.: 0II

0 t-O 0

NO P I P, I It I Po I P, I It I Po I p, 1 p. 0~

NO LIIIE I LIME EARLY I LIME LATE



(1· GLAUCA) GROWN IN KAPAA SOIL FOR 24 DAYS

74

0.800

0.800

a:...........cO)1I1i)0: 0.400a:Cl/oJ~::!

1I

~!0)~oa: .Jo!!!~ )0 0.200

o~f~... f

~fII?J 0

SUDAN GRASS GROWN FOR 21 DAYS IN HALII SOIL

~ ~ - PHOSPHORU8 EARLY


'l- PHOSPHORUS LATE

~

,. ,.

'.'.

~..

.'

..

I~':. I ..

~~i...' ..

HOP I .. I ~ I It .. .,~ I It .. I ~ I It

NO LIME LIME EARLY LIME LATE

a:...NJj:a:...

110 ...1Ioa:...

40 ~

:!:a:

'"°30 0)~

a:o:I:CL

20 ~:I:0..

...z10 c

.JCL

l!io ~

D

75


(PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X PLANT YIELD» AND PERCENTAGEOF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZER IN SUDAN GRASS

GROWN IN HALII SOIL FOR 21 DAYS

1.7KOAHAOLE GROWN FOR 24 OAYS

IN HALII SOIL

76

1.0 " ::'

NO p I ~ I P, I PL I ~ I P, I It I p. I P, I ~

0.300II:

'"....c:I,.II:Q..o 0.200#-.,::lII:o%...,o%

.. 0.100I-zC.J..•

o

1.6

.,~ 1.3II:

!:!...J...J

i 1.4

~Q

.J'" 1.3,..,::lII:

~ 1.2...,o%..rLjl.l

~ - PHOSPHORUS EAR~Y

Po - PHOSPHORUS INTERMEDIATE

It - PHOSPHORUS LATE

::.

:.:

II:0.8 '"

N

...J;::II:

0.7 ~

:IoII:"-

0.6 Q

'">II:

'"O.~ ~::lII:o%..

0.4 .,o%..I-

0.3 ~...J.."o

0.2 #o

NO LIME I LIME EARLY I LIME LATE



(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN HALII SOIL FOR 24 DAYS

SUDAN GRASS GROWN FOR 21 DAYS IN 3 '";- O. "'6,0 3 NEUTRAL OR SLIGNTLY ALKALINE SOILS N

"' :iI- ;::l-n c ~2 2

: :1.0 > ~ - PHOSPHORUS EARLY 2.. '" 0:i Q

~ - PHOSPHORUS INTERMEDIATE '".J .. ..i 4.0 0 It - PHOSPHORUS LATE Q

!~ O,~ 40 ~

Q n '""'.: :> Q

'";: 3.0 0 30 ~:z:

".. '":> " 0

'"0 :z:

0 :z: ..: 2.0 .. 0, I .... I- :

20 0

" z :z:0 c ..:z: .J I-.. .. z~ 1.0 • "

J ~ ~,0 C

.J.. ..: ..

~0

" f.NO P I ~ I ., I 'I. I NO P I ~ I ., I 'I. I NOpT I

00II ., P,

WOLOKA, I KOICD I LUALUAL£I



GROWN IN THREE NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLYALKALINE SOILS FOR 21 DAYS

77

2.2

2.0

1.8

ooJ

~ 1.6

":>0:

~ 1.4.."o:z:..~ 1.2

1.0

; 0.1........:II

0.5..0:D..o~ 0.4

":>0:

~ 0.3.."o:z:.. 0.2..z..oJ...0.1

1l0LOKAI

KOAHAOLE GROWN FOR 24 OAYS IN 3

NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE SOILS

~- PHOSPHORUS EARLY

p,' PHOSPHORUS INTERIiEDIATE

p,,' PHOSPHORUS LATE

I KOKO I LUALUALEI

12

I ~0:..o

8 ~it..o

6 ~0:o:z:.."4 ~....z

2 ~....o

78

FIGURE 18, INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, PHOSPHORUS YIELD


(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN THREE NEUTRAL ORSLIGHTLY ALKALINE SOILS FOR 24 DAYS

79

data show that application of lime to acid soils increased phosphorus

yield in Sudan grass and the differences were highly significant

(Figures ll~ 13, and 15).


Phosphorus yield in Sudangrass (mgs. p/pot) 0,31 0.42 0.44

Applications of lime at two different times did not change the

phosphorus yield in Sudan grass.

Duration of soil-phosphate fertilizer equilibration did not make

any significant differences in phosphorus yields in Sudan grass except

between the intermediate and late application.

Time of P applic;ationIntermediate Early Late

Phosphorus yields (Sudangrass) (mgs. p/pot) 0.37 0.40 0.44

Mean phosphorus yields in Sudan grass grown in six soils were as

follows:Soil

Kapaa Hilo Halii Molokai Lualualei Koko

Phosphorus yields(Sudan grass) 0.23 0.26 0.44(mgs. p/pot)

0.54 2.24 2,81

Differences between phosphorus yields in'Koa haole on account of the

addition of lime were highly significant. Here again duration of soi1-

phosphate fertilizer equilibration made no significant difference in P yields.


Phosphorus yields (Koa haole)(mgs. p/pot) 1,18 1.29 1.31

80

Phosphorus yields from Koa haole grown in six soils are summarized

as follows:Lime application

Hilo Halii Kapaa Molokai Koko Lualualei

Phosphorus yields(Koa haole) 1.10 1.22 1.23(mgs. p/pot)

1.47 1. 71 1.73

Whereas short-term (4 days) extraction of phosphorus from Hilo soil

by Sudan grass gave about fourfold differences in the utilization of

fertilizer phosphorus due to late liming, long-term (21 days) extraction

of phosphorus was much more influenced by lime treatments (Table XIV).

Sudan grass utilized 63 times as mu(;h fertilizer P from the limed soil

as it utilized from the unlimed soil. There Here similar but over-all

relatively small effects of lime on fertilizer P utilization from the

Kapaa and the Halii soils (Table XIV). Less than 1% of the added P was

utilized by Koa haole grown in all soils as compared to a maximum utili-

zation of 2.8% by Sudan grass (Tables XV and XIV 1 respectively).

Application of lime increased the percentage of plant phosphorus

derived from fertilizer by Sudan grass and Koa haole, Mean data are as

follows:

Lime applicationNone Late Early

Percentage of plant P derivedfrom fertilizer (Sudan grass) 9.18 24.63 25.18

The difference between late and early application of lime was not

significant.Lime application

Late None Early

Percentage of plant P derivedfrom fertilizer (Koa haole) 0.23 0.29 0.31

81

TABLE XIV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOS-

PHORUS DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. SUDAN GRASSGROWN IN POTS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

Soil Lime Time of phcsphorus applicationapplication Early Intermediate Late Mean

% % % %

Hilo None 0,01 0.01 0.02 0.01Early 0,82 0.41 0.75 0.66Late 0.56 0.58 0.64 0.60

Kapaa None 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.12Early 0.23 0,11 0.16 0.17Late 0,09 0.07 0,22 0.12


Mo1okai None 0.23 1.07 0.50 0.60

Koko None 1.34 0.33 1.09 0.92

Lua1ua1ei None 2.05 2.40 2.79 2,41

TABLE XV. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOS

PHORUS DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. KOA HAOLE(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

82


% % % %

Hilo None 0.0008 0.0014 0.0009 0.0010Early 0.0009 0.0012 0.0015 0,0012Late 0.0017 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015


Ha1il None 0.0295 0.0227 0.0361 0.0294Early 0.0375 0.0295 0.0308 0.0326Late 0.0183 0.0235 0.0356 0.0258

Molokai None 0.2386 0.7638 0.3230 0,4418

Koko None 0.1223 0.1093 0.1153 0.1156

Lua1ualei None 0.4494 0.4417 0.5496 0.4802

83

Differences among the soils in percentage of plant P derived from

fertilizer in Sudan grass as well as in Koa haole were highly significarrt.

The mean data from the main effects are summarized here.

SoilHilo Kapaa Koko Halii Molokai Lualualei

Percentage of plantP derived from fer- 0.90 1.30 8.54 25.32 26.13tilizer (Sudangrass)

Data from the Koa haole are as follows:

28.10

Soil.!lila Kapaa Halii Koko Lualualei Molokai

Percentage of plantP derived from fer- 0.02 0.02 0.62 1.77tilizer (Koa haole)

7.28 7.66

The percentage of plant phosphorus derived from fertilizer was

greatest when the fertilizer was applied late to acid soils. Difference

between early and intermediate applied phosphorus was not significant.

Phosphorus appliedIntermediate Early Late

Percentage of plant Pderived from fertilizer (Sudan grass)

16.96 18.91 23.11

Different trends were obtained when the similar data were summarized

from the six different soils. However, the late applied P was superior

to either early or intermediate application in supplying fertilizer P to

Sudan grass.

Phosphorus appliedEarly Intermediate Late

Percentage of plant Pderived from fertilizer 1.30 1.59 1.62(Sudan grass)

84

Applying phosphorus early or late did not signifi~antly change the

per:entage of plant P derived from fertilizer by Koa haole,

Phosphorus appliedEarly Late Intermediate

Percentage of plant Pderived from fertilizer (Koa haole)

2.41 2.66 3.72

Soil treatments and associated aluminum concentrations in Sudan

grass and Koa haole are in Tables XVI and XVII. Aluminum concentration,

aluminum yield; and phosphorus status of Sudan grass and Koa haole are

summarized in Table XVIII. Applications of phosphorus alone reduced the

aluminum concentrations in Sudan grass but not in Koa haole (Table XVIII).

Applications of lime to the three a~.id soils reduced considerably aluminum.

concentrations both in Sudan grass as well as in Koa haole.

Phosphorus yields increased with phosphorus applications and more so

when phosphorus was applied in conjun:tion with lime. In general, this

was true for both Sudan grass and Koa haole (Table XVIII).

The "A" valueswere extremely high in the three acid soils as com-

pared to the other three neutral or slightly alkaline soils (Table XIX).

This was true for both Sudan grass a5 well as Koa haole. "A" values, as

determined by Sudan grass, was usually high when phosphorus was applied

early. High "A" values were evident in the unlimed Hilo soil apd was

least evident in the Lualualei and Koko soils. In general "A" values

were extremely high when determined by Koa haole.

Approximate weight and P composition of Sudan grass and Koa haole

seeds are as follows:

Sudan grassKoa haole

Seeds planted(No.)

1617

Weight per(g. )

0.0120.034

seed P per seed(mg.)

0.0460.099

TABLE XVI. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONS DURING 21 DAYS OF

PLANT GROWTH. SUDAN GRASS GRCMN IN parsFROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

85


ppm. ppm. ppm. ppm.

Hilo None 147 335 286 256Early 220 142 132 165Late 123 167 137 142

Kapaa None 317 329 294 313Early 158 220 165 181Late 382 243 220 282

Ha1ii None 223 179 223 208Early 124 131 110 122Late 102 106 92 100

Mo1okai None 123 115 92 110

Koko None 114 131 116 120

Lua1ua1ei None 90 92 100 94

TABLE XVII. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONS DURING 24 DAYS

OF PLANT GROWTH. KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWNIN POTS FROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

86


ppm. ppm. ppm. ppm.

Hilo None 114 121 98 111Early 74 67 80 74Late 75 74 80 76

Kapaa None 91 105 92 I 96t

Early 76 69 75 73Late 74 82 88 81

Halii None 113 103 79 98Early 58 61 72 64Late 55 74 89 73

Molokai None 129 109 95 III

Koko None 84 68 77 76

Lualualei None 84 75 101 87

TABLE XVIII. PHOSPHORUS AND ALUMINUM STATUS IN SUDAN GRASS AND KOA HAOLE (l... GLAUCA), GROWNSUCCESSIVELY, IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS WITH VARIOUS LIME AND PHOSPHORUS TREATMENTS

Sudan grass Koa haole% uti1i- Al concen- % uti1i- Al concen-

Lime zation tration zation trationSoil t:reat- P yield of added (ppm. Al Al yield P yield of added in plants Al yield

ment (mg. p/pot) phos- in (mg. A1/pot) (mg. pi phos- (ppm. Al (mg. Allphorus dry weight pot) phorus in dry pot)

matter

Hi10 Un 1imed 0.26 0.01 256 0.08 1.10 0.001 111 0.06Limed 0.49 0.63 154 0.08 1.15 0.001 75 0.05

Kapaa Un1imed 0.23 0.12 313 0.10 1.23 0.011 96 0.06Limed 0.32 0.15 232 0.09 1.25 0.010 77 0.06

Ha1ii Un1imed 0.44 0.44 208 0.09 1.35 0.029 98 0.07Limed 0.53 0.64 111 0.06 1.34 0.029 69 0.05

Mo10kai Un1imed 0.54 0.60 110 0.06 1.47 0.442 111 0.06

Koko Un1imed 2.81 0.92 120 0.16 1. 71 0.116 76 0.05

Lua1ua1ei Un1imed 2.24 2.41 94 0.13 1. 73 0.480 87 0.05

Plants grown in six soils without phosphorus or lime

Hi10 - 0.19 - 472 0.08 1.10 - 117 0,06

Kapaa - 0.18 - 358 0.07 1.10 - 103 0.07

Ha1ii - 0.26 - 400 0.13 1.16 - 94 0.07

Mo10kai - 0.34 - 163 0.06 1.32 - 66 0.05

Koko - 2.65 - 151 0.21 1.49 - 71 0.04

Lua1ua1ei - 1.81 - 246 0.32 1.55 - 70 0.04

(Xl-...J

88

TABLE XIX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIMEAPPLICATION ON THE "A" VALUE OF FRIED AND DEAN. SUDAN

GRASS FOLLOWED BY KOA HAOLE (1,. GLAUCA) GROWN IN parsFOR 21 AND 24 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY

Soil Lime Time of P "A" value (ppm. P in soil*)series application application Sudan grass Koa haole

Hilo None E 7820 241000" T 6410 162000.1.

" L 561 204000Early E 66 263000

" I 119 284000" L 83 153000

Late E 100 148000" I 112 153000" L 89 135000

Kapaa None E 4140 25800" I 4350 21600" L 2690 20400

Early E 228 18600" I 405 16600" L 307 16400

Late E 578 58100" I 618 22400" L 249 65500

Halii None E 145 7220" I 157 8540" L 101 5990

Early E 157 6320" I 117 7300" L 86 7400

Late E 114 11400" I 111 8540" L 58 6240

Mo10kai None E 194 813

" I 84 305

" L 129 887

Koko None E 477 2300" I 486 2660II L 445 2460

Lualualei None E 123 640" I 111 595" L 103 494

E Early applicationI Intermediate applicationL Late application

* Values expressed as oven dry soil basis

89

The treatments and results from the extractable (O.02N H2S04)

phosphoru~ and pH values in soils after the harvest of Koa haole (long-,

term extraction) are shown in Table XX.

Experiment III. (Discussion)

Short-term extraction. Phosphorus yields in Sudan grass grown en-

tire1y in sand culture were higher than those in plants grown in contact

with soils with phosphorus treatments. Similar results were also obtained

using vermiculite culture in experiment I. The evidence suggested that

Sudan grass lost phosphorus when the root system was placed in contact

with soils having high fixation capacity.

The extreme unavailability of early applied phosphorus in the Halii

soil is probably related to abundance of the small nodules which con-

stitute a large fraction of the soil, These nodules react with relative

slowness at first because of the small surface area which they present.

Thus, in the Halii soil, late applied P was taken up by plants in

relative abundance compared with uptake from the amorphous Hi10 soil, or

with that from the less nodular Kapaa soil. However, as time progressed,

phosphorus evidently penetrated the nodules of the Halii soil and became

positionally unavailable so that utilization of fertilizer P declined

sharply in comparison with that from the other soils.

Less than 1% of the fertilizer P was utilized by Koa haole grown in

all six soils. In certain instances no fertilizer P was detected in the

Koa haole plants. During harvesting it was observed that the root system

in Koa haole was very poorly developed as compared with Sudan grass.

This poor root growth may be on account of toxic effects of aluminum.

Low uptake of fertilizer phosphorus in Koa haole tops may also result

90

TABLE XX. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF LIME AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATIONON THE PHOSPHORUS EXTRACTED WITH O.02N H2S04 AND SOIL pH AFTER THE

HARVEST OF PLANTS. FOUR DAYS ROcrr-SOIL CONTACT WITH SUDAN GRASSAND KOA HAOLE FOLLOWED BY SUDAN GRASS AND KOA HAOLE GROWN

FROM SEEDS IN pars FOR 21 DAYS AND 24 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY

Soil Lime Phosphorus Phosphorus in soi1* pH of soilsseries treatment application after harvest after

(ppm, ) harvest

Hilo None None (No P) 32 3.8" Early 16 4.1" Intermediate 26 4.0" Late 28 4.0

Early Early 15 5.6" Intermediate 16 5.6" Late 13 5.7

Late Early 10 5.7" Intermediate 9 5.8" Late 13 5.9

Kapaa None None (No P) 14 4,2" Early 8 4.7" Intermediate 9 4.5" Late 6 4.5

Early Early 8 5.6" Intermediate 8 5,8" Late 8 5.8

Late Early 8 6.0" Intermediate 26 6.0" Late 11 6.1

Halii None None (No P) 11 5.2" Early 17 4.9" Intermediate 24 4.8" Late 13 4.6

Early Early 19 5.3" Intermediate 31 5.4" Late 21 5.4

Late Early 22 5.4" Intermediate 13 5,5" Late 7 5.4

Mo10kai None None (No P) 16 7.0" Early 25 6.1" Intermediate 22 6.2" Late 22 6.5

Koko None None (No P) 244 7.0" Early 252 6.9" Intermediate 263 7.1" Late 249 7.1

Lua1ua1ei None None (No P) 1019 7,7" Early 1140 7.4" Intermediate 1032 6.5" Late 1040' 7.6

*Data are expressed as oven dry soil basis

91

from the precipitation of phosphorus in or on the plant roots, Wright

(1937) noted that the gross appearance of roots grown in phosphorus

deficient and aluminum-toxic solution cultures was very similar to each

other. The roots were severely stunted, brittle, and reddish-purple in

color. He concluded that aluminum caused phosphorus deficiency by pre

cipitating phosphorus in the plant roots,

A plot of aluminum accumulation versus utilization of fertilizer P

by the Sudan grass indicates that aluminum accumulation above about 120

ppm. may depress phosphorus uptake (Figure 19). The close relationship

between fertilizer P remaining in solution after 2 days and fertilizer P

uptake by the plant indicated that factors such as aluminum accumulation

and differential root growth did not seriously influence the short-term

extraction of P by Sudan grass (Figure 20). It is easy to see from

Figures 25 and 26 why liming to pH 6,0 so dra,stically reduced short-term

P ~?take from the Halii soil by the Sudan grass; however, field results

indicate that time may change the nature of crop response to lime (Younge

and Moomaw, 1960).

Long-term extraction. The response as a result of phosphorus treat"

ments as expressed by plant yields was more pronounced in plants grown

in soils deficient in phosphorus. Higher yields were probably the result

of increased phosphorus concentration in the plants and high phosphorus

yield was certainly the result of high plant yield and phosphorus concen

tration. Increased yields of Sudan grass and Koa haole were also

associated with the decreased aluminum concentrations in plants. This

is substantiated from Figures 21 and 22 where it is shown that decreasing

aluminum concentration was associated with increasing phosphorus yields

2.6

.,2.2:>

0:0:z:....,0 1.8:z:...0..0

1.40c...0

z 1.00i=cNJi= 0.6:>

~

0.2

SUOAN GRASS GROWN FROM

SEED IN SOIL FOR 21 DAYS

* MEAN VALUE

92

80 120 160 200 240 280 320

PLANT ALUMINUM (PPM)

FIGURE 19, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCENT UTILIZATION OF ADDEDPHOSPHORUS AND PLANT ALUMINUM IN SUDAN GRASS GROWN FROM

SEED IN SOIL FOR 21 DAYS

100.0

lIII

~Q

N

II:1&1llLclz 10.0oi=::l..JoII)

~

ClZZC2 1.01&1II:

II)

::lII:o:z:4II)

o:z:4-

Q

~ 0.1ocl

•

/~

o

•

•

o

o

o

PHOSPHORUS EXTRACTION BY

SUDAN GRASS DURING 4 DAYS

r ao.B9l*

o UNLIMED SOIL

• LIMED SOIL (EARLY)

93

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

PHOSPHORUS IN PLANT FROM FERrlLIZER (% OF TOTAL)

FIGURE 20. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILITY IN SOILWATER SYSTEMS AND PHOSPHORUS TAKEN UP BY PLANTS DURING

4 DAYS

SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN 3

ACIO SOILS FOR 210AYS

500

- 400:I0.0.-'"I-Z«.J0.

"':r 300I-

,;

Z0

I-«a:I-z"' 200uz0u

:I::lZ

:I::l.J« 100

\\\

:\\\

\

o NO LIME, NO PHOSPHORUS

• PHOSPHORUS. NO LIME

t. LIME, PHOSPHORUS

r '-0.890"

y. ~34.117-789.~IOX

94

o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 O.~ 0.6

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN MILLIGRAMS

07

FIGURE 21. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS AND

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUDAN GRASS GROWNIN THREE ACID SOILS FOR 21 DAYS

140

LEUCAENA GLAUCAIKOAHAOLE) GROWN

IN 3 ACID SOILS FOR 24 DAYS

95

:IQ.t 120lJltZ<toJQ.

'":I:t-

~ 100zoi=<ta:tz'"ozoo 80

:IIjzijoJ<t

60

0.9

r --0.568 (N.S.!

'"Y- 206.568 -93.98 X

o

AA

o NO LIME,NO PHOSPHORUS A

• PHOSPHORUS, NO LIME

A LIME, PHOSPHORUS

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN MILLIGRAMS1.6

FIGURE 22. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS AND

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA)GROWN IN THREE ACID SOILS FOR 24 DAYS

96

in Sudan grass and Koa haole. This trend was in general pronounced when

lime was applied in conjunction with phosphorus. Similar results were

also obtained by Hartwell and Pember .(1918) with barley and rye grown on

acid soils. The increased plant growth was attributed to the reduction

of "ac.tive aluminum" in acid soils with both lime and phosphorus treatmen~:s.

Mirasol (1920) grew sweet clover on a strongly acid soil and concluded

that liming greatly increased plant growth, and phosphorus was beneficial~

but the combination of the two gave the best plant growth. Similar bene

ficial effects of lime and phosphorus treatments were reported by Rixon

(1962). Clements (1962) found progressively lower aluminum concentrations

at the bottom node of sugar cane with increasing rates of coral stone ap"

pli~ations. Average data showed that higher rates of phosphorus appli

cation did not change the aluminum content of the bottom node.

Burgess and Pember (1923) found that the phosphorus content of plant

tops was much higher when grown on limed soil than on acid soil. They

concluded that the beneficial effect of large applications of phosphorus

in correcting aluminum toxicity takes place within the plant, rather

than in the soil. Whether the addition of phosphorus and lime precipi

tates the aluminum in the soil or in the plant it is clear that with

such treatments it is possible to reduce the aluminum content and increase

the phosphorus status in plant tops. Phosphorus yields were greatl.y in

creased in plants on account of lime and phosphorus treatments in the

Hilo soil when compared to the other two acid representatives. Thi.s may

be related to the observation that a small increment of lime reduced

considerably the soluble and exchangeable (extractable) aluminum in Hilo

97 .

soil as compared with Kapaa and Halii soils receiving the same treatment.

At pH 6.0; least amount of extractable aluminum was obtained in the Hilo

soil as compared to the Kapaa and Halii soil (Table XXI). Three acid

soils were brought up to pH 6.0 by liming before planting.

A close: relationship (r =0.861**) exists between the P yields in

Sudan grass and P yields in Koa haole (Figure 23). Similar but inverse

relationship exists between aluminum yields of the two plant species

(r = -0.534*). This may be explained as follows: Phosphorus yields are

inversely related to aluminum yields in the two plant species. Dif

ferences in aluminum content between the two plant species (Sudan grass

and Koa haole) may be due to the inherent characteristics of the two

plant species. The inverse relationship in aluminum yields between the

two plant species may be due to lower translocation of aluminum from the

roots to the upper parts of plants. From the literature it seems certain

that most of the aluminum which becomes associated with plant roots stays

there and very little aluminum is translocated to the tops of most plants,

regardless of the intensity of aluminum injury. Plucknett (1961) found

with staining technique considerable amounts of aluminum accumulations

in the Koa haole roots.

Application of lime to three acid soils increased the fertilizer

phosphorus utilization by Sudan grass and especially so in plants grown

in Hilo soil. It does not seem likely that phosphorus solubility dif

ferences account for all of the very large effect of lime on fertilizer

phosphorus uptake from the Hilo soil. Ragland and Coleman (1959) demon

strated that root development of grain sorghum in aluminum-clay systems

was retarded greatly unless 80% of the permanent soil charge was

TABLE XXI. INFLUENCE OF RATES OF Ca(OH)2 APPLICATION AND TIMEOF EQUILIBRATION ON SOIL pH, ALUMINUM STATUS AND

IMMOBILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS BY FOURACID SOILS OF HAWAII

98

Ca (OH)2' Added P remaining inSoil (CaC03 equiv- pH Al+t+ soil solution (%)

series alent) Extractable Aluminum 1-hour 48-hourparts/lOOO (IN BaC12) in soil equili- equili-

Al ppm. solution; bration brationin soil ppm.*

Hilo 0 3.8 428 4.4 0.6 0.062 4.8 184 0.2 1.0 0.164 5.2 83 0.0 1.6 0.245 5.4 14 0.0 0.9 0.2E9 6.1 11 0.0 1.0 0.27

15 7.0 11 0.0 0.9 0.24

Kapaa 0 4.8 295 0.1 1.9 0.171.5 5.3 134 0 2.7 0,383 5.4 106 0 3.3 0.437 6.2 61 0 3.5 0.23

10 6.6 22 0 4.0 0.2413 7.0 0 0 1.9 0.56

Ha1ii 0 5.3 269 0.4 36.3 2.650.5 5.4 136 0.2 37.6 3.021 5.7 110 0.1 38.8 2.972 5.8 65 0 33.7 2.514 6.1 13 0.1 19.1 1.676 6.4 11 0 12.6 1. 24

10 7.0 5 0 28.6 3.26

Pauwe1a 0 5.0 162 0,4 23.0 1. 800.5 5.6 55 0.3 30.5 2.581 5.8 33 0.2 32.4 2.212 6.2 19 0.2 30.5 2.235 6.8 7 0.1 17.8 1.117 7.2 8 0.0 15.4 1.04

99

1.8RELATIONSHIP OF PHOSPHORUS YIELD

OF TWO PLANT SPECIES•

1.7 •l/)

::Icl

ffi 1.6..J..J

i;;; I.ll..J0 •clXcl~ 1.4

~

c •..J •!!! 1.3>-l/) • r· 0.861**:::l •a:

1'1.1679+0.18911 X .~ 1.2II,etl •0:rII,

1.1 ,.

1.°0"----0.L..ll-----l1.0--..LI.Il--2..L.0--2.1.-.11--3L...0-·-i1l

PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUDAN GRASS (MILLIGRAMS)

FIGURE 23. RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSIONFACTOR) BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS YIELD IN SUDAN GRASS AND KOA

HAOLE <1,. GLAUCA) GROWN SUCCESSIVELYIN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

100

neutralized. In addition; the effects of aluminum on root growth and on

phosphorus uptake are probably accumulative; thus, the Sudan grass roots

may be able to extract phosphorus effectively from the unlimed soils during

initial root-soil contact before aluminum uptake becomes critical,

The small amount of fertilizer phosphorus and the large amount of

aluminum taken up by Sudan grass from the Kapaa soil in relation to the

Hilo soil can be explained by the effect of lime on the aluminum status

of the soil. Liming to pH 5.4 was sufficient to reduce the exchangeable

(extractable) aluminum to 0.2 m.e./lOO g. (14 ppm,) in the Hilo soil to

accomplish the same thing in the Kapaa soil required liming the soil to

pH 6.6.

Modifying the active aluminum status of seils by liming (Figure 24)

had a beneficial effect on phosphorus solubility (Figures 25 and 26);

which was in turn related to phosphorus uptake by plants (Figure 20).

Results indicated that phosphorus applied prior to liming was as available

to plants as phosphorus which reacted with the soil after lime was applied.

In this respect the hypothesis that. phosphorus applied to the soil before

liming will form a complex with the solid phase which may become inacces

sible to plant roots when aluminum from solution is precipitated on the

solid phase by liming, was not substantiated.

High "A" values in the early applied phosphorus treatments may be

explained in terms of time of equilibration. Phosphorus applied early

had longer time to react with the various oxides, hydroxides, and clay

minerals in the soil and the immobilization of the added phosphorus was

~ore complete than when phosphorus was applied late. This trend in

101

6

0'0 50

"LU o ORIGINAL SOILS:i • AFTER LIMING

4*MEANCl: VALUE

LUoJal :3Cl:l-t.>Cl:ll:I-

2xLU

N

t.> •0al ·0

• •

04.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

SOIL pH

FIGURE 24. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL pH AND ALUMINUMEXTRACTED WITH IN BaC1 2

,..

.-,,-

1/I

II

.fII,II

cl

I HOUR EQUILIBRATION

TIME

........ ''l{AUWELA

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\ ,,

''0

102

~.O

SOIL pH

6.0 7.0

FIGURE 25. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS RATES OF LIMING ON THE RETENTIONOF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR ACID SOILS AFTER I-HOUR EQUILIBRATION

KAPAA--- .... --_ .....-..Q.._-~~o", ..... - .... 0

/)J HILO;/::-.--- ......

3.0

zoI::JoJoVI

~ 2.0(!)

zz<:lUIII::

VI::JII::oJ:~ 1.0oJ:n.oUIoo«

4.0

;:r-/

I/

I 0I

I PAUWELAI

tI

6

48 HOURS EQUILIBRATION

TIME

5.0\

·SOIL pH

""\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\,

6.0 7.0

103

FIGURE 26. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS RATES OF LIMING ON THE RETENTIONOF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR ACID SOILS AFTER 48-HOUR EQUILIBRATION

104

general was very consistent when ,~" values were determined by Sudan

grass. It seems certain that high "A" values were not associated with an

increase in the availability of soil phosphorus but was related to the ex~

tremely high rates of phosphorus fixation.

Seed phosphorus was usually greater than the phosphorus content of

plant tops. Thus it is possible that essentially all of the plant phos

phorus was derived from the seed. I~" values determined by Koa haole

were extremely high but phosphorus content of the Koa haole were not

correspondingly high. Therefore, high J~" values, especially in the acid

soils, probably were related to the amount of seed phosphorus which was

being carried into the plant tops and was therefore not being dis

tinguished from soil phosphorus. Plant yields obtained from the neutral

or slightly alkaline soils were better than those from the acid soils and

seed phosphorus was evidently diluted considerably in the neutral or al

kaline soils. Therefore, the "A" values were lower in the three neutral

or slightly alkaline soils. Seed phosphorus may have also contributed to

the high I~" values in the Sudan grass but not to the same extent as in

Koa haole.

Laboratory Experiments (Results)

Phosphorus fixation st~ldies. The efficiency of applied fertilizer

is of great importance in instances where the supply of phosphorus nutrient

limits plant growth. Low recovery of added phosphorus has led many workers

to study the problem of phosphorus fixation. Evidence showed that the rate

of immobilization of added phosphorus is a serious problem in most

Hawaiian soils. The present study was undertaken to obtain information

on the mode of phosphorus fixation in diverse soil systems.

105

The percentage of applied phosphorus remaining in soil solution

decreased considerably in all soils within 5 minutes (Figure 27). The

fixation process in the Hilo and Kapaa soils was very rapid for the first

5 minutes and continued at a rapid rate for 48 hours. The most striking

results were obtained from Hilo soil where less than 1% of the added

phosphorus remained in soil solution at the end of 15 minutes (Figure 27).

Rates of phosphorus fixation in the Halii, Pauwela j Molokai, Koko, and

Lualualei soils were slower than in the Hilo and Kapaa soils. Pauwela

Molokai, and Koko soils showed almost the same rate of fixation of the

applied phosphorus for a period of 15 minutes; but after 1 hour of

equilibration the Molokai and Koko soils had almost twice as much phos

phorus remaining in solution, as compared with the Pauwela soil. However,

at the end of 4 days, the amount of fertilizer phosphorus remaining in

solution in the soil was again identical for both the Molokai and Pauwela

soils but not for Koko soil. The rates of immobilization of added phos

phorus was much lower in Lualualei than the other six soils studied.

Phosphorus fixation was also studied, at two different equilibration

times, by liming the acid soils to various pH values (Figures 25 and 26

and Table XXI). The fertilizer phosphorus remaining in solution at the

48-hour equilibration was high in all soils at pH values close to 5.4.

Liming to neutrality (pH 7.0) seemed to have same merit in Kapaa and

Halii soils at the end of 2 days of equilibration.

Aluminum status in soils. Water soluble and extractable (IN BaC1 2)

aluminum in acid soils decreased with increasing pH (Table XXI). Figure

24 shows the relationship of exchangeable (BaC12

extractable) aluminum

and soil pH. Water soluble aluminum was extremely low (less than I ppm.)

106

5.0

0.5 .

,\\\\\

.......... .................

.... .... ............ ....

.... ',KAPAA,...., ,

....HILO .............

~ ...

~zof= 50.0:JoJo1/1

~

(!)

zzet::IilIJII:

1/1:JII:o:I:ll.1/1o:I:ll.

olIJg 0.05et

5 15 60 900 2880 5760

TIME (MINUTES)

FIGURE 27. IMMOBILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS BY SEVEN HAWAIIANSOILS DURING 4-DAY EQUILIBRATION OF SOILS

WITH A PHOSPHORUS SOLlITION

l06a

in Kapaa: Halii, and Pauwela soils. The highest concentration of water

soluble aluminum was obtained from the Hilo soil (4.4 ppm.). Exchangeable

(extractable) aluminum was also highest in the unlimed Hilo soil and

lowest in the unlimed Pauwela soil. In similar treatment, Kapaa and

Halii had almost the same concentrations of exchangeable aluminum

(Table XXI).

Laboratory Experiment (Discussion)

Because of great mineralogical diversity among the seven soils

studied, as well as differences in active aluminum (ions) content,

there were very large differences in the degree to which they fixed

phosphorus. The fixation of applied phosphorus in Kapaa soil appears to

be due mostly to free oxides of aluminum and iron, The lower rates of

phosphorus fixation in the Pauwela soil are associated with dehydrated

iron and aluminum oxides, according to Chu and Sherman (1952). Dehy

drated iron and aluminum oxides are inert and do not fix added phosphorus.

The predominant mineral in Molokai soils seems to be kaolin, There can

be anionic exchange with phosphate ions and OH- ions present in kaolin.

The hydrated free oxides of iron and aluminum may also play a dominant

role in the anionic exchange of phosphate in this series.

In general, the more aluminous and less crystalline soils retained

phosphorus most strongly. Soils with 2:1 type clays fixed much less of

the added phosphorus. In general, the intensity of phosphorus fixation

for the various mineralogical systems was as follows: amorphous hydrated

oxides> goethite-gibbsite> kaolin (1: 1 clays) > montmorillonite (2~ 1

clays). Interesting features of the data presented in Figures 24 through

26 are: (1) The optimum level of liming for improved phosphorus solu-

107

bility was between pH 5.0 and 6.0. (2) The effect of lime varied greatly

on the different soils. (3) Most of the exchangeable (extractable) alu

minum was precipitated by low levels of liming on most soils, (4) Although

active aluminum ions did influence solubility of fertilizer phosphorus,

the effect of soil mineralogy apparently had a greater effect. Even

when active aluminum ion was reduced to virtually zero by liming, phos

phorus solubility in the soil differed as much as fortyfold (Figure 25).

SUMMARY

In view of the fact that most Hawaiian soils contain clay minerals

and compounds of iron and aluminum that fix added phosphorus quickly, in-

formation concerning phosphorus status of soils and soil-plant relation-

ships in the phosphorus nutrition of crops is of considerable importance.

A number of plant growth and laboratory experiments were conducted to

study phosphorus-aluminum relationships in plant nutrition.

Neutral or slightly alkaline surface soil materials from three great

soil groups, Low Humic Latosol (Molokai series), Red Desert (Koko series).

Dark Magnesium Clay (Lualualei series), were used for studies of phos,\

phorus nutrition of plants. Four acid soils belonging to the Hydrol

Humic Latosol (Hila series), Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol (Halii series).

Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol (Kapaa series), and Humic Ferruginous

Latosol (Pauwela series), were included in lime~phosphorus-aluminum

studies. The pH of the soil materials from the Hilo series was 3.8.

This is lower than normally expected under field conditions. The soil

material collected was from uncultivated land. Staghorn ferns were among

the cover plants and may have been responsible for the low soil pH. The

low soil pH may also be attributed to partial crystallization of amorphous

material. However; pH of this soil material was 3.8 shortly after it was

collected. This indicates that the pH value did not change appreciably

during storage, There is also a possibility that the soil series was

Akaka.

A short-term plant growth technique was used to extract phosphorus

from soils variously fertilized. Three rates of phoophorus) 0, 87.5, and

175 pounds phosphorus per acre, were applied to the experimental soils.

109

Nonradioactive as well as tagged sodium pyrophosphate were used as sources

of phosphorus. Phosphorus extraction by Sudan grass showed that phosphorus

concentration and phosphorus yield in plants increased with phosphorus

application. Phosphorus content of Sudan grass increased more per unit

phosphorus applied to the soil when the application rate was greatest.

Phosphorus concentration and phosphorus yield were higher in plants grown

entirely on vermiculite or sand culture than in plants transferred after

21 days to contact with soils for 5 days. Sodium pyrophosphate either ap

plied as p3l or as p32 did not change phosphorus yields significantly.

Radiochemical studies showed that less than 1% of the fertilizer phosphorus

added to the soil was utilized by Sudan grass,

An experiment was carried out in the greenhouse to determine the

availability of phosphorus and utilization of added phosphate fertilizers

from three fertilizer materials applied by two different methods. Sugar

cane was grown in four diverse soil systems. The soil materials were

from the Kapaa, Lualualei, Molokai, and Pauwela soil series. Phosphorus

was applied at the rate of 175 pounds phosphorus (400 pounds P205) per

acre on a surface area basis. Phosphorus was supplied to soils in one

installment (175 pounds P/acre) whereas the foliar application was di

vided into four equal (44 pounds P/acre) applications. Data obtained

from chemical and radio-chemical analyses were used to determine the

degree of isotope dilution.

Dry matter yields of sugar cane were distinctly different in treat

ments which lacked phosphorus and which were planted on different dates.

Higher response from added phosphorus in terms of sugar cane plant yields

was obtained from the Kapaa soil (Aluminous Ferruginous Latosol) and the

110

least response was obtained using the Lualualei soil (Dark Magnesium

Clay). Differences in plant yields of sugar cane were evidently asso

ciated with differences in phosphorus content in cane plants and in

certain cases reduction in the aluminum content in plant tops. Evidently,

less soluble superphosphate increased yields more than the highly soluble

NH4HZP04' Cane plants fertilized with K4PZ07 gave intermediate yields

but had the highest phosphorus content. Phosphate fertilizers applied

as foliar spray greatly increased the phosphorus content in the plants.

The plants contained twentyfold more phosphorus when sprayed with

NH4HZP04 than did plants receiving the same fertilizer applied to the

soil. Higher phosphorus status due to foliar spray did not change the

dry matter yields significantly. However, a relationship (r = 0.734**)

was obtained between percent utilization of added phosphorus (foliar

applied) and dry matter yield. However, increased phosphorus content in

the plants does not necessarily indicate that the phosphorus was trans

located within the plants or that the added phosphorus participated in

metabolic processes.

One of the important reactions of lime in acid soils is the replace

ment of exchangeable aluminum by calcium with the formation of Al(OH)3'

An investigation was made to ascertain the influence of liming and phos

phate fertilization on the solubility of aluminum and availability of

fertilizer phosphorus in some diverse soil systems. Soil materials from

the six soil series i.e. Hilo, Kapaa, Halii, Molokai, Koko, and

Lualualei were used in this investigation. The corresponding great soil

groups are described in the earlier paragraph. Phosphorus uptake by

Sudan grass and Koa haole (Leucaena glauca) was related to phosphorus

111

solubility and inversely related to aluminum concentrations in plants.

Inverse relationships were obtained between the aluminum concentrations

and phosphorus yields in Sudan grass and Koa haole. Significant positive

relationship was obtained between the phosphorus yields from the Sudan

grass and Koa haole grown successively in the same soil. Similar but

inverse relationship was obtained between the aluminum yields of the two

plant species. The influence of lime on fertilizer phosphorus uptake by

Sudan grass was much greater (about 15 X) when the roots were in contact

with the soil for 21 days as compared with 4-day (short-term) extraction.

This suggests side effects of aluminum on root growth and the precipi

tation of phosphorus, in or on the roots.

The phosphorus yield of sugar cane was inversely related to "A"

values (availability of soil phosphorus in relation to the added phosphate

fertilizer) of Fried and Dean. Extremely high "A" values obtained using

sugar cane and Sudan grass were evidently associated with high phosphorus

immobilization by the soil and do not represent soil phosphorus available

to the plants. Unreasonably high "A" values obtained using Koa haole are

attributed to the phosphorus supplied by the seed as well as immobilization

of added phosphorus by the soil. The basic assumptions made in calculating

"A" value evidently do not apply in soils where rate of phosphorus im

mobilization is extremely high.

Seven surface soils representing six great soil groups, were studi.ed

to obtain information on the mode of phosphorus fixation. Because of

great mineralogical diversity among these soils, as well as differences

in active aluminum content, there were very large differences in the de

gree to which they fixed phosphorus. The five Latosols immobilized 98-

112

99.5% of added phosphorus by the end of 4 days, Immobilization by two

other soils was less rapid. Phosphorus fixation by seven Hawaiian soils

was apparently related to: (1) amorphous nature of soil colloids, (2) hy

drated aluminum oxides and/or (3) active aluminum ions, Appare~tly more

aluminous and less crystalline soils retained phosphorus most strongly.

Soils with 2:1 type clays fixed much less of the added phosphorus. In

general, the intensity of phosphorus fixation for the various systems was

as follows: amorphous hydrated oxides;> goethite-gibbsite> kaolin;>

2.1 clays. Application of lime to acid soils to produce a pH of 5.5 ef

fectively precipitated much of the active aluminum ions and evidently

increased the solubility of phosphorus. From the standpoint of phosphorus

solubility; liming acid soils to a pH of about 5.5 was adequate. However,

higher rates of liming may be desirable since the root developments of

many plants (including Sudan grass) may be adversely affected by active

aluminum at somewhat higher pH.

APPENDIX

TABLE XXII.YIELD OF 3UGAR CANE (GRAMS DRY MATTER PER POT) AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS

PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION.PLANTS WERE GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS


treatment superphosphateg. g. g.

Kapaa None (check) 7 13 16Soil application 15 32 32Foliar application 19 29 31

Lualualei None (check) 12 25 23Soil application 11 24 20Foliar application 15 25 25

Molokai None (check) 9 15 18Soil application 12 19 18Foliar application 12 21 19

Pauwela None (check) 10 20 30Soil application 23 30 35Foliar application 19 29 32

114

TABLE XXIII.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS

APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION IN SUGAR CANE TOPS.PLANTS GROWN IN POTS FOR 3 MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS


treatments superphosphate% % %

Kapaa None (check) 0.05 0.05 0.05Soil application 0.07 0.11 0.12Foliar application 0.19 0.34 0.21

Lua1ua1ei None (check) 0.21 0.19 0.23Soil application 0.23 0.21 0.26Foliar application 0.36 0.43 0.35

Molokai None (check) 0.12 0.09 0.11Soil application 0.17 0.14 0.15Foliar application 0.26 0.39 0.31

Pauwela None (check) 0.07 0.06 0,09Soil application 0.09 0.11 0.12Foliar application 0.20 0.36 0.26

115

TABLE XXIV.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUSAPPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS YIELD (P CONCENTRATION X DRY MATTER YIELD)IN MILLIGRAMS P/POT IN SUGAR CANE TOPS. PLANTS GROWN IN POTS FOR 3

MONTHS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS


treatments superphosphatemgm. mgm. mgm.

Kapaa None (check) 3.77 6.94 7.50Soil application 10.67 35.04 37.40Foliar app1icatlon 34.84 98.63 64.00

Lua1ua1ei None (check) 24.31 46.31 51. 77Soil application 25.56 50.70 50.47Foliar application 52.53 106.73 86.57

Mo10kai None (check) 10.86 12.83 19.95Soil application 19.75 26.67 27.16Foliar application 30.37 83.50 57.74

Pauwe1a None (check) 6.51 11.23 25.87Soil application 20.28 31.90 40.52Foliar application 26.71 105.94 82.35

116

TABLE XXV.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FEKrILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUS

APPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE OF THE PLANT PHOSPHORUS DERIVEDFROM FERTILIZER DURING 3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANZ GROWTH

IN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS


treatments superphosphate% % %

Kapaa Soil applicat ion 7.63 21.16 40.36Foliar application 38,26 72.63 72.75

Lua1ua1ei Soil application 14.31 28.07 36.31Foliar application 21. 97 62.56 55.66

Mo1okai Soil application 19.19 42.81 54,23Foliar application 24.84 77 .86 78.37

Pauwe1a Soil application 7.12 36.37 63.00Foliar application 26.37 75.74 58.84

117

TABLE XXVI.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND METHODS OF PHOSPHORUSAPPLICATION ON THE PERCENTAGE UTILIZATION OF ADDED PHOSPHORUS DURING

3 MONTHS OF SUGAR CANE GROWTH IN POTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS


treatments Superphosphate% % %

Kapaa Soil application 0.12 1.09 2.23Foliar application 2.00 10.85 6.86

Lualualei Soil application 0.54 2.12 2.75Foliar application 1. 70 9.89 6.72


Pauwela Soil application 0.28 1. 70 3.62Foliar application 1.41 12.00 7.15

TABLE XXVII.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS ON THE ,~" VALUE

OF FRIED AND DEAN, 1952. SUGAR CANE GROWN IN POTSFOR 3 MONTHS AND IN FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS

118

Phosphate fertilizers usedSoil NH4H2P04 Kl2°7 Concentrated

Superphosphateppm..Y ppm..Y ppm..Y

Kapaa 1961 581 225

Lua1ua1ei 954 381 302

Molokai 638 198 118

Pauwela 2035 275 85

l/Data are expressed as oven dry soil basis.

TABLE XXVIII.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATION

ON THE PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X YIELDOF DRY MATTER) DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.

SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN pars FROM SEEDS IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS

119

Lime Time of phosphorus applicationSoil application Early Intermediate Late Mean

mgm. mgm. mgm. mgm.

Hilo Uone 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.26Early 0.53 0.39 0.51 0.48Late 0.48 0.53 0.51 0.51



Mo1okai None 0.33 0.81 0.50 0.54

Koko None 4.19 1.04 3.21 2.81

Lua1ua1ei None 2.04 2.21 2.45 2.24

TABLE XXIX.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATION

ON THE PHOSPHORUS YIELD (PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION X YIELDOF DRY MATTER) DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWIH.KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN pars FROM SEEDS

IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

120


mgm. mgm. mgm. 108m.

Hilo None 0.96 1,23 1.12 1.10Early 1.34 1.45 1.30 1.36Late 1. 45 0.25 1.12 0.94


Halii None 1.67 1.15 1.23 1.35Early 1.41 1.28 1.32 1.34Late 1.25 1.41 1,34 1,34

Mo1okai None 1.19 1.52 1.68 1.47

Koko None 1.63 1.77 1.72 L 71

Lualua1ei None 1.80 1.66 1,72 1. 73

TABLE XXX.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATION

ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZERDURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH. SUDAN GRASS GROw"N

IN POTS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

121


% % % %




M01~.ai None 18.46 34.43 25.51 26.13

Koko None 8.39 8.29 8.96 8.55

Lu<:J' .i1ei None 26,30 28.32 29.68 28.10

TABLE XXXI.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATION

ON THE PERCENTAGE OF PLANT P DERIVED FROM FERTILIZERDURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWfH. KOA HAOLE

(1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN POTSIN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

122


% % % %



Halii None 0.60 0.52 0,75 0.62Early 0.70 0.61 0.59 0.63Late 0.38 0.51 0.70 0.53

Mo1okai None 5.19 12.87 4.92 7.66

Koko None 1.94 1.61 1. 76 1.77

Lua1ua1ei None 6.52 7.06 8.25 7.28

TABLE XXXII.INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATION

ON THE ALUMINUM YIELD (ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION X YIELDOF DRY MATTER) DURING 21 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.

SUDAN GRASS GROWN IN pars FROM SEEDSIN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

123


mgm. mgm. mgm. mgm.

Hilo None 0.05 O.ll 0.08 0.08Early O.ll 0.06 0.07 0.08Late 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.08


Halii None 0.10 0.07 0.11 0.09Early 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06Late 0.05 0.06 0,07 0,06

Molokai None 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.06

Koko None 0,18 0.10 0,18 0,16

Lualualei None 0.12 0.12 0.14 0,13

TABLE XXXIII.

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TIMES OF PHOSPHORUS AND LIME APPLICATIONON THE ALUMINUM YIELD (ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION X YIELD

OF DRY MATTER) DURING 24 DAYS OF PLANT GROWTH.KOA HAOLE (1. GLAUCA) GROWN IN pars

FROM SEEDS IN SIX DIFFERENT SOILS

124


mgm. mgm. mgm. mgm.


Kapaa None 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Early 0.06 0.05 0.05 v.05Late 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06

HaJ i.i None 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07Early 0.04 0.05 0.05 0,05Late 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.06

Molokai None 0.06 0.06 0,07 0.06

Of) None 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05

Lua1ualei None 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.05

TABLE XXXIV.INFLUENCE OF REACTION TIME ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF ADDED

PHOSPHORUS BY SEVEN HAWAIIAN SOILS. DATA ARE EXPRESSEDAS PERCENTAGE OF P REMAINING

IN SOIL SOLUTION

125

Soil Time of equilibrationseries 5 15 1 15 2 4

minutes minutes hour hours days days% % % % % %

Hilo 3.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.06 0.05

Kapaa 17.4 3.6 1.7 0.6 0.17 0.14

HaUi 52.5 41.4 36.3 8.1 2.65 3.04

Pauwe1a 44.7 36.0 16.2 3,2 1.80 2.03

Mo10kai 45.9 36.6 25.4 8.5 4.0 2.24

Koko 47.2 33.5 26.0 11.0 9.3 4.98

Lua1ua1ei 61.2 54.5 53.3 30,9 27.7 21. 01

TABLE XXXV.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALUMINUM CONCENTRATION IN SUDAN GRASS

AND PHOSPHORUS TAKEN UP FROM FERTILIZER IN SIXDIFFERENT SOILS. SUDAN GRASS GROWN

IN pars FOR 21 DAYS

126

Soil Soil %utilization of Al in plant Al in soil solutionseries pH added P by Sudan grass (ppm. ) (ppm. )

Hila 3.8 0.01 256 4,86.2 0,63 154 0,1

Kapaa 4,8 0.12 313 3,36.4 0.15 232 0,5

Halii 5.3 0.44 208 3,06.0 0.64 111 0.1

Mo10kai 7.0 0.60 110 0,4

Koko 7,1 0.92 120 0.1

Lua1ualei 7.8 2.41 94 0.1

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