availability of the new climate models to reproduce the … · 2011-09-29 · 17 national institute...

Availability of the New Climate Models to Reproduce the Historical Climate Variations:

Whether the Climate Changes Scenarios Recommended in the 4th IPCC Report

can be Ranked by their Accuracy?

Gennady Menzhulin, Gleb Peterson and Natalya Shamshurina

Research Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental Cooperation of Russian Academy of Sciences

Symposium on Climate Change and Variability - Agrometeorological Monitoringand Coping Strategies for Agriculture

Oscarsborg. Norway, 3-6 June, 2008

№ Research Centres Country Name of Model T mean Tmax Tmin Precip1 Beijing Climate Center CHINA BCC-CM1 192x 96 L162 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research NORWAY BCCR-BCM2.0 128x 64 L313 National Center for Atmospheric Research USA CCSM3 156x128 L264 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CANADA CGCM3(T47) 96x 48 L325 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CANADA CGCM3(T63) 128x 64 L456 Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques FRANCE CNRM-CM3 128x 64 L457 Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation AUSTRALIA CSIRO-Mk3.0 192x 96 L188 Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation AUSTRALIA CSIRO-Mk3.5 192x 96 L189 Max-Planck-Institut for Meteorology GERMANY ECHAM5_MPI-OM 192x 96 L31

Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn GERMANY10 Meteorological Research Institute of KMA KOREA ECHOG-G 96x 48

Model and Data Groupe at MPI-M GERMANY11 Institude of Atmospheric Physics CHINA FGOALS-g1.0 128x 60 L2612 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USA GFDL-CM2.0 144x 90 L2413 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory USA GFDL-CM2.1 144x 90 L2414 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-AOM 90x 60 L1215 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-EH 72x 46 L2016 Goddard Institute for Space Study USA GISS-ER 72x 46 L2017 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology ITALY INGV-SXG2005 320x160 L1918 Institute for Numerical Mathematics RUSSIA INM-CM3.0 72x 45 L2119 Institut Pierre Simon Laplace FRANCE IPSL-CM3.0 96x 72 L1920 National Institute for Environmental Studies JAPAN MIROC3.2(mr) 128x 64 L2021 National Institute for Environmental Studies JAPAN MIROC3.2(hr) 320x160 L5622 Meteorological Research Institute JAPAN MRI-CGCM2.3.2. 128x 64 L3023 National Center for Atmospheric Research USA PCM-NCAR 128x 64 L2624 United Kingdom Meteorological Office / Hadley Centre UK UKMO-HadCM3 96x 73 L1925 United Kingdom Meteorological Office / Hadley Centre UK UKMO-HadGEM1 192x145 L38

Models Used for Generation of Climate Change Scenarios Recommended in 4-th IPCC Report (2007) for Impact Studies

Resolution

L19

Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Mean Temperature Data

Presented in the US NCDC Archives

Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Precipitation Data


Global Network of Surface Meteorological Stations which Monthly Max and Min Air Temperature Data


Global ClimateRegionalisation

One of Schematic Global Climate Regionalization (Carter, 2003)

Köppen – Geiger Climatic Regions

Köppen – Geiger Climatic Regions (according Beck et al., 2005)

Time Periods Used (and will be Used) for Comparison Analysis

Without significant global trends1st period: 1916-19452nd period: 1931-19603rd period: 1946-1975

With modern global trends4th period: 1961-1990 – (WMO reference period) 5th period: 1976-2005

Future Climate Changes 6th period: 2006-20357th period: 2021-20508th period: 2036-20659th period: 2051-208010th period: 2066-2095

Köppen Climatic Regions over Europe

14 Köppen Climatic Regions

N Short Abbreviation Full Mame Name Name of Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry5 BWk CD Cold Desert6 BWh HD Hot Desert7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 6 11 2 0 4 0 6 1 6 2 3 18 BSh HS Hot Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 45 49 11 7 14 10 29 23 32 31 9 10

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 333 504 61 133 68 142 175 223 168 186 86 8211 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 6 9 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 112 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 81 99 10 13 14 20 50 69 57 63 25 1513 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 23 1 0 3 0 10 5 14 3 6 114 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 56 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 018 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 16 28 3 0 6 2 10 5 7 24 3 219 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 122 194 38 26 51 32 93 52 87 174 30 5320 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 56 126 24 56 29 55 40 64 36 104 17 2321 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 025 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 031 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Europe

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05Total

N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Name Name Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal3 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry4 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry5 BWk CD Cold Desert6 BWh HD Hot Desert7 BSk CS Cold Steppe 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 BSh HS Hot Steppe9 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 2 2 6 6 15 15 20 20 1 1

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 2 2 2 2 43 43 61 61 5 511 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 112 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 21 21 18 18 3 313 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 014 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 16 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 018 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 2 2 6 6 7 7 7 7 2 219 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 16 16 31 31 60 60 62 62 13 1320 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 9 8 15 15 18 18 18 18 9 921 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 025 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 031 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Europe

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P

1 EQ/FH2 EQ/MO3 EQ/SD4 EQ/WD5 CD6 HD7 CS 4 2 11 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 5 5 1 1 1 12 0 2 2 12 2 2 3 11 6 28 HS9 WT/FH/SH 11 4 22 1 5 4 11 11 11 1 4 12 12 3 4 4 43 2 5 4 43 4 4 5 19 32 3110 WT/FH/SW 80 34 157 20 35 34 80 80 80 20 34 58 58 18 12 12 234 14 22 34 234 34 34 30 121 168 18611 WT/FH/SC 2 0 3 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 8 0 0 2 3 4 112 WT/SD/SH 8 9 29 5 9 9 8 8 8 5 9 10 10 3 2 2 40 0 7 9 40 9 9 4 19 57 6313 WT/SD/SW 10 5 12 1 7 5 10 10 10 1 5 5 5 0 2 2 20 0 2 5 20 5 5 4 15 14 314 WT/SD/SC15 WT/WD/SH16 WT/WD/SW17 WT/WD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 018 SN/FH/SH 13 6 21 3 7 6 13 13 13 3 6 11 11 2 1 1 37 2 6 6 37 6 6 5 21 7 2419 SN/FH/SW 127 53 209 28 55 53 127 127 127 28 53 87 87 35 23 23 346 14 42 53 346 53 53 46 182 87 17420 SN/FH/SC 122 54 220 29 55 54 122 122 122 29 55 84 84 31 21 21 334 20 47 54 334 54 54 48 183 36 10421 SN/FH/EC22 SN/SD/SH23 SN/SD/SW24 SN/SD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 025 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH27 SN/WD/SW28 SN/WD/SC29 SN/WD/EC30 PF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 031 PT 0 0 46 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 0 5 5 67 0 0 0 67 0 0 7 35 0 0

Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Europe Z

one

Num

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C l i m a t i c M o d e l s

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17. I

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18. I

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19. I

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1961-1991

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24. U

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1 Stations

Köppen Climatic Regions over Asia

26 Köppen climatic regions

N Short Abbreviation Full Name Name Name of Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 83 728 9 168 15 177 41 378 41 123 14 142 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 49 213 3 56 9 65 33 102 21 25 7 43 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 6 118 6 85 6 104 6 100 6 13 4 44 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 75 1559 12 775 24 900 58 782 38 89 22 165 BWk CD Cold Desert 67 76 5 1 15 6 41 36 60 73 19 186 BWh HD Hot Desert 72 88 7 21 28 33 35 56 32 29 26 227 BSk CS Cold Steppe 96 113 16 5 31 13 61 42 77 101 19 178 BSh HS Hot Steppe 31 622 10 297 18 343 22 342 12 34 5 59 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 234 191 66 42 105 61 193 136 213 158 46 37

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 16 35 1 9 2 14 6 12 12 14 3 411 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 133 351 8 184 13 230 27 212 110 105 20 2313 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 56 53 1 1 2 9 7 10 47 48 8 714 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 115 832 19 510 35 532 92 417 100 134 20 1616 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 27 94 4 19 9 20 25 40 26 45 3 317 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 18 20 7 2 7 1 8 2 11 15 3 519 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 70 104 34 11 41 14 50 16 62 92 19 2220 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 52 107 20 5 43 8 49 13 48 96 27 2821 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 8 17 3 0 8 1 8 1 8 15 5 622 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 8 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 7 0 023 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 29 32 1 0 2 3 5 4 24 32 4 424 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 125 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 69 68 12 15 13 14 32 39 45 48 9 727 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 73 73 13 8 18 13 49 44 58 66 8 728 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 70 92 10 4 29 16 45 29 61 84 17 1429 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 030 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra 29 57 1 1 3 1 16 16 28 46 4 5

61-90 76-05

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Asia

16-45 31-60 46-75Total

N Short Abbreviation Full Name Name Name of Koeppen Zone max min max min max min max min max min

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 0 0 7 6 31 30 0 0 1 12 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 2 2 25 26 8 8 0 03 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 0 0 3 3 35 35 9 9 0 05 BWk CD Cold Desert 2 1 8 8 30 30 43 43 11 116 BWh HD Hot Desert 0 0 16 16 16 19 1 1 0 07 BSk CS Cold Steppe 6 6 19 20 40 41 47 47 3 38 BSh HS Hot Steppe 1 0 7 7 10 11 1 1 0 09 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 60 60 85 85 175 175 194 194 41 4110 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 11 2 211 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 1 1 4 4 5 5 98 98 11 1113 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 1 1 1 1 46 46 7 714 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 3 3 10 10 66 66 75 75 7 716 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 1 1 2 2 21 21 23 23 3 317 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 10 1 119 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 26 23 37 37 46 46 60 60 16 1620 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 11 5 33 33 35 35 36 36 21 2121 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 422 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 0 023 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 1 0 1 1 1 1 23 23 4 424 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 025 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 9 9 10 10 28 28 38 38 6 627 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 8 6 13 13 44 46 51 51 7 728 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 7 7 16 15 28 28 38 38 3 229 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 030 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra 1 0 2 2 12 9 21 21 0 0

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperatures over Koeppen Zones of Asia 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P

1 EQ/FH 60 22 101 14 22 22 60 60 60 14 22 40 40 16 10 10 153 10 22 22 153 22 22 21 93 41 1232 EQ/MO 18 10 42 5 11 10 18 18 18 5 10 17 17 2 1 1 53 4 4 10 53 10 10 11 32 21 253 EQ/SD 3 0 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 15 0 1 0 15 0 0 1 6 6 134 EQ/WD 52 22 92 12 23 22 52 52 52 12 22 32 32 14 8 8 145 8 18 22 145 22 22 19 77 38 895 CD 96 40 193 22 42 40 96 96 96 22 40 76 76 24 23 23 299 15 35 40 299 40 40 48 161 60 736 HD 117 55 206 29 55 55 117 117 117 29 55 79 79 31 19 19 320 18 40 55 320 55 55 38 168 32 297 CS 101 50 192 19 53 50 101 101 101 19 50 67 67 18 14 14 298 14 37 50 298 50 50 30 150 77 1018 HS 25 13 47 7 14 13 25 25 25 7 13 23 23 4 4 4 71 1 8 13 71 13 13 10 44 12 349 WT/FH/SH 43 20 83 13 20 20 43 43 43 13 20 35 35 9 7 7 126 7 17 20 126 20 20 17 66 213 158

10 WT/FH/SW 3 3 5 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 11 0 1 3 11 3 3 0 7 12 1411 WT/FH/SC12 WT/SD/SH 31 11 64 4 12 11 31 31 31 4 11 24 24 4 8 8 94 4 6 11 94 11 11 15 55 110 10513 WT/SD/SW 5 3 12 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 0 2 2 18 2 3 3 18 3 3 5 10 47 4814 WT/SD/SC15 WT/WD/SH 57 26 107 15 27 26 57 57 57 15 26 45 45 9 14 14 183 8 22 26 183 26 26 19 84 100 13416 WT/WD/SW 23 11 36 4 11 11 23 23 23 4 11 15 15 1 2 2 45 0 5 11 45 11 11 9 36 26 4517 WT/WD/SC18 SN/FH/SH 15 7 25 7 7 7 15 15 15 7 7 9 9 1 5 5 44 0 4 7 44 7 7 9 33 11 1519 SN/FH/SW 79 42 149 16 43 42 79 79 79 16 42 59 59 19 12 12 230 9 25 42 230 42 42 33 119 62 9220 SN/FH/SC 345 160 631 93 160 160 345 345 345 93 154 236 236 86 53 53 977 56 135 160 977 160 160 132 517 48 9621 SN/FH/EC 92 40 177 22 41 40 92 92 92 22 41 67 67 22 17 17 281 13 37 40 281 40 40 38 148 8 1522 SN/SD/SH 5 4 12 3 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 5 5 0 0 0 20 1 1 4 20 4 4 2 10 4 723 SN/SD/SW 7 2 20 3 3 2 7 7 7 3 2 10 10 1 2 2 33 0 4 2 33 2 2 3 17 24 3224 SN/SD/SC 4 1 6 2 2 1 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 0 2 2 12 0 4 1 12 1 1 2 5 0 325 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH 22 11 34 3 11 11 22 22 22 3 11 10 10 1 5 5 61 2 5 11 61 11 11 10 34 45 4827 SN/WD/SW 42 21 86 10 21 21 42 42 42 10 21 39 39 9 4 4 127 3 12 21 127 21 21 12 64 58 6628 SN/WD/SC 91 43 168 21 44 43 91 91 91 21 43 66 66 18 19 19 258 11 29 43 258 43 43 42 154 61 8429 SN/WD/EC 6 3 12 3 3 3 6 6 6 3 3 6 6 2 2 2 19 1 3 3 19 3 3 3 9 0 030 PF31 PT 143 57 265 38 57 57 143 143 143 38 59 118 118 32 29 29 400 15 45 57 408 57 57 57 218 28 46

Koe

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Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Asia

1961-1991

Z

one

Num

ber C l i m a t i c M o d e l s

23. P

CM

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24. U

KM

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25. U

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1

19. I

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20. M

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21. M

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22. M

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14. G

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16. G

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18. I

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10. E

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07. C

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08. C

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Köppen Climatic Regions over Africa14 Köppen climatic regions

N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 15 51 4 10 5 31 9 20 8 30 4 22 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 41 89 8 12 10 32 24 37 20 38 7 53 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 7 13 0 6 0 8 5 9 5 8 2 24 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 175 731 16 122 31 269 121 344 105 278 55 475 BWk CD Cold Desert 9 19 1 11 2 14 5 17 6 10 2 86 BWh HD Hot Desert 123 258 18 77 31 109 75 174 80 148 54 487 BSk CS Cold Steppe 19 44 2 33 3 34 3 31 6 31 10 268 BSh HS Hot Steppe 83 247 18 68 17 103 43 142 39 127 27 399 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 10 33 3 27 4 29 4 29 9 27 3 19

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 124 1 51 2 54 3 60 9 83 3 3811 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 25 41 5 9 3 9 4 6 8 8 11 913 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 3 7 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 314 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 58 300 14 132 18 181 27 216 30 158 9 4716 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 21 146 3 44 5 63 11 86 11 64 5 2717 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Africa

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05Total


1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 02 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 6 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 03 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 9 10 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 05 BWk CD Cold Desert 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 6 1 16 BWh HD Hot Desert 9 9 5 4 11 11 12 12 1 17 BSk CS Cold Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 08 BSh HS Hot Steppe 14 14 4 4 3 3 5 5 0 09 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 9 3 310 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 1 1 2 2 1 1 7 7 0 011 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 4 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 013 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 014 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 10 10 4 4 4 4 16 16 3 316 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 1 1 1 0 2 2 6 6 1 117 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Africa 16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P


10 WT/FH/SW 5 6 18 3 6 6 5 5 5 3 6 7 7 1 5 5 23 0 2 6 23 6 6 4 15 9 8311 WT/FH/SC12 WT/SD/SH 10 3 14 0 3 3 10 10 10 0 3 4 4 1 1 1 24 0 3 3 24 3 3 2 12 8 813 WT/SD/SW 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 414 WT/SD/SC15 WT/WD/SH 63 25 116 16 25 25 63 63 16 25 43 43 13 7 7 168 10 20 25 168 25 25 23 91 30 15816 WT/WD/SW 16 8 34 4 8 8 16 16 4 8 13 13 2 2 2 45 2 6 8 45 8 8 5 33 11 6417 WT/WD/SC18 SN/FH/SH19 SN/FH/SW20 SN/FH/SC21 SN/FH/EC22 SN/SD/SH23 SN/SD/SW24 SN/SD/SC25 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH27 SN/WD/SW28 SN/WD/SC29 SN/WD/EC30 PF31 PT

Koe

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Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Africa Z

one

Num

ber


01..B

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05. C

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06. C

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07. C

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08. C

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CH

O-G

11. F

GO

ALS

-g1.

0

12. G

FDL

-CM

2.0

13. G

FDL

-CM

2.1

14. G

ISS-

AO

M

15. G

ISS-

EH

16. G

ISS-

ER

17. I

NG

V-S

XG

2005

18. I

NM

-CM

3.0

19. I

PSL

-CM

3.0

20. M

IRO

C3.

2(m

r)

21. M

IRO

C3.

2(hr

)

61-90

22. M

RI-

CG

CM

2.3.

2

23. P

CM

-NC

AR

24. U

KM

O-H

adC

M3

25. U

KM

O-H

adG

EM

1 Stations

Köppen Climatic Regions over Australia


N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P T P

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 1 5 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 13 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 38 78 13 46 15 46 16 53 21 62 3 35 BWk CD Cold Desert 5 17 1 13 1 13 3 13 3 14 1 16 BWh HD Hot Desert 46 141 15 110 14 112 23 119 27 128 5 57 BSk CS Cold Steppe 83 379 33 351 37 358 46 361 61 370 4 48 BSh HS Hot Steppe 68 231 23 186 31 187 37 193 51 211 9 99 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 118 445 55 387 67 400 72 409 81 429 7 7

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 127 422 45 329 50 339 50 358 73 390 5 511 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 7 23 3 15 4 16 4 17 5 20 1 113 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 55 9 43 11 43 11 50 16 53 2 214 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 6 40 5 33 5 34 6 36 6 38 0 016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of Australia

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05Total


1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid2 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 12 12 15 15 15 15 21 21 3 35 BWk CD Cold Desert 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 16 BWh HD Hot Desert 15 15 14 15 23 24 27 26 5 57 BSk CS Cold Steppe 32 33 36 36 47 46 63 62 4 48 BSh HS Hot Steppe 22 22 31 31 35 35 50 50 9 99 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 55 55 67 67 72 71 81 82 6 610 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 45 45 50 50 52 52 73 73 5 511 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 12 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 113 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 8 8 10 10 10 10 16 16 2 214 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 17 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra

Amount of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of Australia

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P

1 EQ/FH2 EQ/MO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 53 EQ/SD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 04 EQ/WD 23 11 47 8 11 11 23 23 23 8 11 19 19 6 6 6 72 3 11 11 72 11 11 14 45 21 625 CD 5 2 5 0 2 2 5 5 5 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 10 1 0 2 10 2 2 0 6 3 146 HD 57 24 102 13 24 24 57 57 57 13 24 43 43 15 11 11 163 8 21 24 163 24 24 23 87 27 1287 CS 16 9 31 5 9 9 16 16 16 5 9 11 11 2 2 2 48 1 5 9 48 9 9 8 28 61 3708 HS 57 27 102 13 27 27 57 57 57 13 27 38 38 14 9 9 159 9 21 27 159 27 27 18 82 51 2119 WT/FH/SH 16 5 30 4 5 5 16 16 16 4 5 11 11 6 4 4 48 3 5 5 48 5 5 7 24 81 429

10 WT/FH/SW 12 7 21 2 7 7 12 12 12 2 7 7 7 2 4 4 27 1 4 7 27 7 7 4 16 73 39011 WT/FH/SC12 WT/SD/SH 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 5 2013 WT/SD/SW 3 2 2 0 2 2 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 2 6 2 2 0 4 16 5314 WT/SD/SC15 WT/WD/SH 5 1 9 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 14 1 2 1 14 1 1 1 6 6 3816 WT/WD/SW17 WT/WD/SC18 SN/FH/SH19 SN/FH/SW20 SN/FH/SC21 SN/FH/EC22 SN/SD/SH23 SN/SD/SW24 SN/SD/SC25 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH27 SN/WD/SW28 SN/WD/SC29 SN/WD/EC30 PF31 PT

Koe

ppen

Zon

e A

bbre

viat

ion

19. I

PSL

-CM

3.0

20. M

IRO

C3.

2(m

r)

21. M

IRO

C3.

2(hr

)

15. G

ISS-

EH

16. G

ISS-

ER

17. I

NG

V-S

XG

2005

18. I

NM

-CM

3.0

11. F

GO

AL

S-g1

.0

12. G

FDL

-CM

2.0 1961-1991

22. M

RI-

CG

CM

2.3.

2

23. P

CM

-NC

AR

24. U

KM

O-H

adC

M3

25. U

KM

O-H

adG

EM

1 Stations

13. G

FDL

-CM

2.1

14. G

ISS-

AO

M

07. C

SIR

O-M

k3.0

08. C

SIR

O-M

k3.5

09. E

CH

AM

5_M

PI-O

M

10. E

CH

O-G

Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of Australia

Zon

e N

umbe

r


01..B

CC

-CM

1

02. B

CC

R-B

CM

2.0

03. C

CSM

3

04. C

GC

M3(

T47

)

05. C

GC

M3(

T63

)

06. C

NR

M-C

M3

Köppen Climatic Regions over North America


N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P

1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 23 162 1 13 9 44 9 39 4 12 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 43 207 9 54 27 67 26 67 11 103 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 8 26 4 5 8 22 7 18 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 62 436 10 91 34 175 41 136 10 55 BWk CD Cold Desert 22 27 12 15 17 22 17 20 16 136 BWh HD Hot Desert 36 87 21 34 29 78 30 78 20 167 BSk CS Cold Steppe 268 372 189 275 234 328 226 305 194 1858 BSh HS Hot Steppe 44 95 20 50 34 69 33 66 12 129 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 660 739 464 540 564 634 547 624 524 514

10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 52 127 30 41 38 59 41 90 29 3111 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 41 75 28 56 38 66 31 54 24 2113 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 152 197 112 154 135 174 126 161 114 11214 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 6 13 4 7 6 10 6 10 1 016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 16 54 8 21 11 26 9 11 1 017 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 237 269 203 236 223 253 221 253 204 20419 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 698 690 443 453 518 524 521 541 282 26920 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 327 324 114 109 145 144 160 159 33 3421 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 16 33 11 27 13 29 13 27 10 1024 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 22 20 6 4 9 7 15 13 5 425 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 027 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 028 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 029 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 031 ET PT Polar Tundra 54 52 11 8 22 19 28 27 11 7

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of North AmericaTotal 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05



10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 26 26 28 28 34 34 37 37 29 2911 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 16 16 17 17 28 28 23 23 23 2313 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 91 91 96 96 126 126 120 120 114 11414 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 017 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 18 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 182 182 183 183 212 212 213 213 204 20419 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 353 355 390 393 491 491 491 491 278 27820 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 80 81 98 98 132 132 142 142 31 3121 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 11 11 11 11 13 13 13 13 10 1024 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 7 7 6 6 9 10 13 13 5 525 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Exremely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 027 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 028 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 029 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 031 ET PT Polar Tundra 5 5 8 8 17 17 26 26 8 8

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of North America

16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P


10 WT/FH/SW 11 2 15 1 2 2 11 11 11 1 2 6 6 0 2 2 20 0 1 2 20 2 2 4 16 41 9011 WT/FH/SC 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 012 WT/SD/SH 8 2 15 1 2 2 8 8 8 1 2 4 4 0 1 1 15 0 1 2 15 2 2 6 18 31 5413 WT/SD/SW 16 9 32 3 9 9 16 16 16 3 9 8 8 3 4 4 49 0 6 9 49 9 9 5 23 126 16114 WT/SD/SC15 WT/WD/SH 2 3 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 4 0 0 3 4 3 3 2 5 6 1016 WT/WD/SW 4 0 4 0 1 0 4 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 5 9 1117 WT/WD/SC18 SN/FH/SH 24 9 41 3 9 9 24 24 24 3 9 17 17 6 6 6 68 4 8 9 69 9 9 10 35 221 25319 SN/FH/SW 95 41 195 23 44 41 95 95 95 23 41 71 71 22 22 22 298 15 30 41 298 41 41 44 165 521 54120 SN/FH/SC 273 125 490 69 126 125 273 273 273 69 125 188 188 65 46 46 469 42 101 125 469 125 125 98 402 160 15921 SN/FH/EC22 SN/SD/SH23 SN/SD/SW 1 2 8 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 5 5 0 0 0 14 0 1 2 14 2 2 3 4 13 2724 SN/SD/SC 13 5 26 0 5 5 13 13 13 0 5 10 10 1 3 3 41 1 3 5 41 5 5 6 23 15 1325 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 027 SN/WD/SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 028 SN/WD/SC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 029 SN/WD/EC30 PF 138 61 249 33 62 61 136 136 138 33 40 105 105 36 28 28 391 21 54 61 391 61 61 59 221 0 031 PT 253 112 459 66 113 112 253 253 253 66 100 194 194 59 45 45 722 31 107 112 722 112 112 103 387 28 27

Koe

ppen

Zon

e A

bbre

viat

ion

Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of North America Z

one

Num

ber


01..B

CC

-CM

1

02. B

CC

R-B

CM

2.0

03. C

CSM

3

04. C

GC

M3(

T47

)

05. C

GC

M3(

T63

)

06. C

NR

M-C

M3

07. C

SIR

O-M

k3.0

08. C

SIR

O-M

k3.5

09. E

CH

AM

5_M

PI-O

M

10. E

CH

O-G

11. F

GO

AL

S-g1

.0

12. G

FDL

-CM

2.0

13. G

FDL

-CM

2.1

14. G

ISS-

AO

M

15. G

ISS-

EH

16. G

ISS-

ER

17. I

NG

V-S

XG

2005

18. I

NM

-CM

3.0

19. I

PSL

-CM

3.0

20. M

IRO

C3.

2(m

r)

21. M

IRO

C3.

2(hr

)

1961-1991

22. M

RI-

CG

CM

2.3.

2

23. P

CM

-NC

AR

24. U

KM

O-H

adC

M3

25. U

KM

O-H

adG

EM

1 Stations

Köppen Climatic Regions over South America


N Short Abbreviation Full Name of Name Name Koeppen Zone T P T P T P T P T P


10 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 42 301 14 30 13 50 26 83 17 1411 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 3 16 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 212 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 13 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 10 103 4 30 4 11 6 13 4 414 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 19 20 10 10 14 13 15 16 9 1016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 7 112 3 3 4 31 7 47 3 217 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 1 7 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 118 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe. Extemely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra 6 149 2 4 5 26 4 21 2 1

Amounts of Stations by Mean Temperature and Precipitation over Koeppen Zones of S. America

Total 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05


1 Af EQ/FH EQatorial, Fully Humid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 Am EQ/MO EQatorial, Monsoonal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 As EQ/SD EQatorial, Summer Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 Aw EQ/WD EQatorial, Winter Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 BWk CD Cold Desert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 BWh HD Hot Desert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 07 BSk CS Cold Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 BSh HS Hot Steppe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 Cfa WT/FH/SH Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 010 Cfb WT/FH/SW Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 011 Cfc WT/FH/SC Warm Temperate, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 012 Csa WT/SD/SH Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 013 Csb WT/SD/SW Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 014 Csc WT/SD/SC Warm Temperate, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 15 Cwa WT/WD/SH Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 016 Cwb WT/WD/SW Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 017 Cwc WT/WD/SC Warm Temperate, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 018 Dfa SN/FH/SH SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Hot 19 Dfb SN/FH/SW SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Warm 20 Dfc SN/FH/SC SNow, Fully Humid, Summer Cool 21 Dfd SN/FH/EC SNow, Fully Humid, Extremely Continental 22 Dsa SN/SD/SH SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Hot 23 Dsb SN/SD/SW SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Warm 24 Dsc SN/SD/SC SNow, Summer Dry, Summer Cool 25 Dsd SN/ST/EC SNow, STeppe, Extemely Continental26 Dwa SN/WD/SH SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Hot 27 Dwb SN/WD/SW SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Warm 28 Dwc SN/WD/SC SNow, Winter Dry, Summer Cool 29 Dwd SN/WD/EC SNow, Winter Dry, Extremely Continental30 EF PF Polar Frost31 ET PT Polar Tundra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Amounts of Stations by Max and Min Temperature over Koeppen Zones of S.America16-45 31-60 46-75 61-90 76-05

T P


10 WT/FH/SW 19 14 33 3 14 14 19 19 19 3 14 17 17 4 2 2 63 2 7 14 63 14 14 7 37 26 8311 WT/FH/SC 2 1 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 12 0 1 1 12 1 1 1 4 0 412 WT/SD/SH13 WT/SD/SW 4 4 13 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 7 7 2 1 1 26 0 3 4 26 4 4 4 14 6 1314 WT/SD/SC 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 015 WT/WD/SH 18 6 25 5 6 6 18 18 18 5 6 12 12 3 2 2 45 1 6 6 45 6 6 5 23 15 1616 WT/WD/SW 11 4 19 2 5 4 11 11 11 2 4 6 6 1 2 2 23 1 2 4 23 4 4 4 17 7 4717 WT/WD/SC 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 118 SN/FH/SH19 SN/FH/SW20 SN/FH/SC21 SN/FH/EC22 SN/SD/SH23 SN/SD/SW24 SN/SD/SC25 SN/ST/EC26 SN/WD/SH27 SN/WD/SW28 SN/WD/SC29 SN/WD/EC30 PF31 PT 16 12 31 3 12 12 16 16 16 3 12 12 12 1 4 4 46 0 9 12 46 12 12 3 20 4 21

21. M

IRO

C3.

2(hr

)

1961-1991

22. M

RI-

CG

CM

2.3.

2

23. P

CM

-NC

AR

24. U

KM

O-H

adC

M3

25. U

KM

O-H

adG

EM

1

17. I

NG

V-S

XG

2005

18. I

NM

-CM

3.0

19. I

PSL

-CM

3.0

20. M

IRO

C3.

2(m

r)

13. G

FDL

-CM

2.1

14. G

ISS-

AO

M

15. G

ISS-

EH

16. G

ISS-

ER

09. E

CH

AM

5_M

PI-O

M

10. E

CH

O-G

11. F

GO

AL

S-g1

.0

12. G

FDL

-CM

2.0

05. C

GC

M3(

T63

)

06. C

NR

M-C

M3

07. C

SIR

O-M

k3.0

08. C

SIR

O-M

k3.5

Koe

ppen

Zon

e A

bbre

viat

ion Stations

Model Gridpoint Amounts over Koeppen Climatic Zones of South America Z

one

Num

ber


01..B

CC

-CM

1

02. B

CC

R-B

CM

2.0

03. C

CSM

3

04. C

GC

M3(

T47

)

First Part of Investigations on Climate Models

Comparative Analysis

Notations of the Parameters Analysedin the First Part of Investigations

)()(

,][,

αmr

iM:j:Nks X )(,][

, )(

ασmrX

iM:Nks

Real measured (r or 0) and reproduced (m=1,2,…25 - model number) monthly (i=1,2…12) values and mean square deviation of meteorological parameter X(α) (1-Tmean , 2 -Tmin, 3 - Tmax, 4 -Precip) for the meteorological station (or the model gridpoint) number s of the Köppen climate region (k) (if (s) symbol is absent -on this region area averaged) for the year (j) of the time period [M:N]. If symbol (j) is absent – this time period averaged).

Meteorological Parameters Subjected to the First Part of Climatic Models Comparison Analysis

;(mean)

r(m)

5],i[1kT

−

Mean Values

Mean Square Deviations

;(min)

r(m)

5],i[1kT

− ;(max)

r(m)

5],i[1kT

− .r(m)

5],i[1k P−

;)(

(mean)T

5],i[1k mrσ− ;

)(

(min)T

5],i[1k mrσ− ;

)(

(max)T

5],i[1k mrσ− .

)(mrP5],i[1

kσ−

Real (r) and 22 model (m) values of 8 meteorological parameters for 12 months (i)of 5 historical 30-year periods [1-5] for each Köppen climatic regions (k) (over allcontinents) contain the necessary amount of stations and model gridpoints.

Indices Used in Comparative Analysis

Probability Density Functions for Regionally Averaged Mean, Max and Min Temperatures and Precipitation

⎪⎭

⎪⎬

⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨

⎧−×

−

×=

2

2

)(2

)(

)(2 ][

][

][

]9[ exp1)(.meanr

i:

meani:

meani:

meani

kTk

rk

Trk

r,

,9061

,9061

,9061

061 TTTT σσρ

π

⎪⎭

⎪⎬

⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨

⎧−

××=

× 2)(2

)(

)(2)(

]9[

][

]9[

]9[

.

2

.. /lnexp1

r

,061

,9061

r

,061

061

PP

r,

aPP

aP ik

ik

i

k

i

kr

.

PP

πρ

Normal:

Log-Normal:

Indices Used in Comparison Analysis of Tmean, Tmin, Tmax and Precipitation

;r

rm)

XXXI (1

Xm||Xr

−=

;)(2

)(exp)( ][ 2

2

]:[

],::[][1990

1961

]90[ 119611990

1for

)(

⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

×−

−∑=

−=−

meanr

,i9061k

meanm

i90j61k

mean,i61:90k

j

,61:

kT

rmeanm

i TTT4Iσ

∑= ⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧ −−−

×=

−

1990

1961],[

],[],[

],:[ .2

)ln(exp1)( ][

2

2

19611990

1

)(for

)(

j r

i61:90

k

i61:j:90

k

i61:90

ki9061

P

mr4,

a

Pmk PI

µ

µ=lnM ; M, a – median and form-parameter of the lognormal Precip PDF.

;)(abs

r

rm

XXXI (2)

Xm||Xr

−= ;)(abs

r

rm XXI (3)Xm||Xr σ

−=

Complex Comparison IndicesDistance in probability density function spaces

[ ] .)(

)()(||)( )()(for dXXXXXXDXI

X

(lat)KLm

i(6)

m

rrmr ∫==

ρρρρρα ln

[ ] .)()(])()([)( 2for ∫ −==X

mrmrmi(5) dXXXXXRXI ρρρρα

Lateral Kullback-Leibler relative entropy (divergence)

[ ] [ ]=+== )(||)()(||)()(for XXDXXDDXI rmmr(lat)KL

(lat)KL

(sym)KLm

i(7) ρρρρα

.)()()(

)()()( dX

XXXdX

XXX

X r

mm

X m

rr ∫∫ +=

ρρρ

ρρρ lnln

Symmetric Kullback-Leibler relative entropy (divergence)

3-D View of RT (Tm,σm ) Surface

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41Р 1

Р 8

Р 15

0 ,0

0 ,1

0 ,2

0 ,3

0 ,4

0 ,5

0 ,6

0 ,7

0 ,8

0 ,9

1 ,0

R T

T e m p era tu re , C d e g rees

Sigm

a T

3-D View of DKL(Tm,σm ) Surface

18,0 18,5 19,0 19,5 20,0 20,5 21,0 21,5 22,00,5

1,1

1,70,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

11,0D(KL) sym T

Temperature, C degrees Sigm

a T

Indices Used in Comparison Analysis of Model Mean Square Deviations

of Meteorological Parameters

.)(forr

rmm

X

XXX

(9)I σσσσ −=

;)()( absfor

r

rmm

X

XXX

(8)I σσσσ −=

Integral Indices Used in Comparative Analysis

∑=

=12

1i],;[]:[ αα

miNM

kmNM

k XX(year)

kII

∑=

×=k

],:[],:[

N

1kααm

iNMkm

iNM XkXi

(spat)ISI

∑ ∑= =

×=k

],;[],:[

N

1k

12

1iααm

iNMkm

iNM XkX(year)

(spat)ISI

Koeppen Climatic Regions over Europe

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

M onths

Tem

pera

ture

(K d

egre

es)

Observed and 22 Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Mean Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Mean Monthly Temperatures Averaged

on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

-5

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

M o n th s

D(K

L)s

ym T

mea

n

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Min Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

255

260

265

270

275

280

285

290

295

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Tm

in, K

deg

rees

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Min Monthly Temperatures Averaged on

the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

M onths

D(K

L)s

ym, T

min

Observed and Modeled Seasonal Trajectories of Max Monthly Temperatures Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

260

265

270

275

280

285

290

295

300

305

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Tm

ax, K

deg

rees

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Max Monthly Temperatures Averaged

on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

D(K

L)s

ym T

max

Seasonal Trajectories of the Symmetrical Kulbach-Leibler Relative Divergence Between Observed and 22 Modelled Monthly Precipitation Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

m on th s

D(K

L)s

im P

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectories of Monthly Precipitation Averaged on the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe in 1961-1990

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

M onths

Prec

ipita

tion,

mm

/mon

th.

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8

1-B C M 0,0407 0,0435 10,1158 3,7765 3,7381 8,9359 15,6542 2,55482-C C SR _M IR O C _h 0,0170 0,0427 10,4720 3,8806 3,5801 8,2779 15,8965 1,67643-C C SR _M IR O C _m 0,0876 0,0876 21,1455 7,7887 5,6191 20,7884 45,5282 2,33594-C G C M 3 -0,1014 0,1014 23,7977 9,6406 5,8636 22,0894 49,5036 3,28515-C G C M 3_h 0,0034 0,0179 4,1625 0,9208 1,8421 1,7387 3,0528 1,59326-C N R M 0,0116 0,0396 9,3907 3,3824 3,8494 8,0875 13,3323 2,44077-C SIR O -0,0076 0,0205 4,7319 1,4793 1,7555 2,2409 4,2604 1,24228-EC H A M -0,0155 0,0384 9,1833 3,5578 2,9471 4,6396 10,2203 2,00899-EC H O G 0,0172 0,0541 12,9675 5,4121 4,3298 12,1071 21,6491 2,972010-G FD L20 -0,2031 0,2031 47,6600 11,9902 7,5530 64,3659 161,3323 3,554011-G FD L21 -0,1763 0,1763 41,4538 11,9331 7,2697 51,2928 125,3283 3,665612-G ISS 0,0685 0,0860 20,2621 6,6189 6,8617 95,9829 125,6393 5,226213-G ISSEH 0,1191 0,1191 28,5135 8,4595 6,1320 48,4194 96,7642 1,817814-G ISSER -0,0561 0,1249 29,6264 9,1212 5,8750 35,7945 84,3703 3,854415-H adC M 3 0,0484 0,0484 11,5262 4,4490 3,4344 5,5216 13,0695 3,049516-H adG EM 1 -0,0080 0,0647 15,6086 6,1067 4,4661 14,1816 28,6351 1,648917-IN M 0,0730 0,0791 19,3594 6,2020 4,4761 17,3926 45,0138 3,441818-IPSL -0,0545 0,0560 13,1321 5,3401 4,0362 10,5455 22,4471 4,086919-LA SG -0,0278 0,0581 13,8033 5,5597 3,7181 7,5709 18,9423 2,341220-M R I 0,0671 0,0671 15,8886 6,7977 5,8601 20,9957 33,3042 3,056121-N C A R _C C SM 3 -0,0274 0,0532 12,4189 5,0756 3,9155 7,7495 18,6695 4,599322-N C A R _PC M 0,0037 0,0375 8,9669 3,2643 3,0334 4,3439 9,0533 1,9136

Integral C om parative Indices of M ean T em perature

Indices M odels

for W T /FH /SW K oeppen C lim atic R egion of E urope

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8

1-B C M 0,1839 0,1839 35,7167 9,8310 6,8406 138,4071 208,8130 3,50582-C C SR _M IR O C _h 0,1302 0,1302 25,5001 9,3368 6,5551 74,9920 110,3262 3,18793-C C SR _M IR O C _m 0,1848 0,1848 36,2110 9,9203 6,7700 135,6988 205,9226 2,85757-C SIR O 0,0929 0,0929 17,8637 6,2939 5,0144 36,1537 59,0657 2,742912-G ISS 0,2057 0,2057 39,3256 9,5729 7,5663 434,3830 535,0810 5,117017-IN M 0,0490 0,0949 18,1185 6,0828 3,6861 15,3836 41,0551 3,017722-N C A R_PC M 0,0946 0,0946 18,4063 7,2650 5,1067 33,3414 53,6901 2,3036

I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8

1-B C M 0,0222 0,0712 12,3256 4,7455 4,4075 29,5166 42,8574 3,96002-C C SR _M IR O C _h 0,0821 0,0821 14,1355 5,7551 4,0693 19,9686 33,3847 2,97193-C C SR _M IR O C _m 0,1497 0,1497 25,4670 8,9135 5,3061 56,5808 94,3634 3,54347-C SIR O 0,0600 0,0610 9,8027 3,4947 3,0629 18,3478 28,3326 3,188012-G ISS 0,0417 0,1241 21,3078 6,8136 6,1723 171,4708 208,5352 5,493417-IN M 0,2079 0,2079 36,1528 9,6473 5,3816 60,3819 140,8178 4,141622-N C A R_PC M 0,0719 0,0719 12,0603 5,0965 3,4472 13,3082 22,9254 2,9369

M odels Indices

Integral C om parative Indices of M in (upper table) and M ax (low er table) Tem peratures

for W T/FH /SW K oeppen C lim atic Zone of Europe

M odels Indices

M odelsI 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8

1-BCM 4,0800 4,3023 4,3023 1,8531 0,9140 11,3505 15,8702 3,72322-CCSR_MIROC_h 4,2157 5,3023 5,3023 2,0349 0,8001 8,8283 12,7785 2,79603-CCSR_MIROC_m -4,8968 4,8968 4,8968 1,3719 0,5740 3,7411 6,0721 5,90404-CGCM3 2,9621 4,7941 4,7941 1,7007 0,6710 6,8315 9,8738 2,40225-CGCM3_h -3,1004 4,1468 4,1468 1,2747 0,6872 5,3894 8,0776 5,63276-CNRM -1,6673 3,0712 3,0712 0,7822 0,6861 5,3719 7,8764 5,36097-CSIRO -0,7489 3,9940 3,9940 1,0578 0,6006 3,5391 5,5662 4,05788-ECHAM -4,5208 4,5965 4,5965 2,5553 0,8218 3,1675 6,7855 3,88939-ECHOG 0,2191 5,5876 5,5876 2,0497 0,7448 6,7845 10,3632 3,494910-GFDL20 10,1329 10,4970 10,4970 3,8476 0,9806 20,6909 28,4163 4,073711-GFDL21 7,5837 8,5050 8,5050 3,2481 1,0129 20,6976 27,8349 3,966312-GISS 4,4031 5,4678 5,4678 2,1611 0,9353 14,3035 19,2307 3,252113-GISSEH -8,1635 8,1635 8,1635 4,5211 1,4023 13,7271 21,7090 8,107314-GISSER 4,1581 5,6677 5,6677 2,1650 0,8197 9,2100 13,3957 3,039015-HadCM3 -3,5147 3,5147 3,5147 1,1576 0,5682 2,3073 4,1941 4,544016-HadGEM1 1,4587 5,1253 5,1253 1,6384 0,5902 6,7467 9,6363 2,746717-INM -6,0943 6,0943 6,0943 2,8821 0,7737 5,6443 9,9566 5,524518-IPSL 3,3040 5,5518 5,5518 1,7225 0,6166 6,2613 9,3027 3,709319-LASG -7,4776 7,4776 7,4776 3,6027 1,0946 10,4573 16,1620 7,570320-MRI -5,0185 5,0185 5,0185 2,2572 0,7827 3,5674 6,5187 4,796021-NCAR_CCSM3 -2,0640 3,4460 3,4460 0,8010 0,4520 2,1319 3,4922 3,475422-NCAR_PCM -3,4329 3,7557 3,7557 1,0837 0,4982 2,4460 4,1679 4,6004

Integral Comparative Indices of Precipitation

Indices

for W T/FH /SW K oeppen Climatic Region of Europe

Second Part of Investigations on Climate Models

Comparative Analysis

Linear Regressions of Real (r) and Modeled (m) Monthly Temperatures and Precipitation (i) on Altitude and Coordinates within Each Köppen Climatic Region for Each Year (j) of Five

Historical Time Periods

;)))) ()(,

,()(,

,()(,

,()(,0

,,r(m)r(m)r(m)

(mean)r(m)

meanmeanmeanmean Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmrh

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

i[M:j:N]k aaaaT h λϕ λϕ ⋅+⋅+⋅+=

;)))) ()(,

,()(,

,()(,

,()(,0

,)( r(m)r(m)r(m)

(min)mr

minminminmin Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmrh

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

[M:j:N],ik aaaaT h λϕ λϕ ⋅+⋅+⋅+=

;)))) ()(,

,()(,

,()(,

,()(,0

,,)( r(m)r(m)r(m)

(max)mr

maxmaxmaxmax Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

Tmrh

i[M:j:N]k

Tmr

i[M:j:N]k

i[M:j:N]k aaaaT h λϕ λϕ ⋅+⋅+⋅+=

;))) ()(,

,()(,

,()(,

,)()(,0

,,)( r(m)r(m)r(m)mr

Pmr

i[M:j:N]k

Pmr

i[M:j:N]k

Pmrh

i[M:j:N]k

Pmr

i[M:j:N]k

i[M:j:N]k aaaa hP λϕ λϕ ⋅+⋅+⋅+=

a - Regression coefficients

h, φ, λ – Altitude, latitude and longitude of stations or model gridpoints

M:j:N

Notations of the Parameters Analysedin the Second Part of Investigations

)()(,

,][ αβ mr

iM:j:Nk a )(,][

,αβσ (r,m)

iM:Nk a

Values of the four regression coefficients aβ (β=0,1,2,3) calculated using real measured data (r or 0) or model reproduced (m=1,2,…25 -model number) data for month (i) (i=1,2…12) for the year (j) of time period [M:N] and the mean square deviations of these regression coefficients for meteorological parameters α (1-Tmean , 2 -Tmin, 3 -Tmax, 4 - Precip) over the Köppen climate region (k). If simbol j is absent – this period years averaged.

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of Tmean Altitudinal Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe

-0 ,0 1 6

-0 ,0 1 2

-0 ,0 0 8

-0 ,0 0 4

0

0 ,0 0 4

0 ,0 0 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

M o n th e s

Cen

tigra

des/

m

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of the Tmean Latitudinal Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of urope

-2 ,5

-2

-1 ,5

-1

-0 ,5

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

M on th s

Cen

tigra

des/

grad

.lat

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of Tmean Longitude Gradient over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe

-0 ,8

-0 ,4

0

0 ,4

0 ,8

1 ,2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

M o n th s

Cen

tigra

des/

gra.

lon

Observed and Modelled Seasonal Trajectory of Constant in Regression Model for Tmean over the WT/FH/SW Köppen Climatic Region of Europe

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

M o n t h s

Cen

tigra

des

Thank you for the attention

availability of the new climate models to reproduce the … · 2011-09-29 · 17 national institute...

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