aviation fuel 2007

The Quality of Aviation Fuel Available in the United Kingdom Annual Survey 2007

Garry RickardQINETIQ/08/01656 June 2008

QINETIQ/08/01656

Administration pageCustomer Information

Customer reference number DFG2a/1500

Project title Provision of Technical Services to the DFG

Customer Organisation Defence Fuels Group / Energy Institute

Customer contact Gp Capt Nigel Arnold

EI – Sonia Quintanilla

Contract number DFG2a/1500

Milestone number

Date due

Principal authors

Garry Rickard 01252 397076Room G23, Bldg 442,QinetiQ FLCCody Technology Park,Farnborough GU14 0LX

[email protected]

Release Authority

Name Andrew Clague

Post Project Manager

Date of issue July 2008

Record of changes

Issue Date Detail of Changes

1 JUL 08 First Issue

QINETIQ/08/01656

AbstractThis report contains a summary of the data relating to the specification properties for AVTUR supplied in the UK during the year 2007. The data is expressed in the form of histograms and mean values, which are graphically compared over the period 1986-2007. This report is the thirty-fifth in a series of annual survey reports.

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List of contents1 Introduction 6

2 Results 72.1 Tabulated Data 72.2 Histograms and trend graphs for annual mean results 72.3 Graphs of near specification trends for AVTUR produced from 1983 to

2007 7

3 Discussion 83.1 Sample size 83.2 Total acidity 83.3 Aromatics 83.4 Total Sulphur 83.5 Mercaptan Sulphur 83.6 Distillation 93.7 Flash Point 93.8 Density 93.9 Freezing point 93.10 Kinematic viscosity 103.11 Specific Energy 103.12 Smoke Point 103.13 Naphthalenes 103.14 Existent Gum 103.15 Microseparometer 103.16 Particulate Contamination 103.17 Saybolt Colour 113.18 BOCLE 113.19 Refining Processes Data 113.20 Near specification trends 11

4 Summary of Changes and Trends 124.1 Trend data 124.2 Significant changes from 2006 12

5 References / Bibliography 13

A Appendix A: Tables 14A.1 Table 1, minima and maxima for 2007 data and specification limits 14A.2 Table 2 (part 1), the range of results obtained for AVTUR from the

different sources of supply during 2007 15

B Appendix B: Figures 17B.1 Figure 1 – Total Acidity Histogram 17B.2 Figure 2 – Total Acidity Trend Graph 17B.3 Figure 3 – Aromatics Histogram 18B.4 Figure 4 – Aromatics Trend Graph 18B.5 Figure 5 – Total Sulphur Histogram 19

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B.6 Figure 6 – Total Sulphur Trend Graph 19B.7 Figure 7 – Mercaptan Sulphur Histogram 20B.8 Figure 8 – Mercaptan Sulphur Trend Graph 20B.9 Figure 9 – Distillation IBP Histogram 21B.10 Figure 10 – Distillation IBP Trend Graph 21B.11 Figure 11 – Distillation 10% Recovery Histogram 22B.12 Figure 12 – Distillation 10% Recovery Trend Graph 22B.13 Figure 13 – Distillation 50% Recovery Histogram 23B.14 Figure 14 – Distillation 50% Recovery Trend Graph 23B.15 Figure 15 – Distillation 90% Recovery Histogram 24B.16 Figure 16 – Distillation 90% Recovery Trend Graph 24B.17 Figure 17 – Distillation FBP Histogram 25B.18 Figure 18 – Distillation FBP Trend Graph 25B.19 Figure 19 – Flash Point Histogram 26B.20 Figure 20 – Flash Point Trend Graph 26B.21 Figure 21 – Density Histogram 27B.22 Figure 22 – Density Trend Graph 27B.23 Figure 23 – Freezing Point Histogram 28B.24 Figure 24 – Freezing Point Trend Graph 28B.25 Figure 25 – Kinematic Viscosity Histogram 29B.26 Figure 26 – Kinematic Viscosity Trend Graph 29B.27 Figure 27 – Specific Energy Histogram 30B.28 Figure 28 – Specific Energy Trend Graph 30B.29 Figure 29 – Smoke Point Histogram 31B.30 Figure 30 – Smoke Point Trend Graph 31B.31 Figure 31 – Naphthalenes Histogram 32B.32 Figure 32 – Naphthalenes Trend Graph 32B.33 Figure 33 – Existent Gum Histogram 33B.34 Figure 34 – Existent Gum Trend Graph 33B.35 Figure 35 – MSEP Histogram 34B.36 Figure 36 – MSEP Trend Graph 34B.37 Figure 37 – Particulate Histogram 35B.38 Figure 38 – Colour Histogram 35B.39 Figure 39 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Acidity, Aromatics) 36B.40 Figure 40 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Mercaptans, Flash

Point, Freezing Point) 36B.41 Figure 41 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Smoke Point,

Naphthalenes) 37

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1 IntroductionSurveys relating to the specification properties of aviation turbine fuels supplied in the UK from 1974 onwards have been published annually by QinetiQ Fuels & Lubricants Centre(1-22). This report covers a similar survey for 2007 involving 1,245 batches complying with Defence Standard 91-91 Issue 5(23). The Energy Institute (EI) and the Defence Fuels Group (DFG) have jointly funded the production of this report by QinetiQ. The Energy Institute funding is part of the EI Test Methods Technical Development Programme. The copyright of this document belongs to the Defence Fuels Group and the Energy Institute who have given permission for QinetiQ to distribute to industry.

The information contained in this report has been supplied by oil companies and associated test houses for main batches of aviation fuel released during 2007 in accordance with Defence Standard 91-66 Issue 2 (Segregation, Handling and Quality Assurance of Petroleum Fuels, Lubricants, and Associated products)(24).

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2 ResultsThe data reported has been abstracted from test certificates for new batches of AVTUR, either produced in, or imported to, the UK during 2007. The data for all but four of the specification properties for AVTUR are summarised in tables and figures in the Appendices. The data for copper corrosion, thermal stability and water reaction were not included as the majority of results were identical. Data for electrical conductivity was not included because at the point of testing the conductivity of many batches was below the specified limits. This is permitted on the condition that Static Dissipater Additive (SDA) is added further downstream(23) to ensure that the conductivity limits are met at the point of delivery into aircraft.

2.1 Tabulated Data

Table 1 – Specification limits for each property from Defence Standard 91-91 Issue 5(23) compared to the maxima and minima of the 2007 AVTUR data submitted to QinetiQ.

Table 2 – Maxima and minima of the 2007 AVTUR data submitted by each of 9 sources.

2.2 Histograms and trend graphs for annual mean results

Figures 1 to 38 are histograms and trend graphs. The histograms show the number of batches in each frequency class along with the percentage that this represents of the total number of batches included. The trend graphs show the mean results for each property plotted against year for the period 1986 to 2007.

2.3 Graphs of near specification trends for AVTUR produced from 1983 to 2007

For seven specification properties, Figures 39 to 41 show the percentage of batches that have results near the specification limits, plotted against year for the period 1986 to 2007. The properties the figures relate to are listed below.

Figure 39 – acidity, aromatics

Figure 40 – mercaptan sulphur, flash point, freeze point

Figure 41 – smoke point, naphthalenes

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3 DiscussionThe data for copper corrosion, water reaction and electrical conductivity are not discussed in this section for the reasons given in paragraph 2.

BOCLE results should be reported for all batches containing more than 95% hydroprocessed material, of which at least 20% is severely hydroprocessed. However, it was not possible to establish if a BOCLE test was required for many batches as the refining process was not clearly reported.

3.1 Sample size

Data from 1,245 batches were included in this report which represents 15,451,771 m3

of AVTUR.

The data in the tables and histograms for some properties have been derived from fewer than 1,245 batches because the specification, for a variety of reasons, allows waivers.

3.2 Total acidity

The volume weighted mean value is 0.0040 mg KOH/g and this an increase of 0.0005 mg KOH/g compared with 2006. The percentage of batches ‘near specification limit’ has increased a little compared to 2006 but remains low. (For the purposes of this report ‘near specification limit’ results were those that lie within the reproducibility of the method at the specification limit).

3.3 Aromatics

The volume weighted mean value is 18.7% v/v. The mean value has been increasing since 2002.

Aircraft operators are often concerned about the problems caused by different batches of fuel having large variations in aromatics. The aromatic content ranged from 11.0% v/v to 25.0% v/v with 96% of batches in the range 13% v/v to 23% v/v.

3.4 Total Sulphur

The volume weighted mean value of 0.048% m/m represents a decrease of 0.008% m/m compared to the value for 2006. The apparent upward trend since 1999 has been reversed during the last two years. The distribution of sulphur contents in figure 5 appears to show a multimodal distribution. There appears to be a relatively small but increasing number of batches with a very high sulphur content.

The variation in the mean value is likely to be related to the origin of the large amount of jet fuel imported into the UK.

Defence Standard 91-91 allows several different methods for determining sulphur content. Many laboratories are using newer equipment that can determine the sulphur content to 3 decimal places, whereas when older equipment/different test methods are used the result may only be reported to 2 decimal places. Therefore, the actual sulphur content (to 3 decimal places) is now often reported and fewer sulphur contents are recorded as '<0.01' (which for the purposes of this report are recorded as 0.01). The way in which the sulphur content is reported may have an effect on the apparent mean value.

3.5 Mercaptan Sulphur

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Mercaptan sulphur was reported for 93% of batches. A number of test certificates showed the mercaptan sulphur content as '<0.001'. (For this report these results were recorded as 0.001). This may affect the volume weighted mean value, which for 2007 was 0.0007% mass.

3.6 Distillation

The mean value for Initial Boiling Point (IBP) has changed little in recent years. The mean values for 10%, 50%, and 90% recovered have also not changed significantly.

The mean value for Final Boiling Point (FBP) showed an increasing trend from 1991 to 1998, but has changed little since then.

3.7 Flash Point

The volume weighted mean for 2006 increased slightly to 42.2°C, which is low compared to the 80s and early 90s. Figure 20 shows no large changes in recent years.

17% of batches were ‘near specification limit’ in 2007, the second highest value recorded since 1983. There appears to be a rising trend in the number of flash point results near the specification limit. This may lead to problems and possible disputes when recertifying jet fuel, especially as it has been reported that the true reproducibility of flash point for jet fuel is probably larger than the data published in IP 170. An Energy Institute round robin is underway to further evaluate the precision of IP 170.

3.8 Density

The volume weighted mean is 802.2 kg/m3. The last four years’ mean values appears to reverse the downward trend in density since 1996. A low fuel density can be problematic for operators of aircraft on long haul routes. The minimum density was 786.0 kg/m3.

3.9 Freezing point

The volume weighted mean value of –54.6°C has decreased significantly since 2006.

The percentage of batches ‘near specification limit’ increased slightly to 13.7%. Figure 40 indicates that freezing point and flash point continue to be major restraining factors in AVTUR production.

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3.10 Kinematic viscosity

The volume weighted mean was 3.80 cSt, which is slightly higher than 2006. Before 2007, Figure 26 indicates a decreasing trend since 1998.

3.11 Specific Energy

The volume weighted mean was 43.21 MJ/kg and represents little change compared to 2006. Figure 28 shows no particular trend in mean value.

3.12 Smoke Point

The volume weighted mean was 22.9 mm which is a significant reduction compared to 2006. There has been a reducing trend since 2004. The percentage near the specification limit is 24.4%, indicating smoke point is a restraining factor in jet fuel production.

3.13 Naphthalenes

Only 986 results (79% of total batches) were reported as the specification only requires the determination of naphthalene content if the smoke point is less than 25 mm.

The mean for 2007 was 1.34 % vol, a slight decrease compared with 2006. There appears to be a downward trend since 1988.

3.14 Existent Gum

For 78.7% of batches the existent gum results were reported as <1 or 1. For results reported as <1, a value of 1 has been recorded for this survey. The mean value was 0.82 mg/100ml as shown in Figure 33. The precision for existent gum is very poor, it is likely that all batches contain virtually no gum and the range of results (up to a maximum of 6 mg/100ml) is due to the test precision. There is no apparent trend in mean value for existent gum.

3.15 Microseparometer

The mean MSEP value of 94.0 is a little lower than 2006 but remains one of the highest values since records began in 1986. There appears to be an increasing trend in the mean value.

The Defence Standard 91-91 issue 5 limits for MSEP rating were a minimum of 85 without SDA, or 70 with SDA due to the over sensitivity of the test method to SDA (Stadis 450). Some MSEP values were reported outside the specification limits. The reported failures may not be at the point of manufacture and downstream of this point a low MSEP is not used as the sole reason for rejection of a fuel.

3.16 Particulate Contamination

This is a relatively new requirement for Defence Standard 91-91. The volume weighted mean value increased dramatically from 0.22 mg/l in 2006 to 0.79 mg/l in 2007. A number of batches did not include results for this property. Most of these batches were imported fuel and it is assumed that this testing was carried out at point of manufacture.

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A number of batches contained high levels of particulate well above the specification limit. It is assumed that these batches were imported and the reported results were not from the point of manufacture. It is expected that the particulate was removed by filtration before transfer to aircraft. A subset of high results is inset within Figure 37. There was one further result of 13 mg/l which is not shown in the figure.

3.17 Saybolt Colour

This is a relatively new requirement for Defence Standard 91-91 Issue 5. The volume weighted mean value is down to 25.2 from 28 in 2006. 36% of batches had a reported value of 30 (down from 61% in 2006) and the remaining batches had values from 15 to 29. There is no specification limit for this property. A number of batches did not include results for this property. Most of these batches were imported fuel and it is assumed that this testing was carried out at point of manufacture.

3.18 BOCLE

There were no BOCLE results reported in 2007.

Many certificates did not clearly identify the refining processes used so it was not possible to establish if a BOCLE test was required.

3.19 Refining Processes Data

Defence Standard 91-91 requires that the quantities of hydroprocessed and severely hydroprocessed material present at the point of manufacture be reported as a percentage of the total volume.

As indicated at 3.18, for a number of certificates, this information is absent. Many certificates report the quantity of severely hydroprocessed material as a percentage of the hydroprocessed material rather than treating the two components separately.

On many certificates the quantity of hydroprocessed and severely hydroprocessed material was reported but when this equates to less than 100%, the refining process used to obtain the rest of the batch was not reported. Reporting this information is not a specification requirement but is necessary to determine how much of the fuel refined in the UK was processed using MEROX treatment and how much was untreated. The refining process data received is therefore considered unreliable and the histogram was not included in this report.

3.20 Near specification trends

Figures 39 to 41 are graphs showing the percentage of batches with test results near the specification limit, against year, for seven specification properties.

The properties with the highest percentage of batches with results near the specification limit in 2007 were freezing point (13.7%), smoke point (24.4%), and flash point (16.5%).

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4 Summary of Changes and Trends

4.1 Trend data

Properties where the mean value has a rising trend

Properties where the mean value has a decreasing trend

Density (increasing since 2003) Smoke Point (decreasing since 2002)

Aromatics (increasing since 2002) Naphthalenes (decreasing since 1988)

Particulate (increasing since records began in 2005)

4.2 Significant changes from 2006

Property Change

Aromatics Up 0.5% volume (mean is the highest value for 20 years)

Sulphur Down 0.008% mass (reversing a previous upward trend)

Density Up 3.1 kg/m3 (mean is approaching highest value recorded since records began in 1986)

Freezing Point Down 2°C (mean is at the lowest level since records began in 1986)

Smoke Point Down 0.84 mm (mean is at the lowest level since records began in 1986)

Naphthalenes Down 0.12% volume (mean is at the lowest level since records began in 1986)

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5 References / Bibliography[1] Various MQAD and Harefield Annual Fuel Surveys 1974-1986[2] DQA/TS Materials Centre Report No. 361, March 1987[3] DQA/TS Technical Report No. 88/2, May 1988[4] DQA/TS Technical Report No. 89/8, November 1989[5] DQA/TS Technical Report No. 91/4, March 1991[6] DQA/TS Technical Report No. 91/10, November 1991[7] QATS FL Division Technical Paper FLT/1/93, March 1993[8] QATS FL Division Technical Paper FLT/3/93, June 1993[9] FVS FL Division Technical paper DRA/FVS/FL/TR94002/1, September 1994[10] LS FL Division Technical paper DRA/LS/LSF4/TR95004, June 1995[11] LS FL Division Technical paper DRA/LS4/TR96/044/1, July 1996[12] SMC FL Division Technical paper DERA/SMC/SM1/TR970039, May 1997[13] MSS Technical Report DERA/MSS1/TR980069/1.0, May 1998[14] MSS Technical Report DERA/MSS/MSMA1/TR990400/1.0, August 1999[15] MSS Technical Report DERA/MSS/MSMA3/CR001238, June 2000[16] FST Technical Report DERA/FST/CET/TR010603, June 2001[17] FST Technical Report QinetiQ/FST/CR023267, May 2002[18] FST Technical Report QinetiQ/FST/CR032630, June 2003[19] FST Technical Report QinetiQ/FST/TR042832, June 2004[20] FST Technical Report QinetiQ/FST/ TR050276, June 2005[21] FST Technical Report QinetiQ/FST/ TR0601360, June 2006[22] Technical report QINETIQ/S&DU/T&P/E&M/TR0701148, June 2007[23] Specification Defence Standard 91-91/Issue 5. Turbine Fuel, Aviation Kerosine

Type, Jet A-1, NATO code: F-35, JSD: AVTUR. Issued by UK Defence Standardisation, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street, Glasgow G2 8EX (www.dstan.mod.uk).

[24] Specification Defence Standard 91-66/Issue 2. Segregation, Handling and Quality Assurance of Petroleum Fuels, Lubricants and Associated Products. Issued by UK Defence Standardisation, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street, Glasgow G2 8EX (www.dstan.mod.uk).

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A Appendix A: Tables

A.1 Table 1, minima and maxima for 2007 data and specification limits

Def Stan 91-91 Issue 5

Specification LimitsAll Sources

Method Method No.

Min Max Min Max Mean

Total Acidity, mg KOH/g IP 354 - 0.015 0 0.015 0.0040

Aromatics, % volume IP 156 - 25.0 11.0 25.0 18.7

Total Sulphur, % mass IP 336 - 0.30 0 0.29 0.048

Mercaptan Sulphur, % mass IP 342 - 0.0030 0.0002 0.0030 0.0007

Distillation IBP, °C Report 141.6 168.9 151.5

10% Recovery, °C - 205.0 157.9 184.0 169.5

50% Recovery, °C Report 179.0 210.1 195.0

90% Recovery, °C Report 208.0 255.1 234.9

FBP, °C

IP 123

- 300.0 235.5 285.0 259.1

Flash Point, °C IP 170 38.0 - 38.0 51.5 42.2

Density @ 15°C, kg/m3 IP 365 775.0 840.0 786.0 815.4 802.2

Freezing Point, °C IP 16 - -47.0 -73.8 -47.0 -54.6

Viscosity @ -20°C, mm2/s

IP 71 - 8.00 2.96 6.48 3.80

Specific Energy, Net MJ/kg 42.80 - 43.00 43.48 43.21

Smoke Point, mm IP 57 19.0 - 20 26 22.94

Naphthalenes, % volume ASTM D1840 - 3.00 0.24 2.66 1.34

Existent Gum, mg/100ml IP 131 - 7 1 6 0.82

MSEP ASTM D3948 85 (70 with SDA) - 57 100 94.0

BOCLE, mm ASTM D5001 - 0.85 n/a n/a n/a

Particulate, mg/l IP 423 - 1.0 0.01 13.0 0.79

Colour ASTM D 156 Report 15 30 25.2

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A.2 Table 2 (part 1), the range of results obtained for AVTUR from the different sources of supply during 2007

Def Stan 91-91 Spec. Limits

Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source 4

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Total Acidity, mg KOH/g - 0.015 0.001 0.015 0.000 0.009 0.001 0.009 0.0005 0.0147

Aromatics, % volume - 25.0 11.0 22.2 12.9 24.1 15.6 22.2 14.9 25.0

Total Sulphur, % mass - 0.30 0.024 0.10 0.002 0.29 0.001 0.016 0.0061 0.2824

Mercaptan Sulphur, % mass - 0.0030 0.0004 0.0027 0 0.0010 - - 0.0002 0.0028

Distillation IBP, °C Report 142.3 155.7 143.9 163.7 148.5 158.5 141.6 159.5

10% Recovery, °C - 205.0 161.9 178.4 157.9 182.8 165.5 175.0 161.2 178.5

50% Recovery, °C Report 188.9 204.1 186.9 210.0 182.0 195.5 186.4 204.6

90% Recovery, °C Report 213.6 243.0 229.8 255.1 212.5 230.0 210.0 251.6

FBP, °C - 300.0 247.2 275 235.5 277.6 239.5 264 246.4 285

Flash Point, °C 38.0 - 38 42.5 38.5 51.5 40.5 46.5 38.5 46.5

Density @ 15°C, kg/m3 775.0 840.0 789.3 803.1 792.2 815.2 800.3 815.4 787.6 810.7

Freezing Point, °C - -47.0 -55.8 -47.2 -61 -47 -73.8 -57.1 -62.1 -47

Viscosity @ -20°C, mm2/s - 8.00 3.37 4.379 3.303 4.864 3.05 6.48 3.14 4.943

Specific Energy, Net MJ/kg 42.80 - 43.13 43.48 43.1 43.4 43.0 43.2 43.05 43.39

Smoke Point, mm 19.0 - 22.4 26 20 25 20 22 20 26

Naphthalenes, % volume - 3.00 0.56 2.13 0.51 2.2 0.5 1.47 0 2.66

Existent Gum, mg/100ml - 7 1 5 1 2 1 1 0 3

MSEP (* min. with SDA) 85 (70*) - 71 99 71 100 71 100 82 100

Particulate, mg/l - 1.0 0 0.95 0.07 0.97 - - 0 13.0

Colour Report - - 21 30 30 30 17 30

Number of Batches - - 139 260 75 251

Total Quantity m3 - - 247,338 2,148,906 3,241,789 4,212,911

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Table 2 (part 2), the range of results obtained for AVTUR from the different sources of supply during 2007

Def Stan 91-91 Spec. Limits

Source 5 Source 6 Source 7 Source 8 Source 9

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Total Acidity, mg KOH/g - 0.015 0.002 0.014 0.001 0.015 0.001 0.013 0.0002 0.015 0.0008 0.015

Aromatics, % volume - 25.0 15 20.6 14.7 20.7 11.5 21.4 12.5 20.6 14.5 22.6

Total Sulphur, % mass - 0.30 0.014 0.102 0 0.1 0.01 0.26 0.01 0.2779 0.01 0.14

Mercaptan Sulphur, % mass - 0.0030 0.0002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0019 0.0002 0.003 0.0002 0.003 0.0003 0.0023

Distillation IBP, °C Report 147.3 160.2 143.6 164.2 147.3 168.9 145.4 158.5 143.8

10% Recovery, °C - 205.0 167.3 175.9 168.1 184 160.5 182.5 160.3 176 163.9 177.3

50% Recovery, °C Report 192.1 201.7 187.9 210.1 184.5 206.2 179 200.8 189.1

90% Recovery, °C Report 240.4 253.4 228.2 244.8 223.7 253.7 208 247.5 227

FBP, °C - 300.0 267 282.9 243.3 268.5 248.4 282.5 237 279.8 251.2 273.2

Flash Point, °C 38.0 - 41.5 49 39.5 50 38.5 51.5 38.5 45 38 47.5

Density @ 15°C, kg/m3 775.0 840.0 793.9 805.8 796.8 814.9 786 811.2 788.6 803.2 795.3 808.9

Freezing Point, °C - -47.0 -53 -49.5 -60.5 -48.5 -57.9 -47.5 -60 -47.6 -59.1 -47.4

Viscosity @ -20°C, mm2/s - 8.00 3.701 4.608 3.393 4.971 3.157 4.718 2.96 4.745 3.321 4.225

Specific Energy, Net MJ/kg 42.80 - 43.184 43.346 43.12 43.31 43.099 43.461 43.11 43.42 43.1 43.4

Smoke Point, mm 19.0 - 22 26 22 26 20 26 22 26 21 25

Naphthalenes, % volume - 3.00 0.94 1.3 1.69 2.28 0.24 1.92 1.47 1.47 0.9 2.6

Existent Gum, mg/100ml - 7 1 1 1 6 0 5 1 5 1 3

MSEP (* min. with SDA) 85 (70*) - 70 100 73 100 70 99 57 99 75 99

Particulate, mg/l - 1.0 - - 0.01 0.65 0.1 0.8 - - 0.01 0.82

Colour Report - - 17 26 - - 15 30 22 30

Number of Batches - - 21 62 97 183 157

Total Quantity m3 - - 190,096 792,593 788,438 1,865,345 1,964,355

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B Appendix B: Figures

B.1 Figure 1 – Total Acidity Histogram

Total Acidity

0.2% 0.6% 0.4%1.8%2.3%2.7%2.7%

3.9%4.6%5.5%

4.7%4.4%

6.7%

9.5%

16.2%

34.0%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015

mg KOH/g

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 0.015 Max, Mean = 0.004, St Dev = 0.004)

B.2 Figure 2 – Total Acidity Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Acidity

0.0030

0.0035

0.0040

0.0045

0.0050

0.0055

0.0060

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

mg

KO

H/g

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B.3 Figure 3 – Aromatics Histogram

Aromatics

0.6%3.3%

7.6%

18.1%

41.7%

22.4%

6.2%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

12 14 16 18 20 22 24

% vol

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 25 Max, Mean = 18.7, St Dev = 2.3)

B.4 Figure 4 – Aromatics Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Aromatics

17.0

17.5

18.0

18.5

19.0

19.5

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

% V

olum

e

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B.5 Figure 5 – Total Sulphur Histogram

Total Sulphur

0.7%1.8%1.1%0.8%1.0%1.2%1.0%1.7%1.4%3.1%

5.3%

14.1%

36.1%

24.1%

6.4%

050

100150200250300350400450500

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28

% m

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.6 Figure 6 – Total Sulphur Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Total Sulphur

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

0.055

0.060

0.065

0.070

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

% M

ass

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B.7 Figure 7 – Mercaptan Sulphur Histogram

Mercaptan Sulphur

1.6%1.6%4.1%

14.4%

19.3%

36.2%

22.9%

050

100150200250300350400450

0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003

% mass

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.8 Figure 8 – Mercaptan Sulphur Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Mercaptan Sulphur

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0.0010

0.0011

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

% M

ass

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B.9 Figure 9 – Distillation IBP Histogram

Distillation IBP

0.2% 0.1%0.9%5.4%

27.8%

50.4%

15.3%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

140 145 150 155 160 165 170

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = Report, Mean = 152, St Dev = 4)

B.10 Figure 10 – Distillation IBP Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean IBP

149.0

150.0

151.0

152.0

153.0

154.0

155.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.11 Figure 11 – Distillation 10% Recovery Histogram

10% Recovery

0.6%3.5%

24.6%

40.6%

25.2%

5.5%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

160 165 170 175 180 185

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 205 Max, Mean = 170, St Dev = 5)

B.12 Figure 12 – Distillation 10% Recovery Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean 10% Recovery

167.0

168.0

169.0

170.0

171.0

172.0

173.0

174.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656


50% Recovery

0.5% 0.6%4.7%

41.1%

32.4%

16.2%

4.5%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

180 185 190 195 200 205 210

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches




193.5

194.0

194.5

195.0

195.5

196.0

196.5

197.0

197.5

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656


90% Recovery

0.3% 0.8%3.3%

12.0%

34.8%32.6%

9.2%

3.0%3.1%0.9%

050

100150200250300350400450500

210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches




232.0

233.0

234.0

235.0

236.0

237.0

238.0

239.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.17 Figure 17 – Distillation FBP Histogram

Distillation FBP

0.2% 0.6%3.9%

7.1%7.6%

11.7%

33.3%

24.6%

6.5%3.6%

0.8%0

50100150200250300350400450

235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 300 Max, Mean = 259, St Dev = 8)

B.18 Figure 18 – Distillation FBP Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Distillation FBP

253.0

254.0

255.0

256.0

257.0

258.0

259.0

260.0

261.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.19 Figure 19 – Flash Point Histogram

Flash Point

0.4%1.1%1.9%5.0%

20.8%

33.7%34.4%

2.7%

050

100150200250300350400450

38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 38 Min, Mean = 42.2, St Dev = 2.2)

B.20 Figure 20 – Flash Point Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Flash Point

41.0

41.5

42.0

42.5

43.0

43.5

44.0

44.5

45.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.21 Figure 21 – Density Histogram

Density

0.2%1.9%

10.9%

25.4%27.7%

23.1%

10.8%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

785 790 795 800 805 810 815

kg/m³

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 775 Min, Mean = 802.2, St Dev = 6.0)

B.22 Figure 22 – Density Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Density

796.0

797.0

798.0

799.0

800.0

801.0

802.0

803.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

kg/m

³ @ -1

5°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.23 Figure 23 – Freezing Point Histogram

Freezing Point

0.1% 0.3%

12.7%

51.7%

23.2%

5.4%1.7%1.5%2.2%1.1%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

-75 -72 -69 -66 -63 -60 -57 -54 -51 -48

°C

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = -47 Max, Mean = -54.6, St Dev = 4.0)

B.24 Figure 24 – Freezing Point Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Freezing Point

-55.0

-54.5

-54.0

-53.5

-53.0

-52.5

-52.0

-51.5

-51.0

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

°C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.25 Figure 25 – Kinematic Viscosity Histogram

Kinematic Viscosity

0.1% 0.0% 0.1%0.4%

5.9%

55.7%

36.4%

1.5%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

mm²/s

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.26 Figure 26 – Kinematic Viscosity Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Viscosity

3.70

3.75

3.80

3.85

3.90

3.95

4.00

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

mm

²/s @

-20°

C

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.27 Figure 27 – Specific Energy Histogram

Specific Energy

0.2%

10.0%

37.1%36.8%

14.9%

1.0%

050

100150200250300350400450500

43 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5

MJ/kg

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 42.8 Min, Mean = 43.2, St Dev = 0.1)

B.28 Figure 28 – Specific Energy Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Specific Energy

43.18

43.20

43.22

43.24

43.26

43.28

43.30

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

MJ/

kg

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.29 Figure 29 – Smoke Point Histogram

Smoke Point

2.6%

26.8%

21.1%

25.0%

14.9%

8.5%

1.1%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

mm

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 19 Min, Mean = 23, St Dev = 1)

B.30 Figure 30 – Smoke Point Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Smoke Point

22.80

23.00

23.20

23.40

23.60

23.80

24.00

24.20

24.40

24.60

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

mm

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.31 Figure 31 – Naphthalenes Histogram

Naphthalenes

0.1%0.9%

4.6%

15.6%17.7%

21.8%

13.8%

9.8%

5.6%

7.9%

2.1%

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75

% vol

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.32 Figure 32 – Naphthalenes Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Naphthalenes

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

% V

olum

e

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.33 Figure 33 – Existent Gum Histogram

Existent Gum

0.4% 0.3% 0.1%1.0%7.0%

78.7%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6

mg/100ml

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.34 Figure 34 – Existent Gum Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean Existent Gum

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

mg/

100m

l

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.35 Figure 35 – MSEP Histogram

MSEP

0.1% 0.1% 0.0%

40.5%

28.7%

14.0%

6.7%4.8%4.2%

1.0%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

MSEP

Num

ber o

f bat

ches

(Spec Lim = 70 Min, Mean = 94, St Dev = 7)

B.36 Figure 36 – MSEP Trend Graph

Trend of the Annual Mean MSEP

89.00

90.00

91.00

92.00

93.00

94.00

95.00

96.00

97.00

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

mg/

100m

l

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.37 Figure 37 – Particulate Histogram

Particulate

17.2%

22.2%

18.2%

7.3%

11.2%

7.6%

4.3%

2.0% 1.1% 0.5% 0.7%

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

mg/l

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


B.38 Figure 38 – Colour Histogram

Colour

0.2% 0.4% 0.3%

36.0%

2.9%

8.8%7.5%

9.9%

2.5%2.5%2.5%2.9%4.3%

2.4%1.7%0.9%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Num

ber o

f bat

ches


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.39 Figure 39 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Acidity, Aromatics)

Near specification limit trend analysis

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

% N

ear s

peci

ficat

ion

AcidityAromatics

B.40 Figure 40 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Mercaptans, Flash Point, Freezing Point)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

% N

ear s

peci

ficat

ion

MercaptansFlash PointFreeze Point

QINETIQ/08/01656

B.41 Figure 41 – Near Specification Limit Trend Analysis (Smoke Point, Naphthalenes)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

% N

ear s

peci

ficat

ion

Smoke PointNaphthalenes

QINETIQ/08/01656

Initial distribution listExternal

Defence Fuels Group AFTM

Energy Institute Technical Manager Standards (3copies)

Aviation Fuel Industry Approx 70 copies

QinetiQ

Mr P Jones Business Group Manager

Mr K Cowey Technical Manager

Dr A Clague Capability Leader, Fuels

Mr P Brook Principal Scientist, Fuels

Mr G K Rickard Principal Scientist, Fuels

Information Resources

DRIC DSTL Knowledge Services (2 copies)

QINETIQ/08/01656

Report documentation pageOriginator’s Report Number QINETIQ/08/01656

Originator’s Name and Location

Garry Rickard QinetiQ Cody Technology Park,Building 442, Room G23, Farnborough GU14 0LX

Customer Contract Number and Period Covered DFG2a/1500

Customer Sponsor’s Post/Name and Location

Gp Capt Nigel Arnold, HQ DFG, Defence Petroleum Centre, West Moors, Wimborne, BH21 6QS Sonia Quintanilla, Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London W1G 7AR

Report Protective Marking and any other markings

Date of issue Pagination No. of references

UNCLASSIFIED July 08 Cover + 40 24

Report Title

The Quality of Aviation Fuel Available in the United Kingdom Annual Survey 2007

Translation / Conference details None

Title Protective Marking UNCLASSIFIED

Authors Garry Rickard

Downgrading Statement Not Applicable

Secondary Release Limitations Not Applicable

Announcement Limitations Not Applicable

Keywords / Descriptors AVIATION FUEL, JET FUEL, SURVEY, 2007

Abstract

This report contains a summary of the data relating to the specification properties for AVTUR supplied in the UK during the year 2007. The data is expressed in the form of histograms and mean values, which are graphically compared over the period 1986-2007. This report is the thirty-fourth in a series of annual survey reports.

Abstract Protective Marking: UNCLASSIFIED

This form meets DRIC-SPEC 1000 issue 7

QINETIQ/08/01656

Blank page

aviation fuel 2007

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