aviation infrastructure

7/31/2019 Aviation Infrastructure

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AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE

SUPPORTS:Airlines (Passenger & Freight Carriers)

Flying Training Academies

General Aviation (Company & Private Aircraft)

Helicopters

Military Aircraft & Helicopters


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Major Components of the Infrastructure

Airports, Heliports and Civil Enclaves

Air Traffic Management (ATM) Service

En-route Communication, Navigation & Surveillance (CNS) Facilities

Space-based CNS Facilities


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Civil Airports in India

With Airports Authority of India:

Domestic: 89

International: 16

(Of these two are leased out)Civil Enclaves run by AAI: 26

With Companies:

3 (Bangalore, Hyderabad & Kochi)

Many more small airports run by State

Governments and other organizations


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Factors Determining Minimum

Runway Length Requirement

Type of Aircraft

All-up Weight

Elevation Above Mean Sea Level

Ambient Temperature

Wind Direction & Wind Speed


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Factors Governing

Choice of Runway Orientation

Predominant Direction of Wind

Topography

Obstacles

Operation at neighboring airports


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Wind Rose


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Airport Reference Code

(Defined by ICAO)

A Numeral followed by a Letter

Numeral indicates runway length

Letter indicates Aircraft Size/ Wing Span

Example: 4F (Runway> 1,800 m, Aircraft Airbus A380)


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TYPICAL AIRPORT CORE LAYOUT

RUNWAY

Parallel Taxiway

APRON

PAX TERMINAL


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Standards for Code E Airports

(for Boing 777, Airbus A-340 etc.)

Runway Strip: 300m

Runway Length: 3660m (Sea Level, Standard Temp)

Runway Width: 45m (60m for Code F) Runway Shoulder: 5m

Taxiway width: 25m

Runway End Safety Area: Length 240m, Width 120m)

Runway-Taxiway Separation (C/L to C/L): 190m


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City-side Facilities

Car Park, Prepaid Taxi Counter, Airlines Offices,

Duty Managers Office, Visitor Entry Ticket Counter,

Conveniences.

Departure Area: Concourse, Food Stalls, Book Shop,

Conveniences, Baggage X-Ray Machines,Check-in Counters, Customs, Immigration, Security

Check, Security Hold Area

ArrivalArea: Immigration, Customs, BaggageDelivery Belts, Prepaid Taxi Counter, Hotel Information

Counter, Tourist Information Counter

Note: Signage in Letters & Pictures for all facilities


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Air-side Facilities

Pavements: Runway, Taxi-ways, Apron, Isolation Bay, Cargo

Cargo Apron, Cargo Cooling Area, Aircraft Maintenance Hangar

Airfield Lighting (Edge, Centre-line, Approach Lights CCR etc)

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Navigational Aids (ILS, VOR/DME)

Surveillance Aids (ASR, SMR, ADS) Communication Aid (VHF Radio, ATN Router, VSAT)

Runway Visual Range (RVR) System)

Air Traffic Control Tower (ATC Units, SAR Control, Met Office,

Briefing Room etc) Aircraft Maintenance Hangars

Fire Station

Fuel Storage

Security System


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Revenues from Aviation Infrastructure

Aeronautical Revenues: Directly related to

aircraft operations

Non-aeronautical Revenues


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Aeronautical Revenues

Landing Charge

Parking Charge

Housing Charge

Route Navigational Facility Charge (RNFC)

Terminal Navigation & Landing Charge (TNLC)


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Non-Aeronautical Revenues

Car Parking Charge

Visitors Tickets

Cargo Warehousing Charge Concessions (Restaurants, Book Stall, Hotel, Malls)

Rentals from Airline & Travel Agencies etc.


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Airport Economic Regulatory Authority

Set up an Act of Parliament in 2008, it1. Regulates:

Tariff for all Aeronautical Services

Airport Development Fees for New Airports

Determines Passenger Service Fee

2. Monitors Performance Standards of Quality,

Continuity and Reliability of Service

3. Is authorized to receive data from AAI, all Airport

Owners, Airlines and other Service Providers


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Cargo Operations

Cargo received from Customer at City-side Cargo Terminal

Cargo Terminals are equipped with Automation

Cargo Converted to Pellets or Containers

Stored (Cold Storage for Perishable Goods)Staged on the Air-side of the Cargo Terminal for loading

Cargo carried to Cargo Apron or General Apron as needed

Cargo Aprons are used for Parking Freighters

Excess Capacity in Passenger Aircraft is used for Cargo At Hub Airports, Cargo is required to transferred from

One Aircraft to Another.


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Aviation Security

Airport Security

Aircraft Security

Security of Off-Base Infrastructure


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Airport Security

Perimeter Security

City-side & Air-side Security


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City-side and Air-side Security

X-Ray Baggage Inspection (Registered & Cabin Baggage)

Multi-Energy X-Ray Systems

Door Frame Metal Detectors Hand-held Metal Detectors

Chemical Sensors

Trained Dogs

Whole-Body Scans

Checks for Hopping Flights


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Perimeter Security

2.5 to 3.5 M Tall Perimeter Fence (BCAS Standard)

Barbed-wire On Top

Perimeter Road to facilitate Inspection

Sensors: 1. CCTV Coverage

2. Microwave Fence

3. Gravity Sensors

Fence to Stop Human & Wildlife Intrusion Entry Points in Fence to be Controlled


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Obstacle Clearance Around Airports

(Radius of 20 km)

Surfaces defined by ICAO Annex 14

(Obstructions to aircraft movement)

Compatibility with Navigational Aids (Annex 10)

Compatibility with Operating Procedures

(ICAO PANS/OPS 8188)


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Development of A Green Field Airport

Establish Need: Study Air Traffic History in the Area,

Forecast traffic growth, Study demography and industryIn the catchment area to estimate potential Passenger

and Cargo load.

Establish Feasibility: Topographic Survey, Runway

Orientation, Airport Code, Aeronautical Study, Techno-economic Feasibility Study, Rapid Environmental Impact

Assessment. Land Acquisition if Feasibility is established.

Prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR): Details follow

Obtain Clearances: Environment, Forrest, Defence, etc

& Central Cabinet approval.

Choose a Consortium for Public Private Partnership, Form

SPV and implement the Project


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Salient Features of DPR

Forecasts: Passenger & Cargo Air Traffic: Peak & Average, Design Parameters

Aircraft Mix

Airport Location & Accessibility

Land Use, Master Plan for Air & Land sides Phases of Development

Environmental Impact Assessment

Cost Estimates

Internal Rate of Return Business Plan, Model, Debt-Equity Ratio

Documentation for Inviting Proposals


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Airports with Public Private Participation (PPP)

Equity Capital

Indian Foreign

(51 % or more) (49 % or less)

Government Private

(26 %) (Balance)

Central State

(13 %) (13 %)


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Salient Developments during last few years

New Kochi Airport by a Co-operative Society

New Bangalore & Hyderabad Airports with PPP

Leasing out of Delhi & Mumbai Airports

Upgrade of 11 domestic airports as International


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New Airports on the Anvil

Navi Mumbai International Airport at Belapur

Domestic Airport near Sindhu Durg

Domestic Airport near Shirdi

International Airport near Rajgurunagar (?)

International Airport in Goa


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Planned Upgrades to Airports in India

Multimodal International Hub At Nagpur (MIHAN)

Ozar Civil Enclave to introduce Wireless Control of NAVAIDS

Instrument Landing System at Pune and at other Air Force

Civil Enclaves


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Load Classification Number (LCN)

(Traditional British System)LCN of an Aircraft indicates single-wheel load it exerts on Pavement

LCN of a Runway indicates ability of pavement to support load

Aircraft can land if the Runway LCN is at least equal to Aircraft LCN


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Typical LCNs

Wheel

Loading

(LBS)

Wheel

Loading

(KG)

Tire

Pressure

(psi)

LCN Typical

Aircraft

30,000 13,500 85 30 Boeing737

40,000 18,600 90 40 Airbus 320

60,000 27,200 100 60 Airbus 300

1,00,000 45,400 120 100 Boeing747


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Current ICAO Classification

Pavement Classification Number (PCN)

(A Number followed by four Letter Suffixes)

Aircraft Classification Number (ACN)

The PCN Number should be at least equal to the CAN

To enable safe operation


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PCN

A Number to indicate load bearing capacity(Based on may factors, hence no Unit attached)

Followed by four letters separated by Slashes:

(1) Pavement type ( F: Flexible, R: Rigid)(2) Sub Grade Strength: (A: High, B: Medium, C: Low)

(3) Max Tire Pressure Acceptable (W: Any Pressure,

X: 1.5 MPa [217psi], Y: 1 MPa [145psi], Z:0.5 MPa [72psi])

(4) Method of working out the Number (T: Technical Evaluation,

U: By Usage)

An Example: 60/F/A/W/T


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ACN

This Number expresses the effect of the aircraft

on the Runway Pavement.

It depends, besides the aircraft weight and the

configuration of the Undercarriage, on:(1) Tire Pressure (psi or MPa)

(2) Type of Pavement (Rigid or Flexible or Rigid)

(3) Strength of Sub Grade (% CBR for Flexible

and MN/Cu m or Lbs/Cu in for Rigid)


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An Example: ACN for Boeing 737-200 with

Max Weight 572 KN & Tire Pressure 1.26 MPa

Flex Pavement:

Sub Grade

Strength

A (High) B

(Medium)

C (Low) D (Very

Low)

ACN 31 32 37 41

Rigid Pavement

Sub Grade

Strength

A (High) B

(Medium)

C (Low) D (Ultra

Low)

ACN 35 37 39 41


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Air Traffic Service

CNS

(Communication, Navigation, Surveillance)

ATM

(Air Traffic Management)


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Flight Information Regions (FIR)

(Indias Jurisdiction)

35% Terrestrial Airspace, rest Oceanic

Four Regions: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata & Mumbai(Gauhati, a sub-regional centre)


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Aircraft To Aircraft Separation

Vertical Separation

Longitudinal Separation

Lateral Separation


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Phases of Flight

Take Off

Climb

Cruise

Descent

Land


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Flight Rules

Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)


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Air Navigation

Dead Reckoning

Position Fixing


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Route Navigation & Non-precision Approach Aids

VHF Omni Range (VOR): Provides Bearing

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME): Provides Slant Rang


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Non Precision Approach (NPA):

Based on VOR & DME

Aircraft reports over VOR/DME Site at a specified safe height:

Initial Approach Fix (IAF)

Descends along a specified safe radial for a specified distance,turns to align with Runway Centerline:

Final Approach Fix (FAF)


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Non Precision Approach & Precision Approach

Final Approach Fix

Initial Approach Fix

Runway


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Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Provides Lateral Guidance to keep aircraft on

the Centre Line of the Runway

Provides Vertical Guidance to keep aircraft

descending on line subtending 3 degree

angle from touch-down point


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Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Category RVR (m) DecisionHeight (m)

I 550 60

II 350 30III A 200 0

III B 50 0

III C 0 0

Note: Cat III C requires no Visual Aids


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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS): USA

Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS): Russia

Galileo: European Space Agency

Regional Navigation System: India


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Space Based Augmentation Systems (S-BAS)

(For improving accuracy of GNSS Systems)

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS): For GPS: USA

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay (EGNOS): ESA

Geostationary Augmented GPS Air Navigation (GAGAN): India


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Freedoms of the Air

In 1944, Chicago Convention resulted in the formation

of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

In 2007, all ICAO Members signed Two FreedomsAgreement & left Five Freedoms Agreement open

For Bilateral negotiations


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Five Freedoms of the Air

1) Right to fly over a foreign country without landing there

2) Right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign

country on the way to another country

3) Right to fly from ones own country to another4) Right to fly from another country to ones own

5) Right to fly between two foreign countries while the

flight originates or ends in ones own country


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ICAO, IATA, DGCA, AAI

ICAO: An arm of United Nations. Lays down Standards &

Recommended Practices for Safe Operation of Air Traffic

IATA: A Trade association of Airlines, Travel Agents etc.

DGCA: Government of Indias Regulator for Aviation

AAI: Air TrafficService Provider in Indian Air Space


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Emergency Broadcast for Search & Rescue

Air- Ground Search & Recue:

(1) VHF: 123.5 MHz

(2) UHF: 243 MHz

Satellite Aided Search & Rescue:

UHF: 406 MHz

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