avian influenza symptoms

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Avian Influenza Avian Influenza Symptoms in Birds Symptoms in Birds Texas A&M University Texas A&M University College of College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medicine

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Page 1: Avian Influenza Symptoms

Avian InfluenzaAvian InfluenzaSymptoms in BirdsSymptoms in Birds

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University

College of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine

Page 2: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

This presentation is about Avian Influenza as it affects birds

Clinical Symptoms of Avian Influenza

Page 3: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

A contagious viral infection and/or disease of many avian A contagious viral infection and/or disease of many avian species including poultry, wild and exotic birds, ratites, species including poultry, wild and exotic birds, ratites, shore birds and migratory waterfowl. shore birds and migratory waterfowl.

The highly pathogenic form of the disease is The highly pathogenic form of the disease is characterized by severe depression, decrease in egg characterized by severe depression, decrease in egg production, high mortality, edema, hemorrhage, and production, high mortality, edema, hemorrhage, and frank necrosis. frank necrosis.

All H5 and H7 infections are reportable to the World All H5 and H7 infections are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).Organization for Animal Health (OIE).

Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005

Page 4: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)– Associated with mild illness in poultryAssociated with mild illness in poultry– Can evolve into highly pathogenic virusesCan evolve into highly pathogenic viruses– Associated with poultry outbreaks worldwideAssociated with poultry outbreaks worldwide

High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)High pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)– Causes high mortality in domestic poultryCauses high mortality in domestic poultry– Subtypes H5 and H7Subtypes H5 and H7

Page 5: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

H5N1 virusH5N1 virus

electron micrograph of avian influenza H5N1 viruselectron micrograph of avian influenza H5N1 virus

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Host RangeHost Range

•Exotic BirdsExotic Birds •Domestic PoultryDomestic Poultry

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Peri-domestic speciesOccasional isolations of avian influenza virus from starlings and house sparrows (in contact with infected poultry)

Replication of some avian influenza virus in these species (experimental)

Page 8: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Natural Reservoirs of Natural Reservoirs of Influenza A VirusesInfluenza A Viruses

Wild aquatic birdsWild aquatic birds

Majority are represented Majority are represented

by two Orders: by two Orders:

1.1. Anseriformes Anseriformes (ducks,(ducks, geese, and swans)geese, and swans)

Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005

Page 9: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Natural Reservoirs of Natural Reservoirs of Influenza A VirusesInfluenza A Viruses

2.2.Charadriiformes (gulls,Charadriiformes (gulls,terns, and shorebirds) terns, and shorebirds)

Usually show noUsually show no clinical diseaseclinical disease

Dennis Senne 2005Dennis Senne 2005

Page 10: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

The Muscovy DucksThe Muscovy DucksNatural ReservoirNatural Reservoir

http://www.domestic-waterfowl.co.uk/mozzie.htm

Page 11: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

How are these viruses transmittedHow are these viruses transmitted and maintained in these species?and maintained in these species?

Transmission: Fecal/Oral routeHeavy fecal shedding by infected ducksLong term persistence in waterIsolation of AIVs from surface water

Maintenance: Bird to birdPersistence in environment

Page 12: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Incubation period 3-5 daysIncubation period 3-5 days

Severe depressionSevere depression

Decreased food and water consumptionDecreased food and water consumption

Drastic decline in egg productionDrastic decline in egg production

Many birds affected Many birds affected

Page 13: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Turkeys with Avian Influenza

Many birds are depressed and huddling

cvm.umn.edu

Page 14: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

DehydrationDehydration

Huddling Huddling

Subcutaneous swelling of the head and Subcutaneous swelling of the head and neck area neck area

Nasal and oral cavity discharge Nasal and oral cavity discharge

Page 15: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Note swollen head, and discharges. Wattle is cyanotic and necrotic.

Page 16: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Page 17: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Huddling

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Ruffled feathersRuffled feathers

Swollen, cyanotic (blue) combs and Swollen, cyanotic (blue) combs and wattleswattles

Conjunctivitis with respiratory signsConjunctivitis with respiratory signs

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Ruffled feathers

Respiratory Symptoms

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Swollen blue, cyanotic combs and wattles

Page 22: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Swollen blue, cyanotic combs and wattles

Page 23: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Edema/necrosis of Edema/necrosis of comb/wattlecomb/wattle

CyanosisCyanosis

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

HPAI - Cyanotic comb of an infected chicken HPAI - Cyanotic comb of an infected chicken on the left compared to a normal chicken on the right.on the left compared to a normal chicken on the right.

Page 25: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Subcutaneous Subcutaneous hemorrhage hemorrhage

of shanksof shanks

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Subcutaneous hemorrhage of shanksSubcutaneous hemorrhage of shanks

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhage of the shanks and hocksHemorrhage of the shanks and hocks

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Neurological signs (Nervous signs) Similar Neurological signs (Nervous signs) Similar to Exotic Newcastle Diseaseto Exotic Newcastle Disease

Page 29: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Neurological signs

Page 31: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Neurological signsCyanosis

Ruffled feathers

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Neurological signsHemorrhages on shanks

Ruffled feathers

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Coughing Coughing

Sneezing Sneezing

Diarrhea Diarrhea

Sudden deathSudden death

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

HuddlingSinusitisRespiratory signs

D. HalvorsonI. Capua

D. Halvorson

Page 35: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Sudden onset and high mortalitySudden onset and high mortality

Birds found deadBirds found dead

Dennis Senne, 2005

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions

Lesions may be absent Lesions may be absent with sudden deathwith sudden death

http://www.avian-influenza-disinfectant.com/avian_influenza.htm

Page 38: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesions

Head and neck edemaHead and neck edema

Swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles Swollen and cyanotic combs and wattles

Petechial hemorrhages on internal Petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfaces membrane surfaces

Page 39: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesions

Excessive mucous exudate in the lumen Excessive mucous exudate in the lumen of the trachea, or severe hemorrhagic of the trachea, or severe hemorrhagic tracheitistracheitis

Petechiae on the inside of the sternum, Petechiae on the inside of the sternum, on the serosa and abdominal fat, on the serosa and abdominal fat, serosal surfaces and in the body cavity serosal surfaces and in the body cavity

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesions

HPAI - Opened swollen wattle.

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhages and edema

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Edema

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Petechial hemorrhages on Petechial hemorrhages on internal membrane surfacesinternal membrane surfaces

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Lesions Lesions

Hemorrhages of the trachea

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhages of the trachea

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Lung hemorrhage and edema

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Note hemorrhages and edema around the heart

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesions

Hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of Hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the proventriculus, particularly at the the proventriculus, particularly at the juncture with the gizzard juncture with the gizzard

Hemorrhages and erosions of the gizzard Hemorrhages and erosions of the gizzard lining lining

Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues in the intestinal mucosa in the intestinal mucosa

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Hemorrhages of the intestine

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhages on theHemorrhages on the

mucosal surface of the mucosal surface of the

proventriculus, particularly proventriculus, particularly

at the juncture with at the juncture with

the gizzardthe gizzard

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhage in intestinal serosa, mucosa

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid Hemorrhagic foci on the lymphoid tissues in the intestinal mucosatissues in the intestinal mucosa

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesionsSevere congestion of the musculature Severe congestion of the musculature

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

LesionsLesions

Severe kidney congestion, sometimes Severe kidney congestion, sometimes with urate deposits in the tubules with urate deposits in the tubules

Hemorrhages and degeneration of the Hemorrhages and degeneration of the ovary ovary

Page 57: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Clinically indistinguishable from virulent Newcastle Disease

Suspect with: Sudden deathDrop in egg productionFacial edema, cyanotic combs and wattlesPetechial hemorrhages

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Velogenic Newcastle diseaseVelogenic Newcastle disease

Acute fowl cholera Acute fowl cholera

Respiratory diseases, especially infectious Respiratory diseases, especially infectious laryngotracheitis, Avian pneumovirus, laryngotracheitis, Avian pneumovirus, Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis

ChlamydiaChlamydia

MycoplasmaMycoplasma

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

Water deprivation Heat exhaustion Toxins – food or water borne

Page 60: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Disease SummaryDisease Summary

Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease of birds characterized by respiratory signs, of birds characterized by respiratory signs, depression and reduced feed and water depression and reduced feed and water intake. In egg laying birds there is a intake. In egg laying birds there is a decline in egg production and quality. decline in egg production and quality. There are two There are two pathotypespathotypes of Avian of Avian Influenza virus: the most common is low Influenza virus: the most common is low pathogenic AI (LPAI) and the other is pathogenic AI (LPAI) and the other is highly pathogenic AI (HPAI). highly pathogenic AI (HPAI).

Page 61: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Disease SummaryDisease Summary

The most virulent form (HPAI) was once called The most virulent form (HPAI) was once called fowl plague. At the 1981 International fowl plague. At the 1981 International Symposium on Avian Influenza, the term fowl Symposium on Avian Influenza, the term fowl plague was replaced with the term "highly plague was replaced with the term "highly virulent" influenza virus infection. The Avian virulent" influenza virus infection. The Avian Influenza epidemic of 1983-1984 required yet Influenza epidemic of 1983-1984 required yet new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of different isolates of the same serotype different isolates of the same serotype (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly pathogenic). pathogenic).

Page 62: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Disease SummaryDisease Summary

Avian Influenza outbreaks have occurred Avian Influenza outbreaks have occurred throughout the world. LPAI is common in large throughout the world. LPAI is common in large turkey-producing areas, particularly where semi-turkey-producing areas, particularly where semi-confinement or range-rearing is still widely confinement or range-rearing is still widely practiced. Outbreaks are more sporadic in other practiced. Outbreaks are more sporadic in other areas of the United States. AI can occur in most, areas of the United States. AI can occur in most, if not all, species of birds. In the United States, if not all, species of birds. In the United States, most outbreaks have been in turkeys. A few most outbreaks have been in turkeys. A few outbreaks have occurred in chickens. Humans, outbreaks have occurred in chickens. Humans, horses, pigs, and some wildlife species may be horses, pigs, and some wildlife species may be infected with influenza viruses, and a cycle infected with influenza viruses, and a cycle between birds and swine exists. between birds and swine exists.

Page 63: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Disease SummaryDisease Summary

A chicken outbreak of LPAI in 1983 mutated into A chicken outbreak of LPAI in 1983 mutated into HPAI in 1983-1984 resulting in a federal-state HPAI in 1983-1984 resulting in a federal-state eradication program that required the eradication program that required the depopulation of 17 million birds. Similar depopulation of 17 million birds. Similar outbreaks of LPAI in Mexico in 1992 and Italy in outbreaks of LPAI in Mexico in 1992 and Italy in 1999 also mutated into HPAI causing severe 1999 also mutated into HPAI causing severe losses. losses.

Page 64: Avian Influenza Symptoms

20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Disease SummaryDisease Summary

Influenza viruses vary widely in pathogenicity and Influenza viruses vary widely in pathogenicity and ability to spread among birds. Two pathotypes ability to spread among birds. Two pathotypes are recognized: LPAI and HPAI. These are recognized: LPAI and HPAI. These pathotype designations are derived from pathotype designations are derived from laboratory inoculation of 8 susceptible chickens; laboratory inoculation of 8 susceptible chickens; LPAI isolates cause death in 0 to 5 of 8 chickens LPAI isolates cause death in 0 to 5 of 8 chickens and HPAI isolates cause death in 6 or more. and HPAI isolates cause death in 6 or more. Although most H5 and H7 isolates are low path Although most H5 and H7 isolates are low path viruses, so far all HPAI outbreaks have been viruses, so far all HPAI outbreaks have been due to H5 or H7 viruses. due to H5 or H7 viruses.

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20062006 Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza

Special thanks to the staff at Plum Island Animal Diagnostic Center, Dr Corrie Brown and Dr John El-Attrache for the use of images from their presentations.Also, thanks to the Pohler family and to Elisabeth Bush for allowing me to photograph their birds.SUZANNE BURNHAM