avoiding eviction in armutlu

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Travis Hodges

Unit 2Tutors: Robert Dye / Jason Coleman

University College LondonThe Bartlett School of ArchitectureMArch Urban Design 2010-11

2Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

context

photographs of Armutlu today

The informal settlement of Kk Armutlu faces imminent eviction.

As one of several such geekondu in Istanbul, the communitys violent political history and numerous health and safety deficiencies make it a vulnerable target for hostile redevelopment. In order to avoid a forced relocation to mass housing projects, residents must address these justifications by making systematic improvements to their environment. This project demonstrates a local approach to improving physical infrastructure, empowering people to adapt the environment to their needs. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.

HISTORY OF KK ARMUTLU 2011

-70

1940

-50

1960

-30

1980

-20

1990

-10

2000

-5

2005

-

It stipulates that the forests, agricultural lands, and river basins north of the city are to be protected. It is agreed that future metropolitan development should follow an East-West axis.

Most migrants are from the Almus region of Turkey

The early settlement features agriculture and animal husbandry

Ten families are employed by a quarry in Kk Armutlu. They settle on government land next to the quarry owners house

The regional economy suffers due to lost agricultural lands

The Almus Dam is completed

1950

1964

1946

1966

1982

The tobacco crop, the areas primary product, is abandoned due to Blue Mould Disease resulting from increased moisture

Turkey begins agricultural imports

Istanbuls first Development Plan is instituted by the Bureau of City Planning

The Turkish Armed Forces carry out a coup dtat

The increased demand for housing is unmet, driving the majority of immigrants into informal settlements. Hundreds of new houses are illegally built on public land.Access to informal real estate is controlled by a land mafia made up of the first generations of migrants to the area.

Informal settlements develop in Pinar, Resitpasa, Ferahevler, Derbent, Cumhuriyet, and ayirbasi.

Industry and service jobs center around Levent, Maslak, Etiler, and Samayi Mahallesi

200,000 people are imprisoned by the end of the coup

In protest of abysmal conditions in prisons throughout Turkey, a group of prisoners initiates a hunger strike for recognition of their fundamental rights.

Four prisoners die of starvation before the military intervenes.

Residents of Kk Armutlu vote for the Motherland Party in the national election because it promises to grant deeds for the lands they occupy, but they dont win.

The government carries out three major demolitions in Kk Armutlu.

Following the demolitions, the community turns to the Revolutionary Left. The DHKP/C helps residents to rebuild their homes and occupy new land, inviting their relatives from Almus and Tokat to help in the reconstruction.

The military persecute minorities, especially the Alevi peoples of the Black Sea region. Villagers from Sivas and Almus are criminalized by the military due to the intrusion of radical leftist guerillas into mountain villages.

One such group is the DHKP/C: Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front

The Military abolishes the Bureau of City Planning. There is an acceleration in development north of Istanbul.

1980

1983

1983

1988 The TEM highway and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridge are completed

1984

1989 Promising deeds, services, and a moratorium on demolitions in Kk Armutlu, the Social Democratic Populist party (SHP) wins the national election.Within months of taking office, the new government reneges on its promises, citing an inconsistency with its social democrat values.

Large numbers of families migrate to Istanbul

1990 286 residents sign a petition denouncing the crimes and abuses of the land mafia.Four days later, the police carry out a night operation against the petitioners. 30 residents are arrested, 11 shot, and 1 killed. 17 police are injured by stones thrown by the residents.

Following the intervention of the police in favor of the land mafia, the revolutionary left gains popular support

1991 The Anti-Terror Law is instituted. It is used by the government to ban independent political activity.

1993 The land mafia is expelled in favor of the revolutionary left, which convinced residents of their legitimacy to own property. By favoring use-value over exchange value, the revolutionary left established the moral authority in housing policy.

The Peoples Committee is the functional local government in Kk Armutlu. It develops infrastructure, including electricity, water, roads, and sewer, by lobbying with local authorities and organizing the labor force for the projects. Furthermore it collects money from inhabitants and provides public services for the neighborhood.

1996 Of the 6000 prisoners held under the Anti-terror Law, less than 10% are convicted of any crime.

Prisoners undertake a second hunger strike, this time to protest extreme isolation cells in the countrys high security prisons. 12 Strikers die and more are injured.

1998 At the Kartal special-type prison, inmates report being held incommunicado for months at a time.

1999 Turkey gains European Union candidate status.

2006 The Center for Cultural Activities is constructed, providing a location for the Alevi traditional semah and baglama, as well as theatre and film.

2009 Kk Armutlu shifts allegiance in the national elections to MHP and CHP, citing their concerns about living in unregistered houses.

2000 The Defense Ministry institutes a new prison typology, the f-type, which isolates inmates in cells rather than dormitories. The prisons are cited by several international organizations as violating the human rights of the prisoners.

2001 Inmates continue to hunger strike. The militarys efforts to force-feed prisoners results in hundreds of cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

The prisons grant some inmates medical leave to recover in their own communities, but most continue to strike to starvation. Kk Armutlu becomes the headquarters of the hunger strike movement, attracting people from across Turkey.

The community supports the movement by establishing houses of resistance, where hunger strikers are looked after and encouraged. New methods are developed to prolong the starvation process, extending the record from 72 to 288 days. The death fasts attract political activists, university students, and community members willing to participate.

September Police attack a gathering of 300 supporters during the funeral of a hunger striker. Claiming vengeance for a policeman slain in a suicide bombing carried out by the DHKP/C, 800 police invade the community with guns, five tanks, gas bombs, and water hose. By the end of the operation, 150 people are arrested.

November A Police Station is constructed in Kk Armutlu.

Residents report an increase in crime as a result of the new station, accusing police of colluding with criminals.

38 hunger strikers die of starvation.

2004 In the national elections, the AKP promises deeds in exchange for votes in Kk Armutlu. They fail to keep their promise.

October

December

In protest of the new f-type prisons, inmates carry out the largest hunger strike to date.

Faced with hundreds of hunger-striking inmates, the military institutes Operation Return to Life. Over the course of three days, 10,0000 police raid 20 prisons across Turkey. By the end of the operation, 30 inmates and two police are killed.

2009 Population of Kk Armutlu reaches 22,000 inhabitants

As the informal housing stock develops exchange value, enclosed lands are divided and sold off to incoming migrants.

historical timeline

Kk Armutlu is located on the northern periphery of Istanbul on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus straight. Settled from the 1960s by working class migrants from Turkeys interior, the community is like many other geekondu or informal settlements.

Surrounded by gated communities and business districts, Armutlu displays a unique diversity of intimate dwellings and compelling common spaces. The dense informal fabric lends itself to customization by the residents, who adapt the built environment to their needs

The community cultivates local social networks, despite the pressures from outside to modernize and conform. The Peoples Committee is the communitys authority for local issues and development. Comprised of volunteers, the committee is not an official government body yet collects taxes and lobbies for government services and infrastructure projects. In this way, the community has secured electricity, water, sewage, and roads over the past twenty years.

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

3

Kk Armutlu: Economy

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secondary school

primary school

primary school

mosque

mosque

mosque

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medical clinics

cemevi

community center

local government headquarters


medicalcenter

police station

wastewater treatment

facility

mosque

mosque

mosque

medical center

Istanbul Technical University

Land UseCommercial

Institutional

Industrial

1-2 storey house

3-4 storey flats

5-7 storey flats

HISTORY OF KK ARMUTLU 2011

-70

1940

-50

1960

-30

1980

-20

1990

-10

2000

-5

2005

-

It stipulates that the forests, agricultural lands, and river basins north of the city are to be protected. It is agreed that future metropolitan development should follow an East-West axis.

Most migrants are from the Almus region of Turkey

The early settlement features agriculture and animal husbandry

Ten families are employed by a quarry in Kk Armutlu. They settle on government land next to the quarry owners house

The regional economy suffers due to lost agricultural lands

The Almus Dam is completed

1950

1964

1946

1966

1982

The tobacco crop, the areas primary product, is abandoned due to Blue Mould Disease resulting from increased moisture

Turkey begins agricultural imports

Istanbuls first Development Plan is instituted by the Bureau of City Planning

The Turkish Armed Forces carry out a coup dtat

The increased demand for housing is unmet, driving the majority of immigrants into informal settlements. Hundreds of new houses are illegally built on public land.Access to informal real estate is controlled by a land mafia made up of the first generations of migrants to the area.

Informal settlements develop in Pinar, Resitpasa, Ferahevler, Derbent, Cumhuriyet, and ayirbasi.

Industry and service jobs center around Levent, Maslak, Etiler, and Samayi Mahallesi

200,000 people are imprisoned by the end of the coup

In protest of abysmal conditions in prisons throughout Turkey, a group of prisoners initiates a hunger strike for recognition of their fundamental rights.

Four prisoners die of starvation before the military intervenes.

Residents of Kk Armutlu vote for the Motherland Party in the national election because it promises to grant deeds for the lands they occupy, but they dont win.

The government carries out three major demolitions in Kk Armutlu.

Following the demolitions, the community turns to the Revolutionary Left. The DHKP/C helps residents to rebuild their homes and occupy new land, inviting their relatives from Almus and Tokat to help in the reconstruction.

The military persecute minorities, especially the Alevi peoples of the Black Sea region. Villagers from Sivas and Almus are criminalized by the military due to the intrusion of radical leftist guerillas into mountain villages.

One such group is the DHKP/C: Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front

The Military abolishes the Bureau of City Planning. There is an acceleration in development north of Istanbul.

1980

1983

1983

1988 The TEM highway and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridge are completed

1984

1989 Promising deeds, services, and a moratorium on demolitions in Kk Armutlu, the Social Democratic Populist party (SHP) wins the national election.Within months of taking office, the new government reneges on its promises, citing an inconsistency with its social democrat values.

Large numbers of families migrate to Istanbul

1990 286 residents sign a petition denouncing the crimes and abuses of the land mafia.Four days later, the police carry out a night operation against the petitioners. 30 residents are arrested, 11 shot, and 1 killed. 17 police are injured by stones thrown by the residents.

Following the intervention of the police in favor of the land mafia, the revolutionary left gains popular support

1991 The Anti-Terror Law is instituted. It is used by the government to ban independent political activity.

1993 The land mafia is expelled in favor of the revolutionary left, which convinced residents of their legitimacy to own property. By favoring use-value over exchange value, the revolutionary left established the moral authority in housing policy.

The Peoples Committee is the functional local government in Kk Armutlu. It develops infrastructure, including electricity, water, roads, and sewer, by lobbying with local authorities and organizing the labor force for the projects. Furthermore it collects money from inhabitants and provides public services for the neighborhood.

1996 Of the 6000 prisoners held under the Anti-terror Law, less than 10% are convicted of any crime.

Prisoners undertake a second hunger strike, this time to protest extreme isolation cells in the countrys high security prisons. 12 Strikers die and more are injured.

1998 At the Kartal special-type prison, inmates report being held incommunicado for months at a time.

1999 Turkey gains European Union candidate status.

2006 The Center for Cultural Activities is constructed, providing a location for the Alevi traditional semah and baglama, as well as theatre and film.

2009 Kk Armutlu shifts allegiance in the national elections to MHP and CHP, citing their concerns about living in unregistered houses.

2000 The Defense Ministry institutes a new prison typology, the f-type, which isolates inmates in cells rather than dormitories. The prisons are cited by several international organizations as violating the human rights of the prisoners.

2001 Inmates continue to hunger strike. The militarys efforts to force-feed prisoners results in hundreds of cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

The prisons grant some inmates medical leave to recover in their own communities, but most continue to strike to starvation. Kk Armutlu becomes the headquarters of the hunger strike movement, attracting people from across Turkey.

The community supports the movement by establishing houses of resistance, where hunger strikers are looked after and encouraged. New methods are developed to prolong the starvation process, extending the record from 72 to 288 days. The death fasts attract political activists, university students, and community members willing to participate.

September Police attack a gathering of 300 supporters during the funeral of a hunger striker. Claiming vengeance for a policeman slain in a suicide bombing carried out by the DHKP/C, 800 police invade the community with guns, five tanks, gas bombs, and water hose. By the end of the operation, 150 people are arrested.

November A Police Station is constructed in Kk Armutlu.

Residents report an increase in crime as a result of the new station, accusing police of colluding with criminals.

38 hunger strikers die of starvation.

2004 In the national elections, the AKP promises deeds in exchange for votes in Kk Armutlu. They fail to keep their promise.

October

December

In protest of the new f-type prisons, inmates carry out the largest hunger strike to date.

Faced with hundreds of hunger-striking inmates, the military institutes Operation Return to Life. Over the course of three days, 10,0000 police raid 20 prisons across Turkey. By the end of the operation, 30 inmates and two police are killed.

2009 Population of Kk Armutlu reaches 22,000 inhabitants

As the informal housing stock develops exchange value, enclosed lands are divided and sold off to incoming migrants.

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1025

500

model expressing the spatial quality

4opposite: an illustration of the conflicting forces at work in Armutlu

The local community is threatened by globalizing political and economic forces transmitted by the municipal and national governments, financial institutions, investors, and developers. These forces seek to redevelop Kk Armutlu for a variety of reasons:

Motorway

Proposed Motorway

Central Business District

Development Axis

LEVENT

MASLAK

KARTALIstanbul Development Forces

ATAEHIR

HALKALI

KAYABAI

Mass Housing Development

Marmaray Tunnel

Proposed Third Bridge

the high real-estate value of the land itself

reputation for political resistance and extremism

nonconformity with official vision of development

Istanbul municipalitys development plan

Invasive elements within the community: the police station, a tank, & the Ferrari dealership understanding the threat

Armutlu



5

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high security barrier

reservoirfloodpath

high security ba

rrie

r

mafia

gate

d community

Konaklar

gate

d communities

Etiler

hist

oric waterfront

Baltalimani

state

university

Istanbul Tech

po

st-geekondu

Reitpaa

wat

erfro

nt residential

Emirgan

illeg

al settlement

Karanfilky

high security barrier

armedwatchtowerPOLICE

STATIONtank

AK party headquarters



CULTURAL & COMMUNITY

CENTER

gentrifyingretail

2008:22housesdemolished






armedwatchtower

armedwatchtower

wastewater treatment

facility

Housing Type

geekondu house:low income, traditional lifestyle

apartment building:high income, established families

Roads Hierarchylight traffic

medium traffic

heavy traffic

Public Transport

municipal bus service

local dolmu service

Kk Armutlu: Power and Influence

6Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

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hazaro

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unm

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e connections

ove

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by

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50 10020 2000

STEEP GRADE: Natural Disaster Risk

RAVINE: Flooding / Erosion Risk

Rainwater Drainage

Domestic Coal Contamination

Sub-standard Construction

Untreated Wastewater Drinking Water Distributor

Existing Treecover

Kk Armutlu: Environment


7

In order to stave off the threat of eviction, the community must act on its own to eliminate the causes of each justification.

left: an analysis of the environmental issues that undermine the community

Kk Armutlu currently exhibits several health, safely, and security issues that undermine the community. These issues include poor water management practices, contamination of the air from coal burning, poor construction quality, crime, and the reputation of being an extremist enclave. Unfortunately, these issues may provide the justification needed to evict the residents and redevelop the community.

Only by addressing each justification can Armutlu expect to remain intact and maintain its present territory. Although addressing environmental and social threats internally will be a challenge without the support and resources of the municipal government, it is a project with lasting benefits for the community.

finding justifications for eviction

Evicting a community of 22,000 would not be defensible without appropriate justification. Such justifications would need to be defendable against the UN and other international organizations on the grounds that the current living conditions in Armutlu are unsafe or unhealthy.

developing a strategy

Social Projects

0.0 Prime Minister Erdoan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Kk Armutlu

Peoples Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:

Environmental Projects

Peoples Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation

0.1 General Meeting at community center10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date

5.2 Domestic water filter workshopinstruct how to make lters for safe drinking water

1. Water management

2. Air quality

3. Building construction

4. Security

A. Flooding and erosion damage

B. Unsuitable drinking water

C. Untreated wastewater

A. Poorly-ventilated coal firesB. Incineration of hazardous materials

A. Substandard concrete and

B. Poor foundation

5. Perception as extremist enclave

A. CrimeB. Delinquent youth

A. Introduce strategy and vision

C. Institute tax for community improvements

0.1 Distribute wildflower seedsresidents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community

B. Appoint environmental & social task forces

A. interview residents

B. observe and document

C. findings determine boundaries of target zone

0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysistask force determines where water collects, ows, and causes problems

1.2 Establish target zonetask force identies specic area for concentrated improvements

1.3 Launch agriculture programmeoffers services to residents of target zone and volunteers

A. loan of tools

B. supply of seed

C. access to gardening expertise

Team A. collect litter

Team B. trim overgrown vegetation

Team C. plant trees and flowers

0.4 Community work dayinvite residents to collaborate on collective projects

Team D. feed and entertain volunteers

2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I)provides paid work for unemployed residents

A. address immediate flood risks

B. excavate ponds and canals

C. construct retaining walls

1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operativefacility for operations and storage

1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents 3.1 Establish garden school

A. formal training for co-op volunteers

B. best practices for community gardening


2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteersbeautify common spaces within zone

A. general maintenance

B. plant ornamentals in key areas

4.2 Domestic compost workshopteach fundamentals of composting organic waste

3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative IIexpansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store

5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II)heavy machinery used to install components

A. canals and storage tanks

B. wastewater treatment measures

C. connections to municipal drainage canals

4.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural productionintegration with other improvements

A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting

B. community-wide knowledge and support networks

C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions

6.3 Expand role of co-op workforceemployees and volunteers become agricultural specialists

A. construct and maintain water infrastructure

B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots

C. manage co-op programmes and facilities

3.2 Community tree-planting dayplant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens

4.4 Provide market space at co-operativeresidents encouraged to sell their produce

8.2 - 9.4 Agriculture Co-operative IIIreects new role of co-op at the center of community

A. permanent market and public interface

B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse

C. processing zone for agriculture exports

D. meeting and performance spaces

8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III)comprehensive ow sequence completed

A. water system fully connected to agriculture

B. aesthetic water features developed

C. expanded to areas outside target zone

6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester Iconverts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer

7.1 Community compost campaigncollect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer

10.2 Expand target zoneinclude vacant areas with agricultural potential

11.2 Make trainings accessible for every residentcontinuous courses in sustainable practices

A. childcare and meals provided for incentives

B. coordinated with community social events

9.1 Community work dayvolunteers develop high-visibility areas

Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers

Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings

Team C. feed and entertain workers

13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionalsprovides opportunities for institutional exchanges

A. transmission of technical knowledge

B. real-world applications for science research

16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Centerfor the development of high-tech sustainability projects

A. funded by university and other institutions

B. solar and other energy solutions explored

15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sectorworkers encouraged to provide services outside community

A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce

B. employment engine lifts family incomes

C. reputation of community grows11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facilityseparation of household waste for recycling

A. provides employment for salvage collectors

B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future developmentidenties earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas

A. provides significant economic benefit

B. functions as a virtuous circle system

11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facilitycultivates live sh and aquatic plants

17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areasdesignate green spaces as territorial assets

A. construct trails and seating areas

C. encourage local youth to guide visitors

B. draw attention to local assets or significant views


B. identify community leaders and social promoters

C. determine traditional wisdom networks

0.1 - 0.4 Human resource surveytask force identies individuals with special capabilities

2.2 Handicraft workshopencourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents

1.1 Database of professional skillscommunity directory of knowledgeable experts

12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellingsconstruct new houses for displaced families

A. survey to determine best location



0.3 - 0.4 Community Tenttemporary structure to appearat subsequent community events

A. building and carpentry

B. agriculture and cultivation

C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts

D. music and performance

2.1 Facilitate temporary food marketprovides selling space to any resident

2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fairprovides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations

2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshophardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents

4.3 Invite weekly mobile library servicelocal library makes stops at key locations

7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitchencourages community participation in sport

Events

Buildings

5.2 University student visitInvite ITU students to observe and participate in projects

14.1 Community Centerexpansion to accomodate new cultural uses

A. youth radio station

B. performance hall for semah and baglamah

C. visitors center

Social Projects







1. Water management

2. Air quality


4. Security






B. Poor foundation













A. loan of tools

B. supply of seed












1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents 3.1 Establish garden school

















































































Events

Buildings





C. visitors center

The project recognizes the Peoples Committee as the communitys authority for local issues. The Committee appoints separate task forces to manage the proposed environmental and social improvements.

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Co-op I

Co-op II

Compost & Recyling Center

Workshop IIWorkshop I

Handicrafts Exchange

Community Centre

Aquaponics Facility

Research Center Water Storage Tank

Domestic biogas units Community Biogas & Algaculture

Health Fair

mobile library

Reconstructed Homes

weekly food market

Commercial Focus Area Commercial

Focus Area

athletic festival

Project Timeframe

phase I (within 1 year)

phase II (2-4 years)

phase III (5+ years)

event

hotfood

handicrafts

textiles

tea

vegetables

bakedgoods

tea

hotfood

spices

handicrafts

oranges

hotfood

sweets



9

project overviewThis project, which proposes a series of improvements for the geekondu, demonstrates a systematic approach of addressing specific physical and social deficiencies. The improvements are achieved as the result of interventions that grow in scale and scope as the project develops over a period of twenty to fifty years. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.

The first interventions are implemented by the appointed task force, either social or environmental. The initial projects are low-cost and temporary, such as community work dsys or handicraft workshops.

Among the first physical upgrades, a community gardening campaign encourages residents to cultivate parts of the land around their home. As the project develops, residents make improvements to the surroundings as their agricultural ambition grows. Such improvements include the diversion of water flowing downhill, which previously caused erosion and flooding. This problem is transformed into a benefit with the terracing of gardens, which abates water runoff and provides irrigation.

SocialProjects



EnvironmentalProjects




1. Water management

2. Air quality


4. Security






B. Poor foundation













A. loan of tools

B. supply of seed












1.4 Commence gardening class at community centerweekly course obligatory for target zone residents

3.1 Establish garden school























8.2 - 9.4 Community Centrereects new role of co-op at the center of community


























































Events

Buildings





C. visitors center

4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchangeretail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts

timeline

Social Projects


10.2 Community Festivalshowcase all improvements to date














































































Events

Buildings





C. visitors center



environmental projects are blue

social projects are green

Time is indicated by this number.Digits before the dot represent months.Digits after the dot represent weeks.0.0 is the project start date.

the colored bars represent the duration of a project:

building projects are red

Each interventions vertical position indicates whether it is a building, an event, or a project.

The timeline below describes a systematic approach to improving the community. The process of collaboration necessary to carry out this collective endeavor will strengthen the personal relationships and local networks within the community.

temporary events are yellow

10

SocialProjects







1. Water management

2. Air quality


4. Security






B. Poor foundation













A. loan of tools

B. supply of seed




































8.2 - 9.4 Community Centrereects new role of co-op at the center of community


























































Events

Buildings





C. visitors center

4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchangeretail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts

Visiting Students

Experienced Farmers

Heavy Machinery

Terraced Gardens

Agricultural Worker

New Public Spaces

Visiting Practitioner Volunteers

Composting Area

Community Participation

Recycling Worker

New Trees and Gardens

Community GardeningRecycling Bins

Public Water Access

Agriculture Cooperative

Trade WorkshopCommunity Excursions

Hardware Store

Goods for Sale

Workshop

Salvage Yard

Community Participation

Water Storage

Transformed Open Space

Mobile Library

Handicraft Vendors

Temporary Clinic

Artisan Food Vendors

Volunteer

Street Commerce

Heavy Machinery

Recycling Worker



11

SocialProjects







1. Water management

2. Air quality


4. Security






B. Poor foundation






B. Appoint e

avoiding eviction in armutlu

Documents

history of kk armutlu

residents of kk armutlu

informal settlements

government land

new land

public land

land mafia

agricultural importsistanbuls