avian circulatory system

5/24/2018 Avian Circulatory System

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Avian Circulatory System

Carl G. Buscato

ZOO131: Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Vertebrates

Mindanao State University-General Santos City


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Circulatory System

I. Cardiovascular System

A. Blood

B. Blood Vessels

C. Heart

II. Lymphatic System

A. Major Lymph OrgansB. Minor Lymph Organs


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I. Cardiovascular System

Transportation of oxygen, nutrients,

metabolic wastes and antibodies

Regulation of body temperature

Energy supply for various metabolic

demands


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A. Blood

Plasma water (~85%);

protein (~9-11%);

glucose (blood glucose levels in birds are greater

than in mammals; about 200-400 mg/dl),

Other constituents: amino acids, waste products,

hormones, antibodies, & electrolytes.


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A. Blood

Red Blood Cells elliptical, biconvex and nucleated

red blood cells are about 6x12 microns in size

2.5 to 4 million/cubic mm

lifespan of 28-45 days

contain hemoglobin


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A. Blood

oxygen affinity is generally lower in birds than in

similar-sized mammals

Hematocrit averages about 40%

Hemopoietic bone marrow

produces RBC (shaded areas)


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A. Blood

Thromobocytes

nucleated

similar function with the non-nucleated platelets of

mammalian blood)

White Blood Cells

- defense against foreign

pathogens, immune response


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A. Blood

Types of Avian WBC:

1. Lymphocyte- most numerous white blood cell.

Either T-lymphocytes or B-lymphocytes produce

antibodies; T-lymphocytes attack infected orabnormal cells.


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A. Blood

Types of Avian WBC:

2. Heterophil- second most numerous in most

birds, phagocytic, use their enzyme-containing

granules to lyse ingested materials, motile andcan leave blood vessels to engulf foreign

materials.


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A. Blood

Types of Avian WBC:

3. Monocytes- motile cells that can migrate using

ameboid movements. Monocytes are also

phagocytic.


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A. Blood

Types of Avian WBC:

4. Eosinophils- make up about 2 to 3 % of the

WBC population of healthy birds


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B. Blood Vessels

Similar pattern to mammals and reptiles

Aortic Arches - 6 in early embryo; 1, 2, & 5 drop out.

#3Carotid Arteries to head

#4Only right 4th persists as systemic arch

#6Pulmonary arteries

Large brachial and pectoral arteries which supplyblood to flight musculature

Sytemic arch branches to the right


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Arch 3

Arch 6

Arch 4


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B. Blood Vessels1. Arteries- carry blood away from the heart &

toward the body cells

2. Arterioles - 'distribute' blood (that is, directblood where needed with more going to active

tissues & organs & less to less active tissues &organs) by vasodilating & vasoconstricting

3. Capillaries - exchange of nutrients, gases, &

waste products between the blood & the bodycells

4. Veins and venules (small veins)- conduct blood

back to the heart


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B. Blood Vessels Arteries

1. Carotids-head and brain

2. Brachials-wings

3. Pectorals-flight muscles (pectoralis)

4. The systemic arch (aorta)-all areas of

the body except the lungs.

5. The pulmonary arteries-the lungs

6. The celiac (or coeliac) is the first

major branch of the descending aorta

& delivers blood to organs & tissues

in the upper abdominal area

7. Renal arteries-kidneys

8. Femorals-legs

9. Caudal artery-tail

10. The posterior mesenteric-many organs& tissues in the lower abdominal area


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B. Blood Vessels Veins

1. Jugular anastomosis allows blood to

flow from right to left side when the

birds head is turned & one of the

jugulars constricted

2. Jugular- head and neck

3. Brachial veins-wings

4. Pectoral veins- pectoral muscles and

anterior thorax

5. Superior vena cavae (or precavae)-

the anterior regions of the body

6. Inferior vena cava (or postcava)- the

posterior portion of the body

7. Hepatic vein- liver

8. Hepatic portal vein-digestive system.

9. Coccygeo mesenteric vein- posteriordigestive system & empties in the

hepatic portal vein

10. Femoral veins- legs

11. Sciatic veins drain- hip or thigh

regions.12. Renal & renal portal veins- kidneys


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C. Heart

4-chambered Heart, complete double circulation

1.5-2 X larger than in comparable mammals

Maintain higher metabolism

Smaller birds have relatively larger hearts than

larger birds

Heart size increases with latitude, altitude for

same species


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C. Heart


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C. Heart


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C. Heart


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C. Heart


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II. Lymphatic System Remove and destroy toxic substances

Transportation of digested fat from the intestine to thebloodstream

Poorly developed compared to mammals

Valves are present in lymph vessels to preventbackflow. Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle

contraction

Lymph Hearts are present in all bird embryos usuallydisappear in adults, but persist in a few species -Ostrich, Cassowaries, Gulls, Storks, some Passerines


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A. Major Lymph Organs

1. Bursa of Fabricius

predominate in young birds

situated adjacent to the cloaca

source of antigen-producing B-lymphocytes in

embryonic stage.

as birds grow older, the bursa of Fabricus

becomes smaller and at about the time of thebird's sexual maturity, it has atrophied and no

longer function


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A. Major Lymph Organs

2. Thymus Gland

located in the neck along the jugular vein

functions at peak levels in the young

produces hormones that program certain lymphocytes

against certain antigens (t-lymphocytes)


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B. Secondary Lymph Organs

1. Spleen divided into red and white pulp

white pulp is where the T-lymphocytes reside

spleen filters and cleans the blood of debris anddestroys worn out red blood cells

2. Bone marrow

produces lymphocytes and macrophages

3. Capillaries transport lymph fluid throughout the body

4. Lymph

nodes filter lymph


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