avtoris stili daculiapress.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/elzhurnalebi/mermisi_v.pdf · 2014-06-11 ·...

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

m e r m i s i

s t u d e n t T a s a m e c n i e r o S r o m e b i

Tbilisi 2014

avtoris stili daculia

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

m a s a l e b i

IV studenturi regionTaSoriso respublikuri konferencia

urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis

daregulirebisaTvis

humanitaruli da kulturul- saganmanaTleblo

mimarTulebis proeqti

II studenturi regionTaSorisi respublikuri konferencia

masalebi

samarTalmcodneoba, konfliqtologia

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redkolegia: Tamar paiWaZe (mTavari redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli kaxaber loria (redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori nino mindiaSvili (koordinatori) profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti profesorebi: irakli yandiaSvili, eka fircxalava, revaz jorbenaze, medea despotaSvili, nino WalaganiZe, xatuna kaWarava, irma xarSilaZe, eka navrozaSvili, anastasia zaqariaZe, naTela mosiasvili, inga sanikiZe nana gonjilaSvili, Tamar SarabiZe, qeTevan sixaruliZe, rtistan maxauri, sofiko ZnelaZe (doqtoranti) (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti)

profesori: Tamar kiknaZe, marina xizaniSvili (kavkasiis universiteti) profesori: frude hermundsgordi (oslos universiteti) © Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2014


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s a r C e v i

rusudan miqelaSvili .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 administraciuli xelSekrulebis cneba da misi gamijvna samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebisagan . 8 nana ivaniaSvili, laSa kaciaSvili.................................................................................................................................... 13 samSvidobo procesi da religiis roli arab-isrelia konfliqtSi.......................................................................... 13 rusudan elizbaraSvili....................................................................................................................................................... 17 saqarTvelos rekreaciuli potenciali da regionuli urTierTobis magaliTebi............................................. 17 sofo dedabriSvili ................................................................................................................................................................ 22 qarTveli studentebis damokidebuleba rusi xalxisadmi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis fonze .... 22 daviT ZiZiSvili ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Wori, rogorc politkomunikaciis saSualeba da misi roli mediiT......................................................................... 25 manipulirebisas (qarTuli magaliTebis safuZvelze) .................................................................................................. 25 mariam gaboSvili ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 saarCevno maraToni .................................................................................................................................................................. 34 gorgoZe salome ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 bavSvTa janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis sakiTxebis gaSuqeba qarTul mediaSi ......................................... 36 xviCa konceliZe Tornike zeikiZe...................................................................................................................................... 41 Tanamedrove qarTuli mediis eTikuri problemebi ....................................................................................................... 41 xatia carciZe............................................................................................................................................................................ 44 Rirebulebebi da ideologiebi mediis esTetikaSi ......................................................................................................... 44 nino axalaia............................................................................................................................................................................... 48 media - manipulirebisa da propagandis mZlavri iaraRi ............................................................................................... 48 Читанава Медея ………………………………………………………………………………………………………52 Стилистика современной газеты ...……………………………………………………………………………………52 darejan dekanoiZe .................................................................................................................................................................. 50 media da arCevnebi ..................................................................................................................................................................... 50 goderZiSvili Teona .............................................................................................................................................................. 56 bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba saqarTveloSi da eTikur standartebTan Sesabamisoba (axali mediis 2012 wlis Semodgoma-zamTris monacemebze dayrdnobiT)..................................................................................................... 56 salome CavleiSvili ............................................................................................................................................................... 65 socialuri mediis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi................................................................................................................ 65 mariam gazaSvili...................................................................................................................................................................... 68 `versalis mesia da winaswarmetyveli” — vudro uilsoni `rodesac omi damTavrdeba Cven vaiZulebT meomar qveynebs, iazrovnon Cveneburad”............................................................................................................................ 68 nana parinos ............................................................................................................................................................................... 71 hilari klintonida amerikuli kritika ............................................................................................................................. 71 TinaTin asaniSvili ................................................................................................................................................................. 75 mSrali kanoni amerikaSi .......................................................................................................................................................... 75 megi sajaia, TinaTin surmava ............................................................................................................................................... 79 araverbaluri komunikaciis efeqturi gamoyeneba ......................................................................................................... 79 Teona jiblaZe........................................................................................................................................................................... 83 reklamis gavlena qvecnobierze ........................................................................................................................................... 83 nazi Ciqovani ............................................................................................................................................................................. 88 STR-alelebis gavrcelebis sixSire qarTul populaciaSi da misi mniSvneloba sasamarTlo samedicino eqspertizisaTvis...................................................................................................................................................................... 88 xatia dadalauri...................................................................................................................................................................... 91 sasuliero pirTa zneobrivi konfliqti (umberto ekos „vardis saxelis“ mixedviT) ......................................... 91 lili vaSaymaZe, mariam ruxaZe............................................................................................................................................ 95 leqsikologiuri paralelebi Zvel qarTul teqstebSi................................................................................................ 95 TinaTin ZoZuaSvili ............................................................................................................................................................... 98 konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebi literaturaSi ................................................................................................................. 98 qeTevan wiklauri................................................................................................................................................................... 103 drois efeqti guram rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebSi......................................................................................................... 103 ana doliZe ................................................................................................................................................................................ 108 vaJa-fSavela Targmanis Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................................................... 108 TinaTin lekiaSvili.............................................................................................................................................................. 112 Tamaris saxe „vefxistyaosanSi“ .......................................................................................................................................... 112 mariam oqropiriZe, evelina TaraSvili ........................................................................................................................ 117 „xidCatexilobis“ problema qarTveli da afxazi mwerlebis teqstebis mixedviT............................................. 117 mariam xaniSvili .................................................................................................................................................................... 121 mixeil javaxiSvili qarTuli enis Sesaxeb ....................................................................................................................... 121 Tamar modebaZe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 124 maswavleblis saxe ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi......................................................................................................... 124 nino xaJomia............................................................................................................................................................................. 128


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oTar WilaZis romani „martis mamali“ — ZiriTadi problematika ............................................................................ 128 Teona ZiZiguri ....................................................................................................................................................................... 130 nodar dumbaZe qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi ....................................................................................................... 130 qeTevan samadaSvili ............................................................................................................................................................. 134 niko samadaSvilis „Rrubelnara Rameebi“........................................................................................................................ 134 Tamuna WonqaZe ........................................................................................................................................................................ 140 oTar WilaZis personaJebis fsiqosocialuri identifikacia.................................................................................. 140 lili noniaSvili, nino yavelaSvili ............................................................................................................................. 144 sikvdilis paradigma leo qiaCelis novelebSi ............................................................................................................... 144 qeTevan megreliSvili ......................................................................................................................................................... 147 yofierebis sazrisis problema goderZi Coxelis SemoqmedebaSi............................................................................. 147 nino narsaSvili, qeTevan biwaZe....................................................................................................................................... 149 jemal qarCxaZis ~igi~ ............................................................................................................................................................. 149 TinaTin SubiTiZe ................................................................................................................................................................... 152 daTo turaSvilis „jinsebis Taoba“ .................................................................................................................................. 152 naTia terteraSvili ............................................................................................................................................................. 155 konstantine gamsaxurdias naazrevidan qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb .................................................. 155 eka buTxuzi .............................................................................................................................................................................. 159 qristianoba da nicSeanizmi ,,dionisos RimilSi“.......................................................................................................... 159 nino bezaraSvili................................................................................................................................................................... 163 zogierTi Strixi konstantine gamsaxurdias „mTvaris motacebis“ gaazrebisaTvis ......................................... 163 xatia carciZe.......................................................................................................................................................................... 168 ideologiuri wnexi da konstantine gamsaxurdia ......................................................................................................... 168 marika Wkadua .......................................................................................................................................................................... 170 modernistuli literaturis personaJi rogorc aramyari personaJi .................................................................. 170 (gestis heigur) (k. gamsaxurdiasnovela ,,qalis rZis“ mixedviT) .............................................................................. 170 naTia botkoveli .................................................................................................................................................................... 174 ferT mweri ................................................................................................................................................................................ 174 melano zosiZe, sofo gubelaZe ........................................................................................................................................ 179 konstantine gamsaxurdia (SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis)..................................................................................... 179 naTia xurcia............................................................................................................................................................................ 183 konstantine gamsaxurdias eqspresionistuli novela „zarebi grigalSi“........................................................... 183 afaiaT alieva .......................................................................................................................................................................... 187 qoroRlis eposis mistikuri elementebi azerbaijanul da Turqmenul variantebis mixedviT .................... 187 guranda megreliZe ............................................................................................................................................................... 191 Tanamedrove religiuri mdgomareoba kintriSis xeobaSi.......................................................................................... 191 eTer qasraSvili..................................................................................................................................................................... 194 ganZis sakraluroba................................................................................................................................................................ 194 eka Wkuaseli ............................................................................................................................................................................ 196 qarTuli religiuri wes-Cveulebani da xalxur dReobaTa saritualo leqsika (svaneTisa da samegrelos eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)...................................................................................................................................... 196 nino sazandriSvili, nino terteraSvili .................................................................................................................... 203 leqsis simRerad qceva da xalxuri musikaluri sakaravebi qarTul folklorSi.............................................. 203 xatia andRulaZe .................................................................................................................................................................... 209 Rirebulebebis eTnologiuri kvlevis problema ......................................................................................................... 209 Tamar WiWaRua ......................................................................................................................................................................... 211 mWedlobasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi samegreloSi............................................................................................. 211 Teona kvanWiani ....................................................................................................................................................................... 214 basilobis tardicia saaxalwlo ritualebSi................................................................................................................. 214 Tornike baqauri..................................................................................................................................................................... 217 multikulturalizmis momavali norvegiaSi ................................................................................................................. 217 mariam kalandariSvili ....................................................................................................................................................... 220 inspiracia globaluri ekonomikisaTvis ......................................................................................................................... 220 sofo maxaraSvili.................................................................................................................................................................. 223 skandinaviis qveynebis kultura da tradiciebi............................................................................................................ 223 mariam Zagoevi ......................................................................................................................................................................... 227 norvegiuli delikatesebi ................................................................................................................................................... 227 TamTa uglava ........................................................................................................................................................................... 229 norvegia evrokavSirs gareT — xalxis gadawyvetilebis mizezebi (1972 da 1994 wlis referendumebi)........ 229


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w i n a s i t y v a o b a

winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia studentTa regionTaSoris respublikur kon-

ferenciaze warmodgenili masalebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris saukeTeso nawili konfe-

renciaze warmodgenili Sromebisa. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom SarSandeli konferencia iyo

uprecendentod didi da friad warmomadgenlobiTi: Semosuli 200-ze meti ganacxadidan

konferenciaze warmosadgenad SeirCa 21 sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi momzadebuli

120 moxseneba. Sesabamisad warmodgenili masalebis mravalferovnebis, mravalmimarTu-

lebrivi problematikis kvalobaze muSaobda 16 sxvadasxva saswavlo — samecniero Temati-

kis seqcia. konferenciazeve gacxadda Semdgomi muSaobis principi: warmodgenil masalaTa

safuZvelze, naSromebis kvlevisa da analizis komponentebis, individualizmisa da Tavis-

Tavadobis, mecnieruli da moraluri poziciis da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT seqciebzeve

gamovleniliyo dasabeWdad rekomendirebuli naSromebi. saredaqcio kolegiam Semdgomac

imuSava da am ZalisxmevaTa Sedegebi aisaxa kidec „mermisis“ wlevandel krebulSi. Cveni —

saredaqcio jgufis mizani iyo, SegvenarCunebina krebulisaTvis is warmomadgenlobiTi,

mravalferovani da TavisTavadi, individualuri saxe, rac konferenciaze gamoikveTa. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, SeirCa 50- ze meti moxseneba 14 sxvadasxva specialobidan da amas daemata

SerCeuli, saukeTeso moxsenebebi 2013 wlis bolos Cvens mier Catarebuli konstantine

gamsaxurdias 120 wlisTavisadmo miZRvnili konferenciis masalebidan. amasTan erTad, sa-

organizacio jgufisaTvis kvlav rCeba mTavar samuSao principad Cveni proeqtis: „urTi-

erTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebisaTvis“ ZiriTadi ideis ganxorcieleba: inter-

grireba da TanamSromloba sxvadasxva saswavlo da samecniero institutebis mkvlevareb-

Tan da studentebTan.

gvinda gvjerodes, rom tradiciisamebr, „mermisis“ es axali krebulic am Rirebule-

baTa samsaxurSi warmoCndeba, is moeqceva studentebis yuradRebisa da interesis sferoSi

da aq warmodgenili masalebic momavali kvlevebis, samecniero, Tu informaciuli gamow-

vevebis, TanamSromlobis, azrTa gaziarebis sawyisad iqceva.

Tamar paiWaZe


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rusudan miqelaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: xaTuna loria

administraciuli xelSekrulebis cneba da misi gamijvna samoqalaqo-

samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebisagan

administraciuli xelSekrulebis, rogorc administraciuli organos saqmianobis

erT-erTi samarTlebrivi formis sakanonmdeblo safuZvels qmnis saqarTvelos zogadi ad-

ministraciuli kodeqsi. igi ayalibebs administraciuli xelSekrulebis legalur defini-cias (administraciuli xelSekruleba d administarciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamo-

silebis ganxorcielebis mizniT fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraci-

ul organosTan dadebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba). Tavisi funqciis gan-

xorcielebisas administraciuli organo samarTlebriv urTierTobas amyarebs rogorc kerZo, ise sxva sajaro samarTlebriv iuridiul pirebTan. administraciuli xelSekrule-

bis gamijvna samoqalaqodsamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebisgan arsebiTia samarTlebrivi ur-

TierTobisaTvis, saprocesodsamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba aqvs: administraciul xelSekru-

lebis dadebasTan, SecvlasTan an SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil davebs ganixila-ven da wyveten saerTo sasamarTloebi administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT. praqti-

kaSi xSiria administraciuli xelSekrulebisa da samoqalaqodsamarTlebrivi xelSekrule-

bis gamijvnis problema, amdenad es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria.

1. administraciuli xelSekrulebis cneba 1.1 administraciuli xelSekrulebis definicia

administraciuli xelSekruleba, rogorc problema, yovelTvis aqtiurad ganixile-

boda administraciuli samarTlis mecnierebaSi. igi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria dRes, ro-

desac TiTqmis ar arsebobs arc erTi administraciuli organo, romelic Tavisi saqmiano-

bis formebidan gamoricxavs administraciul xelSekrulebas. administraciuli xelSekruleba, upirveles yovlisa, iuridiuli faqtia. is warmo-

Sobs valdebulebebs, valdebulebebis wyaroa. isi saSualebiT xdeba samarTlebrivi urTi-

erTobebis warmoSoba, Secvla anSewyveta.

1.2 (administraciuli) xelSekrulebisa da (administraciuli) garigebisurTierTmi-marTeba aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom szakdis 1-li muxlis I nawilSi jer kidevSemorCenili

iyo termini `garigebao, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ufro zogadi cnebaa vidre xelSekruleba.

garigeba SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena, xolo xel-

Sekruleba miiRweva mxolod ormxrivi (mravalmxrivi), urTierTmfaravi (oferti, aqcepti) nebis gamovlenis Sedegad. Tu ar aris ormxrivi neba, ar aris administraciuli xelSkrule-

bac. neba, nebis gamovlena garigebis (xelSekrulebis) institutis aucilebeli komponenti

da, rogorc wesi, misi sinonimia. `garigebao (xelSekruleba) nebis gamovlenaa. neba vlinde-

ba, raTa dadges samarTlebrivi Sedegi, da samarTlebrivi sistema uSvebs aRniSnuli samar-Tlebrivi Sedegis dadgomas imdenad, ramdenadac igi garigebis avtorisaTvis aris sasurve-

lio.

1.3 nebis gamovlena, rogorc administraciuli xelSekrulebis arsebiTikomponenti.


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`nebis gamovlenaso, rogorc xelSekrulebis arsebiT, mniSvnelovan komponents, admi-nistraciul xelSekrulebaSic mniSvnelovani roli aqvs d adresatis mier gamoxatuli neba

gadawyvetilebis ganmsazRvrelia.

1.4 administraciuli xelSekrulebis adgili samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi samar-

Tlebriv urTierTobaSi administraciuli xelSekruleba ikavebs Sualedur adgils admi-nistraciul aqtsa (romelic administraciuli organos calmxrivi nebis gamovlenis Sede-

gia) da kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis xelSekrulebas Soris (romelic mxareTa Tanasworo-

bas emyareba).

1.5 administraciuli xelSekrulebis legaluri definiciis arsebiTi elementebi kanonmdebeli saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis `z” qvepun-

qtSi gvTavazobs administraciuli xelSekrulebis legalur definicias: administraciuli

xelSekruleba d administarciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis

mizniT fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba.amgvari ganmartebidan irkveva, rom administra-

ciuli xelSekrulebisTvis ganmsazRvrelia 1. erT-erTi savaldebulo mxarea administra-

ciuli organo 2. xelSekrulebis dadebis mizani d `sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorciele-

bis mizniTo. administraciul organos funqcionaluri gageba (`nebismieri piri, romelic kanon-

mdeblobis safuZvelze axorcielebs sajaro samarTlebriv uflebamosilebebso), aerTia-

nebs administraciul organoebs rogorc organizaciul-samarTlebrivi gagebiT, aseve im

fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, romlebic ar arian saxelmwifo organoTa sistemis subieqte-

bi, magram kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze axorcieleben sajaro-samarTlebriv uflebamosi-lebebs da mis CarCoebSi deben administraciul xelSekrulebas.

administraciuli organo administraciuli xelSekrulebis dadebisas ver imoqmedebs

kerZo pirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kerZo avtonomiis TavisuflebiT (kerZo samarTali),

ramdenadac misi saqmianoba mimarTulia sajaro uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad (amosavali wertili aris sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizani) da moqmedebs

mxolod kanoniT misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi.

2. administraciuli xelSekrulebis gamijvna samoqalaqo d samarTlebrivi xelSekru-

lebisagan 2.1 xelSekruleba, rogorc sajarosamarTlebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli

bunebrivia, yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxis xelSekrulebaa samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi

xelSekruleba, Tumca civilistebi xelSekrulebas ufro farTo mniSvnelobis movlenad

miiCneven da mas ganixilaven rogorc kerZo (subieqturi) da sajaro (obieqturi) nebis ga-movlenis Sedegs. garigeba (xelSekruleba) Zvel droSi ar warmoadgenda mxolod samoqala-

qosamarTlebriv movlenas. igi gamoiyeneboda rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo samarTalSi, amis

naTeli magaliTia vaxtang VI-is qarTuli samarTlis Zeglis saxelwodeba `xelmwifis karis

garigebao, aRniSnul samarTlis wignSi garigebas (xelSekrulebas) ZiriTadad sajarosamar-Tlebrivi mniSvneloba aqvs.

is, rom garigeba (xelSekruleba) scildeba samoqalaqosamarTlebriv kategorias da

sajarosamarTlebrivi Sinaarsis matarebelicaa, es kargad Cans saqarTvelos zogadi admi-

nistraciuli kodeqsis magaliTze.

2.2 sajaro (administraciuli) da kerZo (samoqalaqo) samarTali — safuZveli adminis-traciuli xelSekrulebisa da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis gamijvnisas

administraciuli organo flobs kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul specialur uflebamo-

silebas, maSin rodesac fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi uflebamosilni


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arian ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi nebismieri moqmedeba. administraciuli organo SeboWilia kanonierebis principisa da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacviT, masze ar

vrceldeba kerZo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli nebis avtonomiurobis principi. samoqala-

qo samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis nebayof-

lobiToba d `roca valdebuleba sxvisi brZanebis meSveobiT aRmocendeba, igi aris sajaro samarTali, maSin roca kerZosamarTlebrivi valdebulebebi valdebuli pirisaTvis damor-

Cilebis meSveobiT warmoiSobao (gustav radbruxi). sajaro-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi

saxelmwifo (misi organoebisa da sajaro mosamsaxureTa saxiT) warmoadgens urTierTobis

ucvlel kontrahents. urTierTobas axasiaTebs impertiuli xasiaTi, maTi subieqtebi uf-lebamovaleobaTa moculobas gansazRvarven ara damoukideblad, urTierTSeTanxmebis sa-

fuZvelze, aramed isini nebayoflobis gareSe valdebulni xdebian daemorCilon winaswar

dadgenil TamaSis wesebs, moqmedeben kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze (amis naTeli magaliTia,

administraciuli organos mier dadebuli privatizaciis xelSekruleba kanonmdeblobis (`saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis Sesaxebo kanoni) safuZvelze. sajaro samarTali iuri-

diuli centralizaciis sistemaa, xolo kerZo samarTali (samoqalaqo samarTali) d sistema

iuridiuli decentralizaciis.

2.3 administraciuli da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebaTa gamijvnis auci-lebloba

im gansxvavebidan gamodinare rac arsebobs sajaro da kerZo samarTlebriv urTier-

ToebeSi, aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gaimijnos administraciuli da samoqalaqo

xelSekrulebebi d `sajaro samarTali ar SeiZleba Seicvalos kerZo xelSekrulebebiTo (i-

ustinianes digestebi). maTi gamijvnis mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom administra-ciuli xelSekrulebis dadebasTan, Sewyvetastan da SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli davebi

ganixileba saerTo sasamarTloebis mier administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT, xo-

lo administraciuli organos mier kerZosamarTlebriv xelSekrulebasTan davebi ganixi-

leba samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT (sask-is 251 mux., szak-is 65.2, 651 mux.). administraciuli samarTali Tavis TavSi itevs 2 sferos: sajaro samarTalsa da kerZo

samarTlis im normaTa erTobliobas, romlebic gamoiyeneba sajaro mmarTvelobaSi da as-

rulebs damxmare rols administraciis mier sajaro funqciis ganxorcielebaSi, SesaZloa

administraciul urTierTobebSi kerZo (samoqalaqo) samarTali gaxdes wesi d sask-is 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu kodeqsiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, administraciul samarTalwar-

moebaSi gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebani, aseve szaki-s 65-e muxlis

me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, administraciuli organos mier administraciuli xelSekrulebis

dadebisas gamoiyeneba rogorc szak-is normebi,aseve ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli damatebiTi moTxovnebi xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb, szaki-s 70-e muxlis Sesabamisad administraciuli or-

ganos mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis baTilad gamocxadebas awesrigebs samoqlaqo kodeqsi.

yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare metad mniSvnelovania zRvris gavleba ad-

ministraciul xelSekrulebasa da samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv xelSekrulebas Soris. 2.4 administraciuli xelSekrulebis gamijvna samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekru-

lebisagan administraciuli da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis gamijvnas emsa-

xureba administraciuli xelSekrulebis cnebis legalur definiciaSi mocemuli elemen-

ti: `sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniTo. miznis garda, administraciul

xelSekrulebas samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebisgan mijnavs xelSekrulebis sa-gani.

administraciuli organo uflebamosilia, gamoiyenos saqmianobis rogorc sajaro-sa-

marTlebrivi, aseve kerZo-samarTlebrivi formebi, gamomdinare aqdan, gasarkvevia, Tu ra


11

SemTxvevaSi iZens administraciuli organos mier dadebuli xelSekruleba administraci-ul-samarTlebriv xasiaTs. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT (ix. gv. 5),

aqvs saproceso-samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba.

xelSekrulebis administraciul d samarTlebrivi Tu samoqalaqo d samarTlebrivi

buneba unda ganisazRvros obieqturad. ar aris arsebiTi xelSekrulebis mxareebis subieq-turi Sexeduleba. administraciul organos umetes SemTxvevaSi kanonmdeblobiT gansazR-

vruli aqvs rogorc kompetencia, aseve misi ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivi saSualeba.

aseT SemTxvevebSi is normatiuli aqti, romelic administraciul organos aRWuravs qmede-

bis uflebamosilebiT, gvaZlevs informacias misi saqmianobis formis samarTlebriv bune-baze, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac administraciul organos miniWebuli aqvs diskreciu-

li uflebamosileba, SearCios yvelaze misaRebi saqmianobis forma, misi neba gansazRvravs

saqmianobis formis (xelSekrulebis) samarTlebriv bunebas.

szak-is me-2 muxlis 1-li nawilis `z” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis samarTleb-riv bunebas gansazRvravs xelSekrulebis mizani. ar aris arsebiTi xelSekrulebis mxaree-

bis samarTlebrivi statusi.is faqti, rom xelSekrulebis erT-erTi an orive mxare aris ad-

ministraciuli organo, ar niSnavs imas, rom xelSekruleba aris administraciul-samar-

Tlebrivi xasiaTis. (sasamarTlo praqtikaSi yofila SemTxveva, rodesac xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili dava dakvalificirda administraciul-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis mqoned, mxo-

lod imitom, rom xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxare iyo administraciuli organo, rac Tavis

mxriv, calsaxad aramarTebulia). metic, SesaZlebelia or administraciul organos Soris

arsebuli xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili dava iyos samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis,

radgan administraciul organos SeuZlia sxva administraciul organosTan dados samoqa-laqo - samarTlebrivi xelSekruleba.

xelSekrulebis mizani unda ganisazRvros misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare. arsebiTia

imis dadgena, Tu rogoria saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis, gansakuTrebiT, xelSekrulebiT

nakisri valdebulebebis samarTlebrivi buneba. administraciul xelSekrulebasTan gvaqvs saqme: 1. rodesac is administraciuli samarTlis normebis Sesrulebas emsaxureba. 2. rode-

sac is administraciuli aqtis gamocemis an sxva mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebisganxorciele-

bis valdebulebas Seicavs. 3. rodesac is moqalaqis sajaro-samarTlebriv uflebamosile-

bebs an valdebulebebs adgens. saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 69-e muxli imperatiulad adgens administraciuli xelSekrulebis formas (Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar

aris dadgenili, administraciuli xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos mxolod werilobiTi

formiT), gansxvavebiT samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebisagan,sadac xelSekrule-

bis dadeba zepiri formiTac SeiZleba. amgvari SezRudva ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adminis-traciuli organo xelisuflebiTi funqciebis matarebelia. administraciulma organom

zustad unda icodes sakuTari valdebulebebis Sesaxeb. administraciul xelSekrulebas

administraciuli organos saxeliT debs moxele, romlis Tanamdebobidan wasvla ar iwvevs

garigebis gauqmebas da mis mier aRebul valdebulebebze pasuxs saboloo jamSi agebs sa-xelmwifo.

doqtrinis mixedviT, administraciuli xelSekrulebisa da kerZo-samarTlebrivi xel-

Sekrulebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis erT-erT kriteriums warmoadgens xelSekrulebis sa-

gani anu nebis gamovlenis Sedegad warmoSobili samarTalurTierToba. mocemul SemTaxve-

vaSi sasarCelo moTxovna gamodinareobs xelSekrulebidan, romelic warmoSobs, Secvlis an Sewyvets samarTlebriv urTierTobas sajaro samarTlis sferoSi. administraciuli

xelSekrulebebi, umetesad, organizaciuli xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac TviT administraciul


12

organoTa saqmianobaa organizaciuli. maTi mizania sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani Sede-gis miRweva, sajaro-samarTlebrivi interesis ganxorcieleba.

administraciul da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebis farglebis gamij-

vnis kriteriumebis saxiT iuridiul literaturaSi damatebiT uTiTeben agreTve iseT kri-

teriumebs, rogoricaa: kanonmdeblis neba (kanonmdeblis mier administraciuli xelSekru-lebis cnebis ganmarteba, rogorc xelSekrulebaTa gamijvnis saSualeba).

iseve, rogorc kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvnisas, xelSekrulebaTa gamijvnis

drosac yuradReba eqceva xelSekrulebiT regulirebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobisas

`visi interesebi dgas wina planzeo: kerZo interesebi Tu sajaro interesebio (interesTa Teoria). aseT Sexeduleba maSin amarTlebs, roca kanoni ar iZleva administraciuli xel-

Sekrulebis pirdapir formulirebas da xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili davis ganxilvisas

sasamarTlo imisTvis, rom saqmis ganxilva moxdes samoqalaqo an sajarosamarTlebriv re-

JimSi, yuradRebas aqcevs xelSekrulebiT regulirebul interesebs. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi yuradRe-

bas amaxvilebs ara xelSekrulebis subieqtTa interesebze, aramed xelSekrulebis savalde-

bulo subieqtze (administraciuli organo, rogorc administraciuli xelSekrulebis uc-

vleli kontrahenti). 2.5 daskvna

bolos, daskvnis saxiT, xelSekrulebis sagnis specifikurobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZ-

leba davaskvnaT, rom administraciulia xelSekruleba, Tu:

* gamomdinareobs sajarosamarTlebrivi normebidan;

* zustadaa gansazRvruli moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT; * Seicavs valdebulebas administraciuli aqtis gamocemis an sxva sajaro moqmedebis

Sesrulebis Sesaxeb;

* awesrigebs kerZo pirTa sajarosamarTlebriv uflebesa da valdebulebebs kanonis

safuZvelze; * misi dadebisas gamoyenebulia administraciuli (saxelSekrulebo) normebi;

* davis SemTxvevaSi dava unda ganixilos administraciulma sasamarTlom, administra-

ciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT.

bibliografia: 1. m. kopaleiSvili, `administraciuli garigebao, Tbilisi, 2005. 2. p. turava, n. wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2010. 3. l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tbilisi, 1997. 4. z. adeiSvili, g.vinteri, g.qitoSvili, saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli samarTlis

komentari, Tbilisi, 2002.

5. g. gogiaSvili, Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilvao, 6/2003-4.

6. d. kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tbilisi, 2009. 7. avtorTa koleqtivi, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2005.

8. Winderscheid, Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, Band 1, 1887.


13

nana ivaniaSvili, laSa kaciaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: revaz gaCeCilaZe

samSvidobo procesi da religiis roli arab-isrelia konfliqtSi

arabuli saxelmwifoebisa da israelis dapirispireba axlo aRmosavleTSi, am konfliq-

tis Tanmdevi msxvilmasStabiani omebi da asi aTasobiT ltolvili orive mxridan , romelTa dabrunebis sakiTxi dRemde gadauWrelia — es is mcire CamonaTvalia am konfliqtis Sedege-

bisa, rac centraluri da umniSvnelovanesi problema gaxda me-20 saukunis meore naxevris da 21-e saukunis dasawyisis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.1 warmodgenil moxsenebaSi Se-

vecdebiT mokled mimovixiloT arab- konfliqtis irgvliv arsebuli ZiriTadi samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi da yuradReba gavamaxviloT religiis mniSvnelobasa da rolze aRniSnuli konfliqtis msvlelobaSi( ebrauli sionizmi da islamuri radikalizmi), konkretulad ki moxsenebaSi islamuri radikalizmi, kerZod „hamasis“ magaliTi ganxiluli iqneba rogorc samSvidobo procesis damabrkolebeli faqtori daxazi gaesmeva modernizaciis procesis mniSnelobas religiuri fundamentalizmis gaaqtiurebis procesSi.

egvipte-israelis molaparakebebi kemp-devidSi 1978 da maTi samSvidobo xelSekruleba 1979 w. iyo is pirveli nabiji, romelmac erTgavard gza gauxsna samSvidobo procesis msvlelobas axlo aRmosavleTSi. prezident karteris SuamdgomlobiT egviptisa da israe-

lis mxaris warmomadgenelma xeli moaweres or CarCo xelSekrulebas : „axlo aRmosavleTSi

mSvidobisTvis“ da : egviptesa da israels Soris samSvidobo SeTanxmebisTvis“. 2 mokled rom Semjamdes am xelSekrulebaTa Sedegebi, mis mTavar miRwevad miCneulia im periodisaTvis samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Zlieri arabuli qveynis egvipitis mxirdan israelis aRia-

reba da maT Soris saboloo sazRvris gavleba, romelsac mas Semdeg principSi cvlilebebi ar ganucdia.

SemdgomSi samSvidobo process xeli Seuwyo ssr kavSiris dasustebam da saboloo daS-

lam. civi omis dasrulebam imoqmeda rogorc israelis, ise -arabuli qveynebis poziciebze. siriam da pgo - m ssr kavSiris saxiT dakarges mniSvnelovani mokavSire, romelic maT uwevda mZlavr diplomatiur, politikur Tu samxedro mxardaWeras. israelma ki Tavis mxirv da-

karga saSiSi mteri. civi omis dasrulebam, amasTan, Seamcira israelis, rogorc aSS-is stra-

tegiuli partnioris roli globalur konfrontaciaSi. ssr kavSiri daSlisas ebraelTa ma-

sobrivi emigraciiT israelis ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili problemebis gadaWra SeuZlebeli iyo aSS-isa da dasavleTis daxmarebis gareSe. es ki ar moxdeboda manamde, vidre israeli ar miiRebda monawileobas arabebTan molaparakebaSi. amitom es aiZulebda israels, gadaedga nabiji mSvidobisaken.

1988 wels palestinis erovnulma sabWom aRiara gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 242-e rezo-

lucia,3 romelic cnobda israels da palestinis problemis gadasaWrelad palestinis or saxelmwifod dayofas. siriam aRadgina diplomatiuri urTierToba egviptesTan, faqtob-

1 valeri meliqiZe – msoflio politika da globalizacia, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. 2 Tamar jafariZe samSvidobo procesi, TviTmmarTveloba da islamuri radikalizmi pales-

tinaSi; 3 Tamar jafariZe samSvidobo procesi, TviTmmarTveloba da islamuri radikalizmi pales-

tinaSi;


14

rivad cno kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba da aman saSualeba misca egviptes, dabrunebuliyo ara-buli saxelmwifoebis ligaSi. israelma ver SeZlo daeSoSminebina

inTifada — palestinelTa amboxi md. iordanes dasavleT napirze da Razas seqtorSi, romelic daiwyo 1987 wlis dekemberSi. gaZlierda eqstremistuli islamuri jgufebis ga-

mosvlebi. jer kidev ebraelTa masobriv emigraciamde israels gauCnda seriozuli ekono-mikuri problemebi: wyalze israelis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli iyo regionaluri Tanam-

Sromlobis gareSe. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi, arabebica da is-

raelic, mzad iyvnen ukve imisTvis, rom daewyoT samSvidobo molaparakebebi. amis pirveli dasturi iyo 1992 w. madridis konferencia.1

madridis konferenciis Sedegebi da mniSvneloba iyo Zalze didi. jer erTi, konferen-

ciaze pirvelad Sexvdnen molaparakebebis magidasTan Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdegeebi; meo-re, israelma oficialurad aRiara palestinelTa ufleba, rac iTvaliswinebda israelis jarebis gayvanas, palestinis Zlieri policiis Seqmnas, israelis uSiSroebis specialuri Zalebis SenarCunebiT, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebis

Catarebas. ufro metic, SeTanxmebul iqna meqanizmi sxva SeTanxmebebis miRwevisa da,

zogadad, misi ganxorcielebis etapobrivi grafikic konferenciaze SeimuSaves formula “mSvidoba teritoriis nacvlad”; magram madridSi ver miaRwies SeTanxmebas or principul sakiTxze – momdevno Sexvedris Catarebis adgilisa da molaparakebaTa dRis wesrigis Sesa-

xeb. israelis warmomadgenlebi moiTxovdnen maT Catarebas axlo aRmosavleTSi, raTa xazi gaesvaT am procesis regionaluri xasiaTisTvis. arabebs surdaT misi Catareba erT-erT ev-ropul qalaqSi.

israeli-palestinis konfliqtis samSvidobo procesis mniSvnelovan win gadadgmul nabi-

jad SeiZleba CavTvaloT 1993 wels osloSi aSS-is prezident klintonis SuamavlobiT, israe-

lis premier icxak rabinisa da iaser arafetis — „palestineli xalxis warmomadgenlis „ mier xelmowerili :droebiT TviTmmarTvelobis SeTanxmebaTa principebis deklaracia“ igive os-

los SeTanxmeba. deklaraciis mTavar miRwevad iTvleba palestinis droebiTi TviTmmarTve-lobis Seqmna Razis seqtorsa da iordanes marjvena napirze (samareasa da iudeaSi).

kritikosebi gamoTqvamdnen SeSfoTebas, rom principebis deklaracia Zalze bundovani iyo da mravalnairi interpretacia SeiZleba miscemoda. kritikas iwvevda iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWris gadadeba, rogorebic iyo: palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmna, palestineli ltol-

vilebis dabruneba, suvereniteti aRmosavleT ierusalimze, ebrauli dasaxlebebi, usaf-

rTxoebis RonisZiebebi, da mudmivi sazRvrebi; rom xdeboda israelis jarebis gadaadgi-

leba da ara gasvla. maTi sruli gayvana ar ganixileboda rogorc saboloo statusze mo-

laparakebebis nawili. kritikas iwvevda isic, rom ar arsebobda israelis raime gegma, daeb-

runebina CamorTmeuli miwebi; arc piroba imisa, rom is gardamaval periodSi Sewyvetda Cveul konfiskaciebs da dasaxlebebis Seqmnas. kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom arafaTi ar iyo seriozuli demokratiis mimarT da rom saerTaSoriso daxmareba palestinis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aRmoCndeboda arafaTis faTh - is mxardamWerTa xelSi. 2

samSvidobo procesi 1994-99 wlebSi sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse iyo palestineli liderebi araerTxel adanaSaulebdnen israels imaSi, rom ar icavdnen SeTan-

xmebis amaTu im muxls. magram arc palestinelebi asrulebdnen aRebul valdebulebebs. ma-

galiTad, ar amoiRes palestinis erovnuli qartiidan punqti israelis ganadgurebis Sesa-

xeb. am periodis samSvidobo procesis mTavar monapovrad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxvadasxva

1 igive. 2 SoTa malaSxia., konfliqtebis anatomia - Tb.: "formis" gam-ba da st., 2011.


15

tipis ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi romelTa mizanic palestinis avtonomiis ganxrcielebisaken nabijebis gagadgma iyo, Tumca sabolood ver moxerxda palestiniis avtonomiisa da zoga-

dad palestinis statusis irgvliv SeTanxmeba. imedgacrueba palestinis mosaxleobaSi gaxda

al-aksas inTifadas mizezi, romelic 2000 w. 28 seqtembers daiwyo, gamoiwvia didi msxverpli

da avtonomiis sruli ekonomikuri kolapsi. `sagzao rukam”1, konfliqtis mogvarebis ukanas-knelma mniSvnelovanma cdam (2003 w.), Sedegi ar gamoiRo. palestinis gadauWrelma problemam

biZgi misca terororistuli organizaciebis aRmocenebas. safrTxe Seeqmna mSvidobas ara

martoregionaluri, aramed msoflio masStabiTac. palestinis lokaluri problema globa-

lurSi gadaizarda. mis gadawyvetaSi, sakuTari ideologiuri, geopolitikuri da ekonomi-kuri interesebidan gamomdinare, monawileobdnen rogorc regionis qveynebi, ise msoflios

didi saxelmwifoebi.

islamuri eqstremistuli organizaciebis ricxvis zrdas arabul qveynebSi (siria, egvip-

te, alJiri, saudis arabeTi, iordania, libani, israelis mier okupirebul palestinelTa te-ritoriebze) win uZRoda saSinao da sagareo warumateblobebi arabuli saxelmwifoebis diq-

tatoruli sistemebis saxiT, erTi mxriv, da meore mxriv, sekularuli moZraobebis mimarT

ndobis dakargviT. am siZneleebma aiZula bevri muslimi, mibrunebuliyo radikaluri islamis-

ken, romelic aZlevda socialuri samarTlianobis imeds da imis imeds, rom religia gascemda pasuxs yvela maT survilze. magram Tu `islamisken mobruneba” miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis

etapobriv `gamosworebasa” da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi religiis faseulobebis danergvas,

eqstremistulma islamurma organizaciebma es mowodeba gadaaqcies TavianTi politikuri

miznebis misaRwev iaraRad — iqneba es Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi demokratiuli

procesebis Tu aralegaluri saSualebebis — Zaladobis da teroris gamoyeneba.2 amas — ma (`islamuri winaRmdegobis moZraoba”). samSvidobo procesis SeCerebaSi mniS-

vnelovani roli iTamaSa. 3 hamas daupirispirda ara marto israelis saokupacio xelisufle-

bas, aramed avtonomiis sekularul xelisuflebasac. SeiaraRebuli brZola da terorizmi

gaxda hamas-sa da sxva islamisturi organizaciebis iaraRi israelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. wlebis manZilze hamas - is Seurigebelma brZolam, misi liderebis mowamebrivma sikvdilma

da, imavdroulad, farTo saqvelmoqmedo da

saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobam, hamas-s pozitiuri imiji Seuqmna da popularoba mou-

pova palestinis avtonomiis teritoriebze.4 vfiqrobT, aucilebelia xazi gaesvas modernizaciisa procesis rols axlo aRmosavle-

Tis am regionSi islamuri fundamentalizmis gaaqtiurebaSi. 5modernizaciis procesi, ro-

melsac Tan axlavs Tanamedrove, umetes SemTxvevaSi dasavluri tipis RirebulebaTa gav-

rceleba regionSi mkveTr winaaRmdegobas awydeba. sekularizaciis procesi anu sazogado-ebrivi-politikuri saqmianobis religiuri gavlenisagan ganTavisufleba, rac aseve ukav-

Sirdeba modernizacias, axlo aRmosavleTSi mkveTr socialur da politikur reaqcias war-

moSobs. amis naTeli magaliTi iyo iranis 1979 wlis revolucia da am procesis zogadad uku-

reaqciad SesaZebelia miviCnioT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi modernizaciisa da sekulariza-

1 SoTa malaSxia., konfliqtebis anatomia - Tb.: "formis" gam-ba da st., 2011. 2 Tanamedrove islamis roli msoflio geopolitikaSi (regionuli procesebis magaliTze), sa-

moqalaqo mecnierebis seria, „uydo“. 3 Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion, Israel Science and Technology Homepage http://www.science.co.il/Arab-

Israeli-conflict-2.asp 4 Tanamedrove islamis roli msoflio geopolitikaSi (regionuli procesebis magaliTze),

samoqalaqo mecnierebis seria, „uydo“. 5 revaz gaCeCilaZe, „axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika“, gam-ba bakur sulakauri, Tb.

2011.


16

ciis procesis sapirispirod sakuTari Rirebulebebi SenarCuneba radikaluri gzebiT da fundamentalisturi moZraobebis ganviTarebiT.

arab-israelis konfliqtis konteqstSi mxolod islamuri religiis rolis gamoyofa

iqneboda arsebuli mdgomareobis mxolod erTi mxridan Sefaseba, amitomac mniSnelovania

xazi gasevas sionisturi moZraobis rols am konfliqtis Camoyalibebis procesSi. sionizmis, rogorc ebraelTa erovnuli moZraobis Camoyalibebas mniSnelovnd Seuwyo xeli evropaSi

antisemitisturma ganwyobilebam1 da amiT man Seuqmna ebrael mosaxleobas mtkice dasayrde-

ni, radgan swored sionizmis ideis irgvliv moxda ebraelTa konsolidacia da „istoriulad

kuTvnil“ teritoriaze ebrauli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis ideis xorcSesxma.2 israel-palestinis konfliqtis istoria aris magaliTi imisa rom ,miuxedavad sxvadas-

xva gavleniani dainteresebuli mxareebis mcdelobebisa sul ufro CixSi Sesuliyo kon-

fliqti, droTa ganmavlobaSi konfliqtis eskalaciidan dRemde sul ufro meti moqalaqe

rogorc palestinis ise israelis mxirdan mzadyofnas gamoTqvams konfliqtis saerTaSori-so samarTliT dadgenili da mSvidobiani formatis farglebSi gadawyvetaze da konfliqtis

mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis varaudic albaT ar unda iyos safuZvels moklebuli.

bibliografia:

1. valeri meliqiZe — msoflio politika da globalizacia, socialur mecnierebaTa seria. 2. Tanamedrove islamis roli msoflio geopolitikaSi (regionuli procesebis magaliTze),

samoqalaqo mecnierebis seria, „uydo“.

3. Tamar jafariZe samSvidobo procesi, TviTmmarTveloba da islamuri radikalizmi pales-tinaSi;

4. SoTa malaSxia., konfliqtebis anatomia— Tb. : `formis~ gam-ba da st., 2011.

5. revaz gaCeCilaZe, „axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika“, gam-ba bakur sulakauri, Tb.2011.

1 The rise of Zionism, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, http://www.israel-palestina.info/arab-israeli_conflict-html/ 2 ix. agreTve, revaz gaCeCilaZe, „axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika“, gam-ba bakur

sulakauri, Tb.2011. gv. 375


17

rusudan elizbaraSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: giorgi melaZe

saqarTvelos rekreaciuli potenciali da regionuli

urTierTobis magaliTebi

rekreaciuli meurneoba da misi umTavresi Semadgeneli nawili — turizmi, saerTaSori-

so da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saqmiano-baa. rekreacia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli geografiul garemosTan, radgan misi potenciali mniSvnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba teritoriis bunebriv maxasiaTeblebs da landSaftur mra-

valferovnebas, meurneobis da socialuri infrastruqturis geografiul Taviseburebebs. rekreaciuli geografia swrafad ganviTarebadi samecniero mimarTulebaa. igi erTiani

anu sazogadoebriv-sabunebismeyvelo geografiis qvedargia (1), ris gamoc misi kvlevis in-

teresebis sferoSia is geografiuli obieqtebi da sistemebi, romlebic Sedgeba rogorc bunebrivi, ise sazogadoebrivi elementebisgan. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rekreaciuli geog-

rafia sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelogeografiis ori umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebis: samedicino geografiisa da qveyanaTmcodneobis calkeuli mijnaze viTardeba (2).

sazogadoebrivi geografiis mimarTulebis specialistebis mier miiCneva, rom rekrea-

ciuli geografiis kvlevis ZiriTadi sagania rekreaciuli teritoriuli sistemebi, rome-

lic Sedgeba ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli qvesistemisgan. maT Sorisaa: bunebrivi da kulturuli obieqtebi, Sesabamisi infrastruqtura, momsaxure personalida rekreantebi (2). gasagebia, rom rekreaciuli resursebis mxolod iseTi saxeebis warmoCenis SemTvevaSi, rogoricaa kulturuli, istoriuli, saganmanaTleblo, gasarTobi an sportuli obieqte-

bi, rekreaciuli geografia sazogadoebrivi geografiis nawilad warmoCindeba.Tu rekrea-ciul-teritoriul sistemebs ganvixilavT kurortebTan mimarTebaSi, aq bunebrivi da an-

Tropogenuli qvesistemebi TiTqmis Tanabari funqciuri daniSnulebiT warmoCindebian. am SemTxvevaSi rekreaciuli geografia ufro sabunebismetyvelo mimarTulebad warmoCinde-

ba, vidre sazogadoebrivad. rekreaciuli geografiis sabunebismetyvelo geografiisadmi kuTvnileba kidev ufro TvalsaCino xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rekreaciuli qvesistemebis saxiT bunebriv obieqtebs an dacul teritoriebs warmovaCenT. imis gamo, rom diskusiam calmxrivi xasiaTi ar miiRos, upriani iqneba rekreaciuli geografia ganvixiloT sazoga-

doebriv-sabunebismetyvelo anu erTiani geografiis farglebSi. Cveni azriT, rekreaciuli geografiis, rogorc samecniero mimarTulebis,ZiriTad mi-

zans warmoadgens im sivrce-droiTi kanonzomierebebis kvleva, rac ukavSirdeba rekreaci-

uli teritoriuli sistemebis formirebis, ganviTarebis, mravalferovnebis, teritoriu-

li organizaciis da optimaluri sameurneo gamoyenebis Taviseburebebs. amgvari Tvalsaz-

risiT, rekreaciuli geografia saqarTveloSi praqtikulad amJamad iwyebs ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos rekreaciuli potenciali rekreaciuli potenciali im bunebriv, istoriul-kulturul da socialur-ekonomi-

kur faqtorTa, saqmianobisa da resursTa erTobliobaa, romelic rekreaciuli saqmianobis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. rekreaciuls miekuTvneba dasveneba da gamajansaRebeli mkurnaloba, samoyvarulo (nadiroba, Tevzaoba, Semgrovebloba da sxv.) da inteleqtualu-

ri (ganaTleba, literaturis kiTxva da sxv.) saqmianoba, fizikuri datvirTva (sporti, seir-

noba) da garToba (cekva, TamaSobani), kulturis dawesebulebaTa (speqtaklis, koncertis,


18

filmis da sxv.), istoriul-eTnografiul obieqtTa monaxuleba da mogzauroba. rekreaci-ul resursebad sasurvelia ganvixiloTgaremos is elementebi da obieqtebi (bunebrivi komponentebi; istoriuli da kulturuli obieqtebi; esTetikuri garemo; gamajansaRebeli da samkurnalo dawesebulebebi), romelTa potencialis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia rekreaci-

uli saqmianobisas. saqarTvelo mTel msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi gamoirCeva rekreaciuli re-

sursebiT. aq cnobilia 100-ze meti kurorti da ramdenime aseuli sakurorto adgili. sa-

qarTveloSi Seswavlilia 2 aTasamde mineraluri wyaro, romelTa umetesoba maRali balne-

ologiuri daniSnulebiT gamoirCeva, aq aTasobiT bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaoba, 12 aTasi is-toriuli Zegli da asze meti muzeumia (3). aseve aRsaniSnavia saqarTveloSi sakurorto me-

urneobis da gamajansaRebeli turizmis ganviTarebis sami mniSvnelovani faqtori: 1) Ziri-

Tadi kurortebi ganlagebulia komfortul, zRvis donidan 1500 metramde; 2) qveynis teri-

toriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia kurortebis da rekreaciuli obieqtebis maRali simWidrove; 3) saqarTveloskurortebis maRali gamajansaRebeli potenciali, rac ukavSirdebakardio-

logiur, nevrologiur, gastroenterologiur, kanis, Zval-saxsrebis da sxva daavadebebis efeqtur mkurnalobas.

saqarTveloSi aseve Zalian maRalia e.w. genetikuri da agrobiomravalferovnebis maC-veneblebic. aq, uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis qveyanaSi, kulturuli mcenareebis ga-

mosayvanad, iyenebdnen velur mcenareTa mdidar genofonds. saqarTveloSi vazis 500-mde jiSia gamoyvanili. saqarTvelo msoflioSi aseve cnobilia rogorc xorblis warmoSobis centri. dedamiwaze cnobili xorblis 29 saxeobidan saqarTveloSi aRwerilia 14, romelTa Soris 5 endemuria. msoflioSi aseve cnobilia xexilis, cxenis, Zroxis, cxvris, futkris, ZaRlis da sxv. adgilobrivi saxeobebi.

saqarTvelosturistul mimzidvelobas kidevufrozrdis misiistoriuli, eTnografi-

uli da kulturuli mravalferovneba. saukuneebis manZilze civilizebuli msoflio mud-

mivad interesdeboda qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofadi sameurneo kulturiT, xelovnebiT, arqiteqturiT, yofa-cxovrebiT, samzareuloTi da tradiciebiT.

saqarTveloSi rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSirdeba teritori-

is imgvari dagegmarebas, ris Sedegadac igi maqsimalurad warmoaCens qveynis rekreaciul potencials da rekreantTa interesebs.garda teritoriuli dagegmarebisa, sasurvelia ganxorcieldes rekreaciuli resursebis da potencialis klasificirebaiseTi maxasiaTeb-

lebis mixedviT, romelic warmoaCens: geografiuli adgilmdebareobis, bunebrivi garemos da landSaftebis, rekreaciuli funqciebis,bunebrivi komponentebis, infrastruqturis da socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis Taviseburebebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTve-loSi rekreaciuli meurneobis teritoriuli dagegmareba, rekreaciul resursebis da po-

tencialis klasificireba arc Teoriul da miT ufro praqtikul doneze, dRemde ar gan-

xorcielebula. rekreaciuli meurneobis optimaluri Sefaseba da teritoriuli dagegmareba, upirve-

les yovlisa, saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis, jerovani adgilobrivi da regionuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxdeba.

saqarTvelos turistuli potenciali saqarTveloSi turizmi meurneobis mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba, rasac xelsayreli ge-

ografiuli mdebareoba, mravalferovani bunebrivi garemo, daculi teritoriebis sistema, sakurorto potenciali, ekologiurad orientirebuli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, mimzidveli eTnokulturuli Taviseburebani da unikaluri istoriuli Zeg-

lebi ganapirobebs. turizmis ganviTarebas xels aseve uwyobs misi tradiciebic, rac me-20


19

saukunis manZilze Camoyalibda. Cvens yovelwliurad ramdenime milioni adamiani stumrob-da, rasac aseulobiT turistuli da rekreaciuli dawesebuleba emsaxureboda.

cnobilia, rom sakurorto adgili sasurvelia mkveTrad iyos gamijnuli iyos dasaxle-

bebis, samrewvelo obieqtebis, satransporto kvanZebisa da sasflo-sameurneo savargulee-

bisgan. misi areali izolirebuli da gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT unda gamoirCeodes. mas unda gaaCndes individualuri esTetikuri garemo da dasvenebis zona. sakurorto adgi-

li, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba bunebrivi da kulturuli sivrcisgan. kulturuli sivrcis fun-

qcia SeiZleba SeiTavsos sakurorto adgilis miaxloebaze arsebulma istoriulma Zeglmac (2). amgvari TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos kurortebis xelaxali dagegmareba aqtualur sa-mecniero-praqtikul amocanad warmoCindeba, rac sasurvelia evropis landSafturi kon-

venciis (saqarTvelo mierTda 2012 wels) debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcieldes. saqarTveloSi cnobilia dasaxlebaTa iseTi funqciuri tipi, rogoricaa qalaqi-ku-

rorti, daba-kurorti an sofeli kurorti. amgvarad qalaqebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qobu-leTi, borjomi, wyaltubo da sxv. isini sakurorto meurneobis SesaZlo dagegmarebis da ganviTarebis sapilote teritoriebad unda iqces. sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli aseve SeiZleba iTamaSon daculma teritoriebma, rogorc jansaRi bunebrivi garemoTi gamorCeulma adgilebma da SemecnebiTi turizmis obieqtebma.

saqarTeloSi gvxvdeba kurortis yvela tipi, rac ki cnobilia msoflioSi. maT Soris Zi-

riTadia sazRvao, mTis da klimatur-balneologiuri kurortebi. maTi bunebrivi garemos kompleqsuri Sefaseba aseve aqtualuri samecniero amocanaa. am etapze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom: 1) sazRvao kurortebis bunebrivi garemos Sefasebisas SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iq-

nas Semdegi kriteriumebi: wylis temperaturis da marilianobis dinamika, sanapiro plaJe-bis fraqciuli (qva, wvrili natexi, sila, Tixa da sxv.) Sedgeniloba, garemomcveli lan-

dSaftis efeqturoba, mcenareulobis tipi da gavrcelebis Taviseurebani, sanapiro dine-

bis siCqare, qarebis siZliere, naleqebis da Rrublianobis sixSire da a.S. 2) mTis kurorte-

bis Sefasebisas: adgilis simaRle, eqspozicia, haeris temperaturis wliuri, sezonuri da dReRamuri amplituda, reliefis formebi da daxriloba, horizontis xasiaTi (Ria, daxu-

ruli), landSaftis efeqturoba, mcenareulobis tipi, naleqebis da Rrublianobis Tavise-

bureba, Tovlis safaris simZlavre da xangrZlivoba, landSaftis vertikaluri zonaloba da mravalferovneba, da a.S. 3)klimatur-balneologiuri kurortebis Sefasebisas: minera-luri wylis Sedgeniloba, debiti, temperaturis da marilianobis dinamika, garemomcveli landSaftis efeqturoba da mcenareulobis tipi, mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba, qarebis siZ-

liere, naleqebis da Rrublianobis dinamikis Taviseburebani, landSafturi da biologiu-

ri mravalferovneba da a.S. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro saqarTvelos bunebrivi mravalferovneba gamorCeulia msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

subtropikul da zomier sartyelSi. aq Svid aTeulze meti bunebrivi landSaftia warmod-

genili. mis vake-dablobebze vxvdebiT rogorc notio kolxur tyeebs, isesemihumidurste-pebsdabuCqnarebs, semiaridul naTel tyeebs da aridul naxevrad udabnoebs. mTebSi ramde-

nime bunebrivi zonaa warmodgenili- dawyebuli hemihileebiT da damTavrebuli nivalur-

glacialuri landSaftebiT. amgvari mravalferovneba ramdenime faqtors ukavSirdeba,

romelTagan mniSvnelovania: geografiuli mdebareoba (tropikuli da zomieri sartylis mijnaze), gauyinavi Savi zRvis siaxlove da simaRlebrivi sartyluroba (zRvis donidan 5200

metramde).

saqarTvelo msoflioSi aseve gamoirCeva „pirveladi“, xeluxlebeli bunebrivi garemos

(teritoriebis) maRali xvedriTi wiliT, rac qveynis farTobis 15%‐zea warmodgenili. sa-


20

qarTvelos teritoriis 2/5 tyeebiTaa dafaruli, rac udidesi ekologiuri resursia. aq gvxvdeba 15 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenare, romelTa Sorisaa 4 aTasze meti Teslovani, 75

gvimriseburi da 2600 wyalmcenare. mcenareulobis 6.0% anu 900‐mdesaxeoba, endemuri da re-

liqturia. cocxali samyaros saxeobaTa raodenobis, endemizmis da biomravalferovnebis mixedviT saqarTvelo evropis qveynebis xuTeulSi Sedis, rac mkafiod metyvelebs misi bu-

nebrivi garemos mravalferovnebasa da ganumeoreblobaze. saqarTvelos teritoriaze bunebis aseulobiT iseTi Zeglia, romelic gansakuTrebul

STabeWdilebas axdens mnaxvelze. maT Sorisaa dinozavrebis aTeulobiT nakvalevi, msof-

lioSi sididiT da siRrmiT gamorCeuli mRvimeebi, uxvwyliani mdinareebi, sxvadasxvagvari warmoSobis tbebi, ulamazesi myinvarebi, unikaluri daculi teritoriebi da a.S. mniSvne-

lovania isic, rom bunebis mravalferovneba mcire farTobzea warmodgenili, rac zrdis saqarTvelos rekreaciul daniSnulebas.

saqarTvelo landSaftebis raodenobiT me-12 adgilzea msoflioSi, xolo pirvel adgil-ze evropaSi. igi am maCvenebliT CamorCeba mxolod iseT did qveynebs, rogoricaa CineTi, aSS, ruseTi, avstralia, meqsika, indoeTi, kanada, brazilia, argentina, TurqeTi da Cile. Tu lan-

dSaftebis raodenobas davukavSirebT teritoriis farTobs, maSin landSafturi mravalfe-

rovnebis mixedviT saqarTvelo msoflioSi pirvel adgilze aRmoCndeba (4). amgvari maCvene-beli, Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos turistuli mimzidvelobis umTavresi faqtoria.

saqarTvelo evropaSi ar gamoirCeva arc geometruli parametrebiT da arc socialur-

ekonomikuri potencialiT. Tumca, miuxedavad mcire farTobisa, Cvens qveyanaSi gvxvdeba evropis landSafturi erTeulebis yvela tipi, cocxali samyaros vertikaluri ganawile-bis yvela forma. saqarTvelo floris saxeobaTa raodenobiT aRemateba iseT qveynebs, ro-

goricaa gaerTianebuli samefo, irlandia, bulgareTi, rumineTi da sxv. Cven evropaSi pir-

vel adgilze varT ZuZumwovrebisa da frinvelebis saxeobaTa raodenobiT, xeluxlebeli tyeebis xvedriTi wiliT da garemoze aqtiuri anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis xarisxis mi-

xedviT (4). saqarTvelo evropaSi, farTobis erTeulze gaangariSebiT, gamoirCeva bunebis calkeuli komponentebis (wiTelmiwebi, reliqtebi, iSviaTi saxeobebi, araorganuli bune-

bis Zeglebi da sxv.) siuxviTac (5). turizmi samxreT kavkasiaSi kavkasia swrafad viTardeba turizmi, rac miuxedavad araerTi konfliqturi regionisa,

ukavSirdeba msoflio mniSvnelobis bunebriv da landSaftur mravalferovnebas. cnobilia, rom samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi, 21-e saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi Seicvala

rogorc turistTa raodenoba, ise geografia. Tu me-20 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi am qvey-

nebSi 6-7 milioni turisti Camodioda, amJamad maTi ricxvi ganaxevrebulia. Tu sabWoTa pe-riodSi saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi ZiriTadad postsabWoTa qveynebidan moem-

gzavrebodnen, amJamad aq ZiriTadad mezobeli qveynebidan da evropidan Camodian. Tu ga-

sul saukuneSi regionuli turizmi sustad iyo ganviTarebuli, amJamad samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris turistTa nakadebis yovelwliuri mateba aRiniSneba (6,7).

samxreT kavkasiaSi regionuli turizmis ganviTareba sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. am saqmeSi arsebiTi roli SeuZ-

lia iTamaSos saqarTvelom, romlis rekreaciuli potenciali da tradiciebi axali gamow-

vevebis winaSe dgas.


21

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. elizbaraSvili, 2010. n. elizbaraSvili. geografiis safuZvlebi. — Tbilisi, 2010.

2. Царфис, 1979. Царфис П.Г. Рекреационная География СССР, курорторологические аспекты. –

Москва, 1979.

3. Atlas of Resorts and Resort Resourses Georgian SSR. – Moscow, 1989. 4. saqarTvelos biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovneba. — Tbilisi, 2000. 5. saqarTvelos buneba – Cveni faseulobebi. – Tbilisi, 2013.

6. www.advantour.com/rus 7. www.traveling.am


22

sofo dedabriSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti,bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli, profesori: ekaterine fircxalava

qarTveli studentebis damokidebuleba rusi xalxisadmi ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos urTierTobebis fonze

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis istoria XV saukunidan iwyeba[1] da am drois ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis arc erT periodSi am urTierTobas dadebiTi xasiaTi ar hqonia. mTeli es eqvssaukunovani periodi konfliqtebiT iyo datvirTuli. Tu ar CavTvliT rasakvirvelia sabWoTa periods, roca saqarTveloc im didi imperiis wevri iyo, rasac sabWoTa imperia erqva.[2] Tumca arc aseTi urTierToba SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebi-Tad, dRevandelobidan gamomdinare.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis saqarTvelos mier damou-

kideblobis mopovebisa da sadavo teritoriebisTvis brZolaSi gamoixateboda, rasac ruseTidan uaryofiTi ukukavSiri da xSirad SeiaraRebuli `Tavdasxma” mosdevda (1800-

iani, 1921, 1992-1993, 2008 wlebi).[3] ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis uaryofiTi xasiaTi gamoixateba SemdegSi:

1801-1917 wlebi-saqarTvelos kuTxeebis aneqsia; 1811 weli-saqarTvelos eklesiis av-

tokefaliis gauqmeba; 1921 weli-ruseTis me-11 wiTeli armiis Semosvla da saqarTve-los damoukideblobis dakargva; saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikad ga-

mocxadeba, saokupacio reJimis damyareba: komunizmi (ideologiuri fuZemdebeli karl marqsi) da misi brZola religiis winaaRmdeg. ber-monazvnebis taZrebidan gaZeveba da eklesiebidan ganZeulobis amoReba. eklesia-monastrebis daxurva da saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebad gamocxadeba. eklesiuri ritualebis akrZalva. mRvdlebis gaZeveba da dapa-timreba. 1937 wlis represiebi-kritikulad moazrovne inteligenciis mospoba, masiuri dapatimreba-gadasaxlebebi. 1992-1993 wlebis afxazeTis konfliqti, afxazeTis de-faq-

to damoukidebloba; 2008 weli-ruseT saqarTvelos omi-samxreT oseTi: masobrivi eT-nikuri wmenda. qarTvelTa iZulebiTi gadaadgileba. qarTuli soflebis dabombva. (ia-

raRis aramiznobrivi gamoyebneba roogorc ruseTis, ise saqarTvelos mier).[4] es yvelaferi hipoTeturi safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes qarTveli xalxis rusi xalxis

mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuliebisa da Cemi mizanic swored es iyo, mekvlia ruseT-

saqarTvelos sisxliani urTierTobebis Sedegebi qarTvel axalgazrdobaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZafri Sedegis momtani SeiZleba iyos 2008 wlis agvistos omi, romlis uSualo mowmecaa dRevandeli qarTveli studentoba. amitom gasakviri ar iqneba, rom qarTvel axalgazrdaTa cnobierebaSi Seqmnili iyo ruseTi, rogorc mtris xati.

Cemi kvlevis mizani iyo gamerkvia, ra damokidebulebebia qarTvel axalgazrdebSi (studentebSi) rusi xalxis mimarT saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqtis fonze. ra saxis aris es damokidebulebebi: dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi; mtruli,Tu keTilganwyobili da a.S. kvlevaSi aqcentirebulia studentebis rusi xalxis mimarT damokidebulebaze da ara zogadad, ruseTis, rogorc saxelmwifos mimarT, an misi mTavrobis mimarT.

kvleviTi nawili


23

rogor gavzomeT damokidebulebebi? ra aris atitudi?[5]: • atitudebi, esaa ganzogadebuli Sefasebebi, rac aqvs adamians sakuTari Tavis,

sxva adamianebis, obieqtebisa da sakiTxebis mimarT; • socialuri obieqtis pozitiurad an negatiurad Sefasebis, mis mimarT siamovne-

ba-usiamovnebis gancdis da sasikeTod an samtrod moqmedebis tendenciaTa droSi gam-

Zle sistema. rusi xalxis mimarT damokidebulebebis (atitudebis) kvleva ganvaxorciele kiTx-

variT, romelSic gamoviyene laikertis skala[6], Tanabari raodenobiT iyo mocemuli Semdegi saxis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi debulebebi:

magaliTad, dadebiTi: visurvebdi, saqarTvelos bevri rusi estumros; uaryofiTi: Cemi azriT, rusebi ar unda cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi. kvleva Catarda 100 studentze. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT damokidebulebaTa ga-

nawilebis xasiaTi Semdegnairia: dadebiTi damokidebuleba: 71%; neitraluri damokidebuleba: 28%; uaryofiTi damokidebuleba: 1%. Sedegebis ufro Rrma diferenciacia Semdegnair suraTs gvaZlevs: mkveTri dadebiTi damokidebuleba-saerTo raodenobis 17% da dadebiTi damoki-

debulebis 23,9%; neitraluri dadebiTisken gadaxrili damokidebuleba-saerTo raodenobis 23%

da neitraluri damokidebulebis 82,1%; neitraluri uaryofiTisken gadaxrili damokidebuleba-saerTo raodenobis 5%

da neitraluri damokidebulebis 17,9% mkveTri uaryofiTi damokidebuleba kvlevaSi ar dafiqsirda. kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom rusi xalxis mimarT

studentebis damokidebulebaze ar umoqmedia im sisxlian istorias, rac saqarTvelom gamoiara 6 saukunis ganmavlobaSi. es maTi cnobierebis maRal doneze miuTiTebs, vinai-

dan ar azogadeben TavianT Sefasebebs ruseTis mTavrobisa, Tu calkeuli adamianebis mimarT, zogadad rus xalxze.

kvlevis Sedegebi gvaZlevs imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom, Tu qarTveli axalgazrdobis damokidebuleba rusi xalxis mimarT aseTive dadebiTi darCeba, es faqti konfliqtis mogvarebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes. qarTveli da rusi xalxis megobruli urTier-

Toba damoukidebelia qveynebis mTavrobebis urTierTobis gavlenebisgan. qarTveli studentebis cnobierebaSi ar aris rusi xalxi, rogorc mtris xati.

saboloo jamSi, kvlevis Sedegebi optimizmis safuZvels gvaZlevs-damyardes saqar-Tvelosa da ruseTs Soris dadebiTi urTierTobebi. iseTi, rogorsac gvaCvenebs qar-

Tveli axalgazrdobis keTilganwyoba.


24

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97‐

%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A

%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%

97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98#.E1.83.A3.E1.83.A0.E1.83.97.E1.83.98.E1.83.94.

E1.83.A0.E1.83.97.E1.83.9D.E1.83.91.E1.83.94.E1.83.91.E1.83.98_1491‐

1783_.E1.83.AC.E1.83.9A.E1.83.94.E1.83.91.E1.83.A8.E1.83.98 2. gedeniZe 2011. T. gedeniZe. `msoflxedvelobiTi konfliqti sabWoTa kavSirSi 1921-1943 wleb-

Si marTlmadideblur eklesiasa da saxelmwifo ideologias Soris {represirebuli qar-

Tveli samRvdeloeba}” Tbilisi 2011;

3. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83

%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1992‐1993) 4. ugrexeliZe 2012. l. ugrexeliZe. qeisi `saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaRmdeg”-ratom ver dam-

tkicda `qarTuli simarTle” Tbilisi 2012;

5. baliaSvili 2010, m.baliaSvili „socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi“. Tbilisi 2010;

6. wulaZe 2008. l. wulaZe. `raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi socialur mecnierebebSi” Tbilisi 2008;

7. http://www.media.ge/ge/portal/articles/52079/

socialuri mecnierebani Jurnalistika

25

daviT ZiZiSvili ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,magistratura xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino WalaganiZe

Wori, rogorc politkomunikaciis saSualeba da misi roli mediiT

manipulirebisas (qarTuli magaliTebis safuZvelze)

Wori, rogorc sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba, sxva da sxva po-

litikuri, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro miznis misaRwevad saukuneTa manZilze gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, igi dResac rCeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis erT-erT yvelaze mZlavr, Tumca rTulad gamosayenebel iaraRad, rac misi TviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. winamdebare naSromis mizania Woris, rogorc polit. komunikaciis Semad-

geneli nawilisa da mediasTan misi urTierTdamokidebulebis aspeqtebis ganxilva. informacia, rogorc adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovnileba, didi xnis manZilze

warmoadgenda mecnierTa Seswavlis sagans, mas dResac iseTive aqtualurobiT ikvleven, rogorc 40-50 wlis winaT. pirveli mkvlevarebi informacias ase ganmartavdnen: „informa-

cia es aris raime cnoba, Setyobineba (Informatio laT. — ganmarteba, gadmocema), romelic ada-

mianis mier gadaicema sityvieri, werilobiTi an sxva saSualebiT (pirobiTi signalebi, teq-

nikuri saSualebebi da sxv.). me-20 saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi is samecniero termi-ni gaxda, romelic gulisxmobs cnobebis gacvlas adamianebs Soris, adamiansa da teqnikas Soris, teqnikas Soris, aseve signalebis gacvlas mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroSi, Tvise-

bebis gadacemas ujredidan ujredisTvis, organizmidan organizmisTvis. informacia ki-

bernetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cnebaa. kacobriobis arsebobis mesame aTaswleuls Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos informaciis batonobis epoqa. informaciuli saWiroeba arsebobs yvelgan da yvelaferSi da, ra Tqma unda, arc politikuri garemoa gamonaklisi.

politikuri garemos formirebis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba ki polit. komunikacia anu „politikuri informaciis gacvlis procesi romlis drosac informacia politikuri da socialuri sistemis subieqtebs Soris moZraobs.

polit. komunikaciis sam ZiriTad xerxs gamoyofen, esenia: • polit. komunikacia mediis arxebis saSualebiT; • polit. komunikacia Sidapartiuli arxebis saSualebiT; • polit. komunikacia araformaluri arxebis saSualebiT. swored am sami saSualebiT xdeba im informaciis gavrceleba, romelic sabolood udi-

des zegavlenas axdens politikuri garemos formirebaSi. Wori, rogorc informaciis damaxinjebuli forma saukuneebis manZilze axerxebda ze-

moqmedebis moxdenas politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur procesebze. Woris klasikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, es aris gadaumowmebeli, arasando informacia (an nebismieri gadasa-

cemi informaciis damaxinjebuli forma), romelic Cveulebriv, zepiri formiT vrceldeba — TiTqos „saidumlod“. mis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs iseTi faqtorebi rogoricaa - infor-

maciuli vakuumis arseboba; arasando informaciuli nakadebi; sainformacio velis ukon-

troloba an kontroli specializirebuli dawesebulebebis mier.


26

politikur komunikaciaSi Woris gamoyenebas ori ZiriTdi mizezi aqv. pirveli - Wori, es aris sazogadoebrivi azrovnebisa da masobrivi ganwyobis TviTgamoxatvis gansakuTrebuli forma; d meore - Wori erT-erTi efeqturi saSualebaa masobriv qcevebze zemoqmedebisTvis.

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom Woris gavrcelebis siswrafe sakmaod maRalia, aqe-

dan gamomdinare, misi, rogorc zemoqmedebis saSualebis efeqtianoba kidev ufro izrdeba. Wori sami ZiriTadi parametris mixedviT fasdeba. TiToeuli maTgani moicavs kriteri-

umTa erTobliobas, romelic gansazRvravs rogorc tips, aseve mis efeqturobas. aRniSnuli parametrebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: • eqspresiuli (is emociuri mdgomareoba, romelic WorSia gamoxatuli da masze emo-

ciuri reagirebis Taviseburebebi) • informaciuli (Woris siuJetis, realurobis donis Sesabamisad) • adamianze zemoqmedebis done. eqspresiul maxasiaTebelTagan gamoiyofa: 1) sasurveli Wori - roca gavrcelebul informacias miznad aqvs gamoiwvios imedgac-

rueba (Seusrulebeli survilebis gamo) da zemoqmedebis obieqtis demoralizeba (mag: ama Tu im politikuri moTamaSis mier cru molodinebis inicireba).

2) SemaSinebeli Wori - maTi saSualebiT gavrcelebuli informacia miznad isaxavs ini-

cireba gaukeTos zemoqmedebis obieqtis iseT mdgomareobas, rogoricaa, daTrgunva, Rel-

va, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi eWvis Setana (mag: konkretuli politikuri Zalis mier rome-

lime socialuri klasis daCagvris SiSi). 3) ganzogadebuli agresiuli Wori — maTi saSualebiT gavrcelebuli informacia miz-

nad isaxavs garemoSi uTanxmoebis Setanasa da socialuri kavSirebis daqveiTebas, darRve-

vas. (mag: politikuri subieqtis mier konkretuli socialuri jgufis mimarT negatiuri damokidebulebis gamovlena).

informaciuli maxasiaTeblis mixedviT Worebi iyofa Semdegnairad: • ararealuri (tyuili); • naxevradrealuri (Seicavs simarTlis elementebs); • realobasTan axlo. adamianis fsiqikaze zemoqmedebis donis mixedviT ki Worebi Semdegnairad klasificir-

deba: 1. sazogadoebrivi azris gamaRizianebeli - mas ar mosdevs masobrivi an individualuri

antisazogadoebrivi moqmedeba; 2. konkretuli socialuri jgufebis nawilSi - antisazogadoebrivi qcevis gamomwvevi. 3. socialuri kavSirebisa da organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi urTierTobebis damrRvevi

- masobrivi areulobebisa da panikis gamomwvevi. imisTvis, rom raime informacia gaxdes Wori, saWiroa: – informacia samizne auditoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyos (anu pirdapir exebodes

mis interesebs); – miwodebuli ambebi, gasagebi iyos Woris translirebis procesis yvela monawilisTvis;

– informaciis floba xels uwyobdes Worebis gamavrceleblis prestiJis amaRlebas. gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom Woris marTvas bevri SemzRudavi faqtori axlavs Tan, aqe-

dan gamomdinare, misi gamoyeneba sakmao riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. ZiriTadi SemzRu-

davi faqtoria is, rom Wori, rogorc informaciis saxeoba, ukontroloa, anu specialiste-bi Woris mxolod provocirebas da mis SeZlebisdagvar gamyarebas (garealurebas) axdenen, xolo is, Tu ra formas miiRebs igi gavrcelebisas, scdeba maTi kontrolis sferos. aqedan


27

gamomdinare, SesaZloa, kargad dagegmilma da organizebulma procesmac ki uaryofiTi Se-degebi moitanos. swored amitom ekidebian gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT informaciiT ma-

nipulirebis specialistebi WoriT zemoqmedebas. Tuma am mimarTulebiT sakmaod mdidari gamocdileba dagrovda qarTul politikur

sivrceSi. dawyebuli 90-iani wlebidan xSirad gaigebdiT ambavs ama Tu im politikuri lide-ris seqsualuri orientaciis, ucxoeTSi arsebuli sabanko angariSebis, wamaldamokidebu-

lebis an sxva mankieri mxaris Sesaxeb, Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes e.w. pozitirui Worebi - „2008 wels baTumi imitom ar dabombes, rom aslan abaSiZem uTxra ruseTis xelisuflebas eg

arqnaTo. . . “ an „miSa, rom daTvreba ukrainaSi dafrinavs “. am da msgavsi Worebis gavrcele-

bis saSualebia ZiriTadad zepiri wyaroebia, Tumca xSiria SemTxveva roca Wori TndaTan mediis ganxilvis sagani xdeba.

qarTuli mediis magaliTebis analizma aCvena, rom dRvandeli qarTuli mediasivrce ga-jerebulia gadaumowmebeli informaciiT. aRniSnuli tendencia gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia iseT TmatikasTn mimarTebaSi rogoricaa politika. mediasaSualebebidan gamosayofia ise-

Ti gazeTbi, rogoricaa asaval-dasavali, alia, qronika. rac Seexeba satalevizio mediasa-

Sualebebs, aq yvelaze aqtiuri telekompania kavkasiaa, sadac calkeul respodentTa mxri-dan xSirad ismis informaciis is kategoria romelic calsaxad SeiZleba Worebs mivakuT-

vnoT. radio - SedarebiT naklebi doziT axdens politikuri Worebis translirebas, Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi, aqac aqvs adgili calkeuli pirebis (ZiriTadad politikuri aqtorebisa da e.w. eqspertebis) mxridan dauzustebuli, Worad gadaqceuli informaciis tiraJirebas. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia internetmedia, sadac gansxvavebiT tele-radio saSualebebisagan, swored Jurnalistebi gvevlinebian gadaumowmebeli informaciis avtorebad. xSiria Sem-

Txveva roca romelime politikosis mier, ideis doneze gaJRrebuli fraza, ama Tu im piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb, internetmediis mxridan utyuar faqtad warmoCindeba.

rTuli saTqmelia ramdenad gaazrebuli da mizanmimarTulia is procesebi, romelsac masebze WoriT zemoqmedebis analizisas vxedavT. gaurkvevelia, specialurad dagegmil po-

litikuri zemoqmedebis kampaniasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu spontanurad provocirebul WorTan, Tumca faqtia rom qarTuli media aqtiuradaa CarTuli politikuri komunikaciis im iara-Ris gamoyenebaSi romelsac Wori ewodeba.

daskvna: daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom medias udidesi adgili ukavia politikuri garemos formirebaSi, aqedan gamomdinare is Tu ra tipis politikuri informaciis tiraJi-

rebas axdens igi, mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs imas, Tu rogor icvleba qveynis politikuri viTareba.

Wori rogorc politikuri komunikaciis iaraRi, polit. komunikatoris xelSi, yovel-

Tvis iyo da darCeba sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis moxdenis erT-erTi sasurvel iaraRad. gasaTvaliswinebeli is faqtic, rom Woris pirvelwyaros amocnoba faqtiurad SeuZlebe-

lia. aqedan gamomdinare yovelTvis roca manipulatori Woris provocirebas axdens igi sa-kuTari vinaobis gamJRavnebisagan daculia, rac kidev ufro mimzidvels xdis politikuri komunikaciis am xerxs.

mediis, pasuxismgebloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismieri, yvelaze sando wyarosagan miwodebuli zepiri informaciac ki, gadaamowmos, daazustos da mxolod Semdeg moaxdinos misi tiraJireba, xolo im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca respodenti pirdapir eTerSi axdens gadau-

mowmebeli informaciis tiraJirebas, ecados daazustebinos mas mis mier gamoTqmuli azri da mosTxovos gavrcelebuli informaciis damadasturebeli faqtebi.


28

literatura:

1) politikuri komunikacia da sazogadoeba http://www.socium.ge/downloads /politikurisociologia/

politikuri-komunikacia-da-sazogadoeba.pdf

2) gazeTi 24 saaTi - http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/culture/2011-02-19/14178

3) Крысько В.Г. Секреты психологической войны – http://www.evartist. narod.ru/ text 19/001.htm 4) qarTuli perioduli gamocemebi asaval-dasavali; kviris palitra; alia; 24 saaTi; qronika.

(2013 01 - 2013 04)


29

Tamar kuratiSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino WalaganiZe

bavSvTasakiTxebisgaSuqeba qarTul satelevizio mediaSi (sakvlevi

periodi: 2012/04 - 2013/04)

naSromis mizania, qarTuli telekompaniebis axali ambebis ZiriTad gamoSvebebsa da ga-

dacemebSi bavSvTa sakiTxebis profesiuli gaSuqebis xarisxis Seswavla. gamovlenilia Jur-

nalistebis mxridan bavSvTa uflebebis Selaxvisa da profesiuli standartebis darRvevis araerTi faqti.

mTavari sakvlevi kiTxvaa, arRveven Tu ara Jurnalistebi bavSvTa uflebebsda, Sesaba-

misad, gaSuqebis profesiul standartebs. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier bav-

SvTa interesebis gaSuqebas an, Tundac, ugulebelyofas SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze dasaerTod sazogadoebis damoki-

debulebaze maT mimarT. kvlevis procesSi Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia masmediis saSualebebSi, gansakuTre-

biT ki, televiziebSi (radgan televiziis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli informaciis miReba gacilebiT met adamians SeuZlia, vidre sxva romelime mediasaSualebas) bavSvTa sakiTxebze momzadebuli masalebi, mediis mier stereotipebisa da gaSuqebis aramarTebuli formebis damkvidrebis mcdelobebi. arasworad, darRvevebiT miwodebulma informaciam, SesaZloa SemdegSi bavSvebs Seuqmnas iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, pirovnebis sazoga-

doebisgan gaucxoeba, sociumTan integraciis garTuleba da sxv. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens masmediisaTvis imis gansazRvra, Jurnalisturi

eTikis ugulebelyofis fonze, Tu ra safrTxis winaSe dgas bavSvi da rogor irRveva misi uflebebi. mas mediis yvela im arsebuli saSualebebidan, romelic dRes arsebobs, televi-

zias gacilebiT didi efeqti smoxdenaSeuZliaTavisie.w. daswrebis efeqtis, gamomxatvelo-biTi da smeniTi saSualebiT, romelsac mosaxleobis gacilebiT didi nawili iRebs infor-

maciis saxiT da Tanac ufasod, operatiulad. amitom, telegadacemebSi gasuli siuJetebi, reportaJebi an sulac, bavSvTa problematur sakiTxebs miZRvnili gadacemebi, gansakuTre-

bulad frTxilad unda aiwyos da daigegmos. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT SesaZle-beli xdeba ama Tu im faqtis saaSkaraoze gamotana, swored am dros marTebs Jurnalists ga-

moavlinos profesionaluri damokidebuleba sakiTxisadmi, radgan Tavad ar moeqces ste-

reotipuli damokidebulebis zegavlenis qveS da imis magivrad, rom xeli Seuwyos araadek-

vaturi sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas bavSvTa diskriminaciisa Tu Zaladobis aRsakve-Tad, Tavad ar ubiZgos xalxs aRniSnuli qmedebebisaken. swored televiziisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli niSnebis gamo, gadawyda, bavSvTa sakiTxebze gakeTebuli telegadacemebze, siuJe-

tebsa Tu reportaJebze davkvirveba da Sefaseba. bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, Jurna-

listma aucileblad Tavadve unda Seafasos, is produqti, romelsac sazogadoebisaTvis qmnis da ardauSvas, Tundac gaucnobiereblad, brali dasdos sazogadoebrivi jgufis bav-Svebs, danaSaulis axali talRis agorebaSi an socialuri arastabilurobis gamowvevaSi.

ganvixiloT siuJetebi,romlebSic gansakuTrebulad Cans bavSvis uflebebis Selaxva da JurnalistTa mxridan profesiuli eTikis ugulvebelyofis faqtebi.


30

2012 wlis 20 aprils, gadacema `100 ac-is” Jurnalisti, nodar melaZe swored aseT situ-

aciaSi aRmoCnda, rodesac telekompania `imedis” eTerSi qarTveli emoebis, rokerebisa da

goTebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb gadacema — (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8P1Ne4bWVI) gavida. swored am gadacemam daadanaSaula zemoT aRniSnuli subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi sa-

tanizmSi. es iyo gadacema, romlis yurebis Semdegac sazogadoebaSi axali mcdari stereo-tipi gaCnda, rom rok-musika, Savi manikuri, pirsingi, sviringi da msgavsi gamoxatulebi sa-

tanizmis maniSnebelia da am mizeziT bevri bavSvi quCaSi diskriminaciis msxverpli gaxda. bavSvebs rogorc gadacemis wamyvani, ise mowveuli sxva stumrebi, magaliTad moZRvre-

bi, satanizmsa da satanisturi ritualebis gamarTvaSi sdebdnen brals; “yvelaferi, rasac isini akeTeben, satanuria”-ambobs mRvdeli da mozardebs mouwodebs, Caxedon im satanur moZRvrebebsa da literaturas, rac arsebobs da Seadaron, aris Tu ara maTi qmedebebi sa-tanisturi; Tu mRvdelma winaswar icis, rom mis mier miTiTebul literaturas cudi gavle-

nis moaxdena SeuZlia mozardebis fsiqikaze, maSin ratom ayenebs maT am safrTxiswinaSe?! siuJets, dawyebamde gamafrTxilebeli warwera uZRoda — `aucileblad moarideT ek-

rans bavSvebi da susti gulis mqone adamianebi.” — es warwera araseriozulad JRers, rode-sac ukve anonsidanac cxadia, rom siuJetSi monawileebi Tavad arian bavSvebi. araprofesio-

nalizmisa da sensaciuri ambiT manipulirebis Sedegad, dairRva “kanoni mauwyeblis Sesaxeb

(1)” – miukerZoeblobis principi (Tavi IV. muxli 15); samarTliani mopyrobis principi (Tavi V; muxli 19)~; Tavi V; muxli 21, romelSicnaTqvamia, romTumonawilearis 18 wlamdeasakis, siuJetsa Tu gadacemaSi monawileobis Tanxmoba miRebuli unda iyos mSoblisagan, meurvi-

sagan an mzrunvelisagan. gadacemaSi e.w. faruli gadaRebis dros darRveuli iqna arasrul-

wlovanTa ufleba, moxda ra farulad Cawerili mozardis faqtobrivi identificireba - mozardis xma ar iyo Secvlili, korespodentma daasaxela respodenti gogonasaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli garegnuli niSani da, aseve, gamoqveynda fotosuraTebi, romelSic mozardis aseve mozardi megobrebi arian identificirebulebi; gadacemaSi axalgazrduli subkul-

turebis gaSuqeba moxda arasando informaciaze dayrdnobiT, naCvenebi foto Tu videoma-salis warmoSobis wyaros miTiTebis gareSe; mTeli rigi faqtebis - mtredebisa Tu sxva cxo-

velebis daxocva da ase Semdeg, yovelgvari safuZvlisa da damamtkicebeli masalis gareSe, gadacemis avtorebma daukavSires emo-s, goTebisa Tu sxva subkulturul jgufebs. moaxdi-

nes ganzogadeba. es iyo erTaderTi mizniT gakeTebuli gadacema — `puri da sanaxaoba” da am sanaxaobam gaeros mier miRebuli `bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis (2)” darRveva gamoiwvia —

muxli — 13(g) rom araferi vTqvaT_kanonze mauwyeblis Sesaxeb, Jurnalisturi eTikis qar-

tiasa (http://qartia.org.ge/?page_id=1371 ) da diskriminaciis Sesaxeb SemuSavebul yvela im saerTa-

Soriso sakanonmdeblo aqtze (konvenciis me-10 muxli; adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis me-19 muxli), romelTac saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni aRiarebs (3).

Semdegi siuJeti ukavSirdeba `mecxre arxis” eTerSi, 2013/04/20 gasul siuJets-iSviaTi

daavadeba (http://www.tv9.ge/?m=6&id=20710), romelSic moTxrobili iyo sami wlis Tamar mSvi-

dobaZis ukurnebeli daavadebis, laminaruli iqTiozis Sesaxeb. daavadebis simptomebi -ya-

visferi, qerqovani laqebi sxeulsa da saxeze. siuJetSi problema gamokveTili iyo, rom si-

Raribis zRvars qvemoT myof ojaxs, romelsac es statusi jer-jerobiT miniWebuli ara qvs, usaxsrobis gamoregularuli mkurnalobis kursis Catareb aar SeuZlia. arc im Zvi-radRirebul medikamentebze miuwvdebaT xeli, romelic bavSvisTvis aucilebelia.

siuJetSi ar unda eCvenebinaT gogonas saxe, arc misi gaxdil mdgomareobaSi warmoCena iyo saWiro. sakiTxis gazviadebisa da sensaciad gadaqcevis mcdelobas ewireba bavSvis uf-


31

lebebi, rac kanonis darRvevasTan erTad araeTikuria da dauSvebelia. Jurnalistebs unda axsovdeT, “sad gadis zRvari TanagrZnobasa da Secodebas Soris(4)”. daavadebis simwvaveze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad xelebis Cvenebac sakmarisi iqneboda da aucileblobas ar warmo-

adgenda bavSvis SiSveli sxeulis Cveneba. radgan daavadeba memkvidreobiT senad Sefasda, aman samomavlod, SesaZloa garkveuli problemebi (igulisxmeba daojaxeba, memkvidreobi-

Tobis gamo SiSis faqtori SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli, rac calke xels uSlis sazogadoebaSi integracias) Seuqmnas gogonas. eqimi ambobs, rom daavadeba gonebrivsa da fizikur SesaZ-

leblobebze negatiur gavlenas ar axdens, maSin, roca Jurnalists sapirispiro, gadaumow-

mebeli informacia mohyavs da ambobs, rom eqspertebi am daavadebisaTvis SezRuduli Se-

saZleblobebis mqone statusis miniWebaze muSaoben. es Jurnalistis Sefasebaa, radgan eq-sperti intervius dros amas ar adasturebs.

aseve, `mecxrearxis” sainformacio gamoSvebaSi, 2013/04/13, gavida siuJeti cxraSvilian dedaze, romelic bavSvebze meurveobis CamorTmevis SesaZlo SemTxvevis winaSe idga. mZime socialuri pirobebisa da arasaTanado mopyrobis gamo mozardebi mimReb ojaxebSi mox-

vdnen. ori maTgani kiklinikaSi mkurnalobda. marTalia, siuJetis msvlelobisas, fotoebze aRbeWdil bavSvebs saxe dafaruli hqondaT, arc maTi mSoblebi uCvenebiaT, magram kadrSi zedmiwevniT Cans sacxovrebeli adgili da mezoblebi, romlebic ar arian idenficirebu-

lebi, hyvebian, rogor Wamdnen bavSvebi ganavals, balaxs, miwas, rogor sastikad scemda de-

da maT, aSimSilebda d aa.S. cxra bavSvidan ramdenime skolaSi, iSviaTad, magram mainc dadi-

oda. maTi TanaklaselebisaTvis advili amosacnobi SeiZleba gaxdes sacxovrebeli adgili, mezoblebi, ramac bavSvebze fsiqologiuri zewola gamoiwvios Tanaklaselebisgan. amitom, bavSvTa idenficirebis sakiTxi, mcdelobis miuxedavad, darRveulia. amuflebas saqarTve-

los kanonis 35-e muxli icavs-”informacia piris sacxovrebeli adgilis, telefonis fos-

tis Tu sxva piradi sakontqato monacemebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gamJRavndes mxolod sazoga-doebrivi interesis arsebobisas” — am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli interesi sakiTxisadmi ar aris gamokveTili.

“INFO9-m” gamoaqveyna siuJeti (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhFvbBRTFu0) senakis unar-

SezRudul bavSvTa saxlSi mimdinare darRvevebze. aRniSnuli darRvevebis Sesaxeb, am bav-

SvTa saxlis yofili mcxovrebi, valeri Ciraia (srulwlovani) hyveba. swored mis istorieb-

sa da braldebebze dayrdnobiT midis Jurnalisti senakis bavSvTa saxlSi daecnoba iqaur garemos. iq momuSave personali Jurnalistis xelT arsebul braldebebsa da informacias uarhyofs, magram arasrulwlovani SSm (SezRuduliSesaZleblobebismqonde) stautusis mqone bavSvi, Riad, idinficirebis gareSe hyveba im Zaladobaze, romelsac bavSvTa saxlSi momuSave adamianebi axorcielebdnen b

eneficiarebze. Jurnalistis kiTxva-Cven rom wavalT, ras gizamen, rogor geqcevian? pa-

suxi: ”dRes, raTqmaunda, kargad, Tqven rom moxvediT imitom, Tqven rom waxvalT, ar vici ras gvizamen.” Camketaven -amas ramdenjerme imeorebs arasrulwlovani uCa osefovi da aR-

niSnavs, rom msgavsi ram xSirad xdeba. darRvevevi: naCvenebia saxeli, gvari, xma da saxe daufaravia, siuJeti gadaRebulia im

adamianebis TanxlebiT, romlebsac mozardi Zaladobriv faqtebSi adanaSaulebs da Riad upirispirdeba, rac iwvevs bavSvis gaRizianebas da daZabulobas. idenTificireba aucile-

beli iyo, radgan JurnalistTan saubrisa da misTvis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis arasasurveli informaciis miwodebis gamo, beneficiarze Zaladobisa da damsjeli qmedebebis ganxorcie-

lebis riskebi gaizarda, amis Sesaxeb Tavad mozardi aRniSnavs siuJetSi.


32

telekompania ”imedis” sainformacio gamoSvebaSi gavida siuJeti (http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=tsYuRF_u7to) mkvleloba diRmis unarSezRudul bavSvTa saxlSi. 16 wlis giorgi Cogo-

vaZem 14 wlis xatia mequdiSvili, savaraudod, qamriT gaguda. damnaSavis foto, romelic naTesavebTan erTad aqvs gadagebuli, ar aris idenficirebuli, ra Tqma unda, saxelisa da gvaris dafarvaze arc aravis ufiqria, maSin, roca siuJetSi gardacvlili gogonas cxedars iatakze dagdebuls aCveneben, romelSic garkveviT Cans bavSvis saxe. arc imis aucilebloba iyo, rom bavSTa saxlis sxva arasrulwlovanebi gadaeRoT da iseTi negatiuri informaciis gavrcelebis dros, rogoric es SemTxveva iyo.

31/05/12 — ”imedi” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z30ec12FyKY), siuJetSi, mkvlelobaSi eW-

vmitanili mozardi yveba istorias. mozardis mariam manukianis braleuloba damtkicebuli ar aris. saxe dafaruli aqvs, magram xma ar aris Secvlili, rac misi martivad amocnobis sa-

Sualebas iZleva. gogonas SemTxvevaSi, aseve moqmedebs udanaSaulobis prezumfcia (5). momdevno siuJeti, romelic aseve Zalian mZime sanaxavi iyo: kaxeTis sofel kolagSi

momxdar ubedur SemTxvevas exeba (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mNWNq0sqWw.) rva Tvis bar-

bare rafaliancis mkvleloba 3 TvismanZilze aqtiurad Suqdeboda. es movlena mniSvnelo-

vania imitomac, rom 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis periodSi moxda da politikuri sarCuli hqonda. bavSvis mkvlelobaSi damnaSaved ojaxi “nacionaluri moZraobis” erT-erT wevrs miiCnevda. eTerSi gasul pirvel (Semdgom reportaJebSic aseve grZeldeboda) siu-

JetSi ar iyo dafaruli gardacvlili bavSvis saxe, detalurad iyo naCvenebi cxedris qvev-

ridan amoyvana, mSoblebis tirili, rac Jurnalisturi eTikis normebis uxeSi darRvevaa. es sxva araferia Tu ara adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi SeWra. eTikis qartia, muxli 10: „Jurna-

listma pativi unda sces adamianis pirad cxovrebas da ar SeiWras pirad cxovrebaSi, Tu ar arsebobs gansakuTrebili sazogadoebrivi interesi.“ ra Tqma unda sazogadoebis intere-sic didi iyo, magram uSualod faqtis mimarT da ara mSoblebis glovis mimarT.

amdenad, Seswavlil siuJetebSi swored konfidencialoba da piradi cxovrebis xelSeu-

xeblobisufleba ar aris daculi, rac arRvevs arasrulwlovnis gaSuqebis standartebs dazians ayenebs mas.

bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebis standarti umetesad irRveva maSin, rodesac Suqdeba arasrulwlovnebis konkretuli problemuri SemTxvevebi. darRvevas umetesad iwvevs siu-

JetSi faqtisa da komentaris areva, faqtebis Secvla, arasrulwlovnebis identifikacia da maTi piradi cxovrebis xelyofa yovelgvari aucileblobisa da sazogadoebrivi interesis arsebobis gareSe. amave dros, Jurnalistebi naklebad fiqroben imaze, Tu ra ziani SeiZle-

ba moutanon amiT Tavad siuJetis gmirs an masTan asocierebuli jgufis wevrebs. komenta-

risaTvis Jurnalistebi Tavad bavSvebis garda mimarTaven maTi ojaxis wevrebsa da naTesa-

vebs, romlebic aseve, xSirad laxaven maT uflebebskomentaris micemisas danaklebad fiq-

roben bavSvisaTvis miyenebul potenciur zianze. miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebis janmrTe-lobasa daganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli Temebi yvelaze meti moxvda satelevizio axal am-

bebSi, sakiTxi moklebulia siRrmes da ukavSirdeba mxolod sagangebo prezentaciebs, skan-

dalur dakriminalur SemTxvevebs.

bibliografia: 1. kanoni mauwyeblis Sesaxeb _http://www.gncc.ge/index.php? lang_id=GEO&sec_id= 7110&info_ id=9041

2. “bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia”, muxli13 – http://www.unicef.org/georgia/CRC_child_friendly-resized.pdf


33

3. saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni saqarTvelos konstitucia-muxli7, (http://www.idfi.ge/ uploaded Files/konstitucia.pdf).

4. bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba mediaSi. saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis _http://unicef.ge/ uploads/Childrens_Rights_and_Journalism_Practice_-_manual_for_students_in_georgian.pdf

5. udanaSaulobis prezumfcia. saerTaSoriso aqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb me-14 mux., me-2 p.

6. evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb me-6 muxli (http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=7051 )

gamoyenebuli sainformacio masala: 1. http://www.tv9.ge/?m=6&id=20710

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8P1Ne4bWVI

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z30ec12FyKY

4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsYuRF_u7to

5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhFvbBRTFu0

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mNW


34

mariam gaboSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

xelmZRvaneli profesori: maka doliZe

saarCevno maraToni

kacobriobis istoriaSi arCevnebsa da saaarCevno procesebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. demokratiuli arCevnebis instituti saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda. TiToeu-

li qveyana Taviseburad gaivlis politikuri Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken mimaval gzas. amitom arCevnebisa da saarCevno procedurebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codna mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi gamodis demokratiuli fasadis, lama-

zi dekoraciis saxiT, rac faravs viwro jgufs an erTi piris monopolias xelisuflebaze. aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca arCevnebiTvis mosuli prezidenti sazogadoebisTvis

imedgacruebis mizezi xdeba. demokratiuli gziT Catarebuli arCevnebis Semdeg SeiZleba kvlav iyos nihilizmi sazogadoebaSi, radgan xalxs uaresebs Soris ukeTesis arCeva mouwi-

os. arCeulma kandidatma ki dakisrebul movaleobas ver gaarTvas Tavi. xalxi SieZleba manipulaciis msxverpli armoCndes da prezidentad airCios demagogi. sazogadoeba Cveulebriv aRiqvams prezidentis kandidatis garegnul saxes, masmediis

mier Seqmnil miTebs da ar SeuZlia kandidatis realuri Sefaseba. “CvenTan ZiriTadi aqcen-

ti keTdeba pirovnebebze, maT Tvisebebze, warmoSobasa da SesaZleblobebze” -vkiTxulobT JurnalSi “Tbiliselebi”, (20.10.2003)

xSiri aSemTxvevebi, roca sazoadoeba manipulaciis msxverpli xdeba da kargi imijis Seq-

mnis Sedegad imarjvebs kandidati, romelmac sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi imiji Seiqmna. imi-

ji iqmneba sami mTavari elementidan gamomdinare: kandidatis realuri Tvisebebi, idealuri kandidatis saxe da is imiji, romelic Seesabameba saarCevno kampaniis stategiul miznebs.

amerikeli politologebi, wignis “amerikuli demokratiis” avtorebi (qeneT janda, jefrim. beri, jeri goldmeni), miiCneven rom demokratiuli arCevnebis vi-

TarebaSi “masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mTavari funqciaa xeli Seuwyos xalxis gan-

xelisuflebisaTvis informaciis gadacemas, upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlis safuZvelze.”

mediis daniSnuleba xom swored isaa, rom sazogadoebas obieqturi dadamajerebeli in-formacia miawodos kandidatis Sesaxeb.

winasaarCevno periodSi sainformacio saSualebebi reklamas ukeTeben prezidentobis kandidats, amyareben kavSirs kandidatsa da amomrCevels Soris. mediam unda Seqmnas arse-

buli situaciis namdvili saxe da amomrCevels Seuqmnas imis SesaZlebloba, rom samarTlia-nad airCios Tavisi qveynis prezidenti.

mixeil saakaSvilis saprezidento Rirsebebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadad yuradReba maxvildeboda mis qarizmatulobaze, gambedaobaze, emociurobaze. Tu kenWs iyris cnobili saxe, maSin masze sazogadoebas garkveuli warmodgena ukve aqvs

Seqmnili, amitom SesaZlebelia mxolod koreqtireba gakeTdes miRebuli imijis, an biogra-

fiaSi CarTuli iqnes axali legendebi kandidatis Sesaxeb, romelic dadebiT zegavlenas


35

moaxdens amomrCevelze. amis kargi magaliTia mixel saakaSvilis gamocdileba, sxvadasxva satelevizio reklamebi, romliTac uqmnidnen imijs, `prezidentis cremlebi“ `uSualoba“ `Tbili prezidenti“ da a.S. vinaidan mixel saakaSvili iyo ukve cnobadi saxe da aRar esaWi-

roeboda cnobadobis gazrda, amjerad saWiro gaxda SeeqmnaT kargi adamianis imiji, agreT-

ve kargi profesionalizmis imiji, xazs usvamdnen mis ganaTlebas, enebis codnas, agreTve cdilobdnen warmoeCinaT rogorc saukeTeso lideri. sainformacio saSualebebi am Tanam-

debobisTvis saukeTeso kandidatis saxes qmnidnen. kandidati iyenebs masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs. atarebs winasaarCevno kampanias,

amomrCevels acnobs programebs, informacis awvdis amomrCevels, gavlenas axdens misi po-ziciis Camoyalibebaze.

mkvlevarebi beWdur medias, romelic aSuqebs winasaarCevno kamanias oTx kategoriad hyofen:

1. gazeTebi, romlebic arCevnebis win biujetidan finansdebian. 2. gazeTebi, romelTac ar aqvT politikuri orientacia (yviTeli presa) 3.registrirebuli politikuri pirebis mier daarsebuli beWduri organoebi 4. Tavisufali gazeTebi. profesori m. afetolivi miiCnevs, rom mTavari datvirTva pirveli kategoriis gaze-

Tebze modis. opozicia pirdapir sdebda brals zviad gamsaxurdias masobrivi informaciis saSuale-

baTa uzurpaciaSi: ,, xelisuflebam yvela mTavari gazeTi Caigdo xelSi da opozicias mxo-

lod ramdeni memciretiraJiani kvireuli gamocema darCa, riTac gansxvavebuli azri faq-

tiurad aikrZala.” presisa da demokratiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT 2000 wels Cetarebuli saprezi-

dento arCevnebi maRla aRmoCnda xelisuflebaze, media cdilobda, aesaxa realuri suraTi. saarCevno kampaniis damTavrebisTanave presam da telekompania “rusTavi 2”-ma aqtiurad da-

iwyes saubari ara mxolod arCevnebis Sedegebis gayalbebaze, aramed, Seteva prezidentze (Zi-

riTadad, “aliam” da “rezonansma”) da fonis Seqmna misi diskreditaciisaTvis. rac Seexeba 2004 wels saprezidento arCevnebis dros mediaSi arsebul situacias, arCevnebi saerTaSori-so organizaciebis didma nawilma samagaliTod miiCnia, Tumca codva gamxelili sjobs, im-

dros asarCevi arc araferi iyo, radgan revoluciis periodSi opoziciur iazri gaqra. rogorc vxedavT, arCevnebi da amomrCevlis damoukideblobis faqtori qveynis demokra-

tiulobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari kriteriumia. am fonze pasuxismgebloba da ro-

li mediisa, romelic zegavlenas axdens eleqtoralur arCevanze, uaRresad mniSvnelovania.


36

gorgoZe salome ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti,bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino WalaganiZe

bavSvTa janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis sakiTxebis gaSuqeba

qarTul mediaSi

bavSvTa janmrTelobasTan da socialur dacvasTan dakavSirebiT momzadebuli siuJe-

tebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, im sensaciur TemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, romelsac arasodes tovebs media uyuradRebod. rogorc saxelmZRvaneloSi1 vkiTxulobT bavSvebi mediis yuradRebis centrSi ZiriTadad raime negatiuri an dramatuli movlenis Sedegad xvdebian. am sakiTxis arasworad gaSuqeba ki gavlenas axdens, erTi mxriv bavSvze, meore mxriv auditoriaze. Jur-

nalisti cdilobs aRweros rac SeiZleba „mZime“ da „saSineli“ istoria da auditorias mia-

wodos „sensaciuri masala“, rac Tavis mxriv amZimebs ambis xarisxs. bavSvTa janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis gaSuqeba Jurnalistisgan saTanado eTi-

kur-samaTeblivi sakiTxebis codnas moiTxovs, radgan Semcirdes riski imisa, rom am siuJe-

tiT bavSvs ziani miadgeba. kvlevis mizans waroadgens imisi Cveneba, Tu rogor Suqdeba qarTul mediaSi bavSvTa

janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis Tema, ramdenad icaven Jurnalistebi profesiul standartebsa da eTikis normebs.

kvlevis hipoTezaa: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWduri da onlain media arcTu iSviaTad profesiuli standartebisa da eTikis normebis darRveviT aSuqebs bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis Tematikas.

aRniSnuli Temis gaazrebisaTvis da sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli problemebis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis davamuSaveT Semdegi literatura: delforim. denisie„ masobrivi ko-

munikaciis gaazrebisTvis“ (Tbilisi, 2009). wigni Tanamedrove realobaSi masobrivi komuni-

kaciis rolsa da mniSvnelobas asaxavs. aseve, klod Janbertnari „media eTika da angariSval-

debulebis sistemebi“ (2004). „bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze da-

fuZnebuli midgoma“, (Tbilisi 2011w.) aseve, „bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba mediaSi“(saxel-

mZRvanelo studentebisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2008w.) warmodgenili magaliTebis eTikis normebis WrilSi ganxilvisas, daveyrdeniT wigns: „saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia“(Tbi-

lisi, 2010w.)damatebiT gavecaniT 2008 wels Catarebul kvlevas, saxelwodebiT: „bavSvTa sa-

kiTxebis gaSuqeba da media eTika saqarTveloSi--situaciuri analizi“(2008w.) sakvlevi periodi moicavs 2013 wlis ianvari-martis monakveTs. sakvlevi masala: presis

sami gamocemis(„kviris palitra“, „kviris qronika“, „alia“) aseve onlain mediis: („ambebi.ge”,”

presa.ge”, “droni.gekk) am periodSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi bavSvTa janmrTelobisa da soci-

aluri dacvis Sesaxeb. kvlevis meTodad gamoviyeneT kontent analizi. Tvisebrivi monitoringis Sedegad ga-

vaanalizeT statiebi profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis WrilSi.

1 „bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma Tbilisi 2011

gv.35-36.


37

rac Seexeba Tvisebriv mxares: saangariSo periodSi bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis Temaze mokvleulia 26 statia, amaTgan 16 profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis darRveviT.

Tvisebrivi monitoringis Sedegad gamoikveTa darRvevaTa Semdegi tipebi: • gazviadeba, mkiTxvelis grZnobebze gaTvilili teqsti. onlain media, ambebi.ge, gamoqveynda statiasaTauriT: “gogita abaSiZis ojaxs oTxi

wlis win axalSobili gogonac daeRupa“1 statiaSi interviua bavSvis mSoblebTan. statiis dasawyisi paTetikuria, gulisamaCuyebeli da mkiTxvelis grZnobebze gaTvlili, rac akni-

nebs naSromis rogorc Jurnalisturi teqstis Rirebulebas: “24 marts 3 saaTi sruldeboda, roca axalgazrda qalis sulisSemZvreli „ iavnana“ gaisma. Svilis cxedarze damxobilma de-

dam SimSiliT gardacvlil gogitas tirilnarevi xmiT ukanasknelad umRera.” • faqtisa da komentaris aRreva. onlain media, ambebi.ge, gamoqveynda statia saTauriT: „ tragedia ugmirod-SimSiliT

gardacvlili erTi wlis gogitas mamis aRsareba“2 saTauri zedmetad paTetikuria. statias vkiTxulobT da iq aranairi „aRsareba“ ar aris, ubralo interviua abaSiZis mSobelTan. meo-

re mxriv, statiaSi gvxvdeba faqtisa da komentaris aRreva. Jurnalisti pirdapir afasebs momxdars da subieqturi azris dafiqsirebas ar erideba: „aseTia is Semzaravi realoba, rom-

lis mixedviT Cvens qveyanaSi bavSvebi SimSiliT ixocebianRTu aseTi tragikuli movlenebic ar dagvafiqrebs sadamde mivyavarT gulgrilobas, maSin Cveni saSveli aRar yofila“.

• skandaluri saTaurebi gazeTi „kviris qronika“, daibeWda statia saTauriT: “vin mokla erTi wlis gogita aba-

SiZe“3saTauri sxvagvar interpretacias aZlevs momxdars, aqcenti imaze rom viRac bavSvis mkvlelia, Jurnalistis Sefasebaa da realur faqts ar warmoadgens. bavSvi SimSiliT garda-

icvala, Jurnalists ufleba ar aqvs vinme Riad daadanaSaulos amaSi. aqve vxvdebiT faqtisa da komentaris aRrevas, sadac Jurnalisti ar erideba sakuTari pozicia daafiqsiros: „saa-

kaSvils maSin ratom ar gaxsenebia mSieri bavSvebi, roca milanSi sayidlebze garboda, roca qalaqi Rvarcofs mihqonda?ra, ar icoda prezidentma ra xdeboda qveyanaSi?“

• bavSvis fotoebis dabeWdva. gazeTi „kviris palitra“, daibeWda statia saTauriT:„es „Cvili“ 28 wlis qalia!“4 stati-

aSi moTxrobilia martoxela dedis tragikuli istoria, romelic gansakuTrebuli saWiroe-

bebis mqone Svils, 28 welia uvlis. dabeWdilia Zalian mZime fotoebi, maT gareSec ambavi Za-lian mZimea, amitom maTi CvenebiT damatebiT informacias ver viRebT.maTSi garkveviT sCans bavSvis saxe da sxeuli.

• stereotipebis Seqmna. omlain media, ambebi.ge, gamoqveynda statia saTauriT: „Roris gripis vaqcinam bavSvebi

zombebad aqcia“.5 saTauri skandaluria da rogorc statiis wakiTxvis Semdeg varkvevT, usa-fuZvlod gazviadebuli. vgebulobT, rom britaneTSi Roris gripis vaqcinam bavSvebSi Zilis darRveva gamoiwvia, „bavSvTa jgufs iSviaTi daavadeba – nikolefsia aRmoaCndaT, romlis ga-

1 ambebi.ge/29.03.2013, danarTi 1 2 ambebi.ge/23.03.2013, danarTi 2 3 „kviris qronika“ 12. 25-31 marti 4 kviris palitra 5 23 ianvari-3Tebervali 5 ambebi.ge, danarTi 3


38

moc patarebs SeuZliaT 19 saaTi iZinon“. Tavis mxriv araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom vaqcinam reaqcia gamoiwvios, miT umetes, statiidan vgebulobT, rom qveynis masStabiT mxolod 11 bavSvi dazaralda. am saTauris statias ki SeuZlia mSoblebSi eWvi gaaCinos, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad sandoa vaqcina. warmoSvas an gaamyaros stereotipi imisa, rom vaqcina SesaZloa sa-

xifaTo aRmoCndes. saintereso iqneba, aqve ganvixiloT 2008 wels gaeros bavSvTa fondis egidiT Catarebu-

li kvleva saxelwodebiT: „ bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba da media eTika saqarTveloSi-situa-

ciuri analizi“.1 kvleva mimoixilavs saqarTveloSi arsebuli media eTikis kodeqsebsa da me-diis TviTregulirebis meqanizmebs bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT da asaxavs qar-

Tuli mediis samTviani monitoringis Sedegs imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad icavs media bavSvTa uflebebs bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas.

rogorc kvlevis mignebebi cxadyofs, qarTul mediaSi xSiria imgvari statiebi, sadac ar aris gamijnuli faqti da komentari, figurirebs dauzustebeli da gadaumowmebeli in-

formacia. bavSvebze saubrisas Jurnalistebi ar eridebian ganzogadebas, rac TavisTavad xels uwyobs stereotipebs. garda amisa, naklebad xdeba problemis detaluri analizi da informacia ramdenime wyaros safuZvelze Suqdeba.

ra igulisxmeba jandacvis ambebSi? rogorc saxelmZRvaneloSi2 vkiTxulobT, es sa-

kiTxi jandacvis sferoSi arsebul mravalricxovan problemas moiazrebs. bavSvTa janmrTe-lobis mdgomareoba ki, udavoa, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia, qveynis jandacvis sistemaSi. am sistemis efeqturoba ki gazomvadi kriteriumebiT fasdeba, magaliTad: or-

sulTa da mSobiareTa sikvdilianoba, Sobadobis da mkvdrad Sobadobis done, 5 wlamde bav-

SvTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli. bavSvebs ufleba aqvT miiRon specialuri dacva, raTa ganviTarebis am safexurze, isar-

geblon am uflebebiT. karg janmrTelobaze bavSvis uflebis dacva moicavs prevenciul mzrunvelobas da ganaTlebas jandacvis sakiTxebze, aseve Seuracyofisa da eqspluatacii-

sagan dacvas da Semdgom reabilitacias. amdenad ambavi metad farTo da mravlismTqmelia, rac Jurnalistisgan codnas moiTxovs.

qarTul mediaSi jandacvis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, mniSvnelovani problema swored sa-

kiTxis mimarT zerele damokidebulobaSi mdgomareobs, rac sworad gaSuqebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels saSualebas miscemda Tavad mieRo gadawyvetilieba da gaekeTebi-

na arCevani, magaliTad acras Tu ara Svili axali vaqciniT, an miiRos Tu ara raime zomebi, roca misi Svili SidciT an tuperkuloziT daavadebul Tanatols eTamaSeba.

xarisxiani Jurnalistikuri naSromi swored am arCevanis Tavisuflebas aZlevs sazoga-

doebas. SesaZloa uamravi adamiani iyos mZimed daavadebuli, TumcaTu es avadmyofi bavSvia, es

xSirad sakmarisia SemTxveva mediam gaaSuqos. amiT media qmnis stereotips, rom bavSvi msxverplia an „qvelmoqmedebis obieqti“. xSirad interesdebian Jurnalistebi gansakuTre-

buli saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebis TemiT, radgan sakiTxi mgrZnobiarea da mas bevri poten-

ciuri mkiTxveli eyoleba. bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba Jurnalistisagan saTanado codnasa da saerTaSoriso

standartebis dacvas moiTxovs. nebismierma sityvam Tu frazam SesaZloa mTlianad gansazR-

1 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, Tbilisi

2011, gv. 55 2 bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba mediaSi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv.14-15


39

vros bavSvis Semdgomi cxovreba. amitom bavSvze saubrisas udidesi sifrTxile da profesi-onalizmia saWiro.

udavoa, rom medias sazogadoebaze didi gavlena aqvs. „SeuZlebelia sruliad gaviaz-

roT Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi masobrivi komunikaciis rolis mniSvneloba Tu ar vaRiarebT, rom Cveni media sazogadoebisa da TiToeuli adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mniSvnelo-

vani nawilia... amitom yovelgvari msjeloba unda daviwyoT imis aRiarebiT, rom Cven Zalian varT damokidebuli mis arsebobasa da Sinaarsze.“1

am pasuxismgeblobidan gamomdinare JurnalistTa saqmianoba SeiZleba iTqvas ormagi CarCoTi izRudeba: eTika da profesiuli standartebi. „eTika gulisxmobs dauwerel wesebs, rac warmoadgens konsesuss imis Taobaze, Tu ra qmedebaa misaRebi da ra miuRebeli. rogori qmedebis gamo SeiZleba gariyon Jurnalisti kolegebma profesiidan.“2

„Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiaSi“3 vkiTxulobT, muxli 8: „ Jurnalisti valdebulia da-

icvas bavSvis uflebebi. profesiuli saqmianobisas upiratesi mniSvneloba mianiWos bavSvis interesebs, ar moamzados da ar gamoaqveynos bavSvis Sesaxeb iseTi statiebi an reportaJe-

bi, romlebic saziano iqneba maTTvis. Jurnalistma ar unda CamoarTvas interviu da ar unda gadauRos foto 16 welze nakleb asakis mozards mSoblis an meurvis Tanxmobis gareSe, im im sakiTxebze romlebic misi an sxva mozardis keTildReobas exeba“.

rac Seexeba profesiul standartebs, bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, JurnalistTa sa-

erTaSoriso federaciis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis4Tanaxmad: • bavSvis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, Jurnalistebma Zlisxmeva ar unda daiSuron sizusti-

sa da koreqtulobis dasacavad. • moeridon publikaciebisaTvis popularobis mopovebis mizniT bavSvebTan dakavSire-

buli problemebis sensaciur da stereotipul gaSuqebas. • bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri masalis gamoqveynebisas saguldagulod awon-

dawonon SesaZlo Sedegebi da minimumamde daiyvanon zianis faqtori. • Tu amas sazogadoebrivi interesi ar moiTxovs, daicvan bavSvis vinaoba da ar gamoaq-

veynon misi fotoebi. amdenad, profesiuli standartebisa da eTikis normebis mixedviT gaanalizebulma ma-

salebma cxadyo, rom marTebulia hipoTeza: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWduri da onlain media arcTu iSviaTad profesiuli standartebisa da eTikis normebis darRveviT aSuqebs bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis Tematikas.

kvlevis mignebebi: 1. faqtis da komentaris aRreva- bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis Temebis ga-

suqebisas, gamovlinda tendencia, rom Jurnalistebi ar eridebian Riad gamoxaton subieq-

turi azri, romelic argumentebiT araa gamyarebuli. 2. mgrZnobiare TemiT manipulireba- gulisamaCuyebeli istoriebiT mkiTxvelis

grZnobebze TamaSi. 3. skandaluri saTaurebi-saTauri romelic ar gamoxatavs statiaSi arsebuli ambis

azrs, aramed mkiTxvelis mosazidadaa gazviadebuli. meore mxriv, maT SeiZleba araswori daskvnebis gakeTebisaken ubiZgos auditorias.

1 deflorim. denisie. masobrivikomunikaciisgaazrebisTvis, Tbilisi, 2009 2 bertraniJ. k. mediaeTikadaangariSvaldebulebebissistemebi, Tbilisi 2004gv. 36-37 3 saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia, Tbilisi, 2010 4 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika- uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, 2011, gv. 53


40

4. bavSvis fotoebis dabeWdva-yvela statiaSi gvxvdeba bavSvis foto, iSviaTia maTi saxis dafarva, maSinac ki, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi naklebia.

5. Temis politizireba-ganxilul statiebSi SeimCneva tendencia, rom bavSvvTa jan-

dacvis da socialuri dacvis Tema xSirad politikur WrilSi awarmodgenili. 6. zedapiruli masalebi-warmodgenil sakvlev masalaSi ar vxvdebiT analizur stati-

ebs, sadac iqneboda problemis safuZvliani ganxilva. warmodgenilma darRvevebma cxadyo, rom arsebuli mcire raodenobis masalebSic ki

vxvdebiT profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis uxeSad darRvevis faqtebs. Sesabamisad, rekomendaciebi Semdegia: Jurnalistebma meti yuradReba dauTmon bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis Te-

mebis sworad gaSuqebas. yvela Jurnalistis movaleobaa profesiuli standartebis dacva. Jurnalistur teqstebSi saWiroa eTikuri normebis gaTvaliswineba. rac Tavis mxri v gamoricxavs faqtisa da komentaris aRrevas, bavSvTa gulisamaCuyebe-

li TemebiT manipulirebas, skandalur, arafrismTqmel saTaurebsa da gardacvlili Tu SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebis fotoebis gamoqveynebas.

bibliografia: 1. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika- uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma Tbilisi

2011 2. bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba mediaSi Tbilisi 2008 3. deflori, denisi 2009. delfori e. denisi masobrivi komunikaciis gaazrebisTvis Tbilisi

2009 4. bertrani 2004 J.k. bertrani media eTika da angariSvaldebulebebis sistemebi Tbilisi 2004 5. saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia Tbilisi 2010


41

xviCa konceliZe Tornike zeikiZe kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati

Tanamedrove qarTuli mediis eTikuri problemebi

eTikuri problemebi Tanamedrove qarTul mediis mtkinveul wertils kvlav warmoad-

gens. miuxedavad imisa, rom media, wina aTwleulebTan SedarebiT, ufro damoukidebeli gax-

da, am faqts, dadebiT SedegebTan erTad, uaryofiTi cvlilebebic moyva. gardaqmnas, saja-

roobasa da informaciis pluralizacias adgilibrivma mosaxleobam arc mTlad adekvatu-rad auba mxari, bevrisTvis ki is sulac iluziuri gamodga. Sedegad: arsebuli satelevizio Tu radio mravalarxianoba, presis farTo arCevani, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT axal mediaze, ro-

melic saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs, Jurnalisturi produqti dResac ver akmayofilebs gansxvavebuli azris mqone recipientTa moTxovnebs. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi ki gviCvenebs, rom sruli sandoobiT arcerTi mediasaSualeba ar sargeblobs.

auditoriis sandoobis mosapoveblad da SesanarCuneblad ramdenime mniSvnelovani gamowvevis dakmayofilebaa saWiro, upirvelesad, esaa gadamowmebuli informaciis gadace-

ma. (gavixsenoT britaneTis sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis BBC-s umniSvnelovanesi princi-pi: gamosaveynebel masalas, sul mcire, sami wyaro unda adasturebdes). meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani polarizebis principia _ Cveni kvlevisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani: faqtis mravalmxrivi gaSuqeba, rac obieqturobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels da mesame, auditoriam unda miiRos gawonasworebuli, koreqtuli masala, romelic arcerTi, Tundac danaSaulSi eWvmitanili an, kidev meti, damnaSaved cnobili adamianis Rirsebas ar xelyofs, aravis Seu-

racxyofs. CamoTvlili parametrebi Zalian xSirad irRveva qarTul beWdur, samauwyeblo da

eleqtronul mediaSi. swored minusis niSnis mqone magaliTebia Cveni kvlevis saganica da safuZvelic. kvlevis aqtualobas ki arsebuli realobis uaryofiTi magaliTebis xazgasmi-Ta da win wamoweviT, optimizaciis gzebis Zieba warmoadgens.

sanam eTikur moralur balanssa Tu disbalansze visaubrebdeT, ramdenime sityviT av-

xsniT, Tu rogor vxedavT jansaR media klimats: esaa viTareba, rodesac sapirispiro Sexe-

dulebebisa da interesebis adamianebi aRiareben erTmaneTis uflebas iyvnen gansxvavebu-lebi, pativs scemen urTierTs da SeTanxmebuli (xSirad, dauwereli) wesebis mixedviT cdi-

loben, moagvaron sakamaTo problemebi. jerjerobiT, es principi kavkasiasa da, konkretu-

lad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi adamianebis didi nawilisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis, vinc politikuri cxovrebis dinamikas gansazRvravs, rTulad misaRwevia.

kvlevis farglebSi aqtiurad vecnobdiT aramxolod gamoqveynebulsa da gaSuqebul masalebs, aramed masmediis Sida samzareulos. vawarmoeT recipientTa gamokiTxva: gamo-

kiTxulTa azriT, romelia mikerZoebuli media saSualebebi da romeli arxi/gazeTi/sagen-

to SeiZleba moviazroT SedarebiT Tavisufal mediasaSualebad. gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, ramdenime mniSvnelovani punqti gamoikveTa: a) bolo wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebidan gamomdinare, Cvens qveyanaSi sityvis Ta-

visufleba meorexarisxovani gaxda;


42

b) TavisTavad is faqti, rom sul Tu ar gaqra, cenzura Semcirda mainc, sasixaruloa, Tumca mediasaSualebaTa mflobelebma esec saTavisod aRiqves, kanoni sakuTar survilebs moarges da cenzuris gaqroba, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, ucenzurobis propagandad aqcies.

g) Tanamedrove qarTuli mediis kidev erT aqtualur problemas adamianis Risebis Se-

laxva warmoadgens. gansakuTrebiT xSirad zemoCamoTvlili problemebi e.w. yviTel mediaSi iCens Tavs,

romelic saqarTveloSi sakmaodaa fexmokidebulica da gavrcelebulic. metic, Tanamed-

rove presam, zogadad mediam, Caanacvla yvelaferi, maT Soris kulturac da TavisTavze ai-

Ro kritikis funqciac. imas, rasac unda akeTebdes profesionali kritikosi, akeTebs ~yvi-

Teli kritikani~. (Jurn. „cxeli Sokoladi“, 1 marti, 2007, gv. 2) dRevandel presaSi ierarqia aRar arsebobs. yviTeli presis elementebi met-naklebad yvelas axasiaTebs, normebi da Ta-

maSis wesebi arcerT sferoSia dadgenili. inglisSi aseTi gamoTqmaa - ~es rom gavakeTo, oq-

sfordSi xels ar CamomarTmeven~, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu profesors raime SeeSala, mas sazogadoeba gariyavs. aseT qveynebSi arseboben Zlieri sazogadoebebi, romelTac Cvengan gansxvavebiT, aqvT ara ormagi morali, aramed Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi, isini saxel-

mwifos Carevis gareSe adgenen sakuTari TamaSis wesebs. mivuaxlovdiT mTavar saTqmels: moralurad gamarTuli, eTikuri da pluralisturi

mediis asparezi samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa, romelmac SesaZlebeli unda gaxados sxvadasxva interesebisa da Rirebulebebis matarebeli jgufebis komfortuli Tanaarseboba, misi upirvelesi xelisSemwyobi ki xelisufleba da e.w. meoTxe xelisufleba, igive presaa, ro-

melnic, amasTanave, informaciis sajaroobasac uzrunvelyofen. metad saintereso monitoringi Caatara saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiam,

riTac kidev erTxel cxadyo is ZiriTadi eTikuri problemebi, romlebic Tanamedrove qar-Tul mediaSi yovel nabijze gvxvdeba. esenia: daubalansebloba, faqtisa da komentaris er-

TmaneTSi aRreva, wamyvanTa mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba da politikuri subieqtebisaT-

vis drois araTanabari ganawileba. qarTul mediaSi gavrcelebul eTikuri darRvevebs Soris yvelaze xSiria Semdegi sa-

xis xarvezebi: sametyvelo enis ucodnrobis gamo daSvebuli Secdomebi, terminologiis, saxel-gavrebis arasworad gamoTqma;

eTerSi dazaralebulTa mZime kadrebis, daavadebulTa, sisxlis an micvalebulTa Cvene-

ba; oponentTa mier erTmaneTis eTerSi Seuracxyofa, presaSi ucenzuro debatebis gaSuqeba. axla ki ganvixiloT ramodenime faqti, romlebic kargad asaxavs Tanamedrove qarTul

mediaSi arsebul eTikur problematikas. ramdenime kviris win qarTul mediaSi gaaSuqes gaupatiurebis faqti. erTi SexedviT,

masala aRiarebuli normebis daicviT gaSuqda: gogonas saxe dafaruli iyo, Tumca morbe-

nal striqonze dazaralebulis saxel-gvari gamoaqveynes. ra mniSvneloba aqvs identifici-rebis nawilobriv dafarvas, es, albaT, mlmxood siuJetis avtorna icis.

cotaodeni xnis win msoflio SeZra cixis kadrebma: telekompania „maestrom“ dazara-

lebuli da Cagruli patimrebis saxeebi eTerSi daufaravad gauSva. igive xdeboda qveynis sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis sainformacio programa – „moambeSi“ gasul siuJetebsa da ga-

zeT „aliaSic“. xSiri iyo udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevis SemTxvevebi. „moambes“ Jurnalistebma ramdenjerme daarRvies profesiuli eTika da kriminaluri SemTxvevebis am-

saxvel siuJetebSi moaxdines mozardi respodentebis identifikacia. eTikuri normebi daarRvia saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi auditoriis mqone mediasaSua-

leba – „imedmac“, roca nodar melaZis saavtoro gadacemaSi emoebis Sesaxeb daufaravad aC-

venebdnen zizRisa da SiSis momgvrel kadrebs.


43

demokratiuli xelisuflebis pirdapiri movaleobaa Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi da realuri bazis uzrunvelyofa, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis sawinaaRmdego azris mqone adamia-

nebis mrgval magidasTan Semokrebasa da oponirebis reJimSi mSvid da efeqtur muSaobas. amitomac, SevecdebiT optimistur notaze davasruloT naSromi da saintereso sta-

tistika warmogidginoT, romelic TvalsaCinod asaxavs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ganwyo-bas mediis mimarT.

kompania CRRC -is kvlevis mixedviT, amierkavkasiaSi mediis mimarT ndobis Tvalsazri-

siT mainc saqarTvelo liderobs: saqarTveloSi gamokiTxuli respondentebis 47% nawi-lobriv an srulad endoba medias. SedarebisaTvis, azerbaijanSi 43% endoba medias, xolo somxeTSi -39% {CRRC Data Initiative 2008}.

miuxedavad im problemebis, romelTa winaSec qarTuli media dgas, qarTvelebis 64% nawilobriv mainc endoba Jurnalistebs. 60%dze meti moiwonebda Tavisi Svilis arCevans, Tu is Jurnalistobas moindomebda. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom mosaxleobis umetesoba frTxili optimizmiT uyurebs qarTuli mediis momavals.

bibliografia:

1. n. WalaganiZe kavkasiis sainformaco veli qarTuli mediis magaliTze (2009 w. maisi seqtembe-

ri) grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa fa-

kultetis SromaTa krebuli; 2005 w.

2. http://netgazeti.ge/GE/105/News/12814/

3. eTikis qartia


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xatia carciZe kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: zviad miminoSvili

Rirebulebebi da ideologiebi mediis esTetikaSi

masmediis erT-erTi funqciaa garToba d rekreaciuli funqcia. es dasvenebas, adamianis mier Sromis procesSi daxarjuli Zalebis aRdgenas niSnavs.

mayureblis garToba ki yvelaze metad komediuri Janris gadacemebiTaa SesaZlebeli. vidre am Janris konkretul magaliTs ganvixilavT, gavsazRvroT iumoris mniSvneloba, Zalmosileba da misi gavlena sazogadoebaze.

komedia esTetikis sferos ganekuTvneba. Tumca, ise rogorc yvelafris, misi definici-

is drosac dilemis winaSe vdgebiT. benedeto kroCes TqmiT: „komediis gansazRvrisas yvela-

ze komikuri da sasargeblo isaa, rom yvela misi ganmmartebeli TanagrZnobas iwvevs.“ komizmis ZiriTadi tipebia iumori da satira. Tumca sicilis speqtris mTeli rigi arse-

bobs. dacinva (ezope), karnavaluri xarxari (rable), sarkazmi (svifti), natifi ironia (erazm rotardameli), mkacri satira (molieri), brZnuli da boroti Rimili (bolteri), xa-

lasi iumori (beranJe), karikatura (dome), mZvinvare groteski (goia), romantikuli ironia (heine), skeptikuri ironia (fransi), mxiaruli iumori (tveni), inteleqtualuri ironia (So-

u), cremlnarevi (mware) sicili (kldiaSvili), gulTbili iumori (dumbaZe), sevdiani, liriu-li iumori (Cexovi) da sxv...

karnavaluri sicili d yvela CarTulia da aravis gamorCeva ar xdeba, satiruli sicili d sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvis iseTi forma, rodesac gamanadgurebeli siciliT amxile-

ben asaxulis uaryofiT, mankier bunebas. satira siciliT amxilebs, bolomde ~aSiSvlebs~ Tavis obieqts, aaSkaravebs SeuTavseblobas garegan da Sinagan mxareebs Soris, formasa da Sinaarss Soris. satirisTvis damaxasiaTebelia publicisturoba, avtoriseuli tendenciu-

roba da gadaulaxavi zRvari avtoriseul ideur samyarosa da mxilebis obieqts Soris, xo-

lo misi esTetikuri amocanaa gamoiwvios da gamoacocxlos gaxseneba mSvenierisa, rasac Se-uracxyofs mxilebis obieqti Tavisi mankieri arsiT. satiris aqtualoba damokidebulia is-

toriul, geografiul da socialur faqtorebze. ramdenadac ufro zogadsakacobrioa ideali, romlis saSualebiT satirikosi warmoaCens Tavis antiideals da ramdenadac ufro esTetikurad gamarTulia misi uaryofiTi sicili, miT ufro xangrZlivdeba satiris cxo-

velmyofeli mniSvneloba. iumoruli sicili asaxulis mimarT keTilganwyobili, cdilobs siciliT ~gankurnos~,

gamoasworos. ironiuli (moCvenebiTi, TvalTmaqcuri) sicili TavazianobiT SeniRbuli dacinva, dam-

cinavi gadakvriT naTqvami (TavSekavebuli, mSvidi, seriozuli toni, garegnulad gamoxatu-li pativiscema).

sarkastuli sicili individis an cxovrebis mankieri mxareebis, uaryofiTi sazogado-

ebrivi movlenebis RvarZliani dacinva, mwvave ironia. mas gesliani ironiasac uwodeben. sarkazmi daundoblad aaSkaravebs gulqvaobas, simaxinjes, borotebas, farisevlobas.

sicili umZlavresi iaraRia, romliTac winaswarmetyveli SeiZleba Slegad warmoCndes. metic, sicils damangreveli Zala gaaCnia, rogoric iyo volterisa. sicils ZaluZs kerpebis daqceva, didebis gaubraloeba, sicili saswaulmoqmed xatsac ki bavSvur TamaSad gadaaqcevs.


45

genialuri komikosis Carli Caplinis TqmiT: Cvens eoqaSi iumori wamalia siZulvilisa da Si-Sis winaaRmdeg. is ganaqarvebs dRes samyaroze moZalebul eWvisa da SfoTvis buruss.

dRes atomis epoqaSi tyvia ugnuria, radgan ar icis Tu saiT gafrindes. sicils ki SeuZ-

lia mizans didi sizustiT miaRwios. sicili aris pirovnebis gamanadgurebeli iaraRi. da roca adamiani xels aiRebs ganadgurebis tradiciul saSualebebze (cixe, skoncentracio banakebi) mas darCeba mxolod yvelaze efeqturi, saSineli da humanuri iaraRi d sicili. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba iyos keTili da momferebeli. mas ngrevis garda Senebac SeuZlia.

ciceronis SeniSvniT sasacilos yovelTvis aqvs raRac usaxuri da sazizRari. suleli mudam moZebnis ufro met sulels romelsac gaakvirvebs. kantis SeniSvniT yvelaze metad imaze icinian, rasac Zalian seriozuli saxe gaaCnia.

„masze, arzedac vicini, ukve aRar SemiZlia gajavrebuli viyo, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is me zians mayenebs“ (kanti. 1963. t. 2. gv. 216).

hegelis mixedviT, komikuri, Sinagani mijaWvulobisa da garegani safuZvlebis Sedegia. komikuri arssa da saxes, Sinaarssa da formas, mizansa da misi miRwevis saSvalebebs Soris kontrastis Sedegia. cnobilia isic, rom hegelis SexedulebaTa perifrazirebis Sedegad marqss uTqvams, rom: „istoria orjer meordeba: erTxel tragediis, meored ki farsis saxi-

To“. es farsi ukve sasaciloa da komikuri. nicSe komikurs xelovnebis orbunebovnebis globaluri maStabis mixedviT apolonur-

dplastikurdlogikurdmaTematikurdcnobier da dionisurdmusikalurdintuiciurdsim-

bolurdcnobamixdilobis sawyisebis doneze ganixilavs. sicils gansakuTrebuli Zala aqvs, roca is masobrivia, Tanamedrove epoqaSi sazogado-

ebrivi azris formirebas media axdens. masmediis erT-erTi funqciaa garToba d rekreaciu-

li funqciaa. es dasvenebas, adamianis mier Sromis procesSi daxarjuli Zalebis aRdgenas niSnavs.

iumoristuli gadacemebi, xom tyuilis xelovnebaa. adamianTa jgufi igonebs garkveu-

li Sinaarsis ambebs, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi realobasTan axlosaa. adamianebma ician, rom tyuils usmenen da amgvari tyuilis mosmeniT ganmuxtvas cdiloben.

rogorc riCard rene ambobs: „motyuebis efeqturoba damokidebulia mosatyueblis pi-

rovnuli Taviseburebebis gamoyenebaze. amrigad, TiToeul adamians gaaCnia gansakuTrebu-

li „gasaRebi,“ romelic saSualebas iZleva SevaRwioT mis sulSi da movaxdinoT zemoqmede-

ba mis azrebsa da qcevebze. ai ras werada amaze balTazar graciani: „TiToeuls movargoT gasaRebi . amaSia adamia-

nis marTvis gasaRebi. amisTvis saWiroa ara gambedaoba, aramed moxerxeba, adamianisTvis midgomis unari.“

imis gasarkvevad Tu rogor arTobs media sazogadoebas, telekompania „rusTavi 2-is“

gasarTob gadacemas d comedy show-s ganvixilav. am gadacemis saxumaro Tema politikaa, mag-

ram iumori satirlad maSin iqceva roca qarTuli literaturis, istoriisa Tu sazogadoe-

bis gmirebs sajarod aqilikeben. niSandoblivia isic, rom kulturis Zeglebs dascinian da am yvelafers sazogadoeba iRebs, rogorc morigi saxumaro nomeri.

meoce saukunis dasavlur samyaroSi gaZlierda da Semdeg sayovelTaod gavrcelda ma-

sobrivi kultura - msubuqi gasarTobi literatura da xelovneba, sxvadasxvagvari sanaxao-

ba, Sou. maskultura biznesia, romelic masisTvis gankuTvnil „kulturul produqcias“ awarmoebs. amitom mis esTetikur da inteleqtualur raobas, xarisxs upirvelesad komer-

ciuli interesebi gansazRvravs da ara admianTa sulieri cxovrebis gaRrmavebis amocana. komercia, zogrjer, Tavis amocanas umorCilebs da iyenebs masobrivi kulturis formebs.


46

aSkaraa, rom maskulturis mdare nimuSebi sazogadoebas gemovnebas, zneobrivi da inteleq-tualuri arsebobis dones uqveiTebs, xSirad ki mdabal vnebebs da antihumanur ganwyobas uRvivebs.

sainteresoa rogor aRiqvams am gadacemas mayureblis fsiqologia, ra zegavlenas axdens mayurebelze? aranairi asakovrivi SezRudva gadacemas ar gaaaCnia, misi mayureblebi asako-van adanianebTan, zrdasrulebTan da mozrdilebTan erTad mcirewlovani bavSvebic arian.

ra asociacias iwvevs comedy show-s e.w. sketCebi mayurebelis da gansakuTrebiT bavSve-

bis fsifologiaze. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sapatriarqos wm. gabriel episkoposis saxe-

lobis fsiqologiuri daxmarebis centris xelmZRvanels fsiqologs, fsiqoTerapevts qal-

baton nino kandelaks vesaubreT. „es gadacma mayureblis fsiqologiaze cud gavlenas axdes, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom

iryeva Cveni tradiciuli Rirebulebebi, maTi sketCebi exeba Cvens konkretul Rirebule-bebs. es Rirebulebebi ra saukuneebis manZilze mniSvnelovani iyo iq aris gamasxaravebuli, gaubraloebuli da xelwamosakravi. TvalSi sacemia maTi sxeulis ena, qceva, manera, Jesti-

kulacia. maT qcevebs mayureblis qvecnobieri iRebs da es qceva ukve misaRebi xdeba, tabu ixsneba da qcevis axali suraT- xatebi Semodis adaminSi da aracnobierSi ileqeba. unarebis done qcevis doneze ufro maRalia, aseTi gadacemebi unarebs aqveiTebs, imitom rom adami-

ans SeuZlia kritikuli Tu filosofiuri azrovneba, raRac masSi mwifdeba Sesabamisi saz-

rdo da Semdeg viTardeba. es gadacema adamians amgvar sazrdos xom ar aZlevs, es ar aris rigiTi xumroba. magaliTad anegdotebi adamianis cxovrebaSi aucilebelia da mas fsiqo-logiac iyenebs. Rimili aucilebelia.

gansakuTrebiT aRiqvams bavSvis fsiqologia amagvar xumrobas. erovnuli Rirebulebe-

bis gadafaseba SeumCnevlad xdeba. gansakuTrebiT es cudia maSin roca bavSvss jer arc aqvs gacnobierebuli Rirebulebebis mniSvneloba da ukve misi gadafaseba xdeba, vefxistya-osani jer Rirebuleba unda gaxdes da mere aman gadaafasos, amas bavSvebi iseT asakSi uyu-

reben, maTTvis jer es arcaa Rirebuleba. ukve pirdapir gadafasebulia. yovlad miuRebelia erovnuli samosis gamasxaraveba, scenaze CoxiT gamosvla da mTeli

rigi sketCebis ageba. es gadacema ki ar gixalisebs cxovrebas aramed sulSi raRacas amaxin-jebs. es gadacema akninebs xedvebs, warmodgenebsa da Rirebulebebs.“-gviTxra qalbatonma nino kandelakma.

ukiduresi determinizmis mixedviT nebis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, rasac iziareben uki-

duresi inkompatibilistebi, Tavisufali skeptikosebi, iluzionistebi da simposibilistebi. nebismieri saxis grZnoba iluzia da moCvenebiTiao, amtkiceben. am filosofiis mixedviT Sem-TxveviT, spontanurad araferi ar xdeba, idumali movlenebi ar arsebobs da saswaulebi d miT umetes. mecnierebis logikuri ganviTarebis umaRlesi da saboloo wertili determiniz-

miao d amtkiceben. uiliam jeimsis TqmiT filosofosebi da mecnierebi „Sansis mimarT antipa-

TiiT“ arian ganwyoblni. SemTxveviToba da kvanturi meqanikis Sedegebi gamoricxavs mizezob-

riobas. is rac winaswargansazRvrulia aucileblad mizezobrivic unda iyos. moraluri Sedegebi. Tavisufali nebisTvis gardauvalia moraluri pasuxismgebloba da

mis gareSe am Teoriis eTika katastrofas ganicdis. amis SesanarCuneblad warmodgenil iq-

na nebis Tavisuflebis „iluzia“. amiT zneoba Tavad iqca iluziad an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi fa-

risvlobad. deterministebis azriT ara Tu Tavisufali neba ar arsebobs, aramed zneoba Tavad gaumarTlebelia, radgan Sedegebsa da simarTleze mas arananiri gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa ukidures determinizms mainc gaaCnia „moraluri sistema“. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs imas, rom yovel mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ganpirobebulia


47

garemoebiTa da aRzrdiT. amitomaa, rom determinists arasasurveli moqmedebis sanqcioni-reba SeuZlia qcevis modifikaciisa da qcevisgan TavSekavebis mizniT.

amgvari gadacemebis wyalobiT adamianebs ar eqnebaT protestis grZnoba, kulturuli memkvidreobis Seuracxofis gancda da adamianuri faqtori kidev ufro daknindeba. es sa-

bolood sazogadeobis dehumanizacias gamoiwvevs.

bibliografia:

1. bolqvaZe z., sibrZne sicilisa, Tb., 1976 2. gvasalia l., sicilis fenomeni, Tb., 1998 3. vasalia l., sicilis samefo rusTavelis gamzirze, Tb., 2012 4. gaCeCilaZe d., satira, Tb.: 1942 5. gogiaSvili m., satira da iumori, Tb., 1953 6. Todria s., satira da iumori, tf., 1934 7. kasraZe q., mxiaruli mikrofoni, Tb., 1984 8. kiknaZe v., cremliani sicili, Tb., 1964

9. miqaberiZe რ., lale, Tb.: 2000

10. niSnianiZe g., sicilis arqividan: satira revoluciis samsaxurSi, Tb.: 1971

11. oSო, sicocxle, siyvaruli, sicili, Tb., 1997

12. quTelia a. sicili da misi socialuri Zala, Tb., 1961

13. cincaZe ვ., sicilis biblioTeka, Tb., 1991

14. WeiSvili r., axali ~kuru~,. Tb., 2011

15. xuciSvili o., sibrZne sicilisa, Tb., 2001


48

nino axalaia saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti (seu), bakalavriati


media - manipulirebisa da propagandis mZlavri iaraRi

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva tipis media arsebobs, romlebic dedaqalaqsa da regionebSi funqcionirebs. gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, radoisadgurebi gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs mTeli qveynis masStabiT avrceleben. magram televiziiT, romelic yvelaze gavleniania da popu-

laruli, gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mosmena dedaqalaqis gareT rTulia. Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba warmoudgenelia informaciis gareSe. sazogadoebis

nebismier wevrs sWirdeba samarTliani, sando da obieqturi informacia. medias mravali funqcia akisria. is Tavisi saqmianobis Sesrulebisas angariSvaldebulia auditoriis wina-

Se. sainformacio masalebSi aucilebelia profesiuli moTxovnebis, informatiulobis, si-

zustisa da obieqturobis dacva. is unda gamoxatavdes gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs da un-da SeeZlos xelisuflebis kritika, qmnides diskusias.

saerTod diskusia, debatebi teleekranisTvis sakmaod mimzidvelia, radganac cocxa-

li azrovnebis procesis demonstracias axdens. misi dabadeba, ganviTareba da miznisken swrafva mayureblis Tvalwin mimdinareobs. sxvadasxva mosazrebebis Sejaxeba teleaudito-rias iTrevs.

msoflio praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom satelevizio dro an srul gankargulebaSi eZle-

va kandidats (romelsac igi Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr iyenebs), an am droSi Casmuli gadace-

mis formas TviTon Jurnalistebi gansazRvraven. saqarTvelos televiziisTvis ufro tipi-

uri gamodga meore forma, satelevizio dialogi, roca ekranze erTmaneTis pirispir arian Jurnalisti da politikosi (an sazogado moRvawe), romlis Sexedulebanic auditoriis garkveul interess iwvevs.

qarTul telesivrceSi diskusiis formatis gadacemebi,sakmaod xSiria. icvleba maTi saxelwodebebi, icvlebian wamyvanebi, magram diskusia mainc rCeba qar-

Tuli televiziis erT-erT sayvarel saxed. amas aqvs Tavisi mizezebi. pirvel yovlisa, es gamowveulia sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi qarTuli sazogadoebis gansakuTre-

buli aqtiurobiT. mravalpartiuli qarTuli politikuri speqtri, romelic mudmivad cdilobs iyos politikuri cxovrebis centrSi, sakuTari politikuri mosazrebebis demon-strirebisTvis aqtiurad iyenebs satelevizio eTers. politikur partiebs Soris dapiris-

pireba ki kargi masalaa televiziebisTvis sakuTari gadacemebis, diskusiebis warsamarTa-

vad. telewamyvanebic yvelaze metad am tipis gadacemebis Seqmnisken iswrafian, radgan maT-

ze ganuzomlad didia sazogadoebis moTxovna, rac yurebadsa da reitinguls xdis aseTi tipis gadacemebs.

debatebi gansakuTrebiT xSiria winasaarCevno periodSi, rodesac politikur parti-

ebs sWirdeba eleqtoratis gulis mogeba da misTvis sakuTari politikuri programis gac-

noba. ramdenadac qarTuli realoba xSirad dgas arCevnebis winaSe, telemauwyeblobebSic TiTqmis mudmivad aris teledebatebis formis satelevizio diskusiebi.

diskusia-debatebi SeuZlebelia iyos calmxrivi, masSi aucileblad ori dapirispire-

buli mxare unda monawileobdes. maT Soris seriozuli da argumentirebuli kamaTi mimdi-

nareobs sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad da mowinaaRmdegis naklovani mxareebis gamo-

savlenad.


49

qarTul sainformacio sivrceSi aris ara erTi Toq-Sou.magaliTad: nino SublaZis `pozicia“(`rusTavi 2“), Tea siWinavas `argumentebi“(`maestro“), nino JiJilaSvilis `polit-

metri“(`maestro“) da sxva. sadac imarTeba debatebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone ada-

mianebs Soris. drois dabalanseba met-naklebad xerxdeba. 2012 wlis 9 ivlisi-2 seqtembris CaTvliT Catarda Toq-Souebis winasaarCevno media

monitoringi. monitoringSi sxva gadacemebTan erTad moxvda Tea siWinavas ,,argumentebi“. es gadacema orSabaTidan paraskevis CaTvliT yoveldRe gadioda saRamos 20:00 saaTze. Zi-

riTadad, argumentebi debatebis formatiTaa warmodgenili da studiaSi 2 stumaria mowve-

uli. monitiringis periodSi sul 39 gadacema gavida. gadacemebi saSualod 40wT grZelde-

ba, Tumca iyo erTi SemTxveva, rodesac 31 agvistos, arxis reorganizaciis gamo ,,argumen-tebs“ mxolod 13wT daeTmo. gasuli gadacemebi Temebis TvalsazrisiT mravalferovani iyo da ZiriTadad, mimdinare aqtualuri sakiTxebi Suqdeboda. magaliTad ganxilul iqna Semdegi Temebi: arCevnebi (saarCevno siebi da winasaarCevno garemo), evroparlamentSi ga-

marTuli debatebi, karaleTis incidenti, teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxi da sxva. stumrebis TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis yvela gadacema dabalansebuli da mravalferovani iyo. mowveuli iyo, rogorc mmarTveli gundis, aseve koaliacia `qarTuli ocnebis“ wevrebi, sa-

zogado moRvaweebi, mediis warmomadgenlebi da eqspertebi. drois gadanawileba stumrebs Soris met-naklebad Tanabaria da gadacemis xangrZlivobasa da stumrebis raodenobazea damokidebuli. vinaidan `argumentebSi“ ZiriTadad ori mxarea mowveuli, gadacema debate-bis da diskusiis formatSi mimdinareobs. Toq-Sous Temebi TiTqmis yovelTvis mimdinare aqtualur sakiTxebs exmianeba. Jurnalisti aqtiuradaa CarTuli gadacemaSi da cdilobs kiTxvebze amomwuravi pasuxebi miiRos.

erT-erTi reitinguli gadacemaa ,,rusTavi 2-is“ Toq-Sou `pozicia“, romelic qveyana-

Si mimdinare mniSvnelovan politikur movlenebsa da Temebs exeba da mayurebels safuZ-vliani analizis saSualebas aZlevs. gadacema mayurebels sTavazobs gansxvavebul pozici-

ebsa da debatebs sxvadasxva mxares Soris. ,,pozicia“ eTers uTmobs yvela politikur Za-

las, romelic aqtiurad aris CarTuli qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi. gadace-

mis mcdelobaa obieqtis arsSi wvdoma da garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena, Cveneba ara mxolod imis, rac aris da rogoria an imis sad da rodis moxda, aramed imisi Tu ratom, ra mizeziT da mizniT moxda, rogor SeiZleba misi aRkveTa, an piriqiT popularizacia. gadace-

maSi aris msjeloba, gansja, analizi da daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi da msgavsi gadacemebi, mayureblis, did in-

teress iwvevs, radgan mas ainteresebs, rogor pasuxoben sajarod dasmul SekiTxvebze res-podentebi, miwveuli stumrebi, rogor reagireben kritikaze, rogor icaven TavianT pozi-

cias, Sexedulebebs, ra argumentebiT da a.S. xalxs imis ufleba aqvs rom icodes Tu rogor asrulebs mis mier arCeuli xelisufleba dakisrebul valdebulebas.

literatura:

1. T. jagodniSvili, i. jagodniSvili, verbaluri komunikaciebi. Tb., 2009


50

darejan dekanoiZe saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti (seu), bakalavriati


media da arCevnebi

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom mediis mizania zustad asaxos mimdinare movlenebi, iyos mi-

kerZoebuli, samarTlianad gamoxatos gansxvavebuli azri, daicvas balansi da ar iyos arc eTi poziciis mxardamWeri. sainteresoa asrulebs Tu ara am moTxovnebs qarTuli sainfor-

macio saSualebebi. amis gasarkvevad gadavwyviteT gangvexila telekompaniebis „rusTavi 2-

sa“ da „maestros“ saqmianoba saarCevno periodSi. mniSvnelovania, rom `rusTavi 2” sainformacio badeSi dominirebda saarCevno Tema-

tikasTan dakavSirebuli siuJetebi, ra drosac aqtiurad Suqdeboda saqarTvelos pre-

zidentis, mTavrobis wevrebis da mmarTveli politikuri partiebis winasaarCevno kom-paniebi. saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili yoveldriur reJimSi warmoCenili

iyo mxolod dadebiTi kuTxiT. yoveli siuJeti, romelic asaxavda prezidentis Sexved-

rebs regionebSi, struqturis mixedviT erTmaneTis identuri iyo da iwyeboda xalxis

masis CvenebiT. rac imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom nacionalebs bevrad ufro meti mxardamWeri hyavdaT, vidre opoziciur partiebs. sul sxva rakusiT aSuqebdnen opozicioneri kandida-

tebis saqmianobas. ara da media valdebulia saarCevno kampaniis dros yvela kvalificiuri saarCevno subieqti Tanabrad gaaSuqos da ar iyos mikerZoebuli.

telekompania aqtiurad aSuqebda sxvadasxva partiis winasaarCevno kampanias. mniS-

vnelovania, rom dadebiT konteqstSi da sxva politikuri subieqtebisgan gansxvavebu-

lad Suqdeboda „erTiani nacionaluri moZraobisa“ da „qristian demokratiuli moZra-

obis“ aqtivobebi. kerZod: maT ufro meti dro eTmobodaT;

1. mosaxleobasTan sxva politikuri subieqtebis Sexvedrebi erT siuJetad mzadde-boda, xolo am ori subieqtis — calke siuJetebad gadioda;

2. „erTiani nacionaluri moZraobisa“ da „qristian demokratiuli moZraobis“ Sex-

vedrebis gaSuqebisas, yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili yvela liderisa Tu maJoritari

deputatis kandidatis interviu;

3. am partiebis Sexvedrisas Canda xalxis simravle, xolo sxva partiebis Sexvedre-bis amsaxveli kadrebis Cvenebisas iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom mxolod ramdenime ada-

miani daeswro Sexvedras. magaliTad: koalicia „qarTuli ocnebis“ aqtivoba Suqdeboda

TiTqmis yoveldRiurad, Tumca negatiur tonSi.

aseve ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT 29 ivliss „postkriptumSi“ gasuli paata iakobaSvi-

lis mier momzadebuli siuJeti „biZina ivaniSvilis uangaroba winasaarCevno piarze ga-

iyida“. ase daiwyo TiTqmis 8 wuTiani siuJeti, romelic ivaniSvilis mier 80 milioniani

jarimis gadaxdas mieZRvna. siuJeti gamoirCeoda tendenciurobiT. nacionaluri moZraobis wevrebi, memarjve-

neebi, leiboristebi, nacionaluri moZraobis mxardamWeri damoukidebeli eqspertebi

erTxmad lanZRavdnen ivaniSvils da ambobdnen, rom Tanxis gadaricxva qvelmoqmedeba

ar iyo, ivaniSvilma es bankis dasabruneblad da saarCevno piarisTvis gaakeTa. Jurna-

listi ar erideboda SefasebiT teqstebs da mosazrebebis gamoTqmas.


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23 agvistos sainformacio gadacemaSi naCvenebi iyo saqarTvelos prezidenti samtre-

diaSi, romelmac maJoritari deputatis wardgenisas ganacxada: „vinc parlamentis quTais-

Si gadatanas aprotestebs, mas sakuTar karSi golis gatana unda.“ amis Semdeg telekompani-

am aqcenti gaakeTa „qarTuli ocnebis“ samtrediis maJoritar kandidatze kaxa kalaZeze da igi karaleTSi ganviTarebul dapirispirebaSi daadanaSaula.

aRsaniSnavia, aseve rusTavi 2-is sainformacio gadacemebis sareklamo Wrebi. reklame-

bis saxiT gadioda ori politikuri sareklamo rgoli, romelic radikalurad gansxvavde-

boda Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT: erTi warmoadgenda nacionaluri moZraobis saarCevno reklamas, romelic pirvel reklamad gadioda, xolo meore sareklamo rgoli, romelic ri-

giTobiT mesame an meoTxe iyo, warmoadgenda „qarTuli ocnebis“ antireklamas, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba mis gamarjvebas da keTdeboda uaryofiTi, ironiuli aqcentebi koaliciaSi gawevrianebul pirebze.

amrigad, arxis saqmianoba SeiZleba SevafasoT, rogorc mikerZoebuli da daubalanse-

beli. axla oriode sityviT SevexoT ~maestros” saqmianobas. unda iTqvas, rom arxi datvirTu-li iyo sainformacio gadacemebiT, politikuri Toq-SouebiT. arxis zogadi saqmianoba Se-

iZleba Sefasdes, rogorc maRali xarisxis. rac Seexeba axal ambebs SeiZleba, rom ar xasi-

aTdeba uxeSi darRvevebiT, redaqcia axerxebs, rogorc TbilisSi, aseve saqarTvelos sxva-

dasxva regionSi mimdinare movlenebi gaaSuqos operatiulad, mravalmxriv da xSir SemTxve-vaSi dabalansebulad.

23 ivliss „maestromii didi dro dauTmo kaxeTSi qarTuli ocnebisa da mixeil saakaSvi-

lis mxardamWerebs Soris dapirispirebas, mTeli siuJeti warmoadgenda mcdelobas damtki-

cebuliyo, rom qarTuli ocnebis mxardamWeri mamakaci provokacias wamoego. kadrebSi Can-

da, rom prezidentis mxardamWer qalbatons am mamakacma saxe mougrixa. am faqts siuJetis respodentebi „saxeze xelis midebas“ uwodebdnen.

siuJetSi gamoyenebuli yvela wyaro mxolod erTi mxaris pozicias warmoadgenda da cdilobdnen provokatorad qalbatoni warmoeCinaT.

mniSvnelovania, rom sainformacio gadacemebi gamoirCeoda wyaroTa mravalferovne-

biT. arxi xSirad iyenebda sainformacio saagentoebis, maT Soris regionuli sainformacio centrebis mier mopovebul masalas.

arxis gansakuTrebuli ndobiT sargeblobda “I 9”, misi masalebi TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gamoiyeneboda.

„axal ambebSi“ iSviaTad vxvdebiT faqtebisa da mosazrebebis aRrevas.

wamyvanis mikerZoebuli komentari gamovlinda pirveli ivlisis gamoSvebis siuJetSi, romelic vano merabiSvilis gapremierebas eZRvneboda. gadacemis wamyvanma vano merabiSvi-

li ase moixsenia: „qveynis xerxemali, gaRletili da Rirsebis ordenosani.“ arxze xelisuflebas da opozicias Soris debatebis simwire SeimCneoda, es SesaZloa, gan-

pirobebuli iyo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan debatebze uaris TqmiT. arada cnobilia, rom, kandidati, romelic uars ganacxadebs debatebSi monawileobaze, kargavs debatebisatvis gankuTvnili ufaso eTeris gamoyenebis iflebas. debatebisagan gansxvavebiT Toq-SouebSi rogorc xelisuflebis, aseve opoziciis warmomadgenlebic monawileobdnen, magram xSirad erTi da igive saxeebi Canda, maT oponirebas ki wamyvanebi cdilobdnen.


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Temebis aqtualobis miuxedavad iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac samive Toq-Sou „argumente-

bi“, „politmeri“ da „pirdapiri saubrebi“ erTsa da imave Temas eZRvneboda, Tumca, stum-

rebs Soris damTxveva ar gamovlenila. magaliTad 23 agvistos samive gadacemaSi euTos, evrosabWos asambleasa da amerikul

arasamTavrobo organizaciis mier winasaarCevno periodTan dakavSirebiT momzadebul daskvnaze msjelobdnen. 26 agvistos ki mTavari Tema samive gadacemaSi „qarTuli ocnebis“ saarCevno nomeri iyo.

balansisa da obieqturobis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT problemuria yoveldRiuri gadace-

ma „subieqturi azri“. es garkveulwilad mosalodnelicaa gadacemis saxelwodebidan ga-

momdinare. gadacemis wamyvani Salva ramiSvili Riad acxadebda, rom koalicia “qarTul oc-

nebas” uWerda mxars, rac TavisTavad qmnida erTi politikuri Zalis poziciis warmodge-nisTvis sarbiels.

mikerZoebulobis kargi magaliTi iyo wamyvanis mier gadacemaSi qarTuli ocnebis war-

momadgenlis, irakli tripolskis wardgena. „Cveni stumaria, kaci reJisori, Cemi megobari, biZinas megobari, romelic politikaSi gadaeSva.“ gadacema ufro metad mikerZoebuli iyo, roca politikosi egredwodebuli Tanawamyvanis funqcias asrulebda. magaliTad xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi gadacemis Tanawamyvani koaliciis kandidati _ Tea wulukiani iyo. man yoveldRiuri 25 wuTiani eTeri aqtiurad gamoiyena xelisuflebisa da naZaladevis raionSi sakuTari konkurentis kritikisaTvis. rac Seexeba „politmeris“ wamyvans nino JiJilaS-

vils, igi warmatebiT uZRveboda saintereso diskusiebsa da interviuebs. wamyvani mmarTve-

li partiis mimarT mwvave kiTxvebiT gamoiCeoda da dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis miRebas yovel-

Tvis cdilobda. magaliTad 21 agvistos akaki minaSvils daaxloebiT xuTjer hkiTxa, ra un-

doda kulturis ministr nika ruruas samxedro bazaze?! 16 agvistos ki levan beJaSvils – prezidentis specialur warmomadgenels kaxeTSi amdenjerve gaumeora kiTxva, rodis gax-deba sajaro zaralis asanazRaureblad biujetidan gamoyofili Tanxis xarjTaRricxva?! wamyvani nacionaluri moZraobis wevrebs xSirad awyvetinebda saubars da daJinebiT cdi-

lobda pasuxebis miRebas. es meTodi Jurnalistur praqtikaSi miRebulia. gansakuTrebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur

mediaSi, magram dasavleTis Jurnalistebisagan gansxvavebiT am SemTxvevaSi nino JiJilaSvi-

li tendenciuri iyo, radganac msgavsi principuloba ar gamoumJRavnebia qarTuli ocne-

bis wevr Tea wulukianTan saubrisas. dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom arxi akmayofilebda maRali xarisxis kriteriums, Tum-

ca, mediaSi arsebuli mravali meTodis gamoyenebiT cdilobda SeeniRba mikerZoebuli po-

zicia. saboloo daskvna ki aseTia: orive arxi, „rusTavi 2“ da „maestro” mikerZoebuli iyo ro-

gorc xelisuflebis, aseve opoziciis mimarT.


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Читанава Медея Тбилисский Госуварственний Университет имени

Иване Джавахишвили, бакалавриат Руководитель профессор: Ирина Бичикашвили

СТИЛИСТИКА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ГАЗЕТЫ

В эпоху бурного развития аудиовизуальных и электронных СМИ печатная пресса постепенно

сдает свои позиции. При этом темп жизни современного человека ускоряется, и у него остается все меньше времени

для того, чтобы полистать газету или журнал. Однако ни одно средство массовой информации не может существовать без своего потребителя, в том числе и газета.

По мнению экспертов, в связи с появлением новых медиа проблемы возникли у всех тради-ционных СМИ. Результатам исследования, проведенного TNS Gallup Media на 2007 год, показали значительное сокращение аудитории печатных СМИ.

Печатные носители не сдаются, всячески стараясь удержать читательский интерес. И не без успеха. Опрос, проведенный Всемирной газетной ассоциацией показал, что за последние пять лет мировой тираж газет вырос почти на 10%.

Увеличилась аудитория и «Комсомольской правды» – с 404,1 до 442,9 тыс. человек Аудитория «АиФ» увеличилась более чем на 100 тыс. человек и составила 1525,5 тыс.

человек . Но, удивительным является то, что спал интерес аудитории на «еженедельные журналы» и

«ежемесячные или выходящие раз в два месяца журналы». Так за период с марта по июль текущего года значительно сократилась аудитория читателей Cosmopolitan (до 1141,4 тыс. человек).

Мир газет очень интересен и удивителен. Здесь в последнее время, все больше становится ранее недоступных, раскрепощенных тем. Вследствие чего структурно-жанровые модели газет, отно-сящиеся к «качественной» и «желтой» прессе, иногда приближенны друг к другу. Эти модели определяются выбором жанров и самими авторами, проявления авторского «я» и средствами выра-жения этого «я».

Чаще всего используются такие жанровые приемы как: информация, комментарий, интервью, репортаж, корреспонденция.

Рассмотрим самые популярные и пользующиеся большим спросом жанры: интервью, репортаж и комментарий, на примере газет «Аргументы и Факты», «Комсомольская правда».

Репортаж и интервью сочетают в себе документальность, объективность, эмоциональность и яркость изображения различных по значимости событий. Интервью и репортажи в газетах посвя-щаются, как правило, значительным событиям, важным для города, региона, территории, страны в целом, темам и датам. Если в интервью и репортаже речь идет о конкретном событии, то журналист является его очевидцем, а его собеседником может быть непосредственный участник события или же свидетель данного события.

В отличие от других информационных жанров репортаж не просто сообщает о фактах, событиях, а показывает их через непосредственное восприятие автора, как бы воссоздавая картину


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происходящего. В основе репортажа всегда находится общественно значимое событие, которое развивается на глазах у читателя. Это своего рода история события.

Характерные особенности жанра – оперативность, динамичность, наглядность происходящего, активно действующее авторское «я», которое помогает создавать так называемый «эффект присутствия», позволяет читателю как бы находиться рядом с репортером и вместе с ним видеть, ощущать событие.

Интервью – особый тип газетных текстов. Оно отличается от других жанров, как по форме, так и по содержанию. Интервью дается, как правило, в виде беседы (диалога) журналиста с интер-вьюируемым лицом, но нередки варианты, когда текст интервью компонуется только из прямой речи интервьюируемого или же в виде сочетания прямой и косвенной речи.

Пример: «Аргументы и Факты» №20 (май 2013) материал: Диплом на Душу не выдают ( автор Татьяна Кузнецова) ; Хоккеист и вампир (автор Сергей Грачевский)

Для восприятия оценочной информации, содержащейся во всех газетных жанрах, важное значение имеют фоновые знания. Различные виды оценок, в частности, интеллектуальной, эмоци-ональной, проявляются в номинативных единицах текста.

Оценочные номинативы представляют собой очень продуктивный пласт лексики, позволяющий автору публикации высказывать свое мнение о степени важности и ценности данной информации и распространить это мнение на читателей. Язык молодежной современной прессы характеризуется сленговыми выражениями, особенно это относится к жанру интервью, в которых журналист стремится адекватно передать индивидуальность и самобытность речи интервьюируемых студентов, лицеистов и т.д. (Пример из газет)

Нередко используются общеязыковые метафоры, перифразы, интеллектуально-оценочные выражения, а материалы современных газет показывают интенсивное проникновение в текст информации разговорно-просторечных и даже жаргонных средств языка. (Пример из газеты)

Комментарий также занимает особое место среди жанров газетных текстов, поскольку он отличается от всех других своим функциональным назначением.

Основная коммуникативная цель комментария – интерпретация и разъяснение сущности и значение актуального события, факта, документа.

Пример: «Аргументы и Факты» №20 (май 2013), материалы: Неужели мы стали меньше пить?; Пенсия-миф?; На сцену!

Комментарий используется для оперативного разъяснения важных событий общественной жизни. До недавнего времени его считали одной из разновидностей статьи, которая применяется для отклика на такие явления, как документ, речь политического деятеля, выступление прессы и т. д. Однако несмотря на то, что эти два жанра часто фигурируют в одном ряду, между ними есть существенная разница. Комментарий требует минимального размера и выстраивается, как правило, вокруг одного факта (или цепи однозначных фактов).

Как показывает практика, комментарий сегодня уже уверенно занял собственные позиции как самостоятельный жанр в ряду других аналитических жанров. Особенно это заметно в публикациях на международные темы. Комментарий представляет собой актуальное публицистическое выступление, которое объясняет факты и явления с политических позиций, на которых стоит автор. Основные требования к этому жанру – лаконичность и точность оценки автором происходящих событий.

Вместе с тем, нельзя отрицать и право на существование развернутых комментариев, в которых автор опирается на факты из различных источников, прослеживает историю того или иного явления, раскрывает читателями его истинный смысл.


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Комментарий может иметь пропагандистскую, критическую, сатирическую, полемическую окраску в зависимости от конкретного повода.

(Пример из газеты) Язык газеты – это живая и постоянно развивающаяся система, требующая от журналистов

постоянного творческого напряжения. Наконец, специфика отбора языковых средств на газетной полосе во многом определяется расчетом на массовую, нейтральную в лингвистическом отношении читательскую аудиторию.

Язык журналистики в силу своей специфики является предметом постоянного научного исследования лингвистов, историков, культурологов, социологов и психологов. Он отражает политическую, экономическую и духовную жизнь социума. Изучая газетные и журнальные тексты, можно составить четкое представление о времени и эпохе. Язык СМИ динамичен, он находится в постоянном развитии.

Отсюда и вывод, что влияние газеты сказывается не только на сфере потребительского рынка, но и на политической и культурной жизни общества, на употреблении русского языка и – опосредованно – на развитии его системы. Ведь именно главной задачей для печатных СМИ является доступность языка, близость к читателю, через метафоры, жаргоны, перифразы, интеллектуально-оценочные выражения. Язык и способ подачи информации через информационные жанры и есть главная стилистическая особенность современной газеты.

Газета становится демократичнее (по темам), понятнее (по языку), образнее (в силу исполь-зования документального фото). Поэтому нас не удивляет устойчивость тиража некоторых попу-лярных изданий. Петь отходную бумажным СМИ еще рано.

Литература:

1. Вакуров В.Н., Кохтев Н.Н., Солганик Г.Я. Стилистика газетных жанров. 2007г.

2. Статистические данные взяты с DP.ru. и advesti.ru

3. Иван Скворцов-Степанов. Капитал и газеты.(Вестник труда №2 (1909))

4. Мосиенко Л.В. Стилистические и лингвистические особенности газетного текста.


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goderZiSvili Teona ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino WalaganiZe

bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba saqarTveloSi da eTikur standartebTan

Sesabamisoba (axali mediis 2012 wlis Semodgoma-zamTris

monacemebze dayrdnobiT)

naSromis mizania, warmoadginos, Tu rogor Suqdeba qarTul mediaSi bavSvTa sakiTxebi; gansazRvrulia, ramdenad Seesabameba eTikur standartebsa da principebs Jurnalisturi namuSevrebi. aqve saubaria imaze, Tu ra Secdomebs uSveben mediis warmomadgenlebi aras-

rulwlovnebTan dakavSirebul Temebze muSaobisas da ra darRvevebi SeiniSneba yvelaze xSirad.

mediis roli Tanamdrove sazogadoebaSi aramarto informaciis gavrcelebaa. is garkve-

ulwilad gavlenas axdens moqalaqeTa azris formirebazec. amitom Jurnalistebs marTebT meti mobilizeba da yuradRebis gamoCena mcirewlovanTa sakiTxebze muSaobisas, raTa maT windauxedavad da daufiqreblad gakeTebul siuJets savalalo Sedegi ar mohyves.

sakvlevad aRebulia 2012 wlis 1 seqtembridan 2013 wlis 28 Tebervlis CaTvliT periodi. saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi ganxilul iqna ramdenime veb portalze ganTavsebu-

li masalebi.

sul gaanalizda:

• www.presa.ge-ს 9;

• www.internet.ge-ს 30;

• www.ambebi.ge-ს 22;

• www.info9.ge-ს 64;

• http://ick.ge/-ს 1;

• www.media.ge-ს 1;

• http://pirweli.com.ge-s 18 statia.

„bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba saqarTveloSi da eTikur standartebTan Sesabamisoba“ (axali mediis 2012 wlis Semodgoma-zamTris monacemebze dayrdnobiT)

mediis rolsa da gavlenaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bevrs msjeloben. serialebi, gasarTobi gadacemebi, sainformacio gamoSvebebi, multfilmebi - TiToeul proeqts saku-Tari samizne jgufi hyavs, erTguli mayurebeli. mediasaSualebebidan miRebuli informa-

cia ki TiToeulis ganwyobaze, qcevasa da damokidebulebebze gare samyarosTan mimarTeba-

Si gavlenas axdens. Tumca, samwuxarod, am farul propagandas adamianebi, xSirad, Tavadac ver acnobiereben.

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro, rodesac saqme bavSvebs exeba. maTi uflebebis dacva, arasrulwlovanTa pozitiuri mxareebis warmoCena, CarTuloba samoqalaqo sazoga-


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doebis cxovrebaSi momavali Taobebis ganviTarebisaTvis win gadadgmuli udidesi nabijia. amis sanacvlod ki sxvadasxva media saSualebaSi xSirad vxvdebiT stereotipul midgomas, diskriminaciis Semcvel winadadebebs, rogoricaa „unarSezRuduli“. problemad rCeba bav-

SvTa identificirebis sakiTxic - mediis warmomadgenlebi mSobelTa nebarTvis gareSe am-

JRavneben arasrulwlovanTa vinaobas, aqveyneben mis fotos da a.S., rasac SeiZleba, gamous-

worebeli Sedegebi mohyves. naSromSi asaxuli problematika TavisTavad metyvelebs Tematikis aqtualobaze. gaana-

lizebulia, ramdenad akmayofilebs Tanamedrove qarTuli axali media eTikur normebs da Seesabameba saerTaSorisod aRiarebul standartebs.

kvlevis mizania 2012 wlis Semodgoma-zamTris periodis saqarTvelos axal mediaSi bav-SvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebis analizi, Jurnalistur standartebsa da principebTan Sesabami-

sobis dadgena da arsebuli viTarebis Sefaseba. mTavari kiTxvaa, empiriuli masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad gairkves, arRveven Tu ara qar-

Tuli masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi profesiuli mova-leobis Sesrulebisas bavSvTa uflebebsa da agreTve deklaraciebiT gaTvaliswinebul Jurnalistur standartebs (saubaria sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi).

naSromis bolos warmodgenilia daskvna da praqtikuli rekomendaciebi, ra unda gakeT-

des arsebuli mdgomareobis optimizaciisaTvis. meTodologia axali mediis sxvadasxva gverdze gamoqveynebuli bavSvTa sakiTxebis analizisaTvis ga-

moyenebulia kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodi. saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda in-

ternetSi ganTavsebuli Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb masalebis moZieba-ganxilva. sul kvlevis periodSi gaanalizebulia 150-mde statia da/an mokle Canaweri, e.w niusi. maT Soris www.presa.ge‐ს 9, www.internet.ge‐ს 30, www.ambebi.ge‐s 22, www.info9.ge‐ს 64, http://ick.ge/‐ს 1,

www.media.ge‐ს 1, http://pirweli.com.ge‐s 18 statia. kvlevaSi CarTuli da ganxilulia Jurnalist nino danelias angariSi, saxelwodebiT,

„bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba qarTul satelevizio mediaSi“. kvlevis Sinaarsidan da formatidan gamomdinare, saWiroebisamebr, moxda zemoT CamoT-

vlili TiToeuli statiis Sinaarsobrivi analizi. kvlevis Sedegebi Sinaarsobrivi analizi da Sesabamisoba Jurnalistur standartebTan kvlevaSi CarTuli veb gverdebis dakvirvebis Sedegad tendencia gamoikveTa. bavSvebTan

dakavSirebuli garkveuli Temebi, zogierTi sainformacio saSualebis magaliTze SeiZle-

ba, iTqvas, politizirebulia. arasrulwlovanTa mimarT ganxorcielebul ZaladobaSi, ara-

saTanadod mopyrobasa da arastabiluri mdgomareobis arsebobaSi mediasaSualebebis nawi-li pozicias Riad afiqsirebs da brals mTavrobas sdebs, nawili - opozicias.

www.presa.ge – sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi bavSvTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili sul 9 statia gamoqveynda.

5 oqtombers „presa.ji“ gverdze ganTavsda statia1, saTauriT, „zugdidSi guSin tragiku-

lad mokluli 1 wlisa da 7 Tvis nika kvirtias ojaxis axloblebi momxdaris Sesaxeb „presa.ji“-

sTan pirvelad saubroben“. statiis bolos Jurnalisti wers, „mimdinareobs gamoZieba, am etapze es aris Cemi pasuxi yvela Tqvens kiTxvaze, — aRniSna maxaraZem (Sss-s sazogadoebas-

Tan urTierTobis samsaxuris xelmZRvanelma).“

1 http://presa.ge/new/?m=crimes&AID=19415.


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aSkaraa, aqciis dasrulebis Semdeg bavSvis tragikulad daRupvaSi eWvmitanili piri am droisaTvis dasaxelebuli ar aris, Tumca, statiis avtori saTaurSive usvams xazs pirad damokidebulebas sityviT „mokluli“ (SesaZlebelia, momxdari ubeduri SemTxveva yofili-

yo) da amiT momxdars sakuTar Sefasebas aZlevs. jaba daTuaSvili (statiis avtori) aqve yu-

radRebas amaxvilebs gurjaanis raionSi momxdar ubedur SemTxvevaze 9 Tvis barbare rafa-

liancis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT da wers, „cnobisTvis, bolo dReebis ganmavlobaSi mcirewlovani bavSvebis tragikulad gardacvalebis es ukve meore SemTxvevaa“. ramdenime winadadebis Semdeg imave statiaSi ikiTxeba „maSin, ivaniSvilis televiziac da berikaSvi-

lic urcxvad acxadebdnen, rom bavSvze Suri politikis gamo iZies, radgan misi mSoblebi „qarTuli ocnebis“ aqtivistebi ariano“.

safiqrebeli da mosalodnelia, Jurnalistis am frazam sazogadoebaSi - mis mkiTxvel-

Ta wreSi mainc, eWvi da SurisZiebis grZnoba gamoiwvios. aSkaraa, Jurnalisti erTmaneTSi urevs faqtsa da Sefasebas. amgvari qceva araeTikuria. pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba „saqarTve-

los Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos1“ mier SemuSavebul eTikis kodeqsis me-7 muxls:

„Jurnalists unda esmodes mediis mier diskriminaciis waxalisebis safrTxe; amitom yvelaferi unda iRonos nebismieri piris diskriminaciis Tavidan asacileblad rasis, sqe-

sis, seqsualuri orientaciis, enis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, erovnu-

li an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze an raime sxva niSniT.“ rac Seexeba zogad ganwyobas, am veb gverdze bavSvTa sakiTxebze pozitiuri an neitra-

luri statiebia ganTavsebuli. rasac ver vityviT Semdeg sainformacio portalze. www.internet.ge — 6-Tvis ganmavlobaSi 30 statia mieZRvna bavSvTa sakiTxebs. maTgan erTi

www.presa.ge‐s identuria, mxolod saTauria Secvlili2. „interviu „qarTuli ocnebis“ aqci-

as Sewirul wlisa da 7 Tvis bavSvis ojaxTan“. aRsaniSnavia, SefasebiT sityva „Sewiruls“ Jurnalistis respondenti ar iyenebs. mis-is warmomadgeneli am erTi winadadebiT qmnis ganwyobas, rom mcirewlovani bavSvis gardacvaleba sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufebis po-

litikuri aqtivobis uaryofiTi Sedegia. saxezea Jurnalistis mxridan subieqturi Sefase-ba da eTikis darRvevis faqti-

„Jurnalistma pativi unda sces simarTles da sazogadoebis uflebas-miiRos zusti in-

formacia“ („saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos“ eTikis kodeqsi, muxli3 pirveli).

saanalizo periodSi ganxilul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 30 sta-

tiidan 2 SedarebiT pozitiuria „17 seqtembers yvela pirvelklasels net-buki merxze dax-

vdeba“ da „2011-2012 saswavlo wlis warCinebul kursdamTavrebulebs oqros medlebi gada-

ecaT“. danarCen umetes SemTxvevaSi aqcenti negatiur Temebze keTdeba. miuRebelia yu-

radRebis uaryofiT Temebze gadatana, radgan stereotipuli Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels.

www.ambebi.ge - sainformacio portali sakvlevi subieqtis Sesaxeb 22 statias aqveynebs. maT Soris erTi-erTia 22 oqtombers ganTavsebuli namuSevari,4 sadac Jurnalisti erTi

ojaxis sacxovrebels aRwers mravali SefasebiTi sityvebis gamoyenebiT: „koSmari“, „ZaR-

lis budruganaSi Seyrili TurmaniZeebis Svidi Svili“. Jurnalisti Riad saubrobs Turma-

1 saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos 2010 wlis angariSi, Tbilisi, 2011 2 http://www.internet.ge/?l=GE&m=10&sm=0&ID=12904 3 saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos 2010 wlis angariSi, Tbilisi, 2011 4 http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/63911-ckhovreba-romelic-koshmarze-uaresia.html


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niZeebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gacnobis Semdeg sakuTar gancdebsa da emociebze. erTi mxriv, misasalmebelia Jurnalistis weris aseTi manera, radgan kargad gadmoscems socia-

lurad daucveli ojaxis gasaWirs. statias Tan erTvis 4 fotoc. Tumca, Jurnalisturi na-

muSevari arasrulia-calmxrivia da ar Cans pasuxismgebeli piris komentari, Sefaseba. rac Seexeba statiebis Sinaarsobriv da emociur datvirTvas, met-naklebad iwereba ro-

gorc negatiur aseve pozitiur Temebze. saerTo jamSi, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am veb portalis gamoxatvis ena neitraluria.

http://ick.ge/ – gurjaanis raionis sofel kolagSi ojaxis wevrebis mier 9 Tvis bavSvis

barbare rafaliancis gvamis qvevridan amoyvanis kadrebi1 kaxeTis sainformacio saagentom 30 seqtembers gaavrcela. videomasalaSi Cans qvevridan gvamis amoyvanis momenti da axlob-

lebis mier misi gadarCenis mcdeloba. faqtebi Semzaravia. safiqrebelia, rom msgavsi masa-

lis sruli saxiT ganTavseba, araeTikuria. am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, iTqvas, dairRva „Jur-

nalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebi „bavSvis uflebebi da me-

dia: bavSvis problemebisadmi miZRvnili sakiTxebis ganxilvis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi da principebis“ erT-erTi punqti2.

„Jurnalistma da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebma yvelaferi unda gaakeTon imi-

saTvis, rom ar gadauxvion umaRles eTikur standartebsa da normebs bavSvTa problemebis gaSuqebisas. kerZod:

3. moeridon publikaciebisaTvis popularobis mopovebis mizniT bavSvebTan dakavSire-

buli problemebis sensaciur da stereotipul gaSuqebas~. www.pirweli.com.ge d 18 statia gamoqveynda. maTgan bavSvTa pozitiur da negatiuri sa-

kiTxebis gaSuqebis SemTxvevebi 50/50-ze iyo. Jurnalisturi saqmianobis arapirnaTlad Ses-

rulebis magaliTia sainformacio saagento „pirveli3“-s mier 24-seqtembers gamoqveynebu-

li lali moroSkinas gancxadeba. rogorc irkveva, portalma moroSkinas ramdenime citata gazeT „qronikidan“ amoiRo. aq micemul interviuSi Jurnalisti sami qalis saxelsa da gvars asaxelebs da acxadebs, rom isini mkvlelebi arian. akonkretebs amave pirebis mxridan arasrulwlovani patimrebis mimarT Cadenili Seuracxmyofeli qmedebebis SemTxvevebsac. aSkaraa, sainformacio saagentos warmomadgenloba mocemul viTarebaSi dainteresebulia mxolod sensaciuri masalis gavrcelebiT. radgan, garda motanili citatisa, aq ar vxvde-

biT sajarod bavSvebis „mkvleli“ adamianebis komentarebs. moroSkinas mier dasaxelebuli sami qalis, an Tundac sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis saqmeTa sa-ministros warmomadgenlis Cawera da misi citatis darTva mocemul momentSi Jurnalistis pirdapir movaleobas warmoadgens. am SemTxvevas simZafres matebs is, rom saqme bavSvebs exeba. amitom, aseT sensitiur sakiTxebze muSaobisas media organizaciebs meti yuradReba moeTxoveba.

www.info9.ge – sainformacio portalma sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi bavSvTa Temati-

kasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze meti video gamoaqveyna. es bunebrivicaa, mas koresponden-tebi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT hyavda. sul 64 videoa ganTavsebuli. bavSvTa sakiTxe-

bis gaSuqebisas uxeSi Secdomebi fiqsirdeba.

1 http://www.palitratv.ge/akhali-ambebi/shemthkhveva/21962 Semzaravi kadrebi10-Tvis-barbare-rafali-

anis-gardacvalebasTan -dakavSirebiT-18.html. 2 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF, 2011,

gv. 53. 3 http://pirweli.com.ge/?menuid=8&id=16316.


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„nacionalebis“ agitaciaSi CarTuli bavSvebi”1 - „marneulSi biZina ivaniSvilis stumrobis dros „nacionaluri moZraobis“ warmomadgenlebma mcirewlovan bavSvebs mmar-

Tveli partiis maisurebi da flaerebi dauriges da „me miSa miyvars“ skandireba daavales.“ - Jurnalisti mikrofoniT xelSi kameris win sruliad daufiqreblad midis bavSvebTan da ekiTxeba, ra misces maT imis sanacvlod, rom iq idgnen da „miSa magaria iyviron“. bavSvebi pasuxoben, fuli mogvceso. arc amas jerdeba Jurnalisti da kiTxvas sxva bavSvs usvams, „ramdeni mogces“, pasuxis Semdeg kidev kiTxva, „saTiTaod dagiriges amdeni?“.

Jurnalists unda esmodes, rom mas ar aqvs bavSvebis identificirebis ufleba, Tu amaze ar aqvs meurvis an mSoblis nebarTva. yvela bavSvi Cans kadrSi da maTi identificirebac Se-

saZlebelia. „axalcixeli moswavleebi, prezidentTan Sesaxvedrad borjomSi waiyvanes“2 — am

SemTxvevaSic gaumarTlebelia Jurnalistis qceva. bavSvebs dasdevs mikrofoniT. arasrul-

wlovnebi Tavs arideben da ar surT masTan saubari. Tumca, mediis warmomadgeneli, TiT-

qos, damnaSaveebi raimeSi amxila, dasdevs da saTiTaod ekiTxeba: ramdeni wlisaa, sad swav-

loben. unda acnobierebdes, rom misma amgvarma saqcielma SeiZleba, sazogadoeba negatiu-rad waaxalisos. miT umetes, rom gasaTvaliswinebelia winaasarCevno kampaniis piki da gan-

sakuTrebuli daZabuloba. „saswavlo procesidan gamoyrili skolis moswavleebi“3 - pirvel rigSi, sityva „ga-

moyrilebi“ TavisTavad ukve SefasebiTia da Jurnalistis damokidebulebas asaxavs sakiTx-

is mimarT. meore da mniSvnelovani, rac ukve araerTxel dafiqsirda am sainformacio saa-

gentos muSaobis procesSi, daukiTxavad iRebs bavSvebs - arasrulwlovnebs, esaubreba Car-

Tuli kameris win. miuxedavad imisa, rom skolis mandaturma gaafrTxila, ar gadaeRo da ar Sesuliyo bavSvebTan kontaqtSi, radgan amis ufleba ar hqonda, is arasrulwlovnebs mainc gaesaubra. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, ukve misi respondentebi damamTavrebeli klasis moswav-

leebi aRmoCndnen. sainformacio saagento „info9“-is gverdze 23 seqtembers gamoqveynebul videoSi4 sau-

baria skolidan garicxul ramdenime bavSvze. pasuxismgebel pirTan - direqtorTan saubri-sas Jurnalisti Riad da aSkarad asaxelebs yvela garicxuli bavSvis gvar-saxels. aRsaniS-

navi da yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom medias ar aqvs bavSvis identificirebis ufleba, misi ne-

barTvis gareSe, garda sazogadoebis mxridan maRali interesisa. arasrulwlovanTa uflebebis dacvis valdebulebas Jurnalistebs „JurnalistTa sa-

erTaSoriso federaciis bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis saxelmZRvanelo principebic“ uyenebs. kerZod5:

5. Tu amas sazogadoebrivi interesi ar moiTxovs, daicvan bavSvis vinaoba da ar gamoaq-

veynon misi fotoebi. videomasalidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, skolidan garicxuli moswavleebis mimarT maRal

interess mxolod maTive ojaxis wevrebi iCenen da ara-sazogadoeba. amdenad, ar iyo aras-

1 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4636 2 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=5769 3 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=6074 4 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=5530 5 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, IC, 2011,

gv.74.


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rulwlovanTa gvar-saxelebis dasaxeleba aucilebeli. Jurnalistma daarRvia bavSvebis uflebebi. agreTve - piradi cxovrebis dacvis Sesaxeb „pekinuri wesebi“. Tavi1 me-8.

8.1. yvela etapze daculi unda iqnes arasrulwlovanis ufleba pirad cxovrebaze, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli arasaTanado sajaroobiT an reputaciis SelaxviT gamowveuli ziani.

8.2. zogadad ar unda gamoqveyndes informacia, romelic xels Seuwyobs arasrulwlo-vanis vinaobis dadgenas.

me-8 muxlis komentarSi aRniSnulia, rom axalgazrdebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian stigmatizacias. reputaciis Selaxvis Sesaxeb kriminologiurma kvlevam daadastura, rom arasrulwlovnis mudmiv identifikacias samarTaldamrRvevebad da damnaSaveebad mosdevs sxvadasxva saxis damRupveli Sedegebi. swored amitom, me-8 wesi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs aras-

rulwlovanis dacvis aucileblobas saqmesTan dakavSirebiT masobrivi informaciis saSua-

lebebSi informaciis (mag., eWvmitanilis, braldebulis, msjavrdebulis saxelebi) vinaobis Sedegebisagan.

„info9“-is Jurnalisti, sainformacio saagentos veb gverdze ganTavsebul videoSi2, Cans, 2 wlis winaT dakarguli bavSvis mSoblebs esaubreba. isini Svilis klaselis saxelsa da gvars axseneben da aRniSnaven, am bavSvTan erTad saxlidan gasuli mcirewlovani Sin aRar dabrunebula. saubridan gamomdinare iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mSoblebi Svilis Ta-

naklasels eWvmitanilad miiCneven. Jurnalistma mSoblebis mier xazgasmiT aRniSnuli bavSvis vinaoba ar dafara. garkve-

viT ismis, „braldebulis“ gvar-saxeli. Tumca, aSkaraa, meurveebTan gasaubreba, ar ucdia. mTeli videomasala dakarguli arasrulwlovnis dedisa da mamis saubars eTmoba. Jurna-

listuri namuSevari calmxrivia. araa samarTaldamcavebis komentari. Jurnalistma daar-

Rvia dakarguli bavSvis Tanaklaselis uflebebi. SesaZlebeli da mosalodnelia, sazoga-

doebas am arasrulwlovnis mimarT Camouyalibdes agresia da gaxdes gakicxvis obieqti. 12 seqtembers „info9“-is mier gamoqveynebul am videomasalaSi3 saubaria socialurad

daucvel ojaxze. yuradReba maxvildeba ojaxis ukidures siRaribesa da sacxovrebeli ga-remos antisanitarul mdgomareobaze. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom bavSvi manipulaciisaTvis aris gamoyenebuli. garda amisa, Jurnalists ar hyavs arc erTi respondenti, garda axal-

gazrda qalisa, vinc gaWirvebas Civis. am SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneboda, mediis warmomad-

genels mopasuxe mxaris, magaliTad, imave raionis socialuri momsaxurebis saagentos war-momadgenelic Caewera.

sainformacio saagento „info9“ 14 oqtombers avrcelebs siuJets4, romelic senakis bavSvTa saxls exeba. saubaria, iq arsebul arasaxarbielo viTarebaze. Jurnalisti videoma-

salis minawerSi arRvevs Jurnalistur standartebs da iyenebs piris damakninebel termins: „senakis unarSezRudul bavSvTa saxlis yofili beneficiari valeri Citaia bavSvTa saxlSi

arsebul ukanonobasa da darRvevebze saubrobs.“ cxadia, Jurnalists „unarSezRudulis“

nacvlad, termini „gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis mqone“ unda gamoeyenebina. videos Sinaarsi araeTikuria da Jurnalisturi saqmianobisaTvis Seuferebeli. mediis warmomadgenels res-

pondentad hyavs SSm bavSvi, amave saxlis aRsazrdeli, romelic ver metyvelebs gamarTu-

1 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF,

2011, gv. 111. 2 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4617 3 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4526 4 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=7263


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lad. xels adebs da adanaSaulebs aRmzrdelebs cudad mopyrobaSi da ambobs, rom Jurna-listebis wasvlis Semdeg isini uaresad moeqcevian. videoSi kargad Cans, rogor icinian aR-

mzrdelebi gabrazebuli arasrulwlovnis saubarze, aSkaraa, saxezea „gaeros bavSvis uf-

lebaTa konvenciaSi“ bavSvTa dacvasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani muxlis dar-

Rvevis SemTxveva1. • me-19 muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom bavSvebs uflebebi aqvT, daculi iyvnen

bavSvze mzrunveli piris mxridan yvelanairi formis fizikuri Tu sulieri Zaladobisgan, Seuracxyofisa Tu uflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, mzrunvelobis moklebisa Tu daude-

vari mopyrobisagan, uxeSi moqcevisa Tu eqspluataciisagan, maT Soris seqsualuri Zala-

dobisagan. Jurnalisti ki mis damSvidebas xelis gadasmiT cdilobs. Jurnalistma uxeSad daarRvia

am bavSvis uflebebi. man safrTxe Seuqmna bavSvis usafrTxoebas. „bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qselis“ eTikur saxelmZRvanelo principebSi bavSveb-

Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis miTiTebulia2. • Tu eWvobT, rom bavSvs safrTxe emuqreba, moyeviT bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli zogadi

situaciis Sesaxeb da ara - konkretuli bavSvisa, ramdenad sensaciuric unda iyos es ambavi. bavSvebze zewolis mosalodneli faqtis Sesaxeb informaciis flobisas, Jurnalisti

valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos agreTve „bi-bi-si“-s saredaqcio principebi bavSvebis gaSuqebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT3. programis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelma adamianma, romelic Tavis pro-duqciaSi apirebs bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis CarTvas:

• unda moipovos Tanxmoba bavSvis an axalgazrdisgan, xolo uaris SemTxvevaSi pativi sces mis gadawyvetilebas. imis gadawyvetisas, SeuZlia Tu ara bavSvs interviuze Tanxmobis micema, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli misi ganviTarebis done, asaki da informaciis gaTviTcnobierebis unari.

• unda uzrunvelyos, rom bavSvs ganemartos misi monawileobis nebismieri savaraudo Sedegebi, magaliTad, masze zewolis SesaZlebloba.

„info9“-is Jurnalistis mier qobuleTSi arsebuli skola-pansionis SesaZlo daxurvis

Sesaxeb momzadebul siuJetSi4 Cans iq mcxovrebi bavSvebis saxeebi TamaSis, Wamis dros. Ta-visufladaa SesaZlebeli maTi identificireba. marTalia, e.w. kadrisTvis (gadasafarad) skolaSi bavSvebis yofna aucilebelia, magram araa mizanSewonili aseTi tipis dawesebule-

bebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis gadaReba, Tanac maTi meurveebis gareSe. Jurnalisti arRvevs bavSvTa uflebebs. Tumca, sxva mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom es siuJeti dabalansebulia. Cans skolis warmomadgenlebisa da mopasuxe mxaris komentarebi. Tumca, meti sarwmunoobisaT-

vis umjobesi iqneboda, sakvebze saubris dros administraciis wevrebis nacvlad skolis aRsazrdels esaubra (umjobesi iqneboda, Tu maTi identificireba ar moxdeboda).

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli media organizaciebis magaliTebSi Jurnalistebis mxridan Sec-domebi SeiZleba, imiT aixsnas, rom zogierTi axladSeqmnilia, zogi metad politizebulia da a.S.

1 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF, 2011,

gv. 91 2 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF, 2011,

gv. 77 3 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF, 2011,

gv. 82 4 http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=7738


63

aqve sakvlevis Temebis bolos gaanalizebulia mkvlevarisa da Jurnalistis nino dane-

lias kvlevis angariSi, saTauriT „bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba qarTul satelevizio media-

Si1“. kvleva 2012 wels maisSi aris Catarebuli. sainterso da mniSvnelovania is informacia, rac aq ikiTxeba. Tumca, Jurnalistis mxridan kvlevaSi iseTi uxeSi Secdomis daSveba da terminis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa „unarSezRuduli“ miuRebelia. Tu mkvlevrebi, romlebic avtoritetebi arian da maTs Semoqmedebas damwyebi Jurnalistebi magaliTis asaRebad ga-

ecnobian, aseT Secdomebs uSvebs, maSin arc zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebia gasakviri. daskvna ganxiluli 7 mediasaSualebis bavSvTa sakiTxebze gamoqveynebuli 150-mde masalis mi-

xedviT SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom qarTul JurnalistikaSi didi aqcentia bavSvTa mkvlelobis, dakargvis, uflebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb. sakvlev statiebsa da video masalebSi saubaria agreTve socialurad daucvel bavSvebze. ZiriTadi aqcenti mainc gadatanilia bavSvTa ne-

gatiuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebaze. bavSvTa monawileobiT gamarTuli kulturuli an sxva saxis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb aR-

niSnul mediasaSualebebSi masalebi araa gamoqveynebuli. bavSvebi qveynis sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi arian. Jurnalisturi garemo unda zru-

navdes, bavSvebis ganviTarebaze, maTs CarTulobasa da gaaqtiurebaze, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebisa. am mxriv medias bevris gakeTeba SeuZlia.

problemuria da arasworia Jurnalistebis mxridan kiTxvis dasmis kulturac. dauSve-

belia mimarTulebis mimcemi kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, mag., „Tqven xSirad giswordebian fizi-

kurad bavSvTa saxlSi, xom?“ msgavsi Secdomebi mravlad moiZebneba. radganac gansaxilveli Jurnalisturi namuSevrebi sxvdasxva sainformacio gverdidan

gansxvavebuli raodenobiTaa warmodgenili, amitom ar iqneba samarTliani saubari Tu sad meti Secdomaa. am SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia, yuradReba gamaxvildes, sad ufro uxeSi Secdomebi iyo daSvebuli. amis kargi magaliTia „presa.ji“-s statia „politikuri sarCuliTa“ da Jurnalistis SefasebebiT. meore, albaT, yvelaze sainterso qeisi, esaa sainformacio saagento „info9“-is siuJeti SSm bavSvTa saxlze, sadac erT-erTi respondenti gansakuTre-

buli saWiroebis mqone bavSvia. daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom media saSualebebis mier ganxiluli bavSvTa sa-

kiTxebi zedapirulada da calmxrivadaa gaSuqebuli. saWiroa, meti CaRrmaveba, faqtebisa da Sefasebebis erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba.

rekomendaciebi sakvlev periodze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom Jurnalistebi xSirad profesiuli Tval-

sazrisiT araeTikurad iqcevian. safiqrebelia, es maTi ucodinarobis bralia. amitom, am problemis gamosasworeblad saWiroa, rac SeiZleba meti Jurnalisturi treningis Catare-ba specialistebis mier, sadac gaecnobian bavSvebisadmi miZRvnili sakiTxebis gaSuqebis Jurnalistur standartebs.

Tavad mediis warmomadgenlebma unda gaiTavison, rom arasrulwlovanTa problemebis gaSuqeba saWiroa maTive pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. agreTve gaTvaliswinebul unda iq-nes bavSvis perspeqtivebi.

yvela media organizaciam unda SeimuSaos profesiuli qcevis standartebi. momuSave Jurnalistebs ki daevaloT am standartebis dacva.

1 http:/ www.media.ge /sites/www.media. ge/ files/ bavshvta _sakitxebis_gashukeba_qartul_satelevizio_mediashi. pdf

gv. 9 (ix. danarTi)


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„yuradReba1 unda mieqces, agreTve, bavSvebSi mediis Sesaxeb codnis gavrcelebas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom afasebdnen mediis rols samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi da SeeZloT, kri-tikulad Sexedon amas, raTa Jurnalistebi iTvaliswinebdnen bavSvebis saWiroebebs, prob-

lemebs da uflebebs.“ kargi iqneba meti sabavSo gadacemis gakeTeba. bavSvTa pozitiuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebac

da ara iseTi stereotipuli xedvis Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa, mag., saqarTveloSi dRes sa-codavi da yvelanairad daucveli bavSvebi cxovroben. xeli unda Seewyos sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRlebas.

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia 2007 wels iunisefis mxardaWeriT Catarebuli kvleva, ramac „ojaxSi bavSvze Zaladobis Zalian maRali done gamoavlina2“. mniSvnelovania is mosazrebac,

razec Jurnal „liberalis“ statiaSia saubari. „fsiqologebi Tanxmdebian, rom bavSvze Za-

ladoba ojaxSi qalze Zaladobis pirdapirproporciulia. 2010 wels Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT ki saqarTveloSi yoveli mesame qali Zaladobis msxverplia“. am logikiT, maSin yo-veli mesame bavSvi SeiZleba, Zaladobis msxverpli iyos. mniSvnelovania, am metad seriozu-

li problemis gaazreba. mcire stresis gaRrmavebas, romelic ojaxuri pirobebidan SeiZ-

leba, momdinareobdes, Jurnalistma xeli ar unda Seuwyos. dabolos, rac, albaT, yvelaze mTavari da mniSvnelovania, bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebi-

sadmi miZRvnili treningebis, kvlevebis Catareba, iseve rogorc mediaSi muSaoba da magali-

Tad, arasrulwlovanTa Temebze siuJetebis momzadeba, unda daevaloT am saqmis profesio-

nalebs!

literatura da masalebi:

1. saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis sabWos 2010 wlis angariSi, Tbilisi, 2011 2. bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, IC, 2011 3. http://www.media.ge/sites/www.media.ge/files/bavshvta_sakitxebis_gashukeba_qartul_satelevizio_mediashi.

pdf gv. 9 (ix. danarTi) 4. http://www.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/111247/ 5. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=7263 6. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4617 7. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4526 8. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=5530 9. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=5769 10. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=6074 11. http://pirweli.com.ge/?menuid=8&id=16316

12. http://info9.ge/?l=G&m=1000&id=4636 13. http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/63911-ckhovreba-romelic-koshmarze-uaresia.html 14. http://www.palitratv.ge/akhali-ambebi/shemthkhveva/21962-shemzaravi-kadrebi10-thvis-barbare-rafalianis-

gardacvalebasthan-dakavshirebith-18.html 15. http://presa.ge/new/?m=crimes&AID=19415 16. http://www.internet.ge/?l=GE&m=10&sm=0&ID=12904

1 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika-uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, UNICEF,

2011, gv. 50 2 http://www.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/111247/


65

salome CavleiSvili kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino WalaganiZe

socialuri mediis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

ager, ukve mesame aTeuli welia, samyaro warmoudgenelia globaluri qselis gareSe. in-

ternetbankingi, internetSopingi, komunikaciis internet-dafarva, interneti, rogorc in-

formaciis wyaro:internet-gazeTi, audio Tu videoqseli, socialuri media- yvelaferi es Tanamedrove momxmareblisTvis momsaxurebis aucilebeli sferoebia.

internetis ganviTarebis da misi momxmareblis raodenobis matebis kvaldakval,socia-

luri mediis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi sul ufro izrdeba. mTavari maxasiaTebeli, rome-

lic socialur medias tradiciulisgan ganasxvavebs, isaa, rom misi ZiriTadi nawili momxma-

reblis mierve iqmneba. Znelia cvlilebebis srulad gaziareba,rodesac Tavad am cvlilebebis epicentrSi im-

yofebi.dRes icvleba adamianTa Soris komunikaciis saSualebebi, icvleba informaciis ga-

cemisa da miRebis formebic. am yvelafris mTavari mizezi ki internetia. interneti gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi akademiur wreebSi gaCnda. ukve oTxmocda-

aTianebSi nebismier msurvels modemis saSualebiT internetSi CarTvis saSualeba mieca. xolo 2000-ian wlebSi veb 2.0 proncipebis Camoyalibebam, internetis, faqtiurad, xelaxali dabadeba ganapiroba.

`mas Semdeg, rac internetma tradiciuli mediasaSualebebis funqciebi SeiTvisa,adami-anebi mixvdenen, rom msoflio ablabuda maT aramarto informaciis mimReb, aramed gadamce-

mad yofnis saSualebasac aZlevda~.1 rac mTavaria,zogadad, internetma da, konkretulad, socalurma mediam, sabolood Ca-

moayaliba axali principebi da tradiciuli mediis saxe sabolood Secvala.raSi gamoixate-

ba es cvlilebebi? odesRac Jurnalistebi mxolod beWdur mediaSi muSaobdnen, Semdeg gaCnda radio da

maT SeZles aeTvisebinaT axali sivrce. garkveuli drois mere auditoriam televzorebis-

ken gadainacvla da Jurnalistebmac ar daayovnes. media sul ufro da ufro operatiuli xdeboda, reportaJebs videogamosaxulebac daerTo. dRes presas sul naklebi adamiani kiTxulobs, televizors uyureben saxlSi, radios usmenen transportSi.axalma mediam in-ternetSi samive saSualebas erTad mouyara Tavi.

momxmareblis erT-erTi mTavri motivaciaa, waikiTxos, mousminos an uyuros vebze. amasTanave, axali media interaqtiuria da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aq gamoqveynebuli masalis Se-

saxeb azris sajarod dafiqsirebaa SesaZlebeli.interaqtiuli urTierToba ki yvelasTvis momgebiania — momxmarebels saSualeba eZleva gamoxatos sakuTari azri ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtors ki momxmareblis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb eqmneba warmodgena.urTi-

erTobis es forma kargi instrumentia erTnairi interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebis-

Tvis, maT saSualeba eZlevaT, dagegmon da ganaxorcielon esa Tu is aqtivoba: ubralod Se-

moikribon Tanamoazreebi, an raime erToblivi saqme gaakeTon. msoflios masStabiT internetSi inicirebul aqtivobaTa uamravi magaliTi arsebobs

mag: 2009 wlis gazafxulze moldovaSi ganviTaebuli movlenebi „Twitter -is revoluciad“ 1 „axali mdia Zveli mediisTvis“, 2011.


66

moinaTla.am periodSi komunisturi mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego moTxovnebiT quCaSi aTiaTa-

sobiT adamiani gamovida. aqciis masStaburobaSi swored, socialurma saitma Twitter -ma Seasrula didi roli.

sainteresoa, ratom aris aseTi mimzidveli axali media da socialuri qseli momxmareb-

lisaTvis. es sakiTxi fsiqologTa Soris polulruli kvlevis sagania, Sesabamisad pasuxe-

bic sxvadasxvagvaria: anonimuroba - miuxedavad imisa, rom qselSi regaliebi identificirebulia pirovneba

mainc anonimuri rCeba, rac mas urTierTobaSi ufro Tavisufals xdis. riskis donis dadableba, rac dadebiTd moqmedebs aqtiurobaze. urTierTobis araZalismieri survili- qselis momxarebeli, rogorc wesi, sakuTari

nebiT Sedis urTierTobaSi, sakuTari nebiTve asrulebs mas an wyvets drois nebismier mo-

nakveTSi. werilobiTi urTierToba romantikuls xdis komunikacias. emociuri SezRuduloba aiZulebs teqstis emociur datvirTvas. aratipiuri moqmedebisadmi midrekileba — dafaruli Tvisebebis gamovlineba, anu

„virtualuri pirovnebis“ Seqmna.1 am maxasiaTeblebi pasuxobs kiTxvze: ratom aris interneti aseTi mimzidveli momxama-

reblisaTvis. „gaeros sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnoliogioebis saagentos „(ITU) 2010 wlis

monacemebiT saqarTveloSi 1,3 milioni internet momxmarebelia- (qveynis mosaxleobis 28,3 procenti), es bolo wlebSi didi zrdis maCvenebelia.beWduri gamocemebi sxvadasxva strategias imuSaveben, dRes sul ufro meti Jurnali Tu gazeTi qmnis vebsaitebs.gazeTebi, Jurnalebi da sainformacio saagentoebi TavianTi masalis gasavrceleblad aqtiurad iyeneben Facebook sa da Twitter. izrdeba blogsferoc.

socialuri media sazogadoebis calkeuli wevris an jgufis mier Seqmnili media saSua-

lebaa, magaliTad, blogi, romelzedac xdeba informaciis Senaxva da gadacema.Tavad sityva blogi (blog) ase ganimarteba: web blog, anu veb Canaweri. igi erTgvari internet gverdia, romelSic misi avtori qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT ganalagebs Canawerebs.

pirveli blogebi saqarTveloSi 2005 wlidan arsebobs. bolo erTi welia SeiniSneba blogerTa zrda. qarTul enovani blogiT dainteresebul adamians SeuZlia mimarTos veb gverds blogroll.ge, aq aris Tavmoyrili qarTuli blogebi, aqvea SesaZlebeli bolodroinde-

li Canawerebis naxva.saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT aTasamde aqtiuri blogeria. qarTuli blogingis popularizaciisTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi moaqvs ama Tu im fondisa

Tu jgufis mier organizebul konferenciebs.saqarTveloSi socialuri mediis da kerZod, blogingis ganviTarebaSi aqtiurad aris CarTuli fondi „ Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo“,

romlis maxardaWeriTac Seiqmna blogroll.ge. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi blogingis ganviTarebamde sakmaod didi warmateba moipova Tbilisis forumma.igi wlebis ganmavloba-

Si viTardeboda, sanam sabolood qveynis ZiriTad socialur qselad ar Camoyalibda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT dResyvelaze popularuli da efeqturi saSualeba interaq-

tivisTvis Facebook-ia. globalurad misi momxmareblebis raodenobam 500 milions miaRwia. qseli momxmareblebs sxvadasxva tipis momsaxurebas sTavazobs. msoflios wamyvan, TiTqmis yvela brends aqvs Tavisi fan-gverdi, romelzec siaxleebi vrceldeba. popularobis para-lelurad, feisbuqi safrTxis Semcvelia arademokratiul qveynebSi. misi saSualebiT, bo-

1 „axali mdia Zveli mediisTvis“, 2011.


67

lo dros araerTi revoluciis dagegmvis mowmeni gavxdiT.dRemde uamravi Wor-marTali vrceldeba qselis garSemo.aris Tu ara Cveni piradi informacia daculi, ramdenad asru-

lebs uSiSroebis samsaxuris dakveTebs, amis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis mopoveba rTulia. faqtia, rom Facebook aris qseli, romelSic, msoflioSi wuTSi 10 adamiani registrirdeba, maT Soris saqarTvelodanac.

ra Tqma unda, momxareblis raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba. gansxvavebulia motiva-

cia da miznebi, Tumca faqti erTia - interneti es aris inovacia, romelmac TiToeul mo-qalqes, sociumis wevrs misca saSualeba iyos movlenebis epicentrSi da rac mTavaria iyos on line.

da bolos yvelaze mniSvnelovani monapovari,rac axalma mediam kacobriobas moutana, interaqtivis SesaZleblobasTan erTad, esaa adamianis, individis unari, martom, Tavad, sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe awarmoos mediaproduqti. am produqtis popularuloba da warmateba ki avtoris niWierebasa da kreatiulobazea damokidebuli.

qveyana kacebi da qalebi kacebi qalebi

saqarTvelo 340,800 147,680 192,980


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mariam gazaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: ia xubaSvili

`versalis mesia da winaswarmetyveli” — vudro uilsoni `rodesac omi

damTavrdeba Cven vaiZulebT meomar qveynebs, iazrovnon Cveneburad.”

XX saukunis dasawyisidan amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma mniSvnelovani adgili dai-

kava msoflio politikaSi, raSic udidesi roli Seasrula misma 28-e prezidentma vudro uilsonma (1856-1924). misi mmarTvelobis wlebSi (1913-1921) aSS evropis movale saxelmwi-fodan (1914w.) mis mTavar kreditor qveynad iqca (1918 w.).

uilsonis prezidentobamde aSS-s diplomatebi ZiriTadad dakavebulni iyvnen cen-

traluri amerikis saqmeebiT da naklebad fiqrobdnen msoflio politikuri centris d ev-

ropis saqmeebSi Carevaze. xolo rodesac rvawliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg uilsoni tovebda TeTr saxls, aSS ukve aqtiurad monawileobda xuTive kontinentis diplomatiur proceseb-

Si. aSS-ma miiRo msoflio zesaxelmwifos statusi.1 uilsoni orjer iqna arCeuli aSS-s prezidentad. misi prezidentobis pirveli vadis-

Tvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo federaluri sarezervo sistemis Seqmna da sabanko reforma.

1916 wels man kvlav gaimarjva saprezidento arCevnebSi. am periods daemTxva iseTi msoflio mniSvnelobis movlena, rogoric pirveli msoflio omi iyo. saarCevno kampaniis droindeli lozungi `man Cven omi Tavidan agvaSora” ar gamarTlda.2 igi didi xnis ganmavlo-

baSi cdilobda neitralitetis SenarCunebas. man mravaljer scada molaparakebis gziT moeg-varebina es problema, magram uSedegod. rogorc adlof hitleri Tavis `Cem brZolaSi” werda ~romantika male saSinelebam Secvala. enTuziazmi ganelda da gmirobis wyurvili agoniiT Se-

icvala.” evropuli qveynebi mouTmenlad elodnen germania-amerikis omis dawyebas, vinaidan naTeli iyo aSS neitralitets manam daicavda, sanam Tavad ar Seeqmneboda safrTxe.

marTlac, amerikelebma maSin daiwyes omSi Cabmaze fiqri, roca germania absolutu-

rad yvela qveynis droSis qveS myofi gemis CaZirvas Seudga. kulminacias ki germaniis mier meqsikaSi antiamerikuli moZraobis gaaqtiureba warmoadgenda. imperiis mTavrobam cimer-

manis telegramiT meqsikas omSi amerikis winaaRmdeg aliansi SesTavaza, sanacvlod ki 1846-1848 wlebSi dakargul arizonis, niu-meqsikosa da texasis dabrunebas pirdeboda. aRniSnu-

li telegrama uilsonma germaniis winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis sababad gamoiyena.4 uilsons kargad hqonda warmodgenili im nabijis simZime, romelic unda gadaedga.

magram am provokaciis Semdeg ukve aRar SeeZlo ukan daxeva, es xom mSvidobis Suamavali qveynis avtoritetis sabolood dakargva iqneboda.

aSS omSi oficialurad 1917 wlis 6 aprils Caeba, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom man jari SampanSi mxolod 1918 wlis 24 ivniss Seiyvana.5

es naTelyofs uilsonis damokidebulebas saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT. uilsoni aqcents finansur da diplomatiur sakiTxebze akeTebda, Tavisufali obligaciebis saSua-

lebiT omis dasafinanseblad miliardebi daagrova. uilsonis diplomatiuri manevri Zali-

an hgavs kardinali riSelies mier kargad gaTvlil gegmas, romlis mixedviTac safrangeTi maSin Caeba ocdaaTwlian omSi roca Tavad gaZlierebuli, sxvebi ki dasustebulebi iyvnen. paralelis gavleba SeiZleba riSelies ~pistolis diplomatiasa” da uilsonis ~dolaris


69

diplomatias” Sorisac. TiToeuli maTgani afinansebda oms. am nabijiT orive qveyanam moa-xerxa Tavisi neba-survili ekarnaxa rogorc mtrebisTvis, aseve mokavSireTaTvis. es aRiara kidec uilsonma maSin, rodesac 1917 wels ganacxada `Cven gvevaleba msoflios dafinanseba, man ki vinc ixdis msoflios marTvac unda iswavlos!”

omis dasrulebis Semdeg parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze man 14 punqti waradgina sadac dawvrilebiT hqonda aRwerili Tu rogor da ra saxiT unda gaegrZelebina msoflios arseboba. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropam didi kamaTis Semdeg miiRo aRniSnuli xelSekru-

leba, amerikis kongresma uari uTxra, mizezad ki is daasaxela, rom amerika rogorc erTa ligis erT-erTi wevri valdebuli gaxdeboda monawileoba mieRo yvela omSi rac ki evropa-Si daiwyeboda.

uinston CerCili masze ambobda: `aSS-s moqmedeba, romelmac Secvala istoria, armage-

donis saSinel periodSi damokidebuli iyo am adamianis Wkuisa da sulis muSaobaze imdenad, rom masTan SedarebiT sxva faqtorebi kargavdnen mniSvnelobas.” es marTlac ase iyo, uil-sonma daiwyo samyaros marTva. man ganaxorciela gegma, romlis mixedviTac ,,amerikelebi elitaSi adgilis dakavebas SeZlebdnen da amave dros, Tavismxriv ar daemorCilebodnen Zal-

Ta wonasworobis kanonebs. misTvis saWiro iyo ara ZalTa wonasworoba, aramed ZalTa erTob-

lioba.” amerikis movale saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebuli Zalebi saukeTeso saSualeba iyo saku-Tari qveynis usafrTxoebisa da ZlierebisaTvis. igi iaraRisa da Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe cdilobda xelT egdo iniciativa mosalodnel saerTaSoriso Tu diplomatiur urTierTo-

bebSi, xolo ,,samandato sistemis” miRebiT ~koloniuri politikis amerikuli principi” gana-

xorciela. amgvarad, realizebul iqna principi, rasac hans morgentau ase afasebda: ,,saerTa-

Soriso politika xom yvela politikis msgavsad aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis”. miuxedavad imisa, rom uilsoni aRiarebulia rogorc ,,axali Tavisuflebis” principe-

bis mqone prezidenti da fiqrobda, rom mxolod demokratia Seuwyobda xels msoflio mSvidobian ganviTarebas, man mainc gamoiyena SesaZlebloba da msoflio wamyvani qveynebi gaxada aSS-ze damokidebuli. igi “saWiro dros saWiro adgilas aRmoCnda”, arc daayovna da Sansi gamoiyena. albaT es aris ,,medlis ori mxare” d demokratiisa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolma prezidentma yovelgvari Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe moipova SesaZlebloba yofi-

liyo ,,musikis SemkveTi”. es yvelaferi ki mxolod imisTvis, rom igi ganadidebda Tavis sam-

Soblosa da Tanamemamuleebs. uilsons mtkiced sjeroda, rom dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebis gzaze msoflio SeZ-

lebda gverdi aevlo momavalSi seriozuli krizisebisa da dabrkolebebisaTvis da miaRwev-

da principuli ideebis xelSeuxeblobasa da urRvevobas. miaCnda, rom wlebis manZilze na-

ocnebari usafrTxoeba Tveebisa da dReebis saqme iyo. omgamovlil sazogadoebaSi gamefe-

buli sasowarkveTileba optimizms unda Seecvala. es SemarTeba ara mxolod gamarjvebis, aramed realuri mogebis dauokebeli surviliT iyo gamowveuli. amisTvis ki rogorc uil-soni ambobda, ,,ara mxolod Tavis gonebas iyenebda, aramed nasesxebsac”. henri kisinjeri vudro uilsonis moRvaweobas did Sefasebas aZlevda da werda: `v. uilsonma Camoayaliba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis amerikuli azrovneba”, vfiqrobT es Sefaseba Zalian zustia; ufro metic, gazviadebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom uilsonma saTave daudo saerTaSori-so urTierTobebSi amerikul mesianizms. mas miaCnda, rom amerikas misia xvda wilad, raTa ubralod monawoleoba ki ar mieRo ZalTa wonasworobis sistemaSi, aramed gaevrcelebina Tavisi demokratiuli principebi mTel msoflioSi. marTlac, uilsonis prezidentobidan moyolebuli amerika gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs msoflio politikur procesebSi: uilsoni 1914 wels kongress arwmunebda, rom: ,,amerikis gansakuTrebuli misia dgas yovel-

dRiur diplomatiaze maRla da avaldebulebs mas rogorc Tavisuflebis Suquras danarCe-


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ni kacobriobis winaSe”. uilsons Rrmad swamda rom ,,Tu msoflios namdvilad surs mSvido-ba, man unda misdios amerikis moralur Rirebulebebs”. vestplintis samxedro akademiis kursdamTavrebulTa winaSe gamosvlisas 1916 wlis 13 ivniss, igi mouwodebTa maT, rom ,,yve-

laze metad uyvardeT Tavisufleba da adamianis uflebebi”. musolini ambobda ,,omi adamianis energiiis mobilizacias axdens da ganadidebs maT,

visac Zala SeswevT mas Tvali gausworon”, uilsonma namdvilad moaxerxa es da I msoflio omi amerikis didebisa da hegemonobis uvertiurad aqcia.

madlierma amerikelebma ki misi saxe fulis yvelaze did nominaliaze, 100 000 dolari-

anze gamosaxes.7 es faqti TavisTvad mravlis metyvelia.

literatura:

1. www.nanaberuashvili.wordpress.com vudro vilsoni — `rodesac omi damTavrdeba Cven

vaiZulebT meomar qveynebs, `iazrovnon Cveneburad”; 2. jafariZe S., vudro uilsoni, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebi, s.s.

`gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi — 1999, gv. 226;

3. adolf hitleri `Cemi brZola”(Semokl. varianti), msoflio omi, Tb., 1991, gv .22;

4. www.wikipedia.org vudro uilsoni;

5. www.wikipedia.org pirveli msoflio omi;

6. www.nanaberuashvili.wordpress.com vudro vilsoni — `rodesac omi damTavrdeba Cven

vaiZulebT meomar qveynebs, `iazrovnon Cveneburad”; 7. www.ucnauri.com, amerikuli dolari.


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nana parinos ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistratura xelmZRvaneli profesori: marina lomiZe

hilari klintonida amerikuli kritika

araerTi magaliTi arsebobs imisa, Tu rogori simkacriT gaukritikebia amerikul kri-

tikas hilari klintoni, gaukritikebia misi imiji, politikuri nabiji Tu piradi cxovreba. amerikuli kritikis damokidebulebis saCveneblad ganvixiloT hilari klintonze daweri-

li monografiebi. pirveli wigni, romelsac ganvixilavT aris “Extreme Makeover of Hillary Rodham Clinton”.

Tavi pirveli iwyeba sityvebiT: „cota Tu vin muSaobs kapitoliumSi hilari klintonze ufro muyaiTad da cota Tu vin uTmobs sakiTxis Seswavlas amden dros. hilari swavlobs sakiTxs manam, sanam yvela faqts ar daeufleba da sanam maTi ganxilvis SesaZlebloba yvelasTan ar miecema. misi mizania ara problemis gaazreba, aramed im problemis eqspertad gaxdoma. hi-

lari sakmaod marjvea swavlaSi, metad cnobismoyvarea da sxva politikosebisagan gansxva-

vebiT, detalebSi CaZiebisas siamovnebas poulobs.“ (1;13). „hilari yovelTvis kargad informirebulia; magram ramdenadac uyvars mas detalebSi

CaZieba, imdenad sWirdeba kidecmas es detalebi. hilaris ar gaaCniasamomavlo xedva, ami-

tom is am yvelefers faqtebis codniT inazRaurebs“. (1; 15). avtoris Tanaxmad, bil klinto-

nisagan gansxvavebiT hilari klintons ar aqvs is niWi, rac sazogadoebis mosanusxad aris saWiro. „bil klintoni xalxTan komunikacias guliT amyarebda da ara gonebiT. hilaris am-

gvari niWi ar aqvs. mogvianebiT maikl kelim, sakmaod gamWriaxma politikurma mkvlevarma, aRniSna: „im dros, rodesac bil klintoni politikis SeqmnaSi Seudarebelia, gori naklebad kompetenturi, hilari saSinlad arakompetenturia“. (1; 15)

bei biuqenenis Tanaxmad, hilari klintoni civiadamiania, is naklebad imsaxurebs xalxis simpatias. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom barak obamas asparesze gamoCena da hilaris personis gadafarva gamowveulia hilaris arakomunikabelurobiT. „hilari aja-

dovebs mayurebels Tavisi cnobadobiT da codniT, magram is ver amyarebs kontaqts dam-

swre sazogadoebasTan. samwuxarod, hilarisaTvis es aris is, rasac is ver iswavlis, sxva SemTxvevaSi is am dargis eqspertic ki gaxdeboda. obamam icis Tu rogor Seexos da monus-

xos auditoria“.biuqeneni daufaravad ambobs, rom obamas hqonda yvelaferi is, ris defi-

citsac hilari ganicdida. (1; 16) metad sainteresod aRwers bei buqeneni hilaris Sesvlas TeTr saxlSi. pirveli, rasac

avtori xazs usvams aris is, rom hilarim TeTri saxlis karebi SurisZiebis grZnobiT SeaRo. man daamtkica rom is bosi gaxldaT. biuqeneni hilaris Tanaprezidents uwodebs. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom hilari Rebulobda gadawyvetilebebs TeTri saxlis personalidan vin daeTxvaT samsaxuridan da vin daeqiravebinaT. hilaris meore Tvisebad, romelsac biuqeneni maincdamainc dadebiTi kuTxiT ar afasebs, aris is, rom is mas parano-iks uwodebs, radgan hilaris yvelas erTgulebaSi eWvi epareboda.

am yovelives dasamowmeblad wignSi moyvanilia magaliTi imisa Tu rogor gaanTavisuf-

la programisti qris emeri Tanamdebobodan pirvelma ledim, mxolod imitom, rom man, yo-


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fili pirveli ledis, barbara buSi zars upasuxa, romelmac sTxova mas sakuTar kompiuter-Si arsebuli problemis mogvareba.

am wignSi bei biuqeneni sakmaod sainteresod afasebs hilaris damokidebulebas TeTri saxlis moxeleebisadmis: „hilaris samyaroSi arsebuli yovelgvari SiSi, warmosaxviTi Tu realuri Tavidan acilebeli unda yofiliyo. SiSi ar iyo argumentebiT gajerebuli. im ame-

rikeli moxeleebis bedi ki, vinc, TeTr saxlSi Tavis ufleba-movaleobebs siyvaruliT as-rulebda, hilaris srulebiT ar adardebda. maT mier gaweuli samsaxuri arafrad miaC-

nda“(1; 55). aseve, wignSi vawydebiT metad mniSvnelovan infromacias imis Taobaze Tu rogor uT-

valTvalebda hilari klintoni yvela im adamians, vinc mcireoden saSiSroebas mainc warmo-adgenda misTvis da bil klintonisaTvis. biuqenenis Tanaxad man sruliad gamoiyena sakuTa-

ri Zalaufleba imisaTvis, rom enaxa gamoZiebis federaluri biuros mier gakeTebuli yve-

la misTvis sasurveli Canaweri. metad sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom hilari qiraobda de-

teqtivebs, raTa daedgina im adamianebis ojaxis wevrebis, boifrendebis, Tu maTTan dakav-Sirebuli sxva adamianebis vinaoba da misamarTebi.

wignSi Extreme Makeover of Hillary Rodham Clinton, avtori garkveviT ambobs imasac, rom hi-

larim meuRlis yvela sasiyvarulo intrigebis saqmis kursSi iyo. is mSvenivrad iyo infor-

mirebuli dasawyisSive, da Tavidanve cdilobda situacia kontrolidan ar gamosuliyo. bi-

uqeneni mkafiod acxadebs, rom gansakuTRebuli hilaris araferi gaukeTebia, radgan is bils icavda imisaTvis, rom Tavisi kariera gadaerCina. bili hilaris karieruli winsvlis bileTi iyo. (1; 65)

biuqeneni mZafrad akritikebs hilari klintonis saqciels. hilari, romelic gamudme-

biT qalTauflebebis uzenaes damcvelad gvevlineboda da yvela qals mouwodebda xma amo-

eRoT da ar Serigebodnen seqsualur Zaladobas da yvelas gverdiT dgomas pirdeboda, - ar daindo axalgazrda saxelmwifo moxele paula jonsi. man swored is gaakeTa, rasac hilari qadagebda. ratom wuTiT ar warmoidgina hilarim Tu ocdaSvidi wlis gogonasTvis raoden didi gambedaoba iyo saWiro SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis winaSe dgomisas misTvis bralis wayeneba.(1; 65) “Cven gvegona, rom es skandalic sxva cru skandalebiviT Caivlida“ mogvianebiT dawera hilarim Tavis memuarSi.(1; 66)

avtors ainteresebs Tu ras moeloda msoflioSi qalTa uflebebisadmi mebrZoli erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili feministi qalbatoni - hilari klintoni paula jonsisgan da sxva mis mdgomareobaSi myofi qalebisagan? fiqrobda Tu ara hilari, rom am qalbatonebs unda epatiebinaT bil klintonisaTvis Cadenili da Tu ki is ase fiqrobda, ratom? ratom ar unda egebinebinaT am qalbatonebs pasuxi bilisaTvis, riT gansxvavdeboda is sxva mamakacebisa-gan? ratom ar moqmedebda kanoni bil klintonze? Tu kanoni hilarize ar moqmedebda? es aris swored is kiTxvebi, romelic avtors TiTqos mosvenebas ukargavs.(1; 68)

hilarize, rogorc senatotze biuqeneni wers: “hilaris bunebis erT-erTi yvelaze ma-

kopmromentirebeli aspeqtia misi damokidebuleba simarTlisadmi. hilarisaTvis is meniu-

ze mets ar warmoadgens. mas SeuZlia dRes is SeukveTos, xolo xvalamoagdos meniudan. hi-lari tyuis, uaryofs, amarTlebs tyuilebs. is ityueba yvelaferSi da yvelasTan. iqneba es garemo pirobebiT Tu yoveldRiuri mizeziT gamowveuli - is tyuis, mizeziT, Tu umizezoT. hilarisaTvis tyuli gaxda komunikaciis centraluri saSualeba“.(1; 78)

magram ar SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo buqenens, rodesac is gamoyofs hilari klintonis da-

debiT mxares. „is kompetenturia, ambiciuri, Sromismoyvare da cnobismoyvare qalbatoni sxarti gonebiT, magram amave dros is angarebiania, yvelaferi kontrolis qveS aqvs, is aris


73

politikurad arasando adamiani, romlisTvisac ar arsebobs barieri arc Rirebulebebis, arc idealebis da arc principebis winaSe. erTi sityviT, miznis misaRwevad is ukan arafer-

ze daixevs.(1; 80) udavod sainteresoa biuqenenis araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba: „hilari ubralod

politikosi ki ar aris, is - super varskvlavia“. (1; 85) etapobrivad avtori uaxlovdeba kiTxvas Tu ramdenad SesZlebs hilari klintoni gaxdes qveynis mTavarsardali- SeerTebu-li Statebis prezidenti? xolo imaT, vinc dadebiTad Sexvdeba hilaris gaprezidentebas buqeneni ekiTxeba: „momiyvaneT erTi magaliTi mainc, sadac hilarim bolomde aiRo pasuxis-

mgebloba imaze, rac sakuTar Tavze itvirTa?“ (1; 85) Semdegi wigni, romelsac gavecaniT da romelic aseve, naklebad cnobilia qarTveli

mkiTxvelisaTvis aris „Can She Be Stopped?”. wignis avtori jon podhoreci ambobs: „ ubedure-

ba, rac SeiZleba hilarim TeTr saxls Tavs daatexos gacilebiT ufro damangreveli Zalis iqneba qveynisaTvis, vidre rac aqamde ukeTebiaT masa da bils TeTr saxlSi 1990- ian wleb-Si“. (2; 7)

wignSi naxsenebia, rom 2005 wels israelis televizias bil klintonma uTxra, rom hila-

ri „raRac mosazrebiT ukeTesi prezidenti iqneba iqedan gamomdinare Tu raoden bevri gvaqvs erTad gakeTebuli.pirveli, mas aqvs senatSi muSaobis gamocdileba, romelic me ar mqonia. meore, is rva weli cxovrobda TeTr saxlSi. me vfiqrob is ar Caidens amden Secdo-mas, radgan exla meti asakis varT da hilaris gacilebiT meti gamocdileba aqvs, vidre me, rodesac ofisSi Sevdgi fexi.(2;7)

sainteresoa is adgili, sadac avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze Tu rodis ga-

icno amerikelma xalxma hilari klintoni. amerikelma erma hilari klintoni gaicno 1992 wels gadacemaSi „60 wuTi“, sadac bil klintons vinme jenifer flauersTan urTierTobaSi edeboda brali. es iyo gardamtexi momenti bilis cxovrabaSi, romelic gverdiT hilaris gareSewarmatebulad ver Caivlida. aqamde msgavsi SemTxveva ar yofila, radgan aqamde ara-

vis axsovs hilaris msgavsi prezidentobis kandidatis meuRle.(2; 33) sakmaod sainteresoa is faqtri, rom jon podhoreTcma Tavis wignSi axsena erT-erTi

lesboseli aqtivistis karen burstainis mosazreba hilari klintonze: „ hilari klintoni aris is adamiani, romelic patara gogonebs sTavazobs garkveuli cxovrebis models, xolo patara biWebs im micemuli pirobebis da SesaZleblobebis Sesrulebas da gaazrebas, rac gankuTvnilia qalebisaTvis.(2; 59)

avtors hilarisTan mimarTebaSi Tavisi xedva aqvs, is Tvlis, rom hilari ar aris je-

raldino feraro. erTis mxriv, man icis rogor akontrolos sakuTari xasiaTi xalxTan, magram meores mxriv, misi sajaro gamosvlebi sulac ar aris efeqturi da gonebamaxviluri. podhoreci Tvlis, rom hilaris problema, rogorc yvela qalis, visac prezidentad gaxdo-

ma surs, aris is, rom es Tanamdeboba yovelTvis mamakacebTan asocirdeba. (2; 60) Tavad avtors aqvs Tavisi mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu ra sWirdeba hilaris imisaTvis,

rom gaxdes prezidenti. is Tvlis, rom hilari unda iyos civi qalbatono gaumtari garsiT, unda iWerdes yovelTvis calsaxa poziciebs, aSinebdes adamianebs da xandaxan maT uxerxul mdgomarebaSic unda agdebdes. amiT is Seiqmnis imijs, rom SeuZlia gaumklavdes nebismieri tipis kriziss da katastrofas, romelic SeiZleba prezidentobisas Sexvdes.prezidentad gaxdomisaTvis qalma unda moaxdinos naklebi qalurobis demonstrireba. (2; 65)

Semdegi wigni aris „Hillary’s Choice” sadac detalurad aris aRwerili misi siyvarulis itoria bil klintonTan da aseve, rac yvelaze sainteresod meCvena erTi Tavi miZRvnilia misi da eleonora ruzveltvis virtualuri saubrebisaTvis. swored hilari klintons eke-


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uTvnis fraza: „swored exla mqonda warmosaxviTi saubari pirvel ledisTan - eleonora ruzveltTan da is fiqrobs, rom es SesaniSnavi ideaa. (3; 255).

aseve wignSi erT-erTi Tavi ganixilavs hilaris Casvlas CineTSi, qalTa uflebebisadmi-

miZRvnil konferenciaze, sadac man mZafrad kaakritika CineTis mTavroba. swored iq war-

moTqva hilarim Tavisi cnobili sityvebi:„ qalTa uflebebi aris adamianis uflebebi, xolo adamianis uflebebi -qalTa uflebebia, daimaxsovreT es erTxel da samudamod“. avtori da-jildoebulia weris unikaluri niWiT, Tumca wigni ar moicavs siRmiseul daskvnebs da ana-

lizs. daskvna sainteresoa is faqti, rom ganxiluli sami monografiidan ori mZafrad akritikebs hi-

lari klintons, xolo mesame absoluturad neitraluria. ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara aseTi hilari klintoni sinamdvileSi Tu avtorebi metad subieqturebi aRmoCndnen? monografi-

is werisas SeuZlebelia ar iyo subieqturi, Tumca did saSiSroebas warmoadgens obieqtu-

robis qveS amofarebuli absoluturi subieqturoba. vfiqrob, rom wignebSi: “Extreme Make-

over of Hillary Rodham Clinton“ da „ misi SeCereba SesaZlebelia?“ avtorebis kritika metad da-

ubalansebelia. biuqenenis Sexedulebebi Zalian sainteresoa, magram metad radikaluri Tumca erTi Se-

xedviT argumentirebuli. yvela avtors Tavisi xedva aqvs da TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams detalebs. buqeneniseuli xedva ki aseTia. mas ar aqvs dakninebuli hilaris dadebi-

Ti Tvisebebi, Tumca arc wina rigebSi ar aqvs gamotanili. uaryofiTze ki gacilebiT mets saubrobs. es SiZleba ubralod imijis nawili iyos, radgan radikalurad ganwyobili avto-ris imiji ki gacilebiT ufro momxibvlavad gamoiyureba. amitom, ar viciT Tu ramdenad srwmunoa avtrismier mowodebuli absoluturi da mwvave radikalizmi.

gamoyenebuli litaratura:

1. B. Buchanan; Extreme Makeover of Hillary RodhamClinton, Reghery Publishing, Eagle Publishing Company,

Washington DC, 2006;

2. J. Podhoretz; Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton will be the next President of the United States, Crown

Forum Publishing Group, The United States of America, 2006

3. G. Sheehy; Hillary’s Choice, Random House, New York, 1999;

4. R. Busby, Defending the American Presidency,: Clinton and the Lewinsky Scandal, Palgrave, New York, 2001;

5. R. Lawrence; M. Rose; Hillary Clinton’s Race for the White House: Gender Politics and the Media on the Campaign Trail, USA, Lynne Riener Publisher’s Inc, 2010


75

TinaTin asaniSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: vasil kaWarava

mSrali kanoni amerikaSi

1920 wlis ianvari, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva wlis nebismieri Tve, aRsavse iyo mravali movleniT. Tumca 16 ianvars aSS-Si uCveulo ambavi moxda. dameTanxmebiT, rom aRniSnuli Ta-

riRi ar gamoirCeoda raime istoriuli an sadResaswaulo movleniT. magram swored 16 ian-

vars niu-iorksa Tu Cikagos, san-franciskosa Tu filadelfiis restornebsa da barebSi gan-

sakuTrebuli xalxmravloba da gamococxleba SeiniSneboda.saineteresoa is,rom 16 ianvris Rames msmelTa mniSvnelovan nawils saxeze sinanulisa da ironiis gamometyveleba exata saxe-ze,xolo niu-orkis zogierT restoranSi ki Taviseburi glovis niSnad Savi feris sufrebiT iyo magidebi gawyobili,TiTqos amerikis sazogadoebas guli ugrZnobda,rom ukanasknelad ewafeboda maTrobela siames,maTgan gansxvavebiT ki Sua dasavleTisa da samxreTis mravali Statis patara qalaqebsa Tu dabaSi aTasobiT adamiani sazeimo manifestacias awyobda,sasu-liero pirebi eklesiebSi madlobas swiravdnen,xolo municipalitetebSi adgilobrivi xeli-

sufalni axali epoqis dasawyiss ulocavdnen Tanamemamuleebs..am ori gansxavavebuli emoci-

is mizezi ki mxolod erTi iyo:am dRes SuaRamisas ZalaSi Sevida amerikis SeerTebuli State-

bis konstituciis rigiT me-18 Sesworeba,romlis Tanaxmadac,saxelmwifos teritoriaze ik-rZaleboda alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoeba,gayidva da importic ki nebismieri qveynidan-

.swored amitom es Sesworeba ,,mSrali kanonis” saxeliT aris cnobili.swored misi wyalobiT iqca 1920-iani wlebi sruliad gansakuTrebul periodad amerikis istoriaSi da SeiZleba iT-

qvas, mTeli msoflios istoriaSi.aqve unda davsZinoT,rom SeerTebul StatebSi „mSrali ka-

noni“xSirad terminiT „Prohibition” aRiniSneboda,rac akZalvas niSnavs. 1919 wlis oqtomberSi me-18 Sesworeba Seivso minesotas Statis kongresmen endriu

vulstedis mier wamodgenili kanoniT,romlis Tanaxmadac, nebismieri saxis sasmeli, ro-melSic alkoholis Semadgenloba naxevar procents aRemateboda, alkoholurad iTvlebo-

da.aRsaniSnavia isic,rom sxva kanonebTan SedarebiT,senatSi me-18 Sesworebis miRebas sul raRac 13 saaTis debatebi dasWirda,warmomadgenelTa palataSi ki misi ganxilva erT dRes mimdinareobda.misi triumfaluri svla mxolod vudro vilsonis vetom SeaCera,radganac Tvlida rom mSrali kanonis sruli formiT realizacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda.misi azriT ludi an msubuqi Rvino mainc unda gayiduliyo,Tumca am azrs mxardaWera ar mohyolia,ris gamoc am kanonis miRebis dayovneba cota xniT gagrZelda.Statebis Tanxmobassul ramdeni-

me Tve dasWirda,nebraska iyo 36-e Stati,romelmac ganapiroba Statebis kvalificiuri um-ravlesoba.vudro vilsonis vetos miuxedavad ki kongresma miiRo igi,xolo arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad Sesworeba ZalaSi zustad erTi wlis Semdeg Sevida,riTic sabolood gadauwura sasmelis moyvarul amerikelebs ukanaskneli imedic ki.

Tumca sanam uSualod „mSrali kanonis“ miRebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis Sefasebaze ga-

daval,vfiqrob unda avRniSnoT is movlenebi,romlebic win uswrebda am kanons.jer kidev pirvelmosaxleebma Semoitanes axal samyaroSi alkoholis smisa da moxmarebis tradicia. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini puritanebi iyvnen da gmobdnen yovelgvar garTobas, isinic ki ar eridebodnen viskis mowrupvas.magram vinaidan iseTi magari alkoholuri sasmelebis ga-

moyeneba,rogoric irlandiuri viski da iamaikis romia,Zalian cud da xSir SemTxvevaSi sa-


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valalo Sedegebsac ki iwvevda.koloniebis TviTmmarTvelobebma daiwyes zrunva am alkoho-luri sasmelebis gamoyenebis SezRudvaze.swored aman gamoiwvia is rom,jorjiis StatSi aikrZala magari sasmelebis importi, igive mizans emsaxureboda virjiniaSi meRvineobis ganviTarebis propagandac.

aseve aRsaniSnavia,rom 1789 wels, roca aSSds konstitucia miiRes sakmaod maRali gadasa-xadebi dawesda spirtian sasmelebze. 1791 wels ki, aleqsandre hamiltonis iniciativiT ara marto gaizarda gadasaxadebi importul da adgilobriv produqciaze,aramed maRali gadasa-

xadi dawesda TviT viskis warmoebazec, ramac gansakuTrebiT pensilvanielebi d Sotlandiu-

ri da irlandiuri warmoSobis xalxi d gaanawyena,vinaidan viski ara marto maTi sayvareli sasmeli, aramed Semosavlis mTavari wyaroc iyo. amitomac dasavleT pensilvaniaSi boikoti gamoucxades am kanons, rac sruliad moulodnelad, politikur manifestadac ki gadaiqca.am aqciis zogierTi monawileSeiaraRebuli amboxebiskenac mouwodebda xalxs.roca am ambavma, vaSingtonSic CaaRwia, qveynis prezidentma aq 13 aTasiani armia gamoagzavna. magram,rogorc mosalodneli iyo, pensilvanielebs winaaRdegoba arc ki gauweviaT d daiRupa sul sami kaci-

,asamde ki daapatimres,or patimars sasamarTlom sikvdiliT dasja miusaja,magram preziden-

tma isini Seiwyala. es faqti istoriaSi „viskis amboxis” saxeliT Sevida. kongresi SemdgomSic araerTxel Seecada spirtian sasmelebze sabaJo gadasaxadebis

gazrdas, Tumca es nabijebi ar idgmeboda WeSmariti prohibiciisken.mxolod med19 sauku-

nis 20dian wlebSi daiwyo farTomasStabiani brZola prohibiciisTvis.antialkoholur propagandaSi Tavi sakmaod gamoiCina eklesiam, romelic loTobas qristianuli poziciidan akritikebda.Tanac,anglosaqsuri warmoSobis protestant amerikelebSi sakmaod Zlierad iyo gamjdari puritanizmi,romelic kritikulad uyurebda sxvadasxva saxis garTobasa Tu moxlenas da ukidures TavdaWerilobas qadagebdnen.prohibiciis problema ara marto re-ligiaSi,aramed sxva sferoebSic gamoikveTa,magaliTad erovnul urTierTobaTa sferoSi.-

protestant anglosaqsebs Zalian aRizianebdaT irlandiel emigrantTa usazRvro ltolva viskisadmi. med19 saukunis 30d40-ian wlebSi ki, qveyanaSi didi raodenobiT germanelebis Semosvlam, romelTac ludis smis didi tradicia hqondaT, anglosaqsebis ukmayofileba ki-dev ufro gazarda.

swrafva prohibiciisken kidev ufro gaizarda Semdgom wlebSi,kerZod ki 1826 wels Ca-

moyalibda amerikis zomierTa kavSiri, romelic prohibiciisken iswrafvoda. maTma saqmia-

nobam Sedegi gamoiRo da 1846 wels menis StatSi miiRes mSrali kanoni, aT weliwadSi ki ukve 13 StatSi moqmedebda alkoholuri sasmelebis SemzRudveli sxvadasxva saxis kanoni.-

1870dianebSi ki prohibiciur moZraobaSi aqtiurobis axali talRa warmoiSva. saqme imaSia, rom amerikis mosaxle qalbatonebma didi solidaroba gamoucxades erTmaneTs da aqtiu-

rad daiwyes brZola alkoholis moxmarebis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan vis Tu ara maT, uwevdaT mTvrali qmrebis gamaRizianebeli da zogjer Seuracxmyofeli qmedebebis atana. 80dian wlebSi ki amerikas mSrali kanonebis meore talRa moedo, magram sakmaod male dacxra ise, rom 1905 wlisTvis mxolod sam StatSi moqmedebda prohibicia. daaxloebiT am periodSi da-

iwyo aqtiurobis gadamwyveti, mesame talRa. mSrali kanonis momxreTa warmateba didwilad ganapiroba moZraoba ”antisalunuri” ligis Seqmnam, romelsac Semowirulobebis xarjze sakmaod didi biujeti hqonda prohibiciis aqtiuri propagandisTvis.

rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva dros, garkveul StatebSi mSrali kanoni moqmedebda. Tumca-

sabolood am moZraobebis Sedegi iyo is,rom 1920 wels miRebuli kanoni mTeli qveynis mas-

StabiT gatarda, ramac saerTo jamSi Zalian didi uaryofiTi movlenebi gamoiwvia,rac ga-

mowveuli iyo imiT rom es kanoni faqtobrivad zustad gansazRvravda,Tu ra unda eWama da esva amerikis Tavisufal moqalaqes,rac garkveul wilad zRudavda kontituciiT miniWe-


77

bul mis uflebas. es ki masSi sakmaod didi protestis grZnobas iwvevda.aman gamoiwvia is-,romSeiqmna mravali antiprohibiciuli moZraoba da bolos qalebmacki romlebic ase ib-

rZodnen alkoholuri sasmelebis winaaRmdeg,fardxmali dayares.Tumca sanam vilsonis sityvebSi darwmundebodnen da mSrali kanonis uaryofiT Sedegebs bolomde dainaxavdnen-

prohibiciuli ganwyoba mTels qveyanas moedo.kongresi ki, rogorc mosaxleobis interese-bis gamtarebeli da damcavi sakanonmdeblo organo iZulebuli iyo mieRo garkveuli zome-

bi.Tumca paradoqsia, magram faqtia,is rom mosaxleoba,romelic ase ibrZoda kanonis misa-

Rebad, cxovrebaSi sruliad ugulvebelyofda mas.saubaria ara mxolod imaze, rom Cveu-

lebrivi moqalaqe miirTmevda alkoholur sasmels, aramed qveynis pirvel pirzec ki, ker-Zod hardingze, romelic banqos TamaSis dros viskisac didi siamovnebiT miirTmevda. ak-

rZaluli xilis ar iyos, alkoholuri sasmelebis akrZalvam axalgazrdebSi maT mimarT me-

ti interesi gamoiwvia. mokled yvela, didi Tu patara, saxelmwifo piri Tu ubralo adamia-

ni, miRebuli Sesworebis miuxedavad mainc miirTmevda spirtian sasmels. oRond gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maT ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba sajarod, nebismier maRaziaSi See-

ZinaT viski, aramed Cumadarakanonieri gziT uwevdaT alkoholis SeZena.aman ki kidev erTi didi problema SesZina qveyanas.prohibiciam warmoSva kontrabandistTa da banditTa mTeli klanebi, romlebmac sabolood qveynis Tu ara yvelaze didi qalaqebis kontrolic ki da-iwyes. am drois yvelasTvis cnobili gangsteri da kontrabandisti iyo al kapone,romelmac moaxerxa ekontrolebina sakmaod didi qalaqebi.amavdroulad saeWvoa, rom sasmelis dam-

zadebis procesSi daculi iyo sanitariis normebic, ramac sabolood is gamoiwvia, rom mSrali kanonis moqmedebis periodSi, 4djer ufro meti adamiani iRupeboda alkoholuri intoqsikaciiT, vidre manamde, an mas Semdeg. Tumca es e.w „akrZaluli xili” imdenad didi interesiT da popularobiT sargeblobda sazogadoebaSi,rom akrZalvis gamo iZulebulni iyvnen saeWvo adgilidan mopovebuli alkoholic ki SeeZinaT gangsteruli bandebisgan.

vinaidanac amerikelTa umetesoba ar apirebda mSrali kanonis nebayoflobiT dacvassa-

Wiro gaxdaprohibiciis agetntis Tanamdebobis Seqmna, romelic federalur da ara adgi-

lobriv aRmasrulebel organos daeqvemdebareboda.Tumca am saagentoebis mcdelobis miu-

xedavad,es „reforma“ kraxiT damTavrda,rac ZiriTadad gamomdinareobda iqidan,rom maTi raodenoba 1786 kaci iyo, maSin roca qveyanaSi 122mln adamiani cxovrobda.amavdroulad es reforma ase Tu ise efeqturi iqneboda im SemTxvevaSic Tu adgilobrivi policiac iTanam-

Sromlebda maTTan,Tumca daxmarebis nacvlad isini butlegerebs araTu afarebdnen xel-

s,exmarebodnen kidec.qveyanaSi sakmaod cudi situacia Seiqmna,kanonis aseTi ukuqmedeba ufro da ufro aZlierebda kriminalur dajgufebebs da maT liderebs.Tumca ori mTavari problema,romelsac SeeZlo qveyana kraxamde mieyvana mxolod kriminaluri dajgufebebis gaZlierebaSiar mdgomareobda. saqme exeboda aqamde ucnob tendencias d moqalaqeTa um-

ravlesobis mier kanonis ugulvebelyofas. saerTod, iTvleba, rom amerikelTa umravleso-

ba mudam pativiscemiT ekideba Tavisi qveynis kanonebs, miT umetes ki konstitucias, ro-

melsac isini “samoqalaqo bibliasac” ki uwodeben. magram am SemTxvevaSi davrwmundiT, rom miuxedavad miRebuli Sewsorebisa, moqalaqeTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeboda kanons da Cumad, iatakqveS sCadioda kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebs. Cndeboda eWvi, rom Tuki moqala-

qeebi ugulebelyofdnen erT kanons, igive bedi eweodaT sxva regulaciebsac,rac saerTo jamSi gamoiwvevda konstituciisadmi undoblobas. es ki aSS-s anarqiis zRvarze miiyvanda da SebRalavda konstituciis Zalauflebas.

amas garda mSrali kanonis miReba zRudavda StatTa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis suverenul uflebebsac. amerikaSi moqmedi federalizmi iTvaliswinebs fede-

ralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebaTa Soris Zalauflebis gadanawilebas. mSrali kanonis


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erovnul doneze gamocxadeba ki, Statebis xelisuflebasac aiZulebda aekrZala alkoho-lis moxmareba,rac Statebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. Sesabamisad, ganawyenebuli Statebi,i-

mis magivrad,rom eTanamSromlaT federalur xelisuflebasTan da daxmarebodnen mSrali kanonis cxovrebaSi gatarebaSi,Zalian xSirad xelsac ki uSlidnen prohibiciis agentebs.am qveynis gajansaRebis„miamitma cdam“ ki sabolood Statebisa da federalur xelisufleba-

Ta dapirispireba gamoiwvia.niSandoblivia isic,rom TviT qveynis prezidentebic ki skepti-kurad iyvnen ganwyobilni med18 Sesworebis mimarT d sakmarisia gavixsenoT vudro uilso-

nis veto anhardingis mier viskis sma banqos TamaSis dros. dro da dro, ufro da ufro xSirad gaismoda saxelmwifo uwyebebisgan, avtoritetuli

adamianebisgan da moRvaweebisgan antiprohibiciuli gancxadebebi, romlebic prohibicias, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvis erTderT gamovlinebas asaxelebdnen.adamianTa uflebebis SezRudvasTan erTad sul ufro xSirad ismoda Statebis uflebebis damcvelTa xmac,vinaidanac aSSds konstituciis meaTe Sesworebis mixedviT,yovel Stats aqvs marTvis suverenuli uflebani da Statebic mudam icavdnen am uflebebs federaluri xelyofisgan-,gamonaklisi arc mSral kanonTan mimarTebaSi dauSviaT.

saineteresoa e.w. „vikerSamis komisia“, romelic mSrali kanonis avtoritetul analizs iZleva.es komisia federalurma mTavrobam swored am kanonTan dakavSirebiT Seqmna.komisi-

is daskvnaSi weria,rom med18 Sesworebis miRebis dros ukve ramdenime StatSi moqmedebda mSrali kanoni,xolo mas Semdeg rac regulacia mTeli qveynis masStabiT gaxda savaldebu-

lo, is Statebic ki,sadac sakuTari mSrali kanonebi hqondaT, cdilobdnen federalur mTavrobisTvis gadaebarebinaT kanonis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mTeli simZime. ase ki,urTier-

TTanamSromlobis gareSe,kanoni mxolod furcelze darCa kanonad.am yvelaferma ki gamo-

iwvia is,rom Statebis ukmayofileba gaizarda,ris Sedegadac 1923 wels niudiorkSi,nevada-

sa montanaSi, 1929 wels viskonsinSi, masaCusetSi, ilinoissa da rod ailendSi saerTod ga-uqmda mSrali kanoni.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sanam mSrali kanoni mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi, ase vTqvaT popularobiT sargeblobda da sanam zemoT ganxilul mZime uaryofiT Sedegebs gamoiRebda qveyanaSi rogorc demokratebi aseve respublikelebi aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars prohibici-is kanons. Tumca mas Semdeg rac am e.w„zneobrivma kanonma“ kraxi ganicada orive mxarem yo-

velgvari yoymanis gareSe uaryo zogaderovnuli mSrali kanoni.sabolood swored demok-

ratebma Seitanes 1933 wlis TebervalSi, kongresSi gansaxilvelad 21-e Sesworeba, romelic mSrali kanonis gauqmebas gulisxmobda da romliTac sabolood dasrulda erTderTi yve-

laze didi socialuri eqsperimenti msoflioSi.


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megi sajaia, TinaTin surmava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: lali surmaniZe

araverbaluri komunikaciis efeqturi gamoyeneba

interpersonalur komunikacias mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Cvens cxovrebaSi. ko-

munikaciis gareSe warmoudgenelia adamianis funqcionireba. urTierTobaSi, upirveles

yovlisa moiazreba verbaluri komunikacia, romelic informaciis sityvieri gadacemis

gzaa, Tumca, aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba komunikaciis araverbaluri saxes, romlis

drosac informacia gadaicema ara metyvelebiT, aramed sxeulis eniT – saxis gamo-

metyvelebiT, poziT, JestebiT, mimikebiT, Tvalis kontaqtiT da sxva. kacobriobis is-

toriaSi araverbaluri komunikacia droSi win uswrebda verbalurs. enis warmoSobamde

adamianebi urTierTobdnen Jestebis, gamometyvelebis, yvirilis da Sexebis meSveobiT. igive kanonzomiereba aRiniSneba adamianis ganviTarebis procesSic. laparakze bevrad

ufro adre bavSvi Tavis survilebsa da wuxils tirilis, sicilis Tu Sexebis meSveo-

biT gadmogvcems.

araverbaluri komunikacia grZnobebi gadmoicema araverbaluri komunikaciis meSveobiT. interpersonaluri

urTierTobebis naxevarze meti xorcieldeba araverbaluri komunikaciiT. araverbalu-

ri komunikacia farTodaa cnobili sxeulis enis saxelwodebiT.

sxeulis enis Seswavla ramdenime mizezis gamoa mniSvnelovani. pirvel rigSi, sity-vebiT SesaZlebelia faqtebis gadmocema, magram grZnobebis gamosaxatavad mxolod

sityvebi ar kmara. grZnobebi, romlis gamoxatvac ver xerxdeba verbaluri komunikaci-

is saSualebiT, gadaecema araverbalur enas. meorec, araverbaluri enis codna migva-

niSnebs, ramdenad SegviZlia sakuTari Tavis floba. Tu mosaubre ver axerxebs risxvas-

Tan, gamklavebas, is umatebs xmis tons, iqceva gamomwvevad. sxeulis ena gvexmareba ga-

vigoT, Tu ras fiqrobs xalxi Cvenze realurad. da bolos – araverbaluri komunika-

ciis gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebaa, misi aracnobierad gamovlineba. adamianebi cdilo-ben akontrolon sakuTari sityvebi, Tumca maTi mimika, Jestikulacia da xmis intona-

cia gascemT maT.

mwerali fiusti yveba 15 wlis puerto-rikoel gogonaze, romelic gamoiWires sko-

lis mwevel gogonaTa jgufSi. skolis direqtorma gadawyvita misi dasja. direqtoris yuradReba miipyro misma saeWvo qcevam: gogona saubrisas TvalebSi mas ar uyurebda.

direqtorma ifiqra, rom es danaSaulis grZnobis gamomxatveli iyo. Tumca, espanuri

enis maswavlebelma auxsna direqtors, rom puerto-rikoSi Tavaziani gogona arasodes

uyurebs ufross TvalebSi, rasc pativiscemisa da morCilebis gamoxatulebaa. es Sem-

Txveva naTels xdis, rom araverbaluri komunikacia sxvadasxvanairad gaigeba sxvadas-

xva kulturaSi.

amave dros, kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom qalebi ukeT igeben araverbalur maniSneb-

lebs, ukeT gadmoscemen grZnobebs. araverbaluri komunikacia unaria, romelic swav-


80

lasa da gavarjiSebas eqvemdebareba da sizuste araverbalur urTierTobaSi izrdeba asakisa da gamocdilebis Sedegad.

saxis gamometyveleba saxis gamometyveleba grZnobebis mTavari maCvenebelia. iseTi pozitiuri emociebi,

rogoricaa bedniereba, siyvaruli, SedarebiT advilad aRiqmeba, xolo rTulad aRqma-

dia uaryofiTi emociebi – mwuxareba, ganrisxeba. Cveulebriv es emociebi mimikasTan

asocirdebian:

• gakvirveba-aweuli warbebi, farTod gaxelili Tvalebi, tuCis boloebi Camoweu-

li.

• SiSi-farTod gaxelili Tvalebi, tuCis kuTxeebi CamoSvebuli da odnav ukan ga-

daweuli, SesaZloaRia piri.

• risxva-qvemoT Camoweuli warbebi, gamokveTili Sublis naoWebi, daSvebuli Tva-

lebi, tuCebi mokumuli, kbilebi erTmaneTze mijrili da SekumSuli.

• zizRi-qvemoT Camoweli warbebi, SeWmuxnuli cxviri, odnav maRla aweuli zeda

tuCi.

• mwuxareba-Camqrali Tvalebi, Camoweuli tuCis kuTxeebi

• bedniereba-mSvidi Tvalebi, Camoweuli tuCis kuTxeebi da amasTanave odnav ukan

gadaweuli.

mxatvrebisa da fotografebisTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom adamianis saxe asimet-riulia, SesaZloa saxis marjvena da marcxena mxarem emociebi sxvadasxvanairad gamoxa-

tos. kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom saxis marjvena da marcxena mxare tvinis sxvadasxva

naxevarsferos mier kontroldeba. marcxena naxevarsfero akontrolebs metyvelebas

da inteleqtualur saqmianobas, xolo marjvena marTavs emociebsa da sensorul qmede-bebs. dadebiTi emociebi metnaklebad Tanabrad aisaxeba saxis orive nawilSi, xolo

uaryofiTi emociebi ufro mkafiod vlindeba saxis marcxena mxares. imisTvis rom emo-

ciebi aRiweros, saWiroa ganvixiloT gamometyvelebis TiToeuli niuansi.

TvalebiT kontaqti TvalebiT kontaqti araverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia

da misi mniSvneloba cvalebadia konteqstis mixedviT. TvalebiT kontaqti miuTiTebs

dainteresebaze, mowonebaze, an piriqiT Tvalis arideba interpretirebulia, rogorc

dainteresebis ar qona. TvalebSi ganuwyvetliv yureba SesaZloa uxerxul situacis

qmnides, swored amitom mosaubre da msmeneli, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs 10 wamze did

xans ar uyureben TvalebSi. uSualod saubrisas mosaubre sxvadasxva mxares iyureba,

xolo saubris dasrulebisas pirdapir TvalebSi gviyurebs, TiTqos gvatyobinebs, rom man Tavisi saTqmeli daasrula da axla Cveni jeria. vizualuri kontaqti SeiZleba gan-

vixiloT, rogorc saubris kontrolis saSualeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom TvalebiT kontaq-

tis konkretuli aspeqtebi damokidebulia urTierTobis xasiaTze, magaliTad, Cven uf-

ro didxans vuyurebT maT, vinc iwvevs aRfrTovanebas, an visTanac axlo urTierToba

gvaqvs.

intonacia da xmis tembri mosmenis unaris mqone adamiani igebs imaze mets, vidre mosaubris mier warmoTqmu-

li sityvebia. is usmens da afasebs xmis tons, saubris siswrafes, variaciebs frazebs

Soris, amCnevs pauzebs metyvelebaSi. es yvelaferi saxis mimikasTan erTad, gvexmareba

ukeT gavigoT komunikaciis mniSvneloba. grZnobebi sityvis mniSvnelobisgan damouki-

debelia. xmis siZliere da simaRle agreTve gamosadegi elementia mosaubris gzavni-

lis gasagebad. ramdenime grZnoba, magaliTad brazi da sixaruli gadmoicema maRal


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xmaze, xolo iseTi grZnobebi, rogoricaa sevda da daRliloba, gadmoicema rbili, da-bali xmiT da intonaciiT. saubris siswrafe gamoxatavs Tanamosaubris grZnobebs.

swrafad laparakoben maSin, rodesac arian aRelvebulni an gadmoscemen pirad grZno-

bebsa da gancdebs. is, vinc cdilobs dagvarwmunos da gavlena moaxdinos, saubrobs

swrafad. xalxi uneblied amJRavnebs sakuTar grZnobebs da ganzraxvebs saubarSi iseTi

SecdomebiT, rogoricaa sityvebis gameoreba, maTi arasworad SerCeva, frazebis gawyve-

ta. xSirad Secdomebi saubrisas imis maCvenebelia, rom mosaubre nerviulobs an cdi-lobs mogvatyuos.

poza da Jesti adamianis grZnobebze SesaZloa metyvelebdes misi dgomis an jdomis manera, poza,

Jestikulacia da moZraobebi. rodesac adamiani saubrisas Cvensken ixreba, es poza miu-

TiTebs dainteresebaze. saubrisas naklebad komfortulad vgrZnobT Tavs, roca msme-

neli ukan gadaxrilia. daxriloba, romelSic mosaubre Tavs kargad grZnobs, damokide-

bulia situaciis Sinaarsze, mosaubreTa mdebareobaze da kulturul doneze. dgomis

maneraSi aris kulturuli da genderuli gansxvavebebi. bevri Jestisa da pozis mniS-vneloba mkafiod gansazRvrulia. magaliTad gadajvaredinebuli xelebi an fexebi xSi-

rad miuTiTebs skeptikur damokidebulebaze, Tavdacvaze. maSin rodesac gaxsnili xe-

lebi migvaniSnebs Riaobaze. xelebis nikapTan mitana Cafiqrebis maCvenebelia. xelebis

Tavs ukan Semowyoba upiratesobis maniSnebelia. saubrisas Tavis daqneva, erT-erTi damxmare saSualebaa, romelic aniSnebs mosaubres, rom ganagrZos laparaki. Tavis daq-

neva dadebiTad moqmedebs mosaubreze jgufuri saubris drosac. amitom is xSirad

misken mimarTavs saubars, vinc uqnevs Tavs.

sicruis Teoria adamianisTvis arc Tu ise uCveuloa tyuili da mas Cven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

xSirad viyenebT. statistikam aCvena rom adamiani saSualod 10 wuTian saubarSi mini-

mum 3 tyuils ambobs xolo yoveli tyuilis Semdeg savaraudod igi iyenebs 2-3 tyuils

raTa pirveli tyuilis dacva SeZlos. dedamiwaze, ori erTnairi adamiani ar arsebobs,

yvelani gansxvavebulebi varT. gansxvavebulad aRviqvamT movlenebs, gvesmis, vfiqrobT

da erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad vityuebiT. ar arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo, romelic

gvawvdis tyuilis Jestebis standartul nakrebs, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxdboda

adamianis tyulSi gamoWera.

tyuili maSin xdeba TvalSi sacemi, rodesac is iwvevs garkveul emociebs (nerviu-

loba, SiSi an sircxvili). zustad es emociebi gadmoicema sxeulis eniT. Tumca im faq-

tis dasadastureblad, rom adamiani tyuis, saWiroa konteqstis, situaciis da araver-

baluri komunikaciis bazisuri arxebis Tanxvedra.

leqsika adamiani, romelic ityueba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar laparakobs pirvel pirSi. mis

sityvebSi nacvalsaxeli “me” naklebad SegxvdebaT. ufro metic, man sakuTar Tavze Se-

saZloa mesame pirSic ilaparakos. es imiT aixsneba, rom tyuilis Tqmisas adamiani ga-

urbis pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aRebas.

TvalebiT kontaqti matyuarasTvis rTulia sicruis Tqmisas vinmesTvis TvalebSi yureba. ufro advi-

lia mzera kedelze an axlo mdebare saganze SeaCero, vidre im adamians Sexedo Tva-

lebSi, romelsac atyueb.

saxeze xelis mokideba


82

tyuilis Tqmisas adamiani xSirad ikidebs xels saxeze, gansakuTrebiT cxvirze, yu-rebze, pirsa da yelze. amasTan naklebad idebs xels mkerdze.

gameoreba Cveulebriv, roca vinmes ekiTxebiT “ras akeTebdi gasul SabaTs”, is pasuxamde ram-

denime wuTi fiqrobs. matyuaras ki winaswar momzadebuli aqvs pasuxi. amgvarad, is ub-

ralod imeorebs winaswar SeTxzul ambavs. Tuki kargi mexsierebiT argamorCeuli ada-

miani am SekiTxvaze maSinve gcemT pasuxs, TqvenTvis es saeWvo niSani unda iyos.

yalbi emociebi tyuilis Tqmisas gamoxatuli emociebic yalbia. magaliTad, adamiani marto piriT

iRimeba, Tvalebi ki am emocias ar gamoxatavs.

simarTlis Tqmis daJineba Cveulebriv, matyuara daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom simarTles ambobs. xSirad ificeba.

marTal adamians naklebad Wirdeba yovel wams imis Sexseneba, rom ar ityueba. xmis tonis Secvla tyuilis Tqmisas adamians xmis toni ecvleba: is SesaZloa amaRldes an piriqiT,

dadabldes.

winaRobis Seqmna matyuaras obieqtebis moTavseba sCvevia masa da im pirovnebas Soris, visac atyu-

ebs. is SesaZloa gamogelaparakoT sxva oTxidan, an sulac winaRobad magidaze dadebu-

li wignebi gamoiyenos.

damatebiTi detalebi tyuilis Tqmisas adamiani xSirad arasaWiro detalebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informa-

cias. is fiqrobs, rom amgvarad ufro damajerebeli iqneba misi tyuili. sinamdvileSi

aseTi detalebis moyola eWvs ufro iwvevs. magaliTad, Tu Tqveni qmris (colis) pe-

rangis recxvisas jibeSi aRmoaCenT telefonis nomers da kiTxavT mas amis Sesaxeb, pa-

suxi `es samsaxurs exeba” ufro damajerebeli iqneba, vidre “ori dRis win samsaxurSi

ufrosma mTxova davxmarebodi mis axal proeqtze muSaobaSi. ra Tqma unda, davTan-

xmdi. man momca sareklamo kompaniis nomeri, rom damereka da gamerkvia proeqtTan da-

kavSirebuli sakiTxebi. mec davreke, es nomeri ki damrCa jibeSi.” ra Tqma unda, tyuilis es niSnebi ar mogcemT 100%-ian garantias, rom viRac gaty-

uebT, magram garkveul wvlils Seitans sicrue-simarTlis garCevaSi. daskvna: Cven SevZlebT sxeulis enis zust da swor gagebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviTvalis-

winebT konkretul situaciur konteqsts, aseve Tanamosaubris socialur mdgomareoba-

sa da kulturas. mniSvnelovania araverbaluri maCveneblebis ara cal-calke, aramed

mTlianobaSi ganxilva. araverbaluri komunikaciis bazisuri arxebis codna xels Segviwyobs efeqturi ko-

munikaciis damyarebaSi, agreTve gvexmareba sakuTari grZnobebisa da emociebis marTva-

Si. Cveulebriv, msmenelsac da mosaubresac uadvildebaT kontaqti imasTan, visac aqvs

cocxali gamometyveleba, gamomxatveli moZraobebi. aqtiuri Jestikulacia xSirad miu-TiTebs dadebiT emociebze da aRqmulia rogorc dainteresebis niSani.


83

Teona jiblaZe saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli, profesori: nana burduli

reklamis gavlena qvecnobierze

`rac ufro metad veTamaSebi Tqvens qvecnobiers, miT ufro advilad memorCilebiT''

(f.begbederi „99 franki“)

qvecnobieri aRqma erTerTi yvelaze aqtualuri, mniSvnelovani da saintereso sakamaTo Temaa marketologTa da fsiqologTa wreebSi. marTalia qvecnobieris arseboba didi xnis winaT aris damtkicebuli aRarc qvecnobieri aRqmis meSveobiT informaciis miRebisa da damaxsovrebis SesaZleblobaa sadavo, realurad mainc aravin icis, Tu ra konkretul ze-

moqmedebas axdens amgvari informacia momxmarebelTa qcevaze (vilson braian qei „qvecno-

bieri cduneba“). rogorc froidi ambobs „fsiqika ar aoiwureba cnobierebiT. ufro metic, fsiqika ais-

bergs waagavs, romlis mxolod zeda, mcire nawilia cnobiereba, xolo umetesi nawili arac-

nobieris siRrmeSia CaZiruli“. reklamis mwarmoeblebi aSS-Si, ukanasknel xanebSi gansakuTrebul dainteresebas iCenen

e.w „siRrmiTi fsiqologiis“ mimarT da mis meTodebs cdispirebTan gasaubrebis dros iyene-

ben. magaliTad „siRrmiT saubris“ Sedegad gamoirkva, rom adamians, romelic mravalsulian ojaxsa da viwroobaSi gaizarda, moswons didi zomis avtomobili da yidulobs zrdadasru-

lebulobaSi, Tumca igi amas ver acnobierebs. qvecnobieri aRqmis Teoria mniSvnelovani moculobiTaa warmodgenili praqtikaSi. mas-

zea dafuZnebuli swavlebis procesSi e.w. „ocdamexuTe kadris“ efeqtis gamoyeneba. qvecnobieri aRqmis Teoriisadmi dasavleTis, kerZod ki, aSS-s sazogadoebis daintere-

sebis piki 1950-iani wlebis boloze modis da aSS-s niu jersis Statis patara qalaq fort lis kinoTeatrSi momxdar erT damaintrigebel epizods ukavSirdeba. kerZod, 1957 wels reklamis amerikelma specialistma jeims vaiqarim ganacxada, rom igi am kinoSi eqvsi kviris ganmavlobaSi yovel xuT wamSi erTxel, specialuri mowyobilobis saSualebiT, uSvebda 3 miliwamis sigrZis farul sareklamo gzavnilebs - „miirTviT batibuti” da „dalieT koka--

kola”. es gzavnilebi imdenad xanmokle iyo, rom cnobierad ver aRiqmeboda, Tumca, qvecno-

bierSi aRwevda da gavlenas axdenda mayureblis qcevaze. Sedegad, aRniSnul periodSi, ki-

noTeatrSi bati-butis da „koka-kolas” gayidvebi Sesabamisad 57,7% da 18,1%-iT gaizarda. am gancxadebam aRiareba da materialuri sargebeli moutana mis avtors da farTo sazogado-

ebrivi rezonansic gamoiwvia. „qvecnobieri gzavnilis” cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, rac CvenSi ufro „ocdamexuTe

kadris” saxeliT aris cnobili, daisva logikuri kiTxva - ra gzavnils unda gadacemdes kom-

pania am efeqtebis saSualebiT imisTvis, rom momxmarebelSi TavisTvis sasurveli qceva ga-

moiwvios? am kiTxvis pasuxad gaCnda kidev erTi axali termini -„qvecnobieri cduneba”, rac ZiriTadad „farul” sareklamo gzavnilebSi seqsisa da sikvdilis simboloebis gamoyenebas


84

ukavSirdeba. produqti, romlis reklamac momxmarebelTa qvecnobier cdunebas cdilobs, maTTvis ufro sasurveli xdeba. bevr cnobad brends adanaSauleben am konkretuli teqnikis gamoyenebaSi, maT Soris - „pepsisa” da „qemels”. Tumca, kompaniebi amgvar braldebebs yu-

radRebas ar aqceven an, rig SemTxvevebSi, sapasuxo braldebiTac ki gamodian da maT rekla-mebSi amgvari signalebis Ziebas da povnas mavanTa fsiqologiur problemebs ukavSireben.

qvecnobieri gzavnilebis reklamaSi ganTavsebisTvis Semdeg eqvs strategias gamoyo-

fen:

figurisa da fonis urTierTSeqceva (Figure-Ground Reversal) Casma (Embedding) ormagi mniSvneloba (Double Entrende) tahistoskopuri gamosaxulebebi (Tachistoscopic Dispalys) dabali ganaTeba da dabali xma (Low-Intensity Light, Low-Volume Sound) ganaTeba da audio foni (Lighting and Background Sound)

figurisa da fonis urTierTSeqcevis teqnika vizualuri da smeniTi aRqmis or kompo-

nents - figurasa da fons aerTianebs. Cveulebrivi aRqmis dros, rogorc wesi, foni sakmaod umniSvnelod miiCneva da TiTqmis ignorirdeba, xolo ZiriTadi yuradReba figuras eTmoba.

xSirad, figurisa da fonis urTierTSeqceva optikur iluziadac miiCneva. am Teoriis popularizacias daniel fsiqologs, edgar rubins miaweren, romelmac rubinis vazis cno-

bil magaliTze wamoWra fonisa da figuris ormagi aRqmis arsebobis aqtualoba. ZiriTadi suraTi vazas aRbeWdavs, Tumca, Tu fons davakvirdebiT, erTmaneTisken mibrunebuli ori adamianis profili warmogvidgeba. amgvari optikuri iluziebis safuZvelze aris damyare-

buli figurisa da fonis urTierTSeqcevis komunikaciis strategia. magram sadavoa sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad qvecnobieria amgvari stimulebi. miniSnebis Sedegad, adamianTa umravlesoba fonisa da suraTis aseT urTierTCanacvlebas cnobierad aRiqvams.

kargi magaliTia forToxlebis wvenis keklama sami forToxlis gamosaxulebiT, rome-

lic ormagad aRiqmeba. erTi mxriv, suraTze gamosaxulia sami forToxali, rac logikurad adamianis gonebaSi forToxlis wvenis asociacias unda aRZravdes, magram, imavdroulad, sakmaod mosawyenia da Zlier yuradRebas ver miipyrobs. magram, forToxlebs Soris gamo-

tovebuli adgili bikinis formisaa da Tu forToxlebs fonad miviCnevT, mTliani suraTi qalis wels qvemoT gadaRebul suraTTan asocirdeba. amgvar suraTs bevrad meti yuradRe-

bis mipyroba da SenarCuneba SeuZlia, vidre ubralod forToxlebs. Semdegi strategia qvecnobieri gzavnilis ZiriTad suraTSi Casmas gulisxmobs da xor-

cieldeba Crdilebis, daCrdilvis efeqtebis an sxeulTan dakavSirebuli formebisa da kon-

turebis urTierTCanacvlebis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari suraTi mkafiod daimzi-

reba, xolo faruli gamosaxuleba, rogorc wesi, ignorirdeba da mexsierebaSi qvecnobieri aRqmis meSveobiT inaxeba. qeis mixedviT, amis magaliTia seqsualuri Sinaarsis qvecnobieri gzavnilebi, romlebic Znelad gasarCevi saxiTaa Casmuli disneis multfilmebis ydebis su-

raTebis fonebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom disneis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi sarCelebic ki Seitanes aseTi teqnikis gamoyenebis gamo, ris Semdegac axal ydebze es suraTebi aRar iyo gamosaxuli. msgavsi SemTxvevebi sigaretis reklamebSic aRiniSneba. reklamaSi „qvecnobieri gzavnilis Casmis“ gamoyenebis mravali sxva nimuSic arsebobs. magaliTad gamodgeba erotiul Tu sik-

vdilis Temaze Casmuli meoradi suraTebi „koka-kolas” da „pepsis” reklamebSi. Tumca, kompanie-

bi braldebebs uaryofen da nebismier msgavsebas ubralo damTxveviT xsnian. adamianebi cno-


85

bierad ver aRiqvamen Casmul qvecnobier gzavnilebs da maT miRebas an uaryofas Soris arCe-vanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCniaT, ris gamoc, zogierT qveyanaSi suraTSi sityvebisa da adamianis sxeulis nawilebis gamuqeba an Crdilebis saxiT Casma akrZalulia.

ormagi mniSvnelobis strategia, Tavisi saxelidan gamomdinare, miznad isaxavs erTi reklamiT ori sxvadasxva gzavnilis gadacemas.

amgvari teqnikis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTi manqanebis mwarmoebli firma W-s reklamaa, romelic ormag mniSvnelobasa da fonisa da figuris urTierTSeqcevas aerTia-

nebs, reklamaSi ucnauri suraTia gamosaxuli, romelic adamianma SeiZleba rogorc Rimi-

lad, aseve, zurgad aRiqvas. reklamis teqsti or kiTxvas moicavs: „es zurgia? Tu Rimilia?“ miuxedavad imisa, rom reklama informaciuli ar aria, is orazrovnebas badebs, yuradRebas da interess ipyrobs- Sedegad ufro damaxsovrebadia.

avtomanqana dojis sareklamo rgolSi gamoyenebuli logo, romelic sakmaod „brZnu-

lad“ aris mofiqrebuli. es avtomobili gansakuTrebiT mamakacebs moswonT. mecnierTa gar-

kveulma jgufma Caatara kvleva da daadgina, rom kompania „dojis“ logo, romelzedac er-

Ti SexedviT cxovelia gamosaxuli, sinamdvileSi arc meti, arc naklebi qalis saSvilosnoa, ris gamoc mamakacebSi qvecnobier interess iwvevs da maT es manqana „uyvardebaT“.

gansxvavebuli interesis gamo moipova popularoba kompania „makdonaldsis“ hambur-

germa. 1990-ian wlebis bolos aSS-Si gasuli „makdonaldsis“ hamburgeris morigi reklamais

xilvis Semdeg, misma gayidvebma gansakuTrebulad „saeWvod“ moimata. makdonaldsis oponen-

tebma bevri ifiqres, eZies da ipoves kidec „is“, ris gamoc drois mcire monakveTSi gansa-

kuTrebiT didi popularoba moipoves am hamburgerebma. saqme isaa, rom „makdonaldsis“ mes-

veurebma kargad gamoiyenes amerikeli mosaxleobis sayvareli „mwvane fuli“ (dolari) da is simwvane romelic salaTis furclebs axasiaTbs, hamburgeris salaTis furclebs TiTqos SeumCnevlad dolaris kupiura miaxates.

mecnierebma daasknes: „makdonaldsis“ hamburgeris popularoba aRniSnuli reklamis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda imitom, rom rodesac adamiani am reklamas uyurebs, misi tvi-

nis qvecnobiers ormagi interesi uyalibdeba. maTgan pirveli gacnobierebulia da SimSi-

lis dakmayofilebis surviliTaa ganpirobebuli, xolo meore qvecnobieradaa daluquli tvinSi da fulis SobvnasTan asocirdeba, rac damatebiT stimuls aZlevs hamburgeris moy-

varulebs. mediakritikosi nil postmani Tavis wignSi- „rogor vuyuroT satelevizio axal

ambebs“ - aRniSnavs: „sareklamo rgois srulyofili SefasebisTvis mxedvelobaSi unda mivi-

RoT misi ori ganzomileba, romelTagan pirveli exeba fuls, xolo meore - socialur fase-

ulobebs.“ ormagi mniSvnelobis slogani sakmaod efeqtianad gamoiyena stomatologma malkom

vordma. komunikaciis gzavnili Semdegia: „ofliani xelebi, peplebi, sisuste muxlebSi; da is mxolod weliwadSi orjer mxedavs”. miuxedavad imisa, rom gzavnilSi iumoris grZnobi-

Taa gadmocemuli is nerviuloba, romelsac adamianTa umravlesoba ganicdis stomato-

logTan wasvlis win, slogani aseve siyvarulTan asocirdeba. reklamis saidumlo mis sloganebSia, romelic Cveni yuradRebis misapyrobad aris ga-

miznuli. magaliTad : saparsi qalebisTvis. „igrZeni Tavi qalRmerTad“. ggoniaT aseTi fraza Tqvenze zemoq-

medebas ver moaxdens? romeli qali ar ocnebobs, Tavi, Tundac mcire xniT, qalRmerTad ig-

rZnos? ra Tqma unda, maT kargad ician, rom saparsi am ocnebas ver auxdenT da miuxedavad amisa, mainc sjeraT saswaulis.


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1. slogani: „da Sen mzad xar ocnebasTan Sesaxvedrad“? es Sampunia.. nuTu ar moginde-

baT misi yidva sayvareli mamakacisTvis? 2. dezodorantTan dakavSirebuli slogani: „waisvi da dro gaatare“. SeiZleba waxvide

diskoTekaze, wveulebaze, icekvo ukanasknel amosunTqvamde da sulac ar inaRvlo imaze, rom ofli ganwyobas gagifuWebs.

tahistoskopuri gamosaxulebebi optikur laboratoriaSi mzaddeba da gadaicema op-

tikuri proeqtoris, e.w. tahistoskopis saSualebiT. es mowyobiloba Zalzed mokle xan-grZlivobiT asxivebs sityvebsa da suraTebs, iseTi didi siCqariT, rom mayurebelTa da msmenelTa umravlesobas maTi aRqma mxolod qvecnobierad SeuZlia. swored aRniSnuli me-

Todi iyo gamoyenebuli zemoT moxseniebul magaliTSi kinofilmis msvlelobisas „koka-kola-sa” da bati-butis sareklamo gzavnilebis gaSvebis Sesaxeb. amgvarad gadacemul gzavnils CvenTan „ocdamexuTe kadrs” uwodeben. es saxeli dakavSirebulia im faqtTan, rom Cveuleb-

rivi kinofiris gaSvebisas wamSi 24 kadri gadaicema, xolo momdevno 25-e kadri uxilav, anu qvecnobierebaze gavlenisTvis gamiznuli gzavnilis saxelad gamoiyeneba.

dabali ganaTeba da dabali xma qvecnobier aRqmaze zemoqmedebis yvelaze aqtiuri sa-

Sualebaa. dabali ganaTeba xSirad fotosuraTebis gadaRebisas gamoiyeneba, amitom qvecno-

bieri gzavnilebis umravlesobac fotoebzea ganTavsebuli. aq meoradi suraTi mniSvnelov-nad ufro mkrTalad edeba ZiriTad suraTs. garkveul intensivobaze dabali ganaTebis pi-

robebSi, meoradi suraTi cnobierad araaRqmadia. es koncefcia pirvelad „koka-kolam” gamo-

iyena. dRes aseTi suraTebi ZiriTadad iseT beWdviT reklamebSi gvxvdeba, sadac gamosaxu-lebebi naxatebiTaa warmodgenili. qvecnobieri gzavnili naxats fotolaboratoriisa Tu kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyenebiT edeba. am SemTxvevaSic gzavnilebi sikvdils, saSiSroe-

bas an erotikul Temebs ukavSirdeba. bolo, meeqvse strategia ganaTebis da audio fonis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. orTaves -

ganaTebas da fonur xmas - umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs kino da video produqciaSi. isini cnobierad ar aRiqmeba auditoriis mier, magram qvecnobier aRqmaze gavlenis mZlavri saSualebebia. saTanado momentSi sworad SerCeuli, dabal xmaze gaSvebuli musika, efeqtu-ri ganaTebis TanxlebiT, sasurvel emociur reaqcias iwvevs. amasTan, optimalurad SerCeu-

li ganaTeba da audio foni adamianSi realisturi suraTebis warmosaxvas uzrunvelyofs, rac reklamas cnobieradac ufro bunebrivs da, Sedegad, ufro sandos xdis. amgvari teqni-

kis erT-erT magaliTad ludi „tuborgis”- is satelevizio reklama mohyavT, sadac, vizua-

lur datvirTvasTan erTad, tangos musika gamoiyeneba (cnobili reklama agebulia im mo-

tivze, rom „tuborgis” moxmarebasTan erTad adamianis aRqma ukeTesobisken icvleba). cno-bilia, rom tangos melodia adamianTa umravlesobaSi vnebis asociacias iwvevs. aRsaniSna-

via is faqtic, rom amgvari reklamebis qvecnobierze zemoqmedeba, rogorc wesi, ver mtkic-

deba, amitom isini akrZaluli ar aris. audio fonis meSveobiT qvecnobierze zemoqmedebaSi xSirad filmebsac sdeben brals.

rodesac filmSi dabal xmaze kargad SerCeuli musikaa, is marTlac qmnis Sesabamis xasiaTs, magaliTas daZabuloboos Sesaqmnelad, xSirad mokle, JRerad musikas iyeneben, xolo siTbo-

sa da siyvarulis emociebis aRsaZvrelad- ufro naz da dabali JReradobis mqone musikas. adamiani yoveldRiurad sakmaod didi moculobis sareklamo informacias iRebs. mok-

levadian periodSi, reklamis ZiriTadi mizani gayidvebisa da kompaniebis mogebis zrdaa, rac reklamis mxridan momxmareblis axlo samomavlo qcevaze zemoqmedebis pirdapiri Se-

degi unda iyos.


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rogorc jek haberto ambobs : „yinulis natexebs bevrad ufro meti alkoholis gayidva SeuZlia, vidre mimzidvel modelebs. xSirad SeumCnevel yinulis natexebSi gayidvis uCina-ri unaria damaluli - uCinari, rasakvirvelia, mxolod cnobieri gonebisTvis. („simarTle qvecnnobier reklamaze“).


1. i. imedaZe - „fsiqologiis istoria“ , Tb.2008;

2. f.begbederi - „99 franki“, gamomcemloba palitra L; 3. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0period--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4----

1l--11-ru-50---20-help---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10&a=d&cl=CL2.8&d=HASH01f297cf670fa32339a27070.7


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nazi Ciqovani saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, wmida andriapirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universiteti, doqtorantura xelmZRvaneli profesori: nana dvaliSvili

STR alelebis gavrcelebis sixSire qarTul populaciaSi da misi

mniSvneloba sasamarTlo samedicino eqspertizisaTvis

kvalificiuri sasamarTlo samedicino eqspertizis Catareba saerTaSoriso standar-

tebis doneze SesaZlebelia mxolod pirovnebis identifikaciis Tanamedrove zusti meTo-debis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvel yovlisa, gulisxmobs dnmdis molekulurdbiologiur ga-

mokvlevebs. identificirebis sizustisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes sakvlev populacia-

Si specifikuri alelebis gavrcelebis sixSiris amsaxveli monacemTa baza, romlis safuZ-

velzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba SedarebiTi analizis Catareba da pirovnebis zusti identifi-cireba genetikuri maxasiaTeblis profilis mixedviT. Tanamedrove genetikuri eqspertiza eyrdnoba oTxnukleotidiani ganmeorebadi Tanmimdevrobebis e.w. mokle tandemur ganmeo-

rebadobaTa (STR) lokusebis kvlevas. sadReosod saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs statistikuri

monacemebi specifikuri STR alelebis gavrcelebis sixSiris Sesaxeb, ramac ganapiroba Cve-

ni daintereseba am sakiTxiT. swored am kvlevis Sedegebis nawils warogidgenT winamdebare naSromSi.

imisaTvis, rom dnm analizis Sedegad moxdes pirovnebis identifikacia da maRali si-zustiT iqnes gamoTvlili pirovnebis msgavsebis (damTxvevaTa) Tanafardoba, dResdReo-

biT saqarTveloSi xelmZRvaneloben kavkasoidur rasaSi alelebis gavrcelebis sixSiris monacemebiT. yvela qveyanas, romelsac dnm identifikaciis saSualeba gaaCnia, Seswavlili da daTvlili unda hqondes yvela STR lokusebis alelebis gavrcelebis sixSire, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, viwro populaciaSi, riTac Semdgom ixelmZRvaneleben dnm la-boratoriebi pirovnebis identifikaciisas rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gare-

Tac, radgan saqarTvelos samarTladamcvelebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben interpolTan. pirovnebis identifikaciis molekulurdbiologiuri meTodebi ganviTarebas iwyebs me-

20 saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan da msoflio masStabiT Zireuli gardatexa Seaqvs sasamar-Tlo medicinaSi. dnm-ma, rogorc identifikaciis saSualebam, mecnierTa yuradReba mTeli rigi Taviseburebebis gamo miipyro. meTodi, romelic dRemde warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sasa-

marTlo medicinaSi, britanel mecniers, aleqs jefriss ekuTvnis. swored man Cauyara sa-

fuZveli dnmdis daqtiloskopias da ganaviTara dnmdis profilis Seqmnis teqnologiebi/1/. mkvlevarebma SeniSnes, rom dnmdis garkveuli ubnebi Seicavda mokle, ganmeorebad nukleo-tidur monakveTebs, romelTa gamoyeneba efeqturia sasamarTlo eqspertizaSi, radgan mok-

le monakveTebi naklebad eqvemdebareba mutaciebs da garemo faqtorebis madegradirebel zegavlenas /2, 3, 4/.

Cvens kvlevaSi viyenebdiT dnm-is fragmentebis sigrZis polimorfizmis gansazRvris me-Tods. aRmoCnda, rom manZili maT Soris sxvadasxva pirovnebas gansxvavebuli aqvs. pirovne-

bis individualobis daxasiaTebisaTvis ki saWiroa moniSnuli fragmentebis zomis (sigrZis)


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gansazRvra. restriqciis fragmentebis sigrZis polimorfizmis (RFLP) kvleva dafuZnebu-

lia adamianis dnm-is maRalvariabeluri ubnebis deteqciaze. garkveuli fuZe (bazuri) wyvi-lis Tanmimdevrobisa da lokusSi maTi variantebis mixedviT dgeba pirovnebis genotipi.

Cveni kvlevis samizne pirvel etapze gaxda saqarTvelos sazRvisrpira zoli d kerZod TurqeTis sazRvris mimdebare teritoria da amisaTvis SerCeul iqna lazuri populacia. amasTanave, meore sakvlev populaciad ki SevarCieT mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv meore adgilze myofi - imeruli populacia. populaciuri kvlevisaTvis aucilebeli moTxovna iyo - sakvlev pirebs ar unda hyolodaT saerTo winapari da ar yofiliyvnen erTidaimave gvaris warmomadgenlebi, raTa gamogvericxa maT Soris naTesauri kavSirebi da metdnaklebad mar-Tebuli Sedegebi migveRo populaciebSi sakvlevi alelebis SemTxveviT ganawilebaze. am principiT SeirCa 37 lazi (TurqeTisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze) da 34 imereli (zemo da qvemo imereTSi) cdis piri. nimuSebis aRebis win donorebs ganemartaT kvlevis arsi da maTgan miRebul iqna informirebuli Tanxmoba. anketebSi miTiTebuli iyo maTi winaprebis vinaoba, warmomavloba, riTac gamovricxeT maT Soris naTesauri kavSirebis arseboba.

biologiur masalad gamoyenebul iqna nerwyvis sinjebi. nerwyvis Segroveba xdeboda specialur konteinerSi, romelSic windawin Casxmuli iyo lizis buferi proteinaza -s da-bali SemcvelobiT. dnm eqstraqcias vaxdendiT standartuli, fenol-qloroformis meTo-diT /5, 6/.

kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna realuri drois polimerazuli jaWvuri reaqciis apara-ti 7500 RT-PCR (Applied Biosystems), adamianis dnm-s raodenobis ganmsazRvreli kiti (Human DNA Quantification Kit-Applied Biosystems; Cata. No. 4343895). gamokvleva mimdinareobda mwarmoeb-lis mier mowodebuli kitis saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli protokolis Sesabamisad. reaqciis dasrulebis Semdeg, Sedegebi gaanalizda 7500 SDS Software v.1.3.1.-is meSveobiT. movaxdineT mi-Rebuli dnmdis samuSao koncentraciamde normalizeba Semdgomi amplifikaciisaTvis.

sakvlevi nimuSebis tipirebisaTvis SeirCa COrDIS 20. am multipleqs sistemis upirate-soba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is erTdroulad 20 lokusis amplificirebis saSualebas iZle-

va: 19 STR markeri da sqesis ganmsazeRvreli erTi lokusis (amelogenini). yvela markeri, romelic am nakrebSi Sedis, farTod gamoiyeneba populaciur kvlevebSi da msoflios mra-val qveyanaSi nacionaluri kriminalistikuri monacemTa bazis safuZvels Seadgens. maT So-

ris, aRniSnuli krebuli moicavs STR lokusebis standartul panels, rogoricaa: D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, и VWA; 5 STR markeri (romelsac ENFSI uwevs rekomendacias evropuli nacionaluri monacemTa bazis saZiebo sistemaSi Sesatanad. rekomendacia gacemulia 2009 wels da misi Sesruleba 2011 wlidan evaleba yvela qveyanas, vinc am organizaciis wevria); D2S441, D10S11248, D12S391, D22S1045, D1S1656; da markeri SE33-yvelaze polimorfuli danarCen markerebTan SedarebiT, romelic didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba evropul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi.

gamokvlevisaTvis gamoviyeneT genetikurianalizatorid 3130 tipis, 4 kapilariani mo-deli-3130 GeneticAnalyser. procesis samarTavad gamoiyeneboda instrumentis Sesabamisi programa AB3130 Data Collection Softwarev.3. eleqtroforezis Sedegebis gasaanalizeblad ki visargebleT kompiuteruli programa - GeneMapper ID v 3.2–ით.

orive populaciaSi cal-calke daTvlil iqna alelebis raodenoba. maTi gavrcelebis sixSiris dasaangariSeblad gamoyenebul iqna j. batleris mier mowodebuli formula 5/2 /7/. Cven mier Seswavlili ori populacia Sedarda erTmaneTs. populaciuri genetikisaTvis mniSvnelovania Sedegi faqtorebi: homozigoturi da heterozigotuli genotipebi popu-laciaSi, dominanti da recesiuli alelis arseboba, populaciebis urTierTSedareba da Se-faseba imisa, Tu romel lokusSi romeli alelis gavrcelebis sixSirea ufro maRali, xom ar fiqsirdeba dasakvirvebel populaciaS iseTi alelebi, romelic damaxasiaTebeli ar


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aris romelime sxva populaciisaTvis. aseve, alelebze dakvirvebiT msjeloben populaciis mravalferovnebaze. mas iyeneben genofondis aRwerisas.

populaciis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba hardi-vainbergis kanoni, es aris kanoni popu-laciuri genetikis - populaciis, romelzec ar moqmedebs gadarCeva, ar mimdinareobs mu-taciuri procesebi, ar mimdinareobs genebis dreifi, yvela Sejvareba bunebrivia. aqedan gamomdinare (Tu populaciaSi ori aleli mainc aris erTi genisa) Seadgines toloba: p2+2pq+q2=1; Cven mier Seswavlil 2 populaciaSi sakmaod didi mravalferovnebaa am Tval-sazrisiT. kerZod, orive populaciaSi aris lokusebi, sadac konkretuli alelebi saerTod ar fiqsirdeba, agreTve aris alelebi, romelTa sixSire ukiduresad maRalia erT popula-ciaSi, xolo meoreSi - SedarebiT dabali.

magaliTisaTvis, lokusi TPOX-is monacemebi gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda imerul da lazur populaciebSi. imerul populaciaSi am lokusSi aleli 7 sruliad ar fiqsirdeba, rodesac igive aleli arcTu umniSvelo sixSiriT aRmoCnda warmodgenili lazur populaciaSi. ag-

reTve, ar dafiqsirebula aleli 20 imerul populaciaSi vWA lokusSi. gansakuTrebiT sa-

yuradReboa lokusi SE33 radgan aq mTeli rigi gansxvavebebi iqna gamovlenili: magaliTad, alelebi 17.3; 18.2; 35.2. isini sakmaod xSiria imerul, magram sruliad ar gvxvdeba lazur populaciaSi. amavdroulad, lazur populaciaSi amave lokusSi arsebobs alelebi, rome-lic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli imeruli populaciisaTvis: 20.2; 32; 33; 34. aseTi mravalfe-rovneba SeiniSneba Cven mier gamokvleul TiTqmis yvela lokusSi. rac Seexeba alelebis gavrcelebis sixSires, aqac aris gansxvaveba am or populacias Soris. kerZod, lokusi TPOX me-8 nomeri alelis gavrcelebis sixSire Zalian maRalia imerul populaciaSi da is 0.52941 Seadgens, maSin rodesac igive lokusis sixSire lazur populaciaSi 0.40541-ia (0.5-ze maRa-li alelis sixSire iTvleba ukiduresad maRal maCveneblad populaciisaTvis).

Cven mier gamokvleuli ori populaciis Sedegebi SevadareT kavkasoidur populaciaSi gavrcelebul alelebis sixSiris monacemebs. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT lokusi D21S11. am konkretul lokusSi Cven mier Seswavlili populaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi alelebi, romelic sruliad ar aris aRmoCenili kavkasoiduri populaciis 302 warmomadge-

nelSi. kerZod, es gansxvaveba SedarebiT ufro mkafiod iyo gamoxatuli imerul populaci-aSi, vidre lazurSi. alelebi 25, 26 dafiqsirda imerul, magram ar aRmoCnda lazur da arc zogadad, kavkasoidur populaciaSi. sanacvlod, aleli 27, 32, 33 aris kavkasoidur, magram ar gvxvdeba imerul populaciaSi.

literatura:

1. Zagorski N., Profile of Alec Jeffreys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 June 13; 103(24): 8918–8920. 2. Jeffreys A.J., Royle N.J., Wilson V., Wong Z.. Spontaneous mutation retes new length allels at tendem-

repetatiovehypervatriable loci in human DNA //Nature, 2988. – Vol/332/-P. 278-281 3. Jeffreys A., Wilson V., Thein S. Individual specific fingerprints of human DNA. //Nature, 2005-Vol. 361-P 75-

79 4. Jeffreys A., Wilson V., Thein S. Hypervariableminisatellite regions of human DNA. //Nature. 1985. Vol. 314-

P67-73 5. Lincoln P.J., Thomson J. Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols, 1998 6. Willard J., Lee D., Holand M. ,,Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols. Vol. 98, 1998 7. Butler J.M. Forensic DNA Typing, 242, 2nd edition, 2005

humanitaruli mecniereba, literaturaTmcodneoba

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xatia dadalauri soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli profesori: mariam miresaSvili

sasuliero pirTa zneobrivi konfliqti (umberto ekos „vardis saxelis“ mixedviT)

cnobili italieli mwerlis, umberto ekos gaxmaurebuli metaromani „vardis saxeli“

samarTlianad miiCneva postmodernistuli mwerlobis sakulto nawarmoebad. romanis problematur sakiTxTa Soris, romelsac avtori exeba, kritikosebi gamoyofen sasuliero pirTa zneobrivi konfliqtis problemas; kerZod, mwerali detalurad aRwers Suasaukune-

ebis mamaTa monasterSi ber-monazvnebis cxovrebis wess da, amasTan dakavSirebiT, exeba ma-

Ti seqsualuri gadaxrebis problemas. „vardis saxelSi“ warmoCenili berebi, miuxedavad ma-

Ti statusisa, urcxvad mruSoben, sodomur codvas sCadian da axalbeda morCilebsac mou-

wodeben garyvnilebisken; am ukanasknelebs ki, xSirad Tavis dacva uwevT, raTa zneobriv normebs ar uRalaton da ubiwoeba SeinarCunon.

umberto eko yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe, zogjer naturalisturadac warmoaCens romanis personaJebis(berebis) aRviraxsnilobas. nacvlad imisa, rom daicvan bibliuri Se-gonebani, SeinarCunon siwminde da sulis cxonebaze ifiqron, berebi uaryofen RvTis moZR-

vrebas da ewinaaRmdegebian uflis nebas. isini arc ki cdiloben qvena grZnobebis uaryofa-

sa da daTrgunvas, piriqiT, dRiTidRe ufro metad iZirebian codvis morevSi da rac yvela-

ze SemaSfoTebelia, TavianTi cxovrebis wesis tiraJirebas cdiloben, axalgazrda morCi-lebSic ewevian mis propagandas.

erTi SexedviT, avtori TiTqos ganze dgas, igi ubralo naratorad gvevlineba da saku-

Tar xedvas aRniSnul problemasTan mimarTebiT ar afiqsirebs, Tumca qveteqstebSi ikiTxe-

ba misi pozicia: berebis amgvari yofa da monastris gadaqceva garyvnilebis buded yovlad miuRebelia. marTalia, cisa da qveynis Semqmneli usazRvrod kacTmoyvarea, magram amgvar gamousworebel codvas igi aravis hpatiobs; man erTxel ukve gaanadgura sodomuri codvis mqmnelebi da savaraudod, romanis personaJebic ganwirulni arian.

SevniSnavT, rom zemoaRniSnuli problema XXI saukunis msoflioSic sakmaod aqtualu-ria; iqmneba TiTqmis mougvarebeli konfliqti RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris. vfiqrobT, rom gamosavali mxolod sakuTari boroti fiqrebis daTrgunva, vnebebis daokeba, sulieri amaRleba, sakuTari Tavis amocnoba, TviTdajereba, adamianis misiis gaazreba, uflis gzaze dadgoma da am gziT siarulia wrfeli guliTa da sufTa gonebiT.

sxvadasxvagvaria mamaTmavlobisadmi damokidebuleba muslimanur da qristianul sam-

yaroSi. adaTis mixedviT, mahmadianebi umankoebi qorwindebian. kacis SemTxvevaSi umanko - qalTan intimuri kavSiris arqonas niSnavs, Tumca lamaz biWebTan urTierToba sruliad Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. mamaTmavlobis SemTxvevebi eklesiaSic Cans. miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda berebs ubiwoebis aRTqma aqvT dadebuli, faruli intimuri kavSiri monastris berebs adgilobrivi soflis mcxovreblebTan mainca qvT. Tumca, radgan qali yvelaze amaz-

rzeni arsebaa dedamiwaze (ase fiqrobdnen ekos personaJebi) da Tanac soflidan maTi amoy-

vana rTulia, berebisTvis alternativa axalgazrda morCilebTan urTierTobaa. yvelaze


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saocari rac aris, danarCeni berebi am faqts mSvidad iReben. erTmaneTis Tvis sayvarlebis warTmeva da eWvianobis scenebic ucxo ara amonastrisTvis. avtori erTgan mamaTmavlobas sodomis codvas uwodebs, meoregan ki aRniSnavs, rom es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Sua sau-

kuneebis samonastro cxovrebaSi, magram ar arsebobs mizezi, riTac SeiZleb amamaTmavlo-

bas gamarTleba mouZebno, radgan es aris adamianis gonebis yvelaze binZuri, mankieri ga-movlineba da sulis garyvna.

wminda werilSi sqesTa ganyofis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia dabadebis wignis I Tavis 27-eda II Tavis 22-e muxlebSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi dabadebaSi vkiTxulobT: ”Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Ta-

vis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini”[2,7]. adamianis seqsualoba mxo-

lod ori saxiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes _ esaa qorwineba da qalwuloba. orive maTgani ek-lesiis mier macxovnebladaa miCneuli. sqesobrivi cxovrebis nebismieri sxva forma codvaa. erT-erTi maTgania homoseqsualizmi. biblia am codvis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwirad, magram Zal-

ze STambeWdavad da mkacrad mogviTxrobs, ise, rom relativaciis araviTar SesaZleblobas ar tovebs.

erTgan eko wers: “is, rac adamianis gonebisTvis daSvebulia, ar SeiZleba dauSvebeli

iyos RmerTisTvis, radgan Cven misi qmnilebebi varT”, [3, 87] mxolod ufalma uwyis Tavis xa-

tad da msgavsad Seqmnili arsebis gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZleblobebi, magram xdeba yovladdauSvebeli ram: homoseqsualizmi imgvari codva, anu dacemuli adamianuri bunebis imgvari gamovlinebaa, rodesac Semoqmedis mier Cafiqrebul movlenaTa msvleloba kargavs sawyis mizan-mimarTulebas da TviTneburad, misi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT viTardeba.

RvTaebrivi ganZraxvis Segnebuli damaxinjeba d ai, ra aris homoseqsualizmi, igi uxva-daa nasazrdoebi sekularuli kulturiT. kulturiT, romelic cdilobs erTsqesiani ur-

TierTobebi normad dasazoadoebisTvis misaRebad gamoacxados, riTac is RvTissawinaaR-

mdego qmedebas eweva. amis gamo iyo, rom nebismieri warmarTuli civilizacia, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, homoseqsualizms normalur movlenad Tvlida. Zveli aRTqmis re-ligia mkveTrad aRudga win yovelgvar sqesobriv garyvnilebas da maT Soris homoseqsua-

lizmsac. rogorc viciT, arcerTi xalxi ar dausjia ufals imgvarad, rogorc sodomisa da gomoris mosaxleoba dasaja, romelTa Sorisac es codva gansakuTrebulad iyo gavrcele-

buli. “da Tqua ufalman RmerTman: RaRadeba sodomTa da gomorTa ganmravlda Cemda mo-

marT, codvani maTni did arian friad” (dab. 18, 20)[2,16]. “da ufalman awvima sodomsa da go-

morsa zeda wunwuba da cecxli uflisa mier zeciT” (dab. 19, 24)[2,17]. mogvianebiT, moses sjulis miRebis Semdeg, ebrael ers ekrZaleboda yovelgvari gau-

kuRmarTebuli seqsualuri cxovreba, maT Soris homoseqsualizmi. levitelTa wignis me-18 TavSi (muxli22) vkiTxulobT: “ar dawve mamakacTan dedakacuri woliT, es sisaZaglea”, xo-

lo me-20 Tavis me-13 muxlSi weria: “vinc mamakacTan dawveba ise, rogorc qalTan wvebian, si-

bilwes Caidenen oriveni, unda mokvdnen. maTze amaTi sisxli”. rac Seexeba axal aRTqmas, ho-

moseqsualizmis winaaRmdeg kategoriulad ilaSqrebs pavle mociquli „aseve mamakacebmac miatoves qalis bunebrivi wesi da gaxurdnen avxorcobiT erTimeoris mimarT. mamakaci mama-

kacTan sCadioda samarcxvinos, da miiRes sakadrisi sazRauri TaviaanT cdunebisaTvis-

“(rom. 2, 27;) [1,329]. eklesia mamaTmavlebis mimarT yvelaze mkacr epitimias awesebda. kerZod, wminda basili

didi amfiloqe ikonielisadmi miwerili mesame kanonikuri epistolis 62-e wesis mixedviT, mamaTmavlebi wminda ziarebidan 15 wliT ganikveTebodnen, esepitimia ufro mkacria, vidre mruSobis epitimia, romelic 7,5 wliTgan kveTas iTvaliswinebs. radgan sodomia ormag cod-


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vas warmoadgens. codvas, romelic mimarTulia rogorc meore pirovnebis, ise TviT bunebis winaRmdeg[4].

wminda ioane oqropiri pavlemociqulis zemoaRniSnuli epistoleebis Seasabamisi adgi-

lebis komentirebisas Zalze kategoriuliad sodomur codvas RvTis winaSe Cadenil umZi-

mes codvad miiCnevs. wminda mama mkveTrad ganarCevs sqesobrivi cxovrebis or, — bunebriv da arabunebriv mxares. pirvel maTganSi, Tu is eklesiis mier aRsrulebuli qorwinebis farglebSi Tavsdeba, araferi codvis mieri ar aris, radgan sqesobrivi dimorfizmi RvTis mier dadgenil wesad miiCneva.

homoseqsualizmze saubrisas ioane oqropiri mkveTr zRvars avlebs qristianobis seq-sualur eTikasa da sodomiisadmi warmarTobis liberalur pozicias Soris, romlis mixed-

viTac mamaTmavloba Cveulebrivi, kanonieri da metic, mxolod Tavisufal moqalaqeTaTvis gankuTvnili privilegirebuli qmedeba iyo, romelic monebs, rogorc arasrulfasovan ar-

sebebs, ekrZalebodaT. is wers: “sodomia ufro saSinelia, vidre mruSoba, romelic marTa-

lia ukanonoa, magram bunebrivia, mamaTmavloba ki usjuloebacaa da amav edros, bunebis wi-naaRmdeg mimarTuli codvac. rom ara geena, maSin mamaTmavloba iqneboda yvelaze didi sas-

jeli” [4]. oqropiris azriT, sodomiuri codva ufro mZimea, vidre mkvleloba, radgan: “uke-

Tesia sikvdili, vidre aseTi sibilwiT cxovreba. mkvleli sulsa da xorcs gahyris erTmane-

Tisagan, mamaTmavali ki Rupavs rogorc suls, ise sxeuls. ar arsebob scodva, romelic am usjuloebas Seedreba da masSi myofni rom am codvis simZimes acnobierebdnen, am sisaZag-

leSi Cavardnas mravalgzis sikvdils arCevdnen” [4]. am codvisagan gaTavisuflebis erTaderTi saSualeba kvlav RmerTTan dabrunebaa, rac

sinanuliT miiRweva. Tu adamiani dagmobs codvil cxovrebas da sinanuliT SesTxovs ufals codvebis mitevebas, Sendobas miiRebs, radgan ar arsebobs codva, romelic RvTissiyva-

rulsa da mowyalebas aRemateba [4]. amasTan dakavSirebiT, eko adsos aTqmevinebs: “ukve yve-

lam icoda, rom berengariusi adelmusisadmi ara jansaRi ltolviT dadaguliyo, vnebiT, romlis msxverplnic sodomsa da gomoraSi dalaxvra RvTis risxvam. . . . visac siymawvile monasterSi gautarebia, amgvari codvis Sesaxeb yvelas smenia, Tundac umankoebis Sesanar-

Cuneblad, bevrs Tavis dacvac ki uwevda am seniT SepyrobilTagan. beris fici gvaiZulebs, veridoT biwierebis iseT wyaros, rogoricaa qalis sxeuli, Tumca igive fici sxva codveb-

Tan gvaaxlovebs. gana SemiZlia, sakuTar Tavs ar gavumxilo, rom Cems siberes dResac am-Rvrevs demoni, roca qoroSi mdgar uwverul yrmaTa gogosaviT kriala, qorfasaxeebi mom-

tacebs xolme mzeras?” [3,218]. yovelive es sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, Tu rogori bilwi cxovrebiT cxovrebdnen ekos personaJebi, ra saSinel codvaSi dgamdnen fexs da, nacvlad imisa, rom ufals daaxlovebodnen, saocari siswrafiT Sordebodnen masda jojoxeTis cecxlisken mieqanebodnen.

“erT mxares angelozTa gundia, meore mxares ki jojoxeTis xaxa” [3, 370] — Tavis erT-

erT personaJs aTqmevinebs eko, gadawyvetileba ki Seni misaRebia da Senzevea damokidebuli romel gzas airCev, uflisken mimavals Tu jojoxeTisken. Sua saukuneebis samonastro cxovrebis aRwera mwerlisTvis erTgvari foni iyo, raTa warmoeCina adamianis degradire-buli buneba, misi gonebis mankieri gamovlinebani, iseTi adamianebi (konkretul SemTxveva-

Si, berebi), romlebic gamudmebiT mruSoben, sodomur codvas Cadian da maTi samosi - ana-

fora mxolod maTive codvebis dafarvas emsaxureba da saerTodac ar hgvanan isini “xilvi-

Ta did, xorciTa Txel, hasakiTa srul, yovlad keTil, sruliad gvamTa mrTel da suliTa ubiwo” grigol xanZTels, romelmac jerkuali ganagdo da mxolod kargi SeiTvisa. es bere-

bi aramarto sakuTar suls Rupaven, aramed monasterSi mcxovreb morCilebsac mruSobisken


94

ubiZgeben, sulierad da fsiqologiurad anadgureben. amave problemas exeboda renesansis epoqis udidesi moazrovne jovani bokaCo, romelmac “dekameronSi” araerT novelaSi gaSala es Tema. ase rom, umberto ekos samwerlo fantazia ar scdeba dasaSveb zRvars, rodesac ka-

Tolikuri eklesiis am udides naklsa da maxinj mxares exeba.


1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, bibliis Targmnis instituti, stokholmi, 1993. 2. biblia, Tb. 2013 3. eko u., vardis saxeli, Tb. 2011 4. ekalaZe z., homoseqsualizmi (sodomia) - umZimesi codva, „sapatriarqos uwyebani“,#11, (113), 2001.

http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tsodva_satnoeba/homoseqsualizmi.htm


95

lili vaSaymaZe, mariam ruxaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: inga sanikiZe

leqsikologiuri paralelebi Zvel qarTul teqstebSi

leqsikologiuri kvlevebi arasodes kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, imis gamoc, rom ama Tu

im enis leqsemaSi ganfenilia eris istoriisa da kulturis saintereso plastebi, epoqaTa majiscema da enobrivi maxasiaTeblis mTeli sistema. sityviTi erTeulebis diaqronul WrilSi ganxilva, Cveulebriv, saerTo leqsikuri fondis TvalsazrisiTac iqcevs yuradRe-

bas, radgan sityva mxolod metyvelebis saSualeba rodia, igi enis ganviTarebisa da kultu-

ruli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mravalsaukunovan istorias inaxavs. leqsikologiis aris sityvaTa maragi. igi Seiswavlis sityvis Sinaarseul mxares, sityva-

Ta klasifikacias mniSvnelobis mixedviT. misi Seswalis sagania sityvaTa, rogorc mniSvne-

lobis matarebelodenobaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, leqsikologiis kvlevis sferoSi Se-

modis leqsikuri fondis gamdidrebis gzebi axali sityvebis Semosvla Tu warmoqmna enaSi. rodesac leqikologiaze vsaubrobT, SeuZlebelia ar SevexoT sityvaTwarmoebis sa-

kiTxs, radgan nawarmoebi sityva, iseve rogorc yoveli sityva, garkveuli mniSvnelobis ma-

tarebelia. sityvas semantikuri-Sinaarsoblivi mxaris garda aqvs garegani-agebulebiTi mxarec. swored am TvalsazrisiT sityvaTwarmoeba dakavSirebulia morfologiasTan.

Sesabamisad, roca miznad visaxavT garkveul siRrmemde CavwvdeT sityvis arss, rogorc semantikuri, ise formoblivi Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT, vikvlevT mas, rogorc leq-

sikologiuri, ise morfologiuri kuTxiT. leqsikologiis Seswavlis umniSvnelovanesi sfero aris sityvaTa etimologiis Zieba.

am procesSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba sityvaTwarmoebis sakiTxs. axal leqsikur erTe-

ulTa warmosaqmnelad ena iyenebs warmoqmnas (derivacias) da Txzvas (kompozicias). qarTulSi sityvaTwarmosaqmnelad afiqsebi gamoiyeneba, saxeli, romlis fuZisaganac

sxva saxelia nawarmoebi, Zireulia, xolo misgan miRebuli sxva Snaarsis saxeli-warmoqmni-

li. mag: laSqari>mo ‐ laSqr ‐ e

qarTuli afiqsebiT mdidari enaa, imdenad, rom maTi dajgufebac SeiZleba semantikur jgufebad: a) qonebis saxelTa mawarmoebeli afiqsebia: ‐a; ‐ian; ‐

ovan; osan; ‐ier; ‐ed.

mag.„vefxistyaosanSi“: ym-ian-i („lSqar‐mravaliymiani“)

b) uqonlobas qarTulSi Semdegi afiqsebi awarmoeben: u‐o : u-lamaz-o; u‐ur : g) warmomavlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblad qarTulSi Semdegi afiqsebi gvevlineba: ‐el:

qarTv-el-i; ‐ur: fSa-ur-i; dasxv.

d) abstraqtul saxelTa mawarmoeblebia ‐eba; oba; si-eafiqsebs: amxanag-oba;

e) profesiis saxelebs vawarmoebT: me-e; me-ur; mo-eafiqsebiT: mo-nadir-e;

garda derivaciisa, saxelTa warmoeba qarTulSi TxzviT, anu kompoziciiTac SeiZleba. Txzva gulisxmobs axali saxelis warmoSobas fuZis gaorkecebiT, an ori da meti sityvis Se-


96

erTebiT. Txzvis Sedegad miRebul leqsemebs Txzuli saxeli , an kompoziti ewodeba. Txzu-

li saxelia mag: amirspasalari, romelic sparsuli warmoSobisaa da ori sityvis: amir da spasalaris naerTia.

imis saCveneblad, rom zemoTCamoTvlili enobrivi movlenebi ara mxolod Tanamedro-

veobis kuTvnilebaa, aramed saTaves uZvelesi droidan iRebs, Cven sakvlev Temad avirCieT

XII saukunis literaturuli Zegli ‐ „vefxistyaosani“ da ucnobi avtoris saistorio Txzu-

leba ‐ „istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“, romlebSic gamovyaviT sabrZolo da brZolas-Tan dakavSirebuli leqsemebi. es ori nawarmoebi SeirCa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini er-Tidaimave epoqis, Tumca sxvadasxva Janris kuTvnilebaa, rac kidev ufro sainteresos xdis am periodis leqsikas, radgan gvxvdeba, rogorc saerTo, aseve gansxvavebuli leqsemebi. leqsikuri erTeulebi ki TavianTi mniSvnelobebiTurT qvemoTaa warmodgenili.

saerTo leqsikuri erTeulebi: samxedrowodebani

amirspasalari ‐ [ arab. spars. a,irsapahsalar] ist. erT-erTi didi vazirTagani Zvel sa-

qarTveloSi. mxedarTmTavari d asalaSqro saqmeTa gamge, mTavarsardali. (qegli. t.I. 1950w.) „amaszeda ivane amirspasalarman da sxuaTa didebulTa kninRada Sepyrobisa saxed war-

moiyvanes da gamomarTes metyuelTa amisTa.“ ( ist. azm., gv.13)

„avTandil iyo spaspeti, Ze amir-spasalarisa“ ( vfx., str.40)

mebrZolTaaRmniSvneli:

mSvildosani ‐ mSvildis xmarebaSi gawafuli; mSvildiT SeiaraRebuli (qegli. t.V 1958w)

mSvildis mqonebeli da mcodne; moisari (saba.t.I 1991w.)

„ese daviT weliwadis moqcevamde wesreT waejobina yovelsa mSldosansa“(ist.azm., gv. 48)

„miwaca Tqveni avTandil Tqvens wina mSvildosania.“ (vfx., str. 67)

gansxvavebulileqsikurierTeulebi:

„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“ - sabrZolowodebani;

spasalari ‐ [spar. safasalar] Zv. jaris ufrosi, mxedarTmTavari (qegli.t.V. 1960w)

sparsulia, qarTulad spaspeti hqvian. mÃedarTmTavari.(saba. t.II 1993w)

„odesme gamgzavneli spaTa da spasalarT amisTa“ (gv.17)

mebrZolTa aRmniSvneli:

damrRveveli ‐ a)vinc daSala, vinc daangrevs.

b)ugulebelmyofeli, gadamlaxavi

g) gadaty.Semwyveti, momSleli (qegli.t.III 1953w.)

„...damrRuevelman damarbielman daamaoÃrebelman gareTTa queyanaTaman.“(gv13)

brZolis aRmniSvneli: mxeTqeloba-xeTqva Zlieri, dartyma. (qegli.t.VIII 1964w.)

„...mxeTqelobani horolTani“ (gv52) ansxvavebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi „vefxistyaosani“ sabrZolo wodebani marzapani - istoriuli saxelmwifos ganapira kuTxis mmmarTveli, sparseTis Sahis nacvali dapyrobil qveyanaSi. (qegli. t. V 1960w.) aris ganmgebeli, gina spaT-mTavar , mefeT monacvle. marzapani ufrosad Tqves. (saba. t. I1993w.) „vubrZane wveva laSqarTa , gavgzavne marzapania“ (str.395).

mebrZolTa aRmniSvneli:


97

mesroli - moqm. gvaris mimR. a) vinc isvris, vinc srola icis b)samx. cecxlsasroli iara-RiT aRwurvili. msrolelTa divizia(qegli. t.V 1960w.)

„Cven samTa ZmaTa CvenTana mebrZolni davawbileniT“

brZolis aRmniSvneli:

davekazmeniT - Sekazmva, unagiris dadgma. a) Sekazmva bevrisa b) cxenebis dakazmva (qeg-

li. t. II. 1951w.)

„davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-qafiTa.“ (str. 434)

masalis analizi cxadyofs, Tu raoden mdidaria qarTuli ena sityvaTwarmoebis saSuale-

bebiT, rogor SeuZlia erTi da imave fuZisagan fonetikuri procesebiT awarmoos sxvadasxva semantikis Semcveli sityvebi, rac esoden mniSvelovania enis leqsikurad gamdidrebisaTvis. magaliTisTvis aviRoT sityva „laSqari“, romlisaganac nawarmoebia: mimReoba- laSqr-oba, ar-

sebiTi saxeli - mo-laSqr-e, sityvisagan omi: me-omar-i, sa-omar-i da sxva mravali.

ZeglebSi mravlad vxvdebiT leqsemebs, romlebic mxolod erT-erTi maTganis kuTvni-lebaa, mag: davekazmeniT -„davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-qafiTa.“ (vfx. str. 434) horoli — „mfebani ÃrmalTani da mxeTqelobani horolTani.“ (ist. azm. gv.52) da sxva arerTi magaliTi, romelic masalis ganxilvisas TvalsaCinodaa naCvenebi.

qarqaSi - qarqaS -osan-i „pir-oqro ride exvia, Svenoda qarqaSosani.“ (str.71) yovelive kidev erTxel adasturebs , rom qarTuli ena uZvelesi, umdidresi enaa, rome-

lic saukunovan istorias inaxavs da romlis ZirSic mravali iseTi ram aris Camarxuli, romlis Ziebaca da aRmoCenac kidev erTi didi monapovari iqneba qarTuli enisaTvis.

Semoklebani: 1.vfx.‐vefxistyaosani

2.ist. azm.-istorianidaazmaniSaravandedTani

3.saba‐sulxan‐sabaorbeliani; leqsikoniqarTuli(ortomeuli)

4.qegli‐qarTulienisganmartebiTileqsikoni (rvatomeuli)

5.str.‐strofi

6.gv.‐gverdi

7.t.‐tomi

literatura: 1.vefxistyaosani- gamomcemloba palitra; Tbilisi 2012w.

2.istoriani daazmani SaravandeTani- qarTli scxovreba t.II

3.b.foCxua-„qarTuli leqsikologia“

4.v.Tofuria-Sromebi; t.III (qarTuli sityvaTwarmoebidan) 5.v.Tofuria- Sromebi; t.III (reduqciisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi)

6.m.tuskia-warmoqmna (qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi t.X)

7.a.SaniZe-Txzulebebi 12 tomad; III tomi-qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi.


98

TinaTin ZoZuaSvili quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: lia nozaZe

konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebi literaturaSi

literatura cxovrebis mxatvruli transformaciaa da gasakviri ar aris, rom kacobri-

obis istoriaSi asaxul sxva movlenebTan erTad, literaturas mxedvelobidan arc kon-

fliqtebi gamorCenia. am problemas, iseve rogorc adamianTa cxovrebaSi, literaturaSic didi istori aaqvs daxangrZlivi kvlevis sagania. am etapze ki naSromis sicxadisa da kon-

kretulobisaTvis SevCerdebiT mxolod sam literaturul nimuSze (plutarqes ,,biografi-

ebi“, rables ,,gargantua da pantagrueli“, ,,romen rolanis ,,kola bronioni“) ,aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom plutarqes „paraleluri biogrfiebi“, miuxedavad misi istoriuli daniSnu-

lebisa, didi xania, rac mkvlevarebma literaturuli eses Janris uZveles nimuSad miiCnies da igi literaturis istoriis kuTvnilebaa .es Zeglebi SevarCieT imis gamo, rom:

1. miuxedavad epoqaluri siSorisa, TiToeuli maTgani ideurad erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da erT msoflmxedvelobriv jaWvs qmnis (antikuroba, renesansi, romen rolanis humanistu-

ri esTetika); 2. CvenTvis saintereso iyo, ris safuZvelze warmoiqmneboda konfliqtebi istoriis

sxvadasxva etapze da rogoria maTi daregulirebis gzebi maTi Sesabamisi epoqebisTvis. plutarqes ,,biografiebidan“ (aleqsandre didi, makedoneli Zv. w. 336-323, gaiusi ulius

keisari Zv.w. 100-44) irkveva, rom konfliqtis dawyebis mizezi umetes SemTxvevebSi terito-

riis dapyrobisa da saxelis moxveWisaTvis gadadgmuli, strategiulad sworad gaTvlili nabijebia (aleqsandre makedoneli, iulius keisari). miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani dampyrobeli iyo, mainc yvela did pativs scemda. isini istoriaSi Sevidnen rogorc dam-

pyrobluri ambiciis, aseve, tyveebis mimarT gamoCenili lmobierebis wyalobiT. konfliq-

tis mogvarebis gza ki orive strategosis SemTxvevaSi identuria d imarjvebs Zlieri, mi-zandasaxuli mxare, is vinc ar midis kompromisze.

aleqsandre makedonelis biografiaSi uamravi brZolaa, romelmac misi dideba ganapi-

roba, magram, vfiqrob, upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia brZola sparsTa mefis-dariusis winaaR-

mdeg,radganac es iyo aleqsandres mier strategiulad sworad gadagmuli nabiji...dariosi iyo erTi-erTi uZlieresi mmarTveli da aleqsandrem icoda,rom misi damarcxebis SemTxve-vaSi aziis darCenili nawilis dapyroba ar gauWirdeboda...

sainteresoa mizezi,ris gamoc aleqsandrem brZola daiwyo: plutarqe aRniSnavs,rom “simdidrisa da gancxromisaken makedonels ltolva arasodes ar hqonia. misi ocneba mama-

coba da didebiT mosili saxelis moxveWa iyo. igi fiqrobda, rom mamisagan miRebuli didi memkvidreoba piradad mas didebisaken svlaSi xels uSlida. mefiswuli wuxda, mamamisi Ta-visi Zlierebis zrdasTan erTad mis momaval didebas rom frTas akvecda“....

swored amitomac, im konfliqtebis ZiriTadi mizezi, romelic aleqsandrem wamoiwyo, gandidebis survili da teritoriebis gafarToebaa..

brZolis dros, aleqsandrem dariosis TormetiaTasze meti meomari mospo (dampyrobe-lis aqcia), magram TviTon is ver Seipyro.. Tumca, qonebis warTmevasTan erTad tyved wamo-

iyvana misi ojaxis wevrebi, romelTac isev mefuri pativiT eqceoda... is ambobda: „sakuTari


99

vnebebis damorCileba ufro sasaxeloa mefisaTvis, vidre gamarjvebao.“ (roca sparsi qale-bis silamazes uyurebda).

...garda amisa, is misabaZi iyo mxedrebisaTvis misi simamaciT da yovelTvis advilad Se-

samCnevi iyo mtrisaTvis, mzrunvelobas iCenda yvelas mimarT, visac sWirdebod (lisimaqe) da iyo guluxvi....

sainteresoa, rogoria dariosis reaqcia? (dapyrobilis reaqcia) dariosma aleqsandres elCebi gaugzavna da Tan werilic gaayola. werilSi dariosi mas sTavazobda tyveebis gamo-

sasyidad aTiaTas talans, uTmobda mTels samefos, hpirdeboda erTi qaliSvilis miTxove-

bas da sTxovda megobrobasa da mekavSireobas, magram aleqsandrem iuara da miswera: Tu igi misi nebiT gamocxaddeboda mis winaSe, kacTmoyvaruli pativi ar moakldeboda da Tu ara, maSin TviTon gaemarTeboda masTan..

es gauTavebeli konfliqti dasrulda imiT,rom kompromisze arc erTi mxare ar wavida, magram gaimarjva iman,vinc:

1. pirvelive nabijebidan strategiulad swori gaTvla gaakeTa. 2. dasaxul mizans ar gadauxvia... 3. Seupovroba da xasiaTis simtkice gamoiCina.. praqtikulad konfliqtis mogvarebis gza gamoCnda dariosis SemoTavazebis saxiT, mag-

ram ar gaamarTla. aleqsandre makedoneli moqmedebs principiT : „mizani amrTlebs saSualebas“ da aleqsandres miznis misaRwevad

zavi xelis SemSeleli aRmoCnda, radganac „saxeli, sicocxleze da mefobaze ufro metad uyvarda“.

saxelis moxveWa da didebis mopovebaa mTavari iulius keisrisTvisac... man erTxel megob-

rebs uTxra cremlmoreulma - „rogor ggoniaT, -gana ar aris sevdis Rirsi is, rom aleqsandre

Cems asakSi ukve uamrav xalxze mefobda, me ki aqmde araferi sasaxelo ar gamikeTebia? “ marTalia, aleqsandre mis asakSi ufro saxelganTqmuli iyo,magram keisris sagmiro saq-

meebi istoriaSi Sevida ise,rom keisarma yvela dampyrobels ajoba-1. „miudgomeli adgil-

mdebareobis daZleviT, 2.dapyrobili qveynis sivrciT, 3.uricxvi da Zlieri mtris damarcxebiT, 4.mowinaaRmdegis friad velursa da verag xasiaTTan SerkinebiT, 5.tyveebis mimarT gamoCenili lmobierebiTa da mowyalebiT, 6.sakuTari megobrebis mimarT gamoCenili guluxvobiTa da gaRebuli saCuqrebiT, yve-

las erTad ki imiT,rom yvelaze meti brZola Caatara da yvelaze meti mteri mospo. saxeldobr, aT welze ufro nakleb droSi, romlis ganmavlobaSic igi oms awarmoebda

galiaSi, ieriSiT aiRo rvaasze meti qalaqi, daimorCila samasi sxvadasxva tomis xalxi da mTeli am xnis manZilze brZola awarmoa sam milion kacTan, romelTagan erTi milioni brZolis velze mospo da amdenive tyved Caigdo xelSi“...

da mainc, ra iyo misi warmatebis mizezi? yvelaze sayuradReboa keisris strategia- „misi azriT, gacilebiT ufro adviliamtris damarcxeba da SeZrwuneba anazdeuli ieriSiT, vid-re misi damarcxeba didi da momzadebuli jaris ieriSiT“...

konfliqtebis mizezi da mizanic, iseve rogorc makedonelTan, aqac msoflios dapyro-

bisa da yvelaze batonobis survili iyo... Semdeg, ukve dapyrobilebi, Tavidan uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas, magram keisari swori

taqtikiT yovelTvis aRwevda gamarjvebas... keisrisTvisac mTavari iyo mizani da swrafva am miznis Sesasruleblad, yvelanairi saSualebiT....


100

fransua rables `gargantua da pantagruelSi“ (XVIs.) konfliqtis dawyebis mizezi ab-surdulia (omi iwyebana zuqebis gamo) da omi gamarTlebulia mxolod sakuTari teritori-

ebis dacvis mizniT. mefe pikroSolisadmi avtoris mier gamomJRavnebuli ironiis mixedviT igrZnoba, rom am nawarmoebSi did rols asrulebs humanizmis esTetika, romlis mixedviTac ar arsebobs ufro didi Rirebulebada ufro Wkvianuri strategia, vidre adamianisTavis ufleba da bednierebaa. aq konfliqtis da regulirebis gzaa mSvidobiani molaparakeba, kompromisi.

rogor daiwyo yvelaferi: (pikroSolis) lienel mepureebs granguzies mwyemsebma tkbi-

li sityviT sTxoves qada-nazuqebi mieyidaT maTTvis, gagulisebulma mwyemsebma mamlayin-

woba daiwyes da umizezod mwyemsebs... ukandabrunebulebma ki pikroSols SesCivles da yve-

laferi maT sasargeblod uambes...ganrisxebulma mefem mizezic ar ikiTxa ise brZana, „qud-

ze kaci gamosuliyo“. mizani ‐ aqac msoflios dapyrobaa,Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom pikro-

Solis ocneba, Semdeg qila erbos istorias daemsgavsa... roca pikroSolis jari Seikriba da wavidnen (dampyrobelis aqcia) — „gzad yvelafers

anadgurebdnen da iqaddnen -„nazuqebis Wama unda gaswavloTo“... (dapyrobilis reaqcia) ro-

ca granguziem pikriSolis gadawyvetileba gaigo, damwuxrda, radganac amas misi ZmadSez-

rdili da mezobeli akeTebda. mas ar surda omis dawyeba, magram sxvagzaar hqonda ‐: „Cans mec unda movigdo ialamagi am Cemsa sacodav da janmoxdil mxarzeda ‐ raTa davicva da davi-

faro sabralo qveSevrdomni Cemi. meti ra Caraa, imaTiT midgas suli, isini gvaWmeven, gvas-

meven da gvacmeven. isini inaxaven dedawul-saxleulsa Cemsasa. Tumca SebmiT mainc ar Seveb-

mebi pikroSolsa, sanam suyvelas ar moviRorZineb samSvidobosa da sazavosa“... (raTa ar gae-

wira misi qveSevrdomebi)... is Svils werils swers, sadac eubneba, rom Cxubi ar unda, dazavebas cdilobs, magram

verc misi qveSevrdomebis daCagvris uflebas miscems da verc samefos gaaniavebinebs vinmes ‐ „arasodes aravisgan damonebuls“. (konfliqtis mogvarebis strategia)- granguziem ga-

dawyvita konfliqti moegvarebina mSvidobiani gziT dagagzavniskacsmosalaparakeblad ‐

magram pikroSolma„qva aagdo da Tavi SeuSvira“... granguzie (qveli mmarTveli) RmerTs evedreba daacxros pikroSolis aRSfoTeba, rom

mas ar mouwios omSi Cabma. amisaTvis gadawyvita orjer metiqada-nazuqebi da sxva uamravi saboZvari gaegzavnaT misTvis, magramradganac pikroSolisagan uari miiRo, gadawyvita Cab-

muliyo brZolaSi, manamde ki Tavisi jari daloca - „RvTsagan daculT xat-angeloznic ke-

Tilad gadmogvxedaven da verca Wiri mogerevaT da verca sxva ram saxadi“... rable aRniSnavs, rom: „saxelmwifoni mxolod maSin iqnebian bednierni, odes mefeni fi-

losofosni gaxdebian, anda filosofosni mefenio“... „bevrisa mWamelma, cotac veRar Wamao“ - ambobs granguzie..adrindelfexisxmas ahyolia,

yovelTa ZvelTa herkulesTan, aleqsandreTa, hanibalTa, scipionTa, keisarTa da sxvaTa romelic gveubneba, rom „Sen Sensave sakuTar miwa-wyals mouareo da upatroneo da sxvisas mtrulad nu Seesevio~...darasac sarkinozebi da barbarosebi gmirobas uwodebdnen - axla „avkacoba da avazakobaao“...

marTalia, zavi aqac dampyroblis miznebisTvis wamgebiania ..magram aq imarjvebs gran-

guzie (dapyrobili), imitom rom : 1. simarTle mis mxaresaa,omi TavdacviTia.. 2. eri da beri qveynis sakeTildReod erTiandeba; 3. mefe filosofiurad moazrovnea...


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romen rolanis nawarmoebSi (XX s) gasaTvaliswinebelia avtoris aRSfoTeba I msoflio omis mizezebiTa da masSi monawile saxelmwifoebis ambiciebiT, amitomac nawarmoebSi dag-

mobilia brZolis dawyebis mizezid mosazRvre qveynis usamarTlo sagareo politika d mo-

ulodneli Tavdasxma misi dapyrobis mizniT. konfliqtis mogvarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-

vani gzaki am SemTxvevaSi iumori da diplomatiaa. „kola brunioni~ romen rolanma dawera pirveli msoflio omis periodSi da aq proble-

mebi daZlevadia diplomatiiTa da cxovrebis siyvaruliT.... yvelaferi daiwyo ase:- soflis bazarze Sekrebili xalxi uceb atexilma yvirilma daaf-

rTxo,roca xalxi gayviroda- „mgeli,mgeli!“...aq,raTmaunda, mteri igulisxmeboda...es iyo

mezobeli,vezelis jari,romlebmac gaiges rom qalaqi daucveliao da gadawyvites „waas-

wron kaWkaWs budeSi“... moulidnelibisagan dabneulma mosaxleobam Tavi simagreebs Seafara...rogorc avtori

wers, sofelSi darCnen mxolod isini,visac dasakargi araferi hqondaT... orive dapirispirebul mxares ramdenime dRiani lanZRva-gineba da msubuqi cecxlis

gaxsna iyo...saomari situacia isev grZeldeboda da mowinaaRmdegeebi kvlav rCebodnen ba-

rikadebis orive mxares...maT SeeZloT batoniSvili de neverisaTvis eTxovaT daxmareva,mag-

ram ar undodaT misi laSqrisaTvis kari gaeyoT -„sjobs mteri gyavdes karSi,vidre abezari moyvare saxlSi“-ambobs romen rolani.

sanam Tavis dacva SeeZloT soflis mosaxleoba Cumad iyo,arc mteri aqtiurobda main-

cdamainc,-„ar gvindoda Suakaci,morigeba orSi jobda“...molaparakeba daiwyes dinjad,yo-

velgvari aCqarebis gareSe... erTi kvira gavida,kidev molaparakebis reJimi iyo,magram roca gaiges rom maTTan batoniSvili modioda,SeTanxmebac saswrafod moxda...

SeTanxmebis SedegebiT orive mxare kmayofili iyo da saerTo qeific gadaixades da roca ukve qeifsac morCnen, Semdeg gamoCnda maT dasaxmareblad gamogzavnili batoniSvilis jari (anu mesame Zala), razec orive mxarem bevri icina.. “mere ki orive mxarem zrdilobianad vTxo-

veT saidanac mobrZandnen iqiT wabrZanebuliyvnen ‐razec uaris Tqma ver gagvibedes“.... rolani aTqmevinebs kolas: „gana sulelebi ar viyaviT erTmaneTs Cveni darajebis sa-

sargeblod rom veCxubebodiT?! mtrebi rom ar gvyavdes,mas Cvenive darajebi gamoigoneb-

dnen Cvensave dasacavad!...ufalma dagvicvas damcvelebisagan!danarCenebisagan ki rogorme TviTonve davicavT Tavs,sabralo cxvrebi! marto mglisagan rom gvWirdebodes Tavis dac-

va,ramenairad gavarTmevdiT Tavs, magram gviTxariT,- „am mwyemsebisagan vin dagvicavs?“.... rogorc vxedavT,zemoT ganxilulTagan,mxolod am SemTxvevaSi(romen rolanTan) mog-

varda saqme molaparakebis gziT. SeiZleba, realur cxovrebaSi yvelaferi ase martivad da Tavisuflad ar xdeba,magram es monakveTi namdvilad gveubneba imas,rom diplomatiiTa da swori taqtikiTac SeiZleba sawadelis miRweva da ara sisxlisRvriT, sadac mogebuli mxo-

lod mesame mxare, e.w. „damcvelebi“ gamovlen...brZolis dawyebis mizezi aqac dapyroba da teritoriis gafarToeba iyo...

ZiriTadad, brZolis mizezi, antikurobidan dRemde, teritoriebis dapyroba, saxelisa da didebis mopovebaa... yovelSemTxvevaSi, am nawarmoebTa (plutarqes ,,biografiebi“, rab-

les ,,gargantua da pantagrueli“, ,,romen rolanis ,,kola bronioni“) ganxilvis Semdeg Seg-

viZlia vTqvaT ase.... rogorc davinaxeT, diplomatiis, molaparakebis gza ki yvelaze misaRebia konfliqtis

mogvarebisas, (amas sWirdeba gonieri mmarTveli) ...olas magaliTma gviCvena, rom am yvela-

fers plius iumori saukeTeso gamosavalia; konfliqtis, Zalmomreobis gzis arCeva ki yve-

la SemTxvevaSi gaumarTlebelia,radganac kraxiT mTavrdeba da is misaRebia mxolod erT


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SemTxvevaSi,roca sxva gza ar aris da meore mxare gaiZulebs Seni teritoriebis dasacavad konfliqtSi Caeba.....

amgvarad, Cem mier SerCeul literaturul ZeglebSi, konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebia: antikur nimuSebSi - ukompromisoba, renesansis periodis nawarmoebSi - daTmoba, mSvidobia-

ni dialogi, me - 20 saukunis mwerlis mxatvrul naazrevSi - diplomatia.

literatura:

1. plutarqe1975: d ,,rCeuli biografiebi“. Tbilisi. 1975 2. fransua rable 1991:— ,,gargantua da pantagrueli“. Tbilisi. 1991 3. romen rolani 1988: – ,,kola bronioni“. Tbilisi. 1984


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qeTevan wiklauri ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti,bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino SaraSeniZe

drois efeqti guram rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebSi

mwerlis enis Sesaxeb — yvela mwerals, romelic istorias rCeba axasiaTebs mkveTrad

gamoxatuli induvidualizmi. Semoqmedis es Tviseba es SemdegSi gamoixateba: • ra mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebs avtori; • rogoria mis nawarmoebebSi sityvaTa distribucia sxvagvarad rogor sintaqsur kon-

struqciebs iyenebs igi winadadebebSi; • iyenebs Tu ara dialeqtizmebs da ra saxisaa isini; • vxvdebiT Tu ara mis nawarmoebebSi arqaizmebs; • iyenebs Tu ara mwerali neologizmebs; • axasiaTebs Tu ara mas sityvaqmnadoba; • iyenebs Tu ara raime efeqtis Sesaqmnelad punqtuacias da sxva rig xerxebs; xSirad dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli, romelic icnobs ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebas misi

teqstis wakiTxvisas, an nawarmoebidan garkveuli frazis gagebisas xvdeba, Tu vis ekuTvnis igi. aRniSnuli faqti imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom mkiTxveli eCveva avtoris weris maneras da mis mier nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebul gadmocemis meTodikas.

mwerali piradi azris gadmosacemad, ra Tqma unda, iyenebs enas, mis SesaZleblobebs. amitom igi kargad unda icnobdes mis struqturas. mwerals Tu ar Seswevs enis wvdomis una-ri, maSin igi ver SeZlebs Seqmnas axali, gansxvavebuli da amasac rom Tavi davaneboT, mis-

Tvis SeuZlebeli iqneba gadmosces Tavisi azri, srulyofilad miitanos Tavisi saTqmeli mkiTxvelamde. sainteresoa, am mxriv besarion jorbenaZis sityvebi:

`yoveli WeSmariti poeti upirveles yovlisa dedaenis mesaidumlea, mis dafarul saun-jeTa pirvelamomcnobi da mimkvlevi. yovel niWieri poetis metyvelebaSi axlebur elvare-

bas iwyebs ena, iqmneba axali Tvalsawieri enis ganviTarebisaTvis, ukve xSirad naxmari TiT-

qosda gacveTil sityvebic axleburi feradovnebiT warmoCindebian, rogorc mtverTagan gawmendili Tvali patiosani“.

im mwerals, romelic imeorebs mxolod imas, rac manamde iTqva, ar eZebs axals, ar vi-

Tardeba, aranairi sargebloba ar moaqvs enisTvis. konstantine gamsaxurdia ambobs: ,,enis kulturis progresi da misive patriotizmi moiTxovs: yovel Semoqmeds enisas sasicocxlo miznad unda hqondes dasaxuli, Tundac erTi mtkaveliT win wauswros winamorbedebs“. 2 es sityvebi aqvs moxmobili Tavis wignSi besarion jorbenaZes ,,balavari mwerlobisa“, rode-sac ganixilavs k. gamsaxurdias enobriv pozicias da eTanxmeba imaves, rasac ,,didostatis marjvenas“ avtori. vfiqrob, mocemuli azri sainteresoa mwerlis enaze saubrisas.

ena iZleva saSualebas personaJisa Tu aRwerili movlenebis mTeli sisavsT gamosaxatavad. mTavari yuradReba nawarmoebSi wamoWril problemasa da sazogadoebisTvis mis mniS-

vnelobas eqceva. magram erTia kargi azri, xolo meore misi srulfasovnad, mTeli sisavsiT gadmocema. sainteresoa, amis magaliTad Tu moviyvanT mxatvrobis sferos, kerZod, rode-


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sac mxatvari SearCevs karg, sasiamovno kompozicias da mas Seuferebeli ferebiT gadmoi-tans toloze.

rogorc nawarmoebis SinaarsSi, aseve, mwerlis mier misTvis SerCeul formaSi vlindeba avtoris msoflmxedveloba, azrovneba, problemis gadawyvetis Taviseburi xedva. amaze mwerlis enis mkvlevarni erTxmad Tanxmdebian:

,,stili aris individualuri msoflaRqma, gamoxatuli Sesabamisi enobrivi formiT. ami-

tomac yoveli mwerlis stili, upirveles yovlisa, miseuli xedva, miseuli aRqmaa samyaro-

si“, `poeturi xedva d Taviseburad, ase vTqvaT, poeturad danaxuli sinamdvielea“.1 `cnobilia, rom calkeuli mwerlis ena udides rols asrulebs saerTo saliteraturo

enis ganviTarebaSi, amitom am ukanasknelis srulyofili SeswavlisTvis calkeul Semoq-

medTa enis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba~.2 mwerlis enis SeswavliT dainteresbulni arian ara marto filologebi da enaTmecnie-

rebi, aramed istorikosebic, radgan igi inaxavs im epoqis msoflaRqmas, romelSic nawarmo-ebia dawerili. aseve saintereso iqneba Tu enas ganvixilavT Semdegnairad: `mwerlis ena, rogorc literaturuli enis ganviTarebis mocmuli safexuris asaxva~.

mokled guram rCeliSvilis stilis Sesaxeb - individualuri stilis mxriv guram rCeuliSvili gamorCeulia. misi ena xasiaTdeba lakonurobiTa da amave dros Txrobis siR-rmiT, gamoyenebuli enobrivi formebiT da originaluri sityvaTwyobiT. avtori qmnis sru-

liad gansxvavebul mxatvrul saxeebs, avlens sxvadasxva enobriv formaTa axal konteqstu-

alur mniSvnelobas. avtori gansxvavebuli funqciiT iyenebs gameorebas, sityvaTa rigs, aseve drois gas-

vlis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad sruliad axal datvirTvas aZlevs leqsikur erTeulebs, sxva-dasxva metyvelebis nawils. mwerlis individualuri stilsa da enaze am TvalsazrisiT dak-

virveba araerTi saintereso daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva. drois efeqti — guram rCeuliSvilis enaSi bevri ramaa sayuradRebo. magram dRes sain-

tereso mxolod drois efeqtis Seqmnis saSualebebia, SeiZleba gamoiyos am efeqtis Sesaq-mnelad gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva saSualebebi.

`eqspresiuloba nairgvari saSualebebiT miiRweva: epizodebisa da ferebis swrafi cvliT, lakonuri, mosxletili winadadebebiT, aRweris nairgvar saganTa da moqmedebaTa monacvleobiT.

enobrivad movlenaTa eqspresiuli gamoxatva ZiriTadad ori saSualebiT xdeba: zmnebis an saxelebis Warbi gamoyenebiT.

zmnebis siWarbe sakuTriv moqmedebaTa simravlesa da nairgvarobaze migvaniSnebs.“3 besarion jorbenaZis sityviT, eqspresiulobis miRwevis erT-erTi xerxi zmnaTa inten-

siuri, xSiri gameorebaa. visaubroT swored am ukanasknelze: a) zmnisa da saxelzmnis intensiuri gamoyeneba: zmnaTa da saxelzmnaTa intensiuri ga-

meoreba farTod gamoyenebuli erT-erTi saSualebaa mweralTa mier garkveuli miznis Sesa-

bamisad da miznad dasaxuli efeqtis Sesaqmnelad. am xerxiT gamoixateba personaJis swra-fad ganviTarebadi grZnobebi, drois swrafi mimdinareoba, personaJisTvis samoqmedo ad-

gilTa swrafi cvlileba, xalxis cvlileba erT samoqmedo garemoSi, moqmedebis cvlileba. aseve, am xerxiT xdeba SesaZlebebli, rom gadmocemul azrsa Tu zmniT gadmocemul movle-

nas ufro mkafiod gausvas mweralma xazi.

1 b. jorbenaZe ,,balavari mwerlobisa“ Tb. 1987 gv. 146 2 b. jorbenaZe ,,balavari mwerlobisa“ Tb. 1987 gv. 96 3 b. jorbenaze, `balavari mwerlobisa~, Tb, 1987, gv. 25.


105

zmnaTa intensiur ganmeorebas vxvdebiT guram rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebSi drois efeq-tis gamosaxatavad. igi am xerxis gamoyenebiT gadmogvcems, Tu rogori mimdinareoba aqvs mis emociebs, rogor cvlis mis gonebaSi erTi azri meores, rogor moqmedeben mis garSemo personaJebi:

,,matulobs mis sxeulSi kaxuri, qvevrdakruli sasmelis sasiamovno siTbo, SeuCereb-liv dadis xalxSi, edeba yvelas, elaparakeba, ver asmens da aRar esmis araferi. magram aucilebelia moqmedeba, ramis gakeTeba, rac wamiT mainc Secvlis raRacas.“1

,,umusikod loToben, naxevrad TaTruli naxevrad qarTuli laparakiT blukunoben, ilocebian, ilanZRebian. es-es aris unda miwydes, miiZinos Rreobam, rom RamenaTevebs uerTdeba gamoZinebuli daxlidarebisa da Sofrebis axali nakadi;“2

,,isev gaiRima da nabijs auCqara, sul Cqara da Cqara midioda, mere gaiqca, mirboda, xtunaobda Sua quCaSi frutunebda cxeniviT.“3

b) saxeldebiTi winadadebebi:drois efeqti miRweulia, aseve, saxeldebiTi winadade-bebis erTmaneTis miyolebiT xmarebisas. amas gansakuTrebiT xSirad vxvdebiT guram rCeu-

liSvilis usiuJeto, guneba-ganwyobilebis amsaxveli moTxrobebSi. ,,aRsaniSnavia, rom amwe-

rali aseTi saxis moTxrobebSi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli lakonurobiT iZleva movlenaTa Tanmimdevrul aRweras:

`stadioni, zRva xalxi. yayani. kibeebze uTvalavi mayurebeli. mowola Wyleta.“ — aravi-

Tari zedmeti sityva da moqmedebis ganviTarebis sruli realoba, punqtuaciis mxriv d wer-

tilis xSiri xmareba, rac ganpirobebuli unda iyos mimdinare movlenaTa eqspresiuli aR-

TqmisTvis.“4 g) `mere“ drois efeqtis Sesaqmnelad: guram rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebSi SeimCneva ,,me-

res“ funqciis gazrda. drois efeqtis Sesaqmnelad, misi gasvlis ufro mkafiod SesagrZno-

bad mwerali xSirad iyenebs aRniSnul xerxs. am sityvis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT intensiu-

rad gvxvdeba moTxroba ,,qitesaSi“. mas mwerali iyenebs personaJis cxovrebis mimdinareo-

bis swrafad, mokled, lakonurad asaRwerad. moviyvanoT nawyveti moTxrobidan: ,,ver gaigo, ise gaipara dro. mere coli SeirTo. mere moukvda. isev SeirTo sxva. am

sxvas oTxi Svili eyola. mere es colic moukvda. ... mere qitesas rZali moukvda. ... patara ki ganagrZnobda TamaSs. qitesa iwva da kvdeboda. mere mokvda. zafxuli iyo.“5 ,,gurami an-

globs. me vicini. mere me vxumrob.6 `peto ijda. mere adga. mere wavida“7 ,,mere moadgile laparakobs. mere profkomi. mere dekani.“ 8

1. paraleli: ,,meres“ am funqciiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevas sxva mwerlebTanac vxvdebiT: mag. revaz inaniSvilTan moTxrobaSi ,,mTvaris asuli“: ,,jer xelCanTas dahkidebs sakidze, mere paltos. mere moixdis quds, orive xeliT Sedebs sakidis Tavze“.9

d) ,,axla“, ,,kidev“ da ,,isev“ formebis erTad gamoyeneba: rogorc aRvniSneT, „meres“ funqcia sakmaodaa gazrdili guram rCeuliSvilis nawarmoebebSi. ,,meresTan“ erTad erTsa

1 g. rCeuliSvili I Tb. 2002 ,,fexburTi iwyeba“ gv. 59 2 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977,,alaverdoba“ gv. 33 3 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977,,irina“ gv. 40 4 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 ,,qitesa“ gv. 253-254. 5 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 6 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 2002 t . II 7 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 2002 t . II gv. 7-8 8 Tea maisuraZe `g.rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebi“ (iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo unu-

versitetis soxumis filiali, sadisertacio naSromi. ) 2003 weli gv.117 9 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 gv. 198 `erTguli“


106

da imave monakveTSi drois efeqtis ufro gasaZliereblad guram rCeuliSvili iyenebs ,,ax-la“, ,,kidev“, ,,isev“ formebs. sainteresoa, is, rom mwerali saerTod nawilakebsa da zmnize-

debs did mniSvnelobas aniWebs drois efeqtis Sesaqmnelad: ,,eqvsi wre gaiares. erTguli isev win iyo. gaxelda. erTguls kidev orma gauswro, mere kidev erTma. isev akadres maTraxi. axla dartyma aRar ewyina.“1 ,,isev mirbodnen.

iyo frutuni. mosaRamovda.“2 ,,erTguls kidev orma gauswro, mere kidev orma. isev akadres maTraxi. axla dartyma aRar iwyina. aRarc gamxnevebam imoqmeda. axla mxolod uZalod xte-

boda haerSi.“3 moviyvanoT am nawilakebiT ,,mdidari“ kidev erTi moTxrobidan nawyveti: „cxeloda vaJam pijaki gaixada. cxeloda. mere isev Caicva. mere Tovli Sewyda. Rrublebi gadaiyara. acivda.“ 4 ,,gaizmora. rogorc iyo, gaixada tanze. mTeli tani dae-

Wima. isev gaizmora. mere rogorc iyo CaeZina.“ 5 es nawyveti, aseve, sayuradReboa gameorebis TvalsazrisiTac, romelic calke unda iq-

nas ganxiluli, rogorc guram rCeuliSvilis mier gamoyenebuli kidev erTi xerxi drois efeqtis Sesaqmnelad.

e) gameoreba, rogorc drois efeqtis Semqmneli kidev erTi xerxi. guram rCeuliSvi-lis samwerlobo enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sityvaTa gameoreba, iqneba es intensiuri Tu iSviaTi d garkveuli monakveTebis azrobrivad SemaerTebeli. avtori am xerxiT mkiTxve-

lebs anaxebs, rom dro midis, moqmedeba ki meordeba isev da isev, an mdgomareoba Tu moqme-

deba ucvleli rCeba, miuxedavad drois cvlilebisa: ,,kedlis saaTi ar tiktikebda: - saaTi sad aris, babu? - gafuWda. isev siCume: babuam da

SviliSvilma papirosi gaaboles. - sawamlavia. - aba! - kidev kargad vuZleb, - Tqva babuam. -mSvenivrada xarT, - Tqva vaJam. - ras vizam. isev siCume. eRimeboda: fiqrobda koteze, axal ideaze. eRimeboda:“

moyvanil nawyvetSi yuradRebas iqcevs sityva ,,eRimeboda“, garda imisa, rom mwerali ime-orebs mas, aseve am sityvasTan erTad gadmoaqvs masTan naxmar punqtuaciis niSani d orwerti-

li. ,,orwertilis xSiri xmareba qmnis SesaZleblobas mkiTxvelma aqcenti mosalodnelze gaa-

keTos, yuradRebis mouduneblad adevnos Tvali moqmedebis Semdgom ganviTarebas.“ ,,matarebeli Cerdeba, midis Cerdeba.” 6 zemoT aRniSnuli xerxiT avtori, aseve, yuradRebas amaxvilebs zmniT gamoxatul im

moqmedebaze, romelic meordeba aRweril garemosa da viTarebaSi, Tavs xdeba, exeba, mosdis personaJs:

,,cxeloda. lamfis Suqi TvalebSi uWyitinebda. cxeloda. ... cekvavden. cxeloda.kari gaiRo.“

zogjer mTeli moTxroba gameorebis proncipzea agebuli. aseTi moTxrobaa ,,qitesa“. msgavs moTxrobaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, aseve, moTxroba ,,mounda“, romlidanac zemoT mo-

viyvaneT nawyveti. aq saxelzmnis ganmeorebiT avtori xazs usvams, rom dro gadis, magram personaJebis garSemo arsebuli garemo ucvleli rCeba.

1 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 2002 t . II gv. 109 2 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 2002 t . II gv.155 3 revaz inaniSvili moTxrobebis krebuli: ,,mTvaris asuli“ Tb. 1987 gv. 14 4 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 gv. 201 ,,salamura“ 5 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 gv. 197-198 ,,erTguli 6 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977 gv. 198 ,,erTguli“


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1 Tea maisuraZe ,,g.rCeuliSvilis moTxrobebi“ (iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo unuversitetis soxumis filiali, sadisertacio naSromi. ) 2003 weli gv.117

drois gasvlis efeqtis ukeT gadmosacemad gurami ZiriTadad erT sintaqsur kon-

struqcias mimarTavs: mocemuli efeqtis Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebul sityvebs calke, sxva-

dasxva xazze aTavsebs, rogorc amas zemoT vxedavT, magram zogjer am xerxs erTi abzacis SigniTac vxvdebiT:

,,gamitaca baironma, lermontovma, gamitaca vaJa-fSavelam, gamitaca maiakovskim, ese-

ninma. Rameebs vaTenebdi “aluda qeTelaurs” vkiTxulobdi.“1

1. ,,ena yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi calkeul pirovnebaTa saSualebiT vlindeba, calkeuli pirovnebis metyvelebaSi arsebobs“. guram rCeuliSvilis stili gamorCeuli da TvalSi sacemia. igi individualizmiT gamorCeuli mweralia. misi samwerlo enis Seswavla mniSvnelovania, saerTod, mwerlis enaze dakvirvebis TvalsazrisiT da amavdroulad, misi indualizmze xazgasasmelad. aRsaniSnavia, rom rCeuliSvilis samwerlo enis Sesaxeb lite-

ratura mwiria, amitom am sakiTxis garSemo kidev bevri rCeba sakvlevi, romelTa Seswavlasa da damuSavebas, sasurvelia, didi yuradReba daeTmos.

1. 1 guram rCeuliSvili moTxrobebi Tb. 1977


108

ana doliZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistratura

vaJa-fSavela Targmanis Sesaxeb

SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da Targmanis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi arsebiTi sakiTxia

vaJa-fSavelas publicistikaSi. am sakiTxs mwerali ~vefxistyaosanTan~ mimarTebaSi svams da ganixilavs, magram sakiTxis dasmaSi Cans vaJa-fSavelas zogadi damokidebuleba orive procesisadmi.

vaJa poetur, originalur Semoqmedebas arqmevs ~xelovnurs~ da mas aniWebs upirates mniSvnelobas, Tvlis niWisa da Semoqmedebis gamovlinebad. misi azriT, vinc ver arCevs ~xe-

lovnur nawarmoebs~ Targmanisagan, ~mas ara aqvs unari gaigos da daafasos xelovnuri na-

warmoebi, ar icis rogor iwereba nawarmoebebi sazogadod, erTi sityviT, ver Seugnia Se-

moqmedebis procesis Tviseba, xasiaTi~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964 : 303]; swored amiT asabuTebs vaJa ~vefxistyaosnis~ sparsulidan naTargmnobis Teoriis siyalbes. misi azriT, SemoqmedebiTi procesi gansxvavdeba mTargmnelobiTi procesisagan. Semoqmedebis dros mJRavndeba ~dia-

di niWis Zliereba~, romelic imsaxurebs eris did siyvaruls. mTargmnels ki ZiriTadad arc ki icnobs eri. vaJas sityvebiT, ~eri rom egre advilad aRmerTebdes ubralo mTargmne-lebs, rogorc SoTa hyavs gaRmerTebuli qarTvel ers, saTvalavi ar eqneboda, imdeni geni-

osebi da rusTavelebi eyoleboda kacobriobas, magram egre advili ar gaxlavT eris siyva-

rulis moxveWa, mere rogori siyvarulisa? _didad didis siyvarulisa...~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 303-304]. aseTi siyvarulis mopoveba mxolod genioss SeuZlia, romelic Tavisi eris RviZli Svilia, misi sulis, sisxlis da xasiaTis gamomxatveli, romlis SemoqmedebaSic mTe-li eri da misi kulturuli simdidre rogorc fokusSi, ise warmoCndeba. masSi eri Tavis Tavs xedavs da Sestrfis imas, vinc Tavisi Tavi daanaxva. ~diaR, SoTa rusTaveli igive sa-

qarTveloa da saqarTvelo igive ~vefxistyaosani~, _ askvnis vaJa, _ ~ase rom ar iyos, xom qarTvelebs aseTi siyvarulic ar eqneboda SoTasi~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 304]. mwerlis marTe-buli SexedulebiT, ~mkvlevari da amxsneli swored amisTana ormagad da orWofad naTqvams unda da ara imas, ro vardi ueklod ar moikribebiso ... Tu ~vefxistyaosnis~ araki marTla sparsulia, amisTana Sinaarsians araks gamleqsavi, damweri, TviT sparseTSiac bevri aRmo-

uCndeboda, radgan mgosnebi, poetebi, rogorc me-11 saukuneSi, ise me-12-Si, sparseTs aua-rebeli hyavda. rogor moxda, rom qarTvelma saqarTvelodan ipovna es ambavi sparseTSi, xo-

lo sparselebma ki veRar Tavis mSobel qveyana _ sparseTSi?~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 306]. vaJas eWvi epareba, didebul firdouss rom xelidan gaeSva aseTi Tqmuleba, magram, mwerlis TqmiT, SeuZlebelia imis povna, rac ar arsebobs.

vaJa-fSavelam mecnieruli sizustiTa da sifrTxiliT Camoayaliba is argumentebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs originalur nawarmoebs Targmanisagan da sastikad dagmo niko ma-

ris Teoria; werilSi ~niWieri mwerali~ vaJa aRniSnavs, rom geniosi erovnul niadagze unda iyos aRzrdili; patriotizmi, Tavisi enisa da eris siyvaruli unda hkvebavdes mis talants da aqve dasZens: ~rogor SeiZleboda rusTavels mongolurad an arabulad efiqra, egrZno da ise daewera ~vefxistyaosanio~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 297]. patriotizmi erT-erTi niSania


109

originaluri nawarmoebisa. werilSi ~fiqrebi ~vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb~ vaJa msjelobs Se-moqmedebiTi procesis Taviseburebasa da xasiaTze da aqac patriotizmsa da epoqis sulis Cvenebas miiCnevs mis arsebiT niSnad.

vaJa Seaxsenebs ~vefxistyaosnis~ mkvlevarTa im jgufs, romelic poemis araks sparsu-

li folkloridan momdinared Tvlis, rom es garemoeba xels ar uSlis nawarmoebis origi-nalurobas da TviT ~Rrma erovnulobasac~, radgan poeturi Semoqmedeba Semdegi Tvisebi-

saa: ~rac unda didebuli iyos zRapari, Tu man ar gaiara poetis fantaziis da gonebis manga-

Si, Tu mas poetma ar Cahbera ukvdavi suli, rogorc RmerTma Tixidan Sezelils adams, da igi zRapari Tu legenda ar Seusisxlxorca sakuTars sulsa da gulsa, araferi gamova, _ Tavis dReSi ~vefxistyaosnisTana~ Txzuleba ar daiwereba~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 307]. vaJas magaliTad mohyavs legenda faustze, romelic asobiT mweralma gamoiyena, magram mxolod goeTe Seiqmna misi baton-patroni, radgan ~legenda Cauvarda didi niWis, didis grZnoba--

gonebis patrons, man Seasxa am legendas axali xorci da STahbera suli cxoveli... legen-dac, ra Tqma unda, rogorc masala, saWiro iyo poetisaTvis, magram ra ufleba gaqvT ar da-

meTanxmoT, rom Tu giote ar yofiliyo, arc dRevandeli ~fausti~ eqneboda kacobriobas?! maSasadame, Tavi da Tavi avtori yofila da ara legenda. es legendac rom ar yofiliyo , is azri da grZnoba, rac ~faustSia~ gamoTqmul-gamosaxuli, mainc gamoiTqmeboda giotes kal-mis wyalobiT, Tumca SeiZleba sxva ram saxeli hrqmeoda, an sxva formiT daweriliyo~ [vaJa-

fSavela 1964: 307-308]. igive sakiTxze msjelobs vaJa werilSi ~R S~ da lev tolstoisa da puSkinis magaliTebi mohyavs; saubrobs sakuTar Semoqmedebazec, romelic xalxur Tqmule-

baTa zemoqmedebas ganicdis, magram es zemoqmedeba mxolod da mxolod xalxSi gagonili ori-sami sityviT ganisazRvreba. erTi sityviT, vaJa aRiarebs masalis meoradobas, radgan xelovanma Tu es masala Tavisi grZnoba-gonebis sakuTrebad ar aqcia, xelovnebis nimuSi ver Seiqmneba, xolo is azri da grZnoba, romelic konkretul nawarmoebSia gamoTqmuli, ma-

inc gamoiTqmeboda amave mwerlis wyalobiT, Tumca SeiZleba sxva formiT daweriliyo [va-

Ja-fSavela 1964: 307-308]. miuxedavad xelovanis dafasebisa, vaJa ar aqarwylebs mTargmnelis misias, Tumca geni-

oss mxolod xelovanTagan moiazrebs. misi azriT, eris siyvarulis moxveWa mxolod xelo-

vans SeuZlia da ara mTargmnels. vaJa ar xsnis uSualod mTargmnelobiT process, mas Se-

moqmedebiT procesTan erTad ganixilavs, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom am procesisTvisac niWie-rebaa saWiro.

vaJa ganasxvavebs xelovanisa da mTargmnelis midgomas teqstTan. misi msjelobidan ga-

momdinare, mTargmneli ver ityvis gmirze, rom is misia, mas ekuTvnis _ ~tariel missa rus-

Tvelsa, misTvis cremlSeuSrobelsa~, es mxolod misi Semqmnelis uflebaa. nebismier nawar-moebSic is qveyana warmoCndeba farulad Tu cxadad, romelic misi avtorisaa da ara mTar-

gmnelis. vaJa vrclad msjelobs sakiTxze, Tu rogor warmoCndeba ~vefxistyaosanSi~ saqar-

Tvelo; tarielis, avTandilis, nestan-darejanis, asmaTis qarTveloba da qristianoba. vaJas mohyavs damajerebeli argumentebi, rom poemaSi saqarTvelos sinamdvilea asaxu-

li, romlis mowme da Tavad monawilec aris nawarmoebis avtori: 1) poemaSi sinamdvile anu ~moqmed pirTa qarTveloba moparuls mamaliviT mainc bolos aCens~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 314], _ wers vaJa-fSavela, radgan fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelos sinamdvile poemaSi SeniRbu-

lia, magram calkeul detalSi mainc mJRavndeba; 2) ~tariel da avTandil qristianulad (qarTulad) iqcevian, roca ~erTi uCanT saTayvanod, erTsa visme aSiyoben~, _ amgvari rwme-na ki, haramxanis uarmyofeli, SeuZlebeli iyo aRmocenebuliyo mahmadianTa gulgonebis ni-

adagze~ (iqve); 3) vaJam fsiqologiurad gaanaliza ~vefxistyaosnis~ personaJTa xasiaTi da daaskvna, rom zogadad poemis verc erT moqmed pirze ver ityvi, qarTveli ar ariso; 4) nes-


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tan-darejanis sayvedurma tarielisadmi _ ~Sen savazirod mjdarxar da Cemi xvarazmSah-sTvis miTxoveba sxvebTan erTad dagidasturebiao~, _ SeuZlebelia nestan-darejanis qar-

Tveli qaloba ar gagvaxsenos; 5) vaJas azriT, saqarTvelos samefo karze momxdari ambebi xvarazmSas Zis mokvlis epizodSi TvalnaTliv gamomJRavnda, aqve gamoikveTa mizezic, Tu ratom surda rusTavels SeeniRba sinamdvile _ ~swored xvarazmSas mokvla tarielisagan da davarisa Tavis mokvla, mijnuroba tarielisa da nestandarejanisa, sxvaTa Soris, unda iyos mizezi, rom rusTaveli Tavis poemis siuJets sparsuls uwodebs~ (iqve); 6) vaJa miuTi-

Tebs sayovelTaod cnobil faqtze, rom rusTavelis epoqaSi auarebeli leqsi iwereboda Tamar mefeze, magram maTi gamomzeurebis nebas aravin sTxovda xelisufals, piriqiT, Tama-ri xelsac ki uwyobda mgosnebs da aqezebda maT. mxolod rusTaveli iTxovs nebarTvas, rad-

gan SiSobs, rom Tamars SeiZleba raime ewyinos. wyena ki im ubralo mizezis gamo SeiZleboda, rom ~vefxistyaosnis~ siuJeti samefo karze im momxdar ambavs moagonebda mkiTxvels, ro-

melsac saguldagulod malavdnen. amitomac rusTaveli ramdenjerme imeorebs, rom ucxo xelmwifeTa saqmeni aRwera, ipova da leqsad gardaTqva, TiTqos amiT eubneba mkiTxvels, ~viTom nu ifiqrebT rom me im ambavs giambobT, rac Tqvenc, mkiTxvelebo, iciTo da Tu hgavs eg ra Cemi bralia, eg TviT im ambis bralia, romelic me sparseTSi vpove da leqsad gardav-

sTqvio~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 327]; 7) poemaSi rusTaveli ayenebs Tavisi drois saWirboroto kiTxvas, moewviaT Tu ara ucxotomeli kaci Tamaris meuRled; es ormxriv iyo Seuracxmyo-

feli SoTasTvis: erTi mxriv, itanjeboda misi erovnuli grZnoba, meore mxriv ki, ~am mowve-

viT patroni uCndeboda mis xelmqmnels, maSasadame, itanjeboda misi piradi grZnoba siyva-

rulisa~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964: 116]; 8) vaJa mwerlis, geniosis, mdgomareobasac ki warmoidgens maSindel sazogadoebasa Tu saliteraturo wreSi. misi azriT, rusTaveli zRapris yaidaze imitomac kazmavs Tavis poemas, rom amiT akmayofilebs TanamedroveTa gemovnebas, romelic sparsul yaidazea mowyobili da am gemovnebis msaxuri ki pirvel rigSi aristokratiaa. poe-

mis epilogSi Cans, rom rusTaveli Tanamedrove poetebisagan gulnatkenia. bevri eurCeba mas da ~Cemi sjobso~, gaiZaxis, amitomac uxdeba rusTavels, rom am wvrilfexa mgosnebs leqcia waukiTxos da damsaxurebulad gaakritikos isini, Solti gadahkras. vaJas eWvi epa-

reba, rom amisTana ~kadnierebas~ SeZlebda sparsuli leqsebis ubralo mTargmneli _ ~nu Tu SoTas ki ara hkadrebdnen: Sen vinRa brZandebio? mTargmnels sxvis naxelavisas vin mog-

ca magodena ufleba Cvenis Seuracxyofisao? SoTas wyroma geniosi reformatoris wyromaa, _ daaskvnis vaJa, _ romelic cdilobs maSindel avtorebs, poetebs swore gza uCvenos~ [va-

Ja-fSavela 1964: 329]. es reforma ki, vaJas azriT, enis gaxalxurebaSi mdgomareobs. ~eWvs gareSea isic, _ wers vaJa-fSavela, _ rom SoTas axali ena Semoaqvs mwerlobaSi da es ena wminda xalxuri enaa~ (iqve).

rogorc vxedavT, vaJas SexedulebiT, avtori nawarmoebisa amayia, mTargmneli _ ufro mokrZalebuli. mas SeuZlia Tavisi nawarmoebi Seafasos, rogorc ~wyobili margaliti~. ~wyobili margalitoba~ SemoqmedebiT process niSnavs da ara mTargmnelobiTs. Semoqmeds SeuZlia wvrilfexa mgosnebs moleqseobaze leqcia waukiTxos da Searcxvinos is, vinc jo-riviT ~uciloblobs~ _ ~Cemi sjobso~. vaJa aRniSnavs, rom ~joris msavsi poetebi exlaca gvyavs bevri da maSinac ro iqneboda rasakvirvelia da sworeT imaTa hSoltavs SoTa Rirse-

ulad. gana WkuaSi mosasvlelia amisTana kadnierebiT gamodges sparsuli ambebis mTargmne-

li, ubralo gamleqsavi?...~ [vaJa-fSavela 1964 : 329]. vaJa zogierTi kritikosis im Sexedulebazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tu rogor moa-

xerxa rusTavelma ucxoelTa zne-Cveulebebis aRwera, Tuki mas dedani ara hqonia. vaJa-fSa-

vela dawvrilebiT ganixilavs am sakiTxs da pasuxobs maT, rom ucxoelTa zne-Cveulebebis aRwera, Tavad es faqti, ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi Targmanad SevafasoT.


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es mxolod da mxolod avtoris ganaTlebis da ~Tanamedrove mecnierebis Rrma codnis~ Se-degia. sityva ~mecniereba~ vaJas am werilSi ~codnis~ mniSvnelobiT moiazreba. rusTaveli icnobs Tavisi drois mahmadianur samyaros. aRmosavleTis mefeTa etiketi ki erTi meoresa hgavs da raki rusTavelma ~qarTvelebi ucxoelebad gadaaqcia, ueWvelad ecdeboda TavTa-

visi roli yvelas Sesaferisad aResrulebina da yvela gmiri Tav-Tavis alagasa yofiliyo~ (~fiqrebi ~vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb~) [vaJa-fSavela 1964 : 329-330]. miuxedavad amisa, vaJa aR-

niSnavs, rom sinamdvile rusTavelis poemaSi moparuli mamlis bolosaviT moCans, romlis qurdis gulwrfelobas Tumca daijerebda patroni, Coxis kalTidan gamoyofili kudi rom ar daenaxa. aseT kudebs mravlad xedavs vaJa ~vefxistyaosanSi~, xolo kritikosebs urCevs maTi danaxvis, pirdapir da alegoriulad naTqvamis garCevis unari gaaCndeT.

rogorc warmoCenili masalidan vxedavT, vaJas Sexedulebebi SemoqmedebiT procesebze _ mwerlobasa da Targmanzec dRemde aqtualuria; gansakuTrebiT erTi kuTxiT, rogor un-

da gairCes individualuri Semoqmedeba Targmanisagan; sakuTriv mTargmnelobiT process, rogorc Semoqmedebas, vaJa naklebad exeba, magram Tu davakvirdebiT mis Targmanebs, davi-

naxavT, rom vaJa imis mixedviT irCevs saTargmn masalas, rom masSi gamoTqmuli azri da grZnoba jer Tavisi gonebis sakuTrebad aqcios da mere xelaxla gamoTqvas, oRond ara sxva formiT, aramed iseve, rogorc mweralsa aqvs gamoTqmuli; vaJas azriT, mwerali da misi samSoblo aucileblad Cans nawarmoebSi. ra Tqma unda, veTanxmebiT mis Sexedulebas, magram aqve davZenT, rom vaJas TargmanebSi mTarmnelis (anu misi) samSobloc warmoCnda. vaJa iseT mxatvrul saxeebs qmnis, rom dednis teqstTan erTad maTSi misi kuTxis miTologiuri war-

modgenebic aisaxeba. albaT imitom, rom vaJa pirvel rigSi mweralia, romelic dednis teqsts Tavisi gonebis sakuTrebad aqcevs, Zalauneburad ugulebelyofs sityva-sityviT Targmans da naTargmn teqstSic mwerlis ~mes~ warmoaCens, rac misi stilis niSania. gavixse-

noT vaJas sityvebi: ~mwerals, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari ~ena~ unda hqondes, vinaidan ena saxea mwerlisa, misi fizionomiaa da, ukeTesad rom vsTqvaT, _ mwerlis sulia; enaSi imale-

ba mwerlis individualoba, misi ~me~. amitom niWieri mwerlis nawarmoebi Tu erTi-ori ram wagikiTxavT winad, Semdeg xelmouwerelic rom SegxvdeT, advilad icnobT, vis kalamsac ekuTvnis. am gansakuTrebuls daRs ra asvams nawarmoebs da ra hxdis mas advil sacnoblad? es gaxlavT ~ena~, raSic uxilavad Caqsovilia mTeli misi sulieri sicocxle, avladideba. fesvebi mwerlis enisa, stilisa, iq aris Cawmaxnuli, mwerals unda hqondes sakuTari fraze-ologia, sakuTari winadadebani, sakuTari suraTebi, Tundac isini sxvis suraTebs hgavdes, mainc da mainc Taviseburad unda iyos gamoTqmuli; maSasadame, originaloba unda etyobo-

des, beWedi Taviseburobisa unda esvas ...~ (~niWieri mwerali~) [vaJa-fSavela 1964 : 294]. vaJas TargmanebSi Cans Tavad vaJa _ niWieri mwerali, romelsac aqvs Tavisi ena, fraze-

ologia, winadadebani, sakuTari suraTebi, originaloba. mis Targmans emCneva, rom is vaJas Targmania. ramdenad kargia es sakuTriv TargmanisaTvis, sxva sakiTxia da Tanac sakmaod sa-

kamaTo, magram aRsaniSnavia is, rom vaJa-mTargmneli individi mweralia, romelic Tavisi Se-

xedulebisamebr cvlis TiToeul detals ara Tavis nebaze, aramed Rrma fiqris Sedegad, rom es varianti umjobesi iqneboda qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis; mis sulTan da bunebasTan ufro axlos movidoda. exla ki SevexoT Tavad vaJas Tarmanebs.

literatura:

1. vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. VIII, Targmanebi, gamomcemlo-

ba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi 1964, 7-405.


112

TinaTin lekiaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: elguja xinTibiZe

Tamaris saxe „vefxistyaosanSi“

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili amtkicebs, rom „vefxistyaosani“ mkiTxvels agrZnobinebs misi avtoris, SoTa rusTavelis, intimur, tragikul samijnuro

ganwyobilebas; rom rusTavelma poemiT, kerZod poemis prologiT, gaamxila Tavisi uzomo, dauZleveli, Smagobamde misuli siyvaruli Tamarisadmi. Zveli qarTuli litera-

turuli tradicia da xalxuri gadmocemebi savsebiT uWers mxars warmodgenil mosazrebas. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben vefxistyaosnis me-13-me14 saukuneTa interpolator - komenta-torebi da ufro gviani drois aRorZinebis xanis poetebic. ase XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnis moRvawe serapion sabaSvili Tavis poetur gabaasebaSi rusTavelTan, warmoaTqmevinebs rus-

Tavels Semdeg sityvebs Tamaris Sesaxeb:

„aSiki var Tval-warbisa, vin sofeli daaSvena .. Tumca fasi ar miboZa, man rusTavi amiSena..“

aRorZinebis xanis meore ganTqmuli poeti Teimuraz I agreTve Tamaris mijnurad („xe-

lad“) warmogvidgens rusTavels da gadmogvcems poetis Sesaxeb:

„TviTca xelobda, mis gamo xel-yofda maTsa qebasa, swvavda saxmili uSreti pirmzisa Tamar mefisa. viTa foladi maRnitsa Tvalni saWvretlad efisa, magram man mzeman sinaTle mijnurs ar uiefisa. arad Seswonda zaxili vardsa bulbulTa yefisa“ („ioseb zilixaniani“)

xalxuri gadmocemebis mixedviTac rusTaveli Tamarze yofila gamijnurebuli. aRniSnuli tradiciis wyaros warmoadgens „vefxistyaonis“ prologi. kerZod ki - Semde-

gi strofebi:

„Tamars vaqebdeT mefesa sisxlisa creml-daTxeuli vTqveni qebani visni me, ar avad gamorCeuli, melnad vixmare giSris tba da kalmad me na rxeuli, vinca isminos, daesvas laxvari gulsa xeuli.“ (4)

„TvalTa misgan unaTloTa, enatramca axlad Cena aha, guli gamijnurda, mihxvdomia velTa rbena! miajeT vin! xorcTa dawva kmaris, misces sulTa lxena, samTa ferTa saqebelTa lamis leqsTa unda vlena.“ (10) „Cemi aw scaniT yovelman, mas vaqeb vinca miqia; ese miCs didad saxelad, ar Tavi gamiqiqia!


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igia Cemi sicocxle, uwyalo viTa jiqia, misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams miqia.“ (19) „me rusTveli xelobiTa viqm saqmesa ama dari: vis hmorCilobs jari spaTa, misTvis vxelob, misTvis mkvdari, davuZlurdi, mijnurTaTvis kvla wamali arsiT ari anu momces gankurneba, anu miwa me samari.“ (8)

agreTve me-9 strofSi poeti aSkarad ambobs: „me, rusTveli, xelobiTa viqm saqmesa ama dari.“ am strofiT nagulisxmevi siyvarulis sagani rom Tamaria amas amtkicebs wina stro-

febi, ufro ki zemoT moyvanili me-4( „Tamars vaqebdeT mefesa..“). igive azria ganviTarebu-

li sxvaganac: „Cemma xel-mqmnelman dammarTos laRman da lamazman nebi“(8.4). me-10 strofSi poeti acxadebs, rom misi Tvalebi, satrfos sxiviT naTel-warTmeuli, danatrebulia gama-

xeleblis xilvas. gamijnurebul guls „mihxdomia“ velad gaWra. poeti ixveweba, satrfom akmaros xorcis dawva da suls mainc misces Sveba.

am mosazrebis utyuarobas gansakuTrebuli daJinebiT amtkiceben pavle ingoroyva da niko mari. pavle ingoroyva wers: mkiTxvels, rasakvirvelia, moexseneba, rom SoTas da Tama-

ris mijnurobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs ara mxolod Zveli qarTuli literaturuli tradi-

cia, aramed TviT poeti SoTa rusTaveli „vefxistyaosnis“ prologSi. aq mkvlevars mohyavs Cven mier zemoT dasaxelebuli strofebi da ambobs: es strofebi srulebiT ar aris ubra-

lo trubaduruli Seqeba dedoflisa, aramed namdvili siyvarulis gamomRJavnebaa. igi STa-

gonebulia uimedo mijnurobis tragikuli grZnobiT. poeti Tavisi siyvarulis Sesaxeb „sis-

xlcremldaTxeuli“ mogviTxrobs.

magram SoTa amaze metsac ambobs. poeti gadmogvcems, rom TviT „vefxistyaosani“ STa-

gonebulia Tamaris siyvaruliT da rom qvemore, e.i. poemaSi gansaxierebulia es siyvaruli:

„Cemi aw scaniT yovelman, mas vaqeb vinca miqia.. misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams miqia.“ (19)

Sedareba Tamarisa vefxvTan („uwyalo viTa jiqia“) xsnis vefxistyaosnis simbolikas. mkiTxvelma, rasakvirvelia, kargad icis, Tu vin aris warmodgenili poemaSi vefxvis saxiT: es aris poemis gmiri qali nestandarejani, alter ego Tamarisa. poemis mTavari Sinaarsi ki es aris ambavi nestandarejanisa da tarielis mijnurobisa da „Semosva tarielisagan vefxis tyavisa“, tarieli Tavis mijnurs nestans warmoidgens vefxvis saxiT da misi siyvarulis niSnad vefxvis tyavs atarebs.

amrigad, vefxistyaosnis prologSi SoTa xsnis poemis Sifrs. poeti igiveobis niSans av-

lebs Tamarsa da nestans Soris. igi acxadebs Tavis Tavs Tamaris mijnurad, iseve, rogorc ta-

rieli iyo mijnuri nestanisa, da rogorc nestans, ise - Tamars, vefxvis saxiT warmogvidgens. ganxiluli sakiTxis Taobaze erTsa da imave mkvlevars zogjer gamoTqmuli aqvs urTi-

erTsawinaaRmdego mosazreba, rac arTulebs maTi Tvalsazrisis swori kvalifikaciis Se-

saZleblobas. gamoCenili rusTvelologi niko mari Tavis specialur gamokvlevaSi ambob-

da, rom rusTaveli cdilobs qeba Seasxas Tavisi ugono siyvarulis sagans, Tamars. mefisad-mi siyvarulma SoTas goneba Seuryia, daakargvina gansjis unari. xolo Semdeg gamoqveynebu-

li masalebis mixedviT niko mari ase ganmartavs rusTavelis mijnurobis sakiTxs: „saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom am miswrafebas, gamoxatos Tavisi grZnoba, ver vuwodebT platonur siyva-


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ruls. es aris ubralod gamJRavneba madlierebisa da mowiwebisa, romelic samefo karis yvela poetis movaleobad iTvleboda“. Salva nucubiZe marTebulad uaryofda vefxistya-

osnis prologidan Tamarisadmi rusTavelis siyvarulis amocnobis SesaZleblobas („რустჰჲჵли и ჲосточный рჵнჵссჰнс“). naSromSi („ტჲ‾აეჵბგჲ‾ რустჰჲჵли“) pativcemuli avtori imeorebs Tavis Zvel Sexedulebas, magram sagangebod im mosazrebas aviTarebs TiTqos rus-

Tavelma ganicada Tamarisadmi „namdvili siyvarulis tragedia“. Tavis adrindel samqebro leqsebSi rusTavels gaumJRavnebia Tamarisadmi trfoba, rasac uxerxuli mdgomareoba Se-uqmnia poetisaTvis. metic, skandali gamouwvevia. rusTaveli sasaxlidan dauTxoviaT, gar-

kveuli drois Semdeg igi daubrunebiaT samefo karze. poets Seugnia Tavisi Secdoma, axla frTxilad da windaxedulad moqceula. Zlieri satrfialo grZnobebi „vefxistyaosanSi“

gamouxatavs SefarviT. mkvlevari askvnis: „mefis mier mkacrad dasjili poeti iTvaliswi-

nebs ra winandel ambavs, pirdapir ki ara SefarviT, mokrZalebulad gamoxatavs Tavis grZnobebs.“

jer kidev 1914 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi „SoTa rusTaveli da misi poema“ simon qva-

riani gamoTqvams Cven mier zemoT ganxiluli mosazrebaTagan sapirispiros. gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos rusTavels hyvarebodes Tamar mefe da am garemoebas warmoeSvas es ukvdavi poema, mas srul absurdad miaCnia.

ai, ra mosazrebas gamoTqvams mkvlevari: daujerebeli aq araferia. advilad SeiZleba poets Seuyvarda zenaaris grZnobiT sa-

qarTvelos ciskari, Sveneba Tamari. SesaZloa Tamarmac TanaugrZno mgosans da maT Soris daarsda saidumlo kavSiri. rodis unda yofiliyo es? an qalis gaTxovebamde, an qalis gaTxovebis Semdeg. gaTxovebis Semdeg misi qmari da patroni Seiqna jer giorgi da Semdeg lamazi, mxne Wabuki daviT soslani. poemaSi ki Cans, rom SoTas igi dauweria Tamaris mefed kurTxevis da daviTze gaTxovebis Semdeg; agreTve, umTavresi gmiri qali poemisa Tamaria. Tamarisave brZanebiT aris dawerili es poema, rogorc avtori mowmobs:

„mibrZanes maTad saqebrad Tqma leqsebisa tkbilisa..“

„Tamars vaqebdeT mefesa“ da sxva. aqedan Cans,- wers simon qvariani, - rom Tamaris garda sxvasac ubrZanebia, an neba miu-

cia leqsebis dawerisa. marto Tamari rom yofiliyo ityoda „mibrZana misda saqebrad“ da

ara „mibrZanes maTad saqebrad“-o. es ukanaskneli forma ki mravlobiTia. maS vis eWirveboda kide qeba da leqsebi Tamaris garda? es iyo misi qmari daviT soslani.

mkvlevari dasZens: jer dRes, meoce saukuneSi, roca evropis mefeTa sasaxleSi moxdeba xolme amgavri ram da vinme karis kaci Seiyvarebs dedofals an mefis wuls, cdiloben maSinve dafaron es ambavi sastikad da yovelive moicvan saidumloebiT. raRa unda yofiliyo XII sau-

kuneSi, roca sasaxlis etiketi da saqristiano morali gacilebiT mtkice iyo da mZafri?! SoTa, ubralo Sinayma, qveSevrdomi,- agrZelebs s.qvariani, iyvarebs Tund platoniurad

saqarTvelos RvTaeba Tamars, esec TanaugrZnobs mgosans da aZlevs nebas, auwye qveyanas Cveni siyvaruli da aqe mijnurobao.. gana es dasajeria?! gana brZeni da darbaiseli Tamari ase gairyvna, ase SeiSala WkuiT, rom amgvari brZaneba misca? es azri amcirebs Tamaris Rir-

sebas, es azri imsxvreva saRi msjelobis winaSe, viT susti faifuri. SoTas gulis gamijnu-

reba aris mxolod poeturi aRmafrena, zeSTagoneba da ara vneba da siyvaruli. - amgvarad asrulebs Tavis azrs simon qvariani.

araTu Zveli qarTuli literaturuli tradicia da meoce saukunis mkvlevrebi, Cve-

ni drois mecnieri Tamar erisTavi mefisadmi siyvaruls miawers rusTavels. 2010 wels ga-

moqveynebul naSromSi „ese ambavi sparsuli qarTulad naTargmanebi, anu „vefxistyaosnis“


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siuJetis meore ganzomileba“ igi wers: rusTavelis Tamarisadmi usazRvro siyvaruli gam-

JRavnebulia poemis „dasawyisSi“. sagulisxmoa, rom es aRsareba ar aris erTmniSvnelovani, e.i. is marto siyvarulze ki ar RaRadebs, aramed vefxistyaosnis damweris saocar Zalisxme-

vas am siyvarulis gamovlinebad warmogvidgens. im strofSi, sadac poeti Tavisi nawarmoe-

bis Seqmnis ambavs gadmogvcems qaragmulad („ese ambavi sparsuli“), strofis logikuri da emociuri mwvervali Tamaria: „Cemman xel-mqmnelman dammarTos laRman da lamazman nebi“. prologis strofebi RaRadeben Tamarisadmi Tayvaniscemas da vnebian siyvaruls, imasac gvauwyeben, rom Tamari jiqiviT uwyaloa (Seubralebelia) misi mijnuris mimarT.

mkvlevris TqmiT, cxadze cxadia, rom rusTavelis Tamarisadmi mimarTeba gamoricxavs karis poetis mimarTebas mefisadmi. es igrZnoba me-4 strofSi, romelSic poeti iwyebs uSu-

alod Tamaris qebas. rac Seexeba cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, aleqsandre baramiZis, mosazrebas, vfiqrobT,

rom yvelaze misaRebi da gasaTavliswinebeli swored is gaxlavT: araerTxel miuqceviaT yuradReba imisaTvis, rom prologSi gamoTqmuli aRsareba ewi-

naaRmdegeba poetisave sityvebs: „ars pirveli mijnuroba..“ prologi moiTxovs siyvarulis

dafarvas, sasiyvarulo „xvaSiadis“ gaumJRavneblobas, SoriT bnedas, SoriT kvdomas, So-

riT dagvas, SoriT alvas, rom TavdauWerlobiT, Seuferebeli moqmedebiT, grZnobebis gam-

xeliT ar „avnos“ satrfos, mis umwikvlo saxels ziani ar miayenos, ar Suqmnas uxerxuli mdgomareoba. Tu sakiTxs kargad CavukvirdebiT, aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba mxolod moCve-

nebiTia. rusTavelis SexedulebebSi namdvil winaaRmdegobas maSin eqneba adgili, Tu poets marTlac mivawerT Tamarisadmi xorcieli, sqesobrivi sasiyvarulo grZnobebis gamosaxvas. swored aqaa Secdoma - wers mecnieri da agrZelebs: yovlad SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, TiTqos SoTa rusTaveli prologSi laparakobdes realur mgrZnobelobiTs gatacebaze Tamaris mi-

marT. rusTaveli, rogorc Tamaris Tanamedrove poeti, iqneb, Tamaris karTan daaxloebuli poeti, im dros arsebuli wesebis mixedviT valdebuli iyo Seemko Tavisi patroni, Tavisi mefe, gamoexata misdami pativiscema, aRtaceba da siyvaruli. prologSi gamJRavnebuli siy-

varulis azri unda gagebul iqnes gadataniTad, poeturad, metaforulad. rusTaveli hi-

perboluri xerxiT gamoxatavs mSvenieri mandilosani patroniT usazRvro gatacebas. nam-dvilad, es aris poetis mxriv am patronis mimarT gamoTqmuli didi mokrZaleba, Tayvanis-

cema, da mxolod am konteqstiT, didi siyvaruli. rusTaveli ar SeiZleba, ar yofiliyo damfasebeli misi samSoblo qveynis imdroindeli warmatebebisa saxelmwifoebrivi da sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. am cxovrebas ki saTaveSi edgnen Tamari da daviT soslani. amitomacaa, rom poets aRtaceba gamouxatavs ara marto Tamarisadmi, aramed da-

viTisadmic. metic, rusTavels pirvelad daviTi Seumkia, Tamaris lomi, romlis Rirseulad SeqebisTvis TiTqos sakadrisi sityvieri masala ver upovia(„mas ara vici Sevkadro Sesxma xotbisa, Se, risa“). daviTis RirsebaTa CamoTvlis Semdeg iwyebs Tamaris Sesxmas. yovlad Se-

uZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom Cveni didebuli poeti jer daviTis mimarT momiwebiTs pativis-cemas gamoTqvamdes, qeds ixrides misi maRali Rirsebebis winaSe, xolo Semdeg daviTis me-

uRles, saqarTvelos mefesa da dedofals umxeldes qvena siyvarulis grZnobebs. dasasrul, zemoT ganxiluli mosazrebebis Sejamebis Semdgom, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom dResac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. mecnierebi kvlav davoben rusTavelis Tamarisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

magram, Cveni azriT, sruliad SeuZlebelia, poeti moviazroT Tamarisadmi gamijnure-

bul adamianad, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi azri ekargeba rusTveliseuli siyvarulis koncef-

cias, romelic mkacrad moiTxovs mijnurisagan Tavisi grZnobebis damalvas. xsenebuli


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strofebi aris mxolod da mxolod gagrZeleba im epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi tradiciisa, romelic samefo karis poetis mier uflis xsenebisa da qebis Semdeg xotbis Sesxmas gulis-

xmobs mefisaTvis. mefe ki, prologis mixedviT, RvTisgan cxebuli yvelaze didi adamiania amqveynad, rac kargad Cans pirvel strofSi:

„romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna, zeciT monaberiTa, Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa, misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mismieriTa.“

literatura:

1. aleqsandre baramiZe, „SoTa rusTaveli“, Tb. 1958, gv.48-52

2. pavle ingoroyva „SoTa rusTaveli“, Tb. 1938, gv.15-17

3. Tamar erisTavi „ese ambavi sparsuli qarTulad naTargmanebi, anu „vefxistyaosnis“ siuJetis meore ganzomileba“, Tb.2010, gv.15

4. qsenia sixaruliZe, „qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba“, Tb. 1961, t.I, gv.110

5. simon qvariani, „SoTa rusTaveli da misi poema“, Tb. 1914, gv.19-22

6. SoTa rusTaveli, „vefxistyaosani“, saskolo gamocema, Tb. 2006, gv. 12-14


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mariam oqropiriZe, evelina TaraSvili goris saswavlo universiteti

xelmZRvaneli profesori: Tamar gogalaZe

„xidCatexilobis“ problema qarTveli da afxazi mwerlebis teqstebis mixedviT

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis kidev erTi afxazeTis omTanaa da-

kavSirebuli (1992w.). yoveli movlena metnaklebad aisaxeba mxatvrul teqstebSi. afxazTa da qarTvelTa Soris winaaRmdegobam gamoiwvia, erTi mxriv, mZafri gaRizianeba da, meores mxriv, sevda da tkivili. am tkivilma dahbada swored is ori nawarmoebi, romelic dRes Cve-

ni ganxilvis sagania: fazilis kanderis „biWidaomi“, nugzar SataiZis „mogzauroba afrika-

Si“. am „tkivils“ Cven vuwodeT „xidCatexiloba“ (ilia WaWavaZis erTi frTiani frazis aso-

ciaciiT). ilia WavWavaZis sityvebisa ar iyos, „Cven‐Suaxia da Catexili: isini iqiT napiras dahrCnen , Cven aqeT. Soris-Sorsa varT da Tvali erTmaneTisaTvis veRar migviwvdenia, Tva-

li marTali da utyuari...“(i. WavWavaZe 1987 w. 164). swored saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis omis Temazea Seqmnili da mTlianad am oms exeba

2007 wels gamocemuli wigni „xidi“, romelSic Sesulia rogorc qarTvel, ise afxaz mweralTa nawarmoebebi. mxatvrul nawarmoebTa fonzea gaSlili is mTavari problemebi, romelic warmoiSva am or moZme xalxs Soris.

zemoT dasaxelebuli wignis mokrZalebuli mizania qarTvel da afxaz xalxs Soris pir-

veli, Tundac „mxatvruli sityvis xidi“ gaidos. mTavari problema, razec Cven yuradRebas

gavamaxvilebT Cvens moxsenebaSi gaxlavT omis Semdgomi „xidCatexiloba“ or qveyanas Soris.

„mSvidoba aTasobiT kilometris savali gzaaa oRondac TiTo jerze mxolod erTi na-

biji unda gadaidgas “ (lindon jonsoni). magram TiTqos swored am erTi nabijis gadadgma gviWirs , nugzar SataiZe iseve rogorc fazil skanderi cdiloben Tavis nawarmoebSi swo-

reT am erTi nabijis gadadgmaSi dagvexmarnon da erTxel da samudamod moagvaron afxaz da qarTvel xalxTa Soris urTierToba, aRadginon „ Catexilixidi“ qarTvelsa da afxazs Soris.

nugzar SataiZe erT-erTi gamorCeuli Tanamedrove mweralia misi moTxrobebi bolo ramdenime welia aqtiurad iswavleba zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi, rac namdvilad mi-

sasalmebelia. saocaria, magram mis ZiriTad profesias literaturasTan saerTo araferi hqonia. man politeqnikuri institutis fizikis fakulteti daamTavra da specialobiT Tboenergetikosi gaxldaT. erTi SexedviT radikalurad gansxvavebul saqmianobas misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia, rom mas Rrma sulierebiT savse nawarmoebebi Seeqmna, Tavad ambobda: ,,Cem-

Tvis ambavi ki ar aris mTavari, aramed marjved napovni sityva da am sityvebisgan agebuli marjve winadadebebio“. marTlac ambebs ra gamolevs, vidre adamiani arsebobs, iarsebebs am-

bavic, mTavari isaa, vin rogor mohyveba, rogor miawvdis mkiTxvels. [http://mastavlebeli.ge/]


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nugzar SataiZis ,,mogzauroba afrikaSi“, tragikuli suaTia, romelic afxazeTis omis Semdeg dazaralebuli xalxis yofas, maT tkivils exmianeba. biWis Semzaravi istoria am sa-

zareli movlenebis anareklia, romelmac uamravi xalxi Seiwira, iZulebiT ayara sakuTari miwidan da fizikurad mospo es mouSuSebeli tkivilia, romelsac TiToeuli devnili dRe-

sac iseve mZafrad ganicdis, rogorc mis dReebSi. nugzar SataiZe aRwers patara, mawanwala biWebisa da gogonebis cxovrebas, mogviTx-

robs, rogor atireben da awameben metroSi daucvel bavSvebs, rogor arTmeven im mcired-

sac, mxolod lukmapuris sayidlad rom Zlivs eyofaT, rogor ynosavs gaTiSuli mozardi webos, realobas ramdenime wuTiT mainc rom gaeqces da iwyeba saocari mogzauroba afrika-

Si yvelaze mimzidvel kontinentze. sadac saocari cxovelebi spiloebi, Jirafebi da zeb-rebi binadroben....

mTavari gmiri swored megobris tragikulma sikvdilma aiZula axali cxovreba daewyo da daewyo swored mamis povnis gadawyvetilebiT , rogorc Cans, warsulis dabrunebis ga-

reSe axalis dawyeba SeuZlebelia, mama ki warsulis xatia, bednieri, uzrunveli warsu-

lisa, TeTri Toliebis kiviliT da zRvis xmauriT rom iyo savse. ocdaSvidi lariTa da zurgCanTaSi Tevzis konservebiT, biWi afxazeTisken mimaval

matarebelSi jdeba, oRond icis, rom Tavi yvelas munjad unda moaCvenos, radgan qarTu-

lad laparaki saSiSia.

afxazeTSi (tyvarCeli) Casuli mozardi im saxlisaken miemarTeba, sadac misi ojaxic xovrobda, poulobs naWris daTunias, gerasimes, Tavisi warTmeuli bavSobis saxes. saxli,

romelsac aRarc kari aqvs, aRarc fanjara, nagviT aris savse. ezo carielia, erTi moxuci, maro beboRa darCenila warsulis nugeSad. swored misgan igebs biWi mamis daqorwilebisa da armavirSi gadasvlis ambavs da kidev ufro sevdiani brundeba TbiliSsi.

mamis daojaxeba, axali cxovrebis dawyeba bavSvisTvis moulodneli da miuRebeli aR-

moCndaa. albaT, Znelia ocnebas ase axlos Cauaro da ver miswvde... Rirda ki wvaleba im ada-

ianis gamo, romelsac Turme saerTod ar axsovda devnili, gaubedurebuli ojaxi! iqneba gmiris c xovreba sxvagvarad warmarTuliyo mamasac rom ar daviwyeboda? es ritorikuli kiTxvaa, romelzec Znelad ipovi pasuxs.

moTxrobaSi gvxvdebian personaJebi, romelTa uangaro sikeTe mozards aocebs, ro-

gorc Cans, adamians kargi ufro ukvirs, vidre cudi.

samwuxarod, is, rasac patara biWi gaurboda mogzaurobis dasawyisSi, Zneli dasaZ-

levi aRmoCnda. wupkas sikvdilma igi gamoafxizla, imedi Causaxa, ocneba gauRviZa, magram amaod.... mravlismTqmelia moTxrobis finali, romelic suliT xorcamde SeZravs mkiTx-

vels: afxazeTidan dabrunebuli gmiri Rrmad Caeflo quCis sibinZureSi da SeiZina Savi fe-

ris ori ockapikiani parki, eqvsi cali webo-RaribTa da uqonelTa narkotiki da ai sul male „ Soreuli afrikidan masTanac movidnen saocari cxovelebi, magram spilosa da Ji-

rafis nacvlad, svavebi da ori afTari estumra. [„xidi“, nugzar SataiZe, ,,mogzauroba afrikaSi“, 2007, 16].

nugzar SataiZis araCveulebrivma moTxrobam ,,mogzauroba afrikaSi’’ didi gamoxmau-

reba hpova sazogadoebaSi, rasac isic mowmobs, rom am moTxrobis mixedviT 2009 wels re-

Jisorma giorgi ovaSvilma gadaiRo filmi ,,gaRma napiri’’, romelSic moTxrobis siuJetma garkveuli cvlileba ganicada. am filmma uamravi jildo miiRo, warmateba moutana reJi-

sors aseve moTxrobis avtorma nugzar SataiZem gon frevilis saerTaSoriso konferencia zesaukeTeso scenarisaTvis prizic miiRo. [http://mastavlebeli.ge/]


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afxazeTi d saqarTvelos omma farTo asaxva hpova erT-erTi afxazi mwerlis, fazil iskanderis moTxrobaSi ,,biWi da omi’’. fazil iskanderi daibada 1929 wlis 6 marts soxum-

Si. warmoSobiT iranel ‐ afxazi rusulenovani mweralia. 1954 wels man daasrula gorkis saxelobis literaturis instituti. fazil iskanderi saqarTveloSi kargad aris cnobili Tavisi adreuli xanis moTxrobiT ,,maxazi da Saliko’’. igi Tavs Tvlis rus mwerlad, wers mxolod rusulad, Tumca misi Semoqmedeba, Tema mudam iyo da aris kavkasia, kerZod afxa-

zeTi. [http://7days.ge/]. „sxva nacionaluri xasiaTis analizisa da aRqmis problema, misdami mimarTebis Tema, Zi-

riTadad, eTnofsiqologiuri stereotipebis WrilSi ganixileba. amgvari kvlevisTvis mxat-vruli literaturis nawarmoebebi saintereso masalas iZlevian, radgan maTSi fiqsirebu-

lia, erTimxriv, samyaros enobrivi suraTi da, meore mxriv, msoflaRqmisTvis mniSvnelovani warmodgenebi sxva nacionalur xasiaTebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, xorcSesxmu-

lia mxatvruli personaJebis meSveobiT. aqve SevniSnavT, rom am tipis kvlevebSi aqcenti ga-datanilia ara mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi warmoCenili sxva (ucxoeli) personaJebis mxatvrul funqciaze, aramed xalxSi arsebul warmodgenebze maT Sesaxeb, anu stereotipebze. [m.mire-

saSvili 2011; 32-33] - wers afxazeTidan ltolvili mecnieri mariam miresaSvili. da, marTlac swored erTi movlenis ori kuTxiT aRqmaze iZleva ama Tu im faqtis obieq-

turi Sefasebis saSualebas. m. miresaSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs f. iskanderis moTxrobis mTavar personaJze da mis mier aRqmul samyaroze, kerZod, nacnob Tu ucnob eqimze, rome-

lic omis msxverpli gaxda. moTxrobaSi ,,biWi da omikk naCvenebia omis realuri suraTi, yovelgvari mxatvruli Se-

lamazebis gareSe. es nawarmoebi yvelas kidev erTxel Cagvafiqrebs imaze, rom omi saSine-

lebaa, romelsac ewireba ara erTi mSvidobiani moqalaqe. Tu rogor angrevs igi adamianTa cxovrebas, gvakarginebs sayvarel adamianebs. da marad mouSuSebel Wrilobebs utovebs adamianis suls, iseT Wrilobebs, romelic advilad ar SuSdeba da romelic mTeli cxovre-

bis manZilze amCnevia adamianis cxovrebas. „sunTqvaSegubebuli biWi usmenda ambavs, romel-

sac samzareuloSi hyvebodnen. verafriT gaego am amazrzeni sisastikis arsi“-wers f. is-

kanderi da, grZnob, rogor stkiva guli avtors uazro , amazrzeni sisastikis gamo. biWis-

Tvis gaugebaria aseTi araadamianuri damokidebuleba eqimis mimarT, romelic erovnuli niSniT ar ganasxvavebda pacients da imdeni sikeTe hqonda daTesili gagraSi, rom ar ufiq-

ria col-SvilTan erTad gamgzavreba da sakuTar binaSi moxuc sidedrTan erTad darCa. vis Wirdeboda qalaqSi yvelasaTvis sayvareli eqimis mizanmimarTuli mokvla? RamiT binidan misi gamoyvana da daxvreta qalaqis ganapiras. patara biWi meored Resac ganagrZobs mom-

xdarze fiqrs, igi ver garkveula cxovrebis sazrisSi ,Tu ra azri aqvs cxovrebas ,Tuki bo-

roteba sikeTes amarcxebs. biWi mamamiss uziarebs Tavis pesimistur ganwyobas da es ukanas-knelic ver poulobs damajerebel pasuxs.

moTxrobis finalSi sadarbazodan gasuli mama-Svili dainaxavs moxuc xeibar qals, ro-

melic saWmlis narCenebs aWmevs upatrono ZaRlebs. mama eubneba Svils , rom sadRac Tu viRaca aramzada av saqmeebs sCadis da udanaSaulo adamianebs klavs, es moxuci qali, Tavad gaWirvebaSi myofi , rogorc SeuZlia , ise zrunavs sxvebze. swored es gaxda biWisTvis ma-

galiTi imisa rom sikeTe borotebas daamarcxebs. mwerali patara biWis wyalobiT ambobs Tavis saTqmels, swored patara biWi aTqmevinebs

imas, ris Tqmasac mozardebi ver bedaven, an Segnebulad gaurbian. swored biWi svams metad rTul SekiTxvas, romelzec pasuxisgacema arc Tu ise advilia. gakeTilSobilda Tu ara adamiani? avtori biWis meSveobiT gonierebis siRrmeSi gvaxedebs.


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nawarmoebis gmiri, patara biWi ganasaxierebs momavlis imeds, misi wyalobiT avtori am-bobs Tavis mTavar saTqmels, midis im daskvnamde, rom cxovrebaSi sikeTe yovelTvis imar-

jvebs, rom is dauZleveli Zalaa. ,,boroteba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara sikeTis naklovaneba adamianSi~.

sikeTe, erTmaneTisadmi siyvaruli, WirSi Tanadgoma is didi mamoZravebeli Zalaa, rom-lis wyalobiTac Cven, mokvdavi adamianebi, varsebobT. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Sen afxazi xar Tu qarTveli. afxazebsac, iseve rogorc qarTvelebs omma Rrmad mouSuSebeli Wrilobebi dautovaT, romelTa morCenac, albaT, mxolod Cven Soris „Catexili xidis“ xelaxla aR-

dgenis Sedegad iqneba SesaZlebeli. Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli orive mwerlis nawarmoebi erT Temas exmianeba, afxazeTis

omis Semdeg dazaralebuli xalxis yofas, maT tkivils. orive mwerals erTi didi tkivi-

liT stkiva guli. am ori nawarmoebis Sexebis mTavari wertili aris or xalxs Soris arsebu-

li konfliqti da am konfliqtis Sedegad warmoqmnili „xidCatexilobis“ problema . mwer-

lebi cdiloben sakuTari sityviT aRadginon is xidi, romelic 1992 wels Catyda da rome-

lic dRemde araa aRdgenili. Cven ar viciT, realurad ra Sedegs gamoiRebs maTi mcdeloba, magram is ki cxadia, rom rogorc qarTuli ise afxazi mxare kidev erTxel unda dafiqrdes imaze, rom Cven erTni varT da Cveni erTmaneTisgan gayofa ar SeiZleba.

Cven vitovebT imeds. maTi mcdeloba uSedegoT ar Caivlis da erTxel da samudamod mogvardeba yvelaferi. maT gza gagvikvales, xolo axla yvelaferi Cvenzea damokidebuli, Cvenzea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad sworad da Seucdomlad vivliT am Znelad saval gzaze, romelsac afxazeTamde da gamTelebul xidamde mivyavarT.

`ar arsebobs gza mSvidobisken, mSvidoba TviTon gzaa~.


121

mariam xaniSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: nino mindiaSvili

mixeil javaxiSvili qarTuli enis Sesaxeb

mwerloba eris sulieri kulturis erT-erT dedaboZad iTvleba.ase iyo yvelgan da

yovelTvis.asea CvenSic,dResac.erTi muWa eri varT,isic evropelebTan SedarebiT me-

tad Rarib-Ratakni da Cveni mwerlobis CamorCenis erTaderTi mizezic es gaxlavT,To-

rem Cveni literatures Raribobas vin miawers qarTveli xalxis Semoqmedebis unaris

sisustes,an amowurvas?amas Tund marto Sardenis sityvebi davumatoT “qarTvelebs

rom Sesaferi pirobebi hqondeT mravals dids xelovansa da mecniers miscemdnen ka-

cobriobas”. `udidesi amocana enis dawmendaa da am saqmis pirveli meTauri qarTveli mwerali

unda iyves.xolo am ukanasknels rom SeeZlos sxvaTa mxileba,jer TviT unda ganikur-

nos”.es sityvebi mixeil javaxiSvils ekuTvnis werilSi `qarTuli ena”. misi Semoqmedeba

Cveni kazmuli sityvis mSvenebaa.man axal simaRleze aiyvana qarTuli moTxrobebis Jan-ri da axali suli Cabera qarTul romans.

mixeil javaxiSvils sazogadoeba icnobs,rogorc saintereso mweralsa da mxatvru-

li teqstebis avtors.Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi publicisturi werilebi.Se-

iZleba davaskvnaT,rom misi saxiT qarTul mwerlobas hyavs ubadlo mesityve.gansakuT-

rebiT sainteresoa is werilebi,sadac aanalizebs qarTul enasTan dakavSirebul prob-lemebs da Cveni kvlevis sagania mixeil javaxiSvilis is werilebi,romlebic swored am

sakiTxebs exeba.

mTavar problemad avtori enis gauwmendaobas xedavs.amtkicebs rom provinciuloba

miuReblad ar miaCnia.albaT TiToeulma Semoqmedma ubralod is unda gaiTvaliswinos-,rom yvela nawarmoebs individualuri midgoma sWirdeba.magaliTad javaxiSvilis az-

riT sul ar mouxdeboda vaJas Semoqmedebas literaturuli ena.mwerlis amocanaa miy-

ves ZiriTad samwerlobo enas,provinciidan motanili sityvebi ki mxolod mis Senaka-

dad gamoiyenos.

werili qarTul enaze 1924 wlis 20 maiss daiwera.am dros qarTul enas,qarTul li-

teratures,qarTul kulturas cudi dRe adga.gansakuTrebiT proletari mwerlebisgan-,romlebic proletariatis diqtaturisadmi apirebdnen qarTuli mwerlobisa da saer-

Tod kulturis daqvemdebarebas..maTTvis mTavari iyo bolSevikuri Temebi,xolo for-

mebi,gamoxatvis saSualebebi,xarisxi mniSvnelovani ar gaxldaT.amgvari movlenebis wina-

aRmdeg yovelTvis ilaSqrebdnen namdvili qarTveli mwerlebi.swored amgvar gulis-tkivils gamoxatavs mwerali am eseSi.

mixeil javaxiSvili samwerlobo-publicistur asparezze gamodis 1903 wels. pirve-

lad man SeaRo gazeT “cnobis furcelis” redaqciis kari da am organos sasurveli

TanamSromeli gaxda. javaxiSvili mTavrobas misdgeba,Tavs esxmis mas, amxels mis velur bunebas,sicrues

da yalTabandobas.mis werilebSi ruseTis cxovrebidan iseTi ambebia aRebuli,romelic


122

amxels TviTmpyrobelobas mefis xelisuflebisas,mis pirsisxlian da jalaTis saxes.we-rilebSi yvelgan gabedulad igrZnoba avtoris zizRi arsebuli weswyobilebisa da Sav-

bneli reaqciis mimarT.amave dros werilebs wiTel zolad gasdevs didi siyvaruli da

simpaTia daCagrulTa da SeviwrovebulTa mimarT,revoluciis mimarT.ufro metic,am

werilebSi avtori moCans Seupovar,gabedul,uSiSar da anTebul revolucionerad,rome-lic Tavisi mgznebare publicistikiT aTasebis gulebs aanTebs revoluciis xanZris

gasaRviveblad da gasaZliereblad.

`isev qarTuli enis Sesaxeb” am werilSi avtori TiTqmis imave problemas svams ra-

sac pirvelSi.SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams damaxinjebul enaze.im Jargonebze,romlebsac Seg-

viZlia TiTos qarTuli ramdenime sityva davaxvedroT,magram yvelaze cudi isaa,rom

es Jargonebi Cvevadaa qceuli.”uceb rom Cvenma winaprebma wamoiwion da yuri ugdon dRevandel qarTuls,nebayoflobiT ukanve Cascvivdebian saflavebSi”ambobs javaxiSvi-

li da SiSobs ar gadaSendes SoTas,ilias,akakis ena.mTavar gamosavlad asaxelebs saku-

Tar Tavze,ojaxze muSaobas,enis gadasarCenad.

es werili dResac aqtualuria miuxedavad imisa,rom qarTuli ena saxelmwipo enaa,prob-lema isev dgas. xSirad gaigonebs kaci: ”spiCka”, “daJe”, “imenna”da ase Semdeg. ver iqna da ru-

suli sityvebi ver moviSoreT.Tu gvinda rom saqarTvelom namdvilad miaRwios Tavisufle-

bas unda gavumklavdeT imperiis Semotevebis Sedegad datovebul manks da davamarcxoT-

.RmerTma dagvifara,rom rusul enaze gadavsuliyaviT,rusul enaze gvesaubra,rusulad Seqmniliyo Cveni literature.madloba RmerTs da Cven did moRvaweebs,Tumca sasaubro ma-

inc danagvianebulia rusuliT.

me-20 saukunis damdegs uamravi qarTveli moswyda samSoblos da ucxoeTSi gadaixvewa.-

mwerali Tavis piblicistur werilebSi exmaureba axalgazrdebis wasvlas sakuTari ojaxe-

bidan da maT samudamo gaucxoebas.arada qveyana usaso mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda.cxadia,-daiwyeboda genofondis Semcireba.am savalalo Sedegebis molodinma aaRebina kalami mix-

.javaxiSvils xelSi.

xelisuflebis mTavari sazrunavi metyvelebia iaraRi “ena” iyo. is aqtiurad cdilobda

qarTuli enis gadagvarebas.javaxiSvils es mTavari problema aqvs dasmuli werilSi `qar-Tulis damaxinjebani”.

erT-erTi pirvelTagani,vinc xma aimaRla qarTuli enis dacvisTvis da gaafTrebuli

brZola gamoucxada masSi yovelgvar simaxinjes qarTuli sityvis didostati mixeil java-

xiSvili iyo. igi Zlier ganicdida am faqts da gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda,rom qarTulma mwerlobam ver mouara xucesis,merCules,mTawmindelis,SoTas da sxvaTa enas.misi sityviT

“dRevandelma literatorma veRar zida samemkvidro ganZi da lafSi Caagdo”.mwerali daun-

dobeli iyo inteligenciis im nawilis mimarT,vinc gulgrilad ekideboda am saqmes da TiT-

qos Seugneblad uwyobda kidec xels qarTuli enis damaxinjebas. sainteresoa javaxiSvilis werili arsena marabdelze.sadac is ganixilavs arsenas pi-

rovnebas.imas,Tu ram misca sababi daewera arsenaze erT Cveulebriv leqsze romani da Sem-

deg ukvdavad eqcia.aq zogi personaJi mogonilia,zogic namdvili,magram TiToeuls Tavisi

prototipi hyavs mwerlis TvalsawierSi.nawarmoebis Sesaxeb kritikasa da rCeva-darigebebs

mwerali ganixilavs publicistur werilSi “pasuxi arsena marabdelis irgvliv gamarTul disputze”,ambobs sxvebis azri gasaTvaliswinebelia Tumca viRacam sTqva; “yvelas mousmi-

ne,magram bolos mxolod Sen Tavs daujereo”.asec iqceva mwerali,ambobs-“bodiSs vixdi,-

magram yvelafers isev Cemi WkuiTa da gonebiT gadavWrio.

mis werilebSi igrZnoba didi patriotizmi,didi tkivili,romelsac ganicdis Cveni erisa da qveynis winaSe.amis magaliTi swored arsena marabdelia.man Tavis romanSi qarTvelebs


123

gmiri mogvivlina,raTa Segvedarebina Cveni araraoba misTvis.iqneb amis mere mainc gvezruna sakuTar samSobloze,enaze,erTmaneTze.

es istoriuli romani 1933-36 wlebSi daiwera.am periodis sisxliani represiebis fonze

romanma kidev ufro daamZima xelisuflebis mwerlisadmi damokidebuleba.romanSi naCvene-

bia xalxis brZola erovnuli da socialuri TavisuflebisTvis,swored meoce saukunis pir-vel saxevarSi.me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebis saqarTvelo arsebiTad igive movlenebiT xasi-

aTdeba,rogorc romanSi asaxuli me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevari.javaxiSvili iZulebulia

amoefaros istoriis Tematikas,warsulSi moiZios iseTi ambebi da siuJetebi,rac mis Tana-

medroveTa Tvalwin xdeba.warsulis saxiT ilaparakos im problemebze,romelic axalgaz-rdebs awuxebT da ver gamouTqvamT.arsena marabdelis epoqa axlosaa mwerlis epiqasTan-

.swored es romani gaxda erT-erTi safuZveli imisa,rom 1937wels mwerali daepatimrebinaT

da Semdeg sikvdiliT daesajaT.

is eris majiscemas miyuradebuli mamuliSvili iyo,rogorc pavle ingoroyvas uTqvams,i-gi mwerlobaSi publicistikidan da politikidan movida.rac imas niSnavs,rom cxovrebis Sua-

gulSi trialebda da sazogadoebrivi problemebis arsi ZiriT Ziramde hqonda gaCxrekili.

avtobiaografiaSi javaxiSvili wers: ”adamaSvilis moRvaweobis mTavari mizania saqar-

Tvelos Tavisufleba,saqarTvelos avonomia”.misi am sityvebis sinamdvilesa da sialaleze xom Tavisive Semoqmedeba mowmobs.da viqonioT imedi,rom mixeil javaxiSvilis es Sroma da

garja uSedegod ar Caivlis qarTveli erisTvis.


124

Tamar modebaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: lado minaSvili

maswavleblis saxe ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

„codna TavisTavad simdidrea. mere imisTana madliani simdidrea, rom rac unda bevrs

daurigo, bevrs gaunawilo, Sen ara mogakldeba-ra, Tu ar mogemateba... codna anTebul san-

Tels hgavs. erTs sanTelzed rom aTass sxva sanTels moukido, sanTels imiT arc ali daak-

ldeba, arc sinaTle, arc sicxovele, piriqiT, imatebs kidec, radgan erTis magier aTasi sxva sanTeli imasTan erTad daiwyebs laplaps“. aq saubaria codnaze misi saukeTeso gage-biT: codna d esaa ganaTleba, naTelTan, sikeTesTan ziareba. ilia yuradRebas amaxvilebs ganaTlebuli adamianis Zlier mxareebze: „Ronieri da WirTa mZlevi is aris, visac Wkua codniT moumarTavs, codniT auyvavebia, codnis ZuZuTi gauzrdia”. misi Semoqmedebis erovnul problematikaSi aRzrdis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. ilia exeba mas-

wavleblis saqmianobas da mis udides rols aRsazrdelis pirovnebad formirebis proces-

Si. igi Tvlis, rom maswavlebeli aRsazrdels codnasTan erTad aucileblad unda aZlev-des sulier ganaTlebas, zneobrivi magaliTis mimcemi unda iyos misTvis.

am mxriv Zalian sayuradReboa daumTavrebeli moTxroba „ucnauri ambavi“. ilia yu-

radRebas amaxvilebs maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris megobruli damokidebulebis au-

cileblobaze. aRmzrdelis movaleobis Sesruleba rTulia da sapasuxismgeblo. maswavleb-

lobis msurvel axalgazrdas gacnobierebuli unda hqondes Tavisi profesiis sirTule. „pedagogi unda eZebdes moswavlis gulisaken mimaval gzas. pirvel yovlisa, igi kargad un-

da icnobdes bavSvis xasiaTs, raTa maTi urTierToba sabolood megobrobaSi gadaizardos; rac mTavaria, maswavlebeli gamudmebiT unda iRrmavebdes codnas“.

momavali Taobis aRzrdis saqmeSi ganuzomelia maswavleblis roli. amitom maswavle-

bels profesiul ganviTarebaze mudmivi zrunva evaleba. ilia solomanis magaliTiT gviC-

venebs, Tu rogori siyvaruliT unda emzadebodes axalgazrda maswalebeli moswavlesTan Sesaxvedrad. is grZnobs Tavisi movaleobis udides pasuxismgeblobas. iliam maswavleblis Rvawli Semoqmedis saqmes gautola, roca aRniSna, rom maswavlebeli meore Semoqmedia, rac erTma misca adamians is meorem unda aRzardoso. saZnelo saqmed miiCnevs mwerali maswav-

leblis saqmes da Tvlis, rom mxolod inteleqtualur da maRali zneobrivi Rirebulebe-bis mqone adamians SeuZlia pedagogiuri procesis saTanadod warmarTva.

ilia saubrobs sifrTxileze, romelsac aucileblad unda iCendes damwyebi maswavlebe-

li. [grigol xanZTelis sityvebis azri „pativsa vxedav da patoJisagan meSinis“ ucvlelad meordeba ilias am moTxrobaSi]. solomans mTeli guliT unda maswavlebloba, uyvars es profesia; amisTvis emzadeba da cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti iswavlos, rom Semdeg Rirseu-lad Seudges Tavis saqmianobas. miRebuli ganaTlebis miuxedavad solomani sakuTar Tavs ar aZlevs imis uflebas, rom erTze meti bavSvis aRmzrdeloba ikisros: „didi gabedva ki un-

da, rom eg saqme kacma Tavs idos“ — ambobs is; miRebuli ganaTlebisa da sakuTari saqmisadmi udidesi siyvarulis miuxedavad Tavs aCqarebis uflebas ar aZlevs da ar Tanxmdeba SemoTa-

vazebas, rodesac mas skolis maswavleblad iwveven...


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skolis maswavleblobaze uaris Tqmas sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mizezic aqvs. am problemaze saubrobs ilia publicistur werilSi „pedagogiis safuZvlebi“. is iziarebs matteo vejios mosazrebas, romelic mSoblebs ar urCevs Svilebis iseT skolaSi tarebas, sadac bevri bavSvebi arian; imitom, rom saukeTeso maswavleblisTvisac SeuZlebeli iqneba TiToeuli bavSvisTvis cal-calke Tvalyuris devneba da maTi gonebrivi da individualu-

ri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba. „Tu wvrTna ginda bavSvisa, igi unda Caiso gulSi da iman Sen. bevrSi eg, Cemi fiqriT, Se-

uZlebelia, umagisod ki, SesaZloa d swavla, codna misce da adamianoba ki arasdros. me ki ase mgonia, rom adamianobas pirveli adgili unda daeTmos bavSvis wvrTna-swavlebaSi“ d am-

bobs solomani da saqmiT asrulebs Tavis sityvas. cdilobs, Cawvdes bavSvis sulier samya-

ros da aRsazrdelis patara gulSi sikeTis Tesli gaaxaros. „bavSvi igiv adamiania, da miT ufro Zneli sacnobelia, rom Znel wasakiTx qaragmiT da-

werilia, Tu es iTqmis da ara sxvil da srul asoebiT, rogorc damTavrebuli kaci. ar unda gvikvirdes, rom rasac did mdinareSi vpoulobT, imas mis patara saTaveSiac vxedavT. bavSi saTavea, dasawyisia didi adamianisa“d SeniSnavs solomani da ufiqrdeba aRsazrdelis bune-

bas. is sasiamovnod gaocda patara patikos saqcieliT, romelmac xorcis Wamaze uari Tqva: Zroxas rom klaven, codoao... solomanma masSi naxa udidesi madli d madli sibralulisa, deda yvela sxva madlisa. aRsazrdels maswavleblis cxovrebaSi udidesi adgili ukavia, amis dasturia misi Canaweri: „patara patikos ambavi d didi ambavia. xnuli mzad aris, Tes-

lic gaRivebula. uuwmindeso madlo sibralulisav, gican Sen!..“ ilias maswavlebeli warmatebiT iyenebs induqciur meTods aRmzrdelobiT saqmianoba-

Si da bavSvs exmareba sxvisi grZnobebis SemCnevaSi, riTac amcirebs masSi egoisturi saqcie-

lis gamovlenis albaTobas: „dage bRartis deda, d daanaxva solomanma Citi: d rarigad hnaRvlobs da iqneba stiris

kidec, Svils rad marTmeveno, imas unda bRarti budeSi hyvandes TavisTan. – aba bude? d ikiTxa bavSvma.

– age, d daanaxva solomanma xeze bude.

– amsvi. solomanma aiyvana xelSi patiko da budis siswvriv gaaCera. bavSvma Casva bRarti. so-

lomanma patiko Zirs dauSva Tu ara, uTxra: – aba uyure, deda exlav mohfrindeba da radrigad gaixarebs!... marTla, erTi wuTic ar gasula, deda Semoskupda budeze da, ra dainaxa Tavisi Svili

mTeli da cocxali, imis sixaruls bolo ara hqonda. tanze bumbuli daulagda, xmac daut-

kba da iseTs WikWiks sixarulisas mohyva, TiTqo hlocavs Tavis Svilis mxsnelsao...“ solomani siyvaruliT da keTilganwyobiT midis aRsazrdelTan da misganac imaves

iRebs: „bavSvis patara gulma maSinve igrZno megobari... mTeli dRe bavSvi solomans aRar moSorebia“.

mniSvnelovania, agreTve, aRsazrdelTan pirveli Sexvedris Semdeg maswavleblis ubis wignakSi gakeTebuli Canaweri: „dRes ... Cemi pirveli gakveTili iyo. RmerTo SeniT!.. bavSi Zalian momewona. Zneli dasawyisi swavladwrTvnisa erT dRes momixerxda: me da bavSi davme-gobrdiT. bewvis xidi gaviare“...

ilia Tvlis, rom bavSvobis STabeWdilebebi garkveulwilad ganapirobebs mis momaval adamianobas. miaCnia, rom yvelaze metad mcirewlovans sWirdeba gonieri adamianis Tanad-

goma, rom misgan Rirseuli adamiani Camoyalibdes.


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„aRzardo d niSnavs dadebiTi gavlena moaxdino moswavlis fsiqikur da moralur saxe-

ze, Camoayalibo misgan adamiani. aRmzrdels ucqeris bavSvTa fxizeli Tvali, romelTac gasaocrad kargad exerxebaT, SeniSnon maswavleblis rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxa-

reebi. moswavleTa aRzrda d es aris maswavleblis damokidebuleba moswavleebisadmi da swored es aqcevs aRzrdas uZneles saqmed“.

ilias SemoqmedebaSi gaidealebulni arian is personaJebi, romlebic keTilis qmnas isa-

xaven cxovrebis miznad. maswavleblis idealur saxes gvaCvenebs ilia moTxrobaSi „glaxis na-

ambobi“. am nawarmoebiT xazs usvams imas, rom kargi aRmzrdeli aRsazrdels gasagebad unda esaubrebodes, aswavlides zneobas da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saqmiT unda amtkiceb-

des Tavis sityvebs. vefxistyaosnis sibrZnis gadmocemisas moZRvarma daamtkica, rom mTeli arsebiT aqvs

gaTavisebuli is, rasac aswavlis. is ara marto codnas aZlevs aRsazrdelebs, aramed siyva-rulis gakveTilebs utarebs, im gakveTilebs, romlebic samudamod rCebian aRsazrdelis gonebaSi da mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi asazrdoeben mas.

maswavleblis Tvisebebi CvenTvis cnobili xdeba misive saqmeebiT. mas uyvars yoveli adamiani da cdilobs, yvelas sikeTe gaukeTos. usasyidlod aswavlis swavlasmowyurebul, magram Rarib axalgazrdebs. gasamrjelod mxolod Raribebisa da gaWirvebulebisadmi Ta-

nagrZnobas iTxovs. aswavlis maT, rom sikeTis keTebaSia cxovrebis azri. iseTi adamiania, rom „saca ki sikeTea am ubanSi, imisi madliani xelic iq urevia“; patronobs yvelas, visac ki misi daxmareba Wirdeba; aris gulTbili, Tavmdabali, yuradRebiani, adamianuri Rirsebis pativismcemeli, bunebiT optimistia („kacma rom moindomos, kldes gaarRvevso“),

iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli moswavlis SesaZleblobebs: swavlis dawyebidan samidoTxi Tvis Semdeg moZRvarma sxva mowafeebs daaSora gabrieli; Sevardeni yofilxaro, uTxra, Sen SevardeniviT miqri, sxvebi ki taatiT midian... amieridan isini dilaobiT ivlian, Sen saRamo-

obiT modi... kargi moswavle maswavleblis sixarulia, mivujdeT wigns, Sen me wamaxalise, me ki Sen wagaxalisebo. gabriels aCuqa qarTveli eris saunje d „vefxistyaosani“, Tan istori-

ac ar daiviwya da Tamar mefis epoqaze esaubra; Tuki Cveni qveyana welSi gamarTula, sity-vas Zala gamouCenia, guls simtkice da mklavs simagre, eg dalocvili mefis, Tamaris dedo-

bis dros momxdarao. sayuradReboa, rom moZRvari gabriels „vefxistyaosnis“ swavlas pro-

logidan ki ara, rostevan arabTa mefis ambidan awyebinebs, radgan prologi ufro rTulia da mis gasagebad garkveuli sabaziso codnaa saWiro. maswavlebeli gabriels zneobriv sa-

kiTxebze umaxvilebs yuradRebas („rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara, — dakargulia“). „marTali iyav da simarTles sdie, gza yovelTvis kacuri geqneba“ — ase arigebs moZRvari gabriels ga-

momSvidobebisas. iliam kargad icis, Tu ra Zala aqvs magaliTis micemas. moZRvari zneobrivad maRal safe-

xurze idga; iyo glaxakTa Semwe, unugeSoTaTvis nugeSis mimcemi... SeeZlo, uyoymanod gaewira Tavisi sicocxle misTvis ucnobi adamianis gadasarCenad. rac mTavaria, misi magaliTiT sxvebsac uCndebodaT sikeTis keTebis survili. gabriels aswavlida, rom „sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa sikvdili saxelovani“. am dros moisma CoCqoli... muSa ixrCoboda, xalxi erTad Seg-roviliyo, ganwirulis gadasarCenad civ mdinareSi gadaxtomas, sikvdilis SiSiT, veravin be-

davda, magram rogorc ki dainaxes, rom moZRvari daufiqreblad gadaeSva wyalSi, sindisma Se-

awuxa jan-RoniT savse axalgazrdebi da Svidiode ymawvili mihyva moZRvris gzas. moZRvarma araerTxel daumtkica gabriels, rom swams is, rasac aswavlis; misca ganaT-

leba da am ganaTlebasTan erTad, Camoayaliba zneobrivad amaRlebuli pirovneba, romel-

sac, ubralod, aRar SeeZlo, erTxel arCeuli gzidan gadaexvia da codvili cxovrebiT ecx-


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ovra. gabriels sindisma ar misca ufleba, rom ucodveli adamiani gaeubedurebina, ubra-lod moekla kaci an Tavi yaCaRobiT erCina. sindisi ukarnaxebda, rom codvaa im adamianis mokvla, vinc cxovreba daungria ara marto mas, aramed misTvis sayvarel adamianebs.

aRmzrdelis, moZRvris saxe Tavidanve iqca mwerlis asaxvis obieqtad. es cxadad gamoC-

nda mis prozaul „pirmSoSi“, „glaxis naambobSi“, sadac man daxata sasuliero piris, gabrie-

lis maswavleblis STambeWdavi saxe, romlis swavlebis meTodebi da piradi magaliTebi iqca gabrielis sulieri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrelad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ilia WavWavaZe Tavis bolo mxatvrul qmnilebaSi, daumTavrebel „uc-

naur ambavSi“ gansaxierebis sagnad kvlav aRzrdis problemas irCevs. ilia am moTxrobaSi miznad isaxavs axalgazrda maswavleblis sanimuSo saxe warmoadginos. daumTavrebeli moTxrobis im nawilSi, romelic man dabeWda, kargad igrZnoba, Tu ra Zneli da sapasuxis-

mgeblo saqmea, ikisro bavSvis sulis wvrTna da ra didi bednierebaa, roca maswavlebeli xe-davs Tavisi garjis pirvel nayofs.

literatura:

1. qarTuli proza, wigni VIII. ilia WavWavaZe, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi,

1984 w. 2. ilia WavWavaZe, tomi IV (xuTtomeuli), publicisturi werilebi. gamomcemloba „sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelo“; Tbilisi, 1987 w. 3. akakis krebuli, t I, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999 4. „madlis“ 1990—2010 wlebis krebuli, t. II, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, Tbili-

si, 2004 w. 5. ganviTarebisa da swavlebis Teoriebi, gamomcemloba „saqarTvelos macne“. maswavlebelTa

profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2008 w. 6. ilia WavWavaZe d brZnuli azrebi da gamonaTqvamebi. Semdgenlebi: naira doliZe, dodo Ju-

ruli, qeTevan bandukaSvili. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro; Tbili-si, 1997 w.


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nino xaJomia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: Tamar paiWaZe

oTar WilaZis romani „martis mamali“ — ZiriTadi problematika

oTar WilaZis romani „martis mamalikk mravalmxriv sainteresoa. masSi asaxva hpoves me-

oce saukunis iseTma mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, rogoricaa: ilias mkvleloba, saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublikis damxoba, meore msoflio omi, omis Semdgomi wlebis socia-

luri sirTuleni da a.S romanis saTauri pirvelive TavSia ganmartebuli. „martis mamalikk mTavari personaJis metsaxelad nagulisxmebi alegoriaa. gmirisTvis poets es saxeli imi-

tom Seurqmevia, „martis mamali Cveulebrivze mkvircxlic romaa da yoCaRic.“ swored aseT

„mkvircxl da yoCaR“ pirovnebad daxata avtorma mTavari personaJi. mamlis uamrav simbo-

loTagan is maradiuli ganaxlebis, maradiuli sikvdilisa da aRdgomis simbolod iqca. (ni-

koleiSvili 2002, 567-568) romanSi mTavaria identobis ori saxe d fsiqosocialuri da erovnuli. fsiqosocialu-

ri identifikaciis mopovebis procesi „martis mamalSi“ umTavresi problemaa. faqtobri-

vad mTeli romani 15 wlis biWis mier sakuTari Tavis Ziebasa da povnis ambavs asaxavs. iden-tobis mopovebisaTvis mniSvnelovania TanatolebTan urTierToba, maTi siyvaruli da sa-

zogadoebaSi TviTdamkvidreba. niko swored am procesSi daSorda mSoblebs, Tanatolebs. mis fsiqikaSi Tavs iCens mozardisTis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani. mas uWirs sakuTari Ta-

visa da pirovnebis realizacia. (nemsaZe 2009, 69-70) meore umniSvnelovanesi ram, rac identobis mopovebaSi uSlis xels nikos, aris SiSi. nikos

fsiqikaSi yalibdeba SiSi Seubralebeli Tanatolisadmi, romelic xelis aukankaleblad klavs adamians. SiSi garkveulwilad, wina Taobisagan memkvidreobiT aqvs miRebuli. misi papa mTeli cxovreba am grZnobiT iyo Sepyrobili. miuxedavad yvelafrisa niko Tavis TavSi ipovis Zalas da gogias WeSmarit saxes miawebebs. SiSis daZleva mas identifikaciis procesSi Zalian daexma-

ra. kidev erTi barieri, rac nikos xels uSlis, aris daeWveba sakuTar TavSi. gaurkvevlobaSi yofnas bevri ram uwyobs xels: umamoba, udedoba, xiznoba, papis gaqceva Tu gogiasnairebis mi-

marT SiSi. niko sakuTar Tavs eZebs. am rTul procesSi, cnobierebisa da qvecnobieris WidilSi vano maswavleblis mier dasmuli kiTxva: „siRnaRi ras niSnavso?“ nikos imeds usaxavs. „siRnaRi imas niSnavs, rasac yvelani daveZebT... siRnaRi Turqulad TavSesafars niSnavs.“ es sityvebi ni-kos Zalas matebs. identifikaciisTvis Svilebs aucileblad sWirdebaT mamebTan kontaqti. am procesSi nikos mniSvnelovnad exmareba mamis is saqcieli, roca mama Tavad ambobs uars TviT-

mkvlelobaze. Rrmad simboluria katletis micemis Jestic. es dauZlurebuli mSoblebis Tao-

bis msxverplis simboloa. identifikaciis procesi sruldeba mxolod maSin, roca igi amiranis miTiur saxesTan mamis xatis igiveobas adgens. „Cven yvelani amiranis Svilebi varT“ ukve gan-

xorcielebul identobaze mianiSnebs. fsiqosocialuri identifikacia xorcieldeba erovnu-

li identobis mopovebiT. (nemsaZe 2009, 71-73) erovnuli identifikacia eris koleqtiuri cnobierebis Sida fenebSi aRwevs da erTi

pirovnebis tragikuli sikvdili erovnul tragediad aRiqmeba. ilias mkvlelobiT gamowve-


129

uli tragedia ki ar ganeldeba, aramed ufro Rrmad SeiWra cnobierebaSi da momaval Taobas mamismkvleli eris Svilobis kompleqsi Camouyaliba, ramac erovnul identifikaciaze mo-

axdina negatiuri gavlena. am movlenas pirvelmkvlelobis kaenuri Sinaarsi mieca. გ( o აgi 2006, 152) am codvas niko uSualod ganicdis. adamiani maSin Tavisufldeba tvirTisgan, ro-

ca mis mTel simZimes gamoscdis. imitom moeTxoveba nikos sxvaze meti yvelaferi, radgan gansakuTrebuli codva adevsdmamis mkvleloba. nikos siRnaRSi ar hyavs mamis xazis gam-

grZelebeli, amitom yvelgan eZebs Sesaferis adamians. swored am niSniT Semohyavs avtors ucnobi. is rom es kaci aravisTvis ar aris nacnobi, ganapirobebs mis mravlobiTobas. niko masSi mamas xedavs. misi sityvebi: „mama megona uecrado,“ amaze metyvelebs. nikos deida masSi Tavis satrfos wnorel sosos xedavs, giJkola kidmamas. ucnobi, rogorc arqetipuli niSa-ni, maindentificirebuli niSanicaa, radgan swored misi meSveobiT aqtiurdeba identifika-

ciis moTxovnileba warsulze pasuxismgeblobis gaRviZebiT. identifikaciis krizisis er-

TderTi mizezi swored upasuxismgebloba da daviwyebaa. (nemsaZe 2009, 87-90) meoredinfantilizmi, individualuri cnobierebis moumwifebloba. nikom unda gaar-

kvios „me d koncefcia“, darwmundes imaSi, „Rirsi rom iyo ara marto gaCenis, aramed gadar-

Cenisac“ da mxolod amis Semdeg daaRwevs Tavs fsiqosocialuri da erovnuli identobis kriziss. amiranis saxe garda fsiqosocialurisa, erovnul identifikaciisaTvisac mniSvne-

lovania. mxatvrul literaturaSi amirani damonebuli samSoblos hipostasad ganixileba. amiranis ganTavisufleba eris bednierebis tolfasia. es problema ki nikos Taobam unda ga-

daWras. (nemsaZe 2009, 90) „martis mamali“ drosivrculi modelis mixedviT mniSvnelovani romania. movlenaTa

ganviTareba or gansxvavebul droSi xdebad realursa da warmosaxviTSi. es ori dro ise bu-

nebrivad Tanamonacvleobs, rom isini mxolod pirobiTad Tu arian erTmaneTisgan gamij-

nulni. nikos cnobierebaSi arsebuli sivrce imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu sad gadahyavs qvec-

nobierebas nikos goneba da warmosaxva: xan baTumSi (deddmamis gaxsenebisas), xan saiqioSi (vano maswavleblis SvilTan Sexvedra da giJkolas mamis kubos naxva), xan wnoridsiRnaRis gzatkecilze (avtobusis scena) da sxva... sivrcis identifikaciis analizisTvis saintere-

soa mxolod realuri sivrce, sadac omis Semdgomi wlebis siRnaRis cxovreba Cans. (kvaWan-

tiraZe 1992, 55-57; nemsaZe 2009, 112; nikoleiSvili 2002, 568) aq uaryofiTi (gogias saxli) da dadebiTi (nikos papis saxli) polusebi upirispirdebian

erTmaneTs. swored am or urTierTsapirispiro cxovrebis WidilSi ikveTeba sivrce da xde-

ba misi identifikacia. (nemsaZe 2009, 122) romanSi mTavari drama gmiris fsikikaSi TamaSdeba. avadmyofobiT gaTangulma nikom er-

Ti Tvis ganmavlobaSi ara mxolod fizikuri, zneobrivi memkvidreobiT miRebuli senic un-da gamodevnos sakuTari sxeulidan da sulidan. romani asaxavs nikos brZolas sakuTar Tav-

Tan, rac sabolood gamarjvebiT sruldeba. Tumca es gza ar aris ioli gasavleli. is xe-

laxla, meored ibadeba. veravin ityvis ra jvars umzadebs gangeba fiqris idumalebas nazia-

reb ymawvils, magram erTi ram man ukve danamdvilebiT icis d „rac giyvars, siyvarulis gamo unda giyvardes da rac gZuls, isic siyvarulis gamo unda gZuldes“. გ( o აgi 2006, 152-153)

literatura: 1. ჳოგიჱ 2006: z. გogiა , saukuneTa gzagasayarze: (literaturuli narkvevebi), Tbilisi 2006.

2. kvaWantiraZe 1992: m. kvaWantiraZe, „marts mamali“ — dro da sivrce, ცiskarი, 1992, 2.

3. nemsaZe 2009: a. nemsaZe, „identifikaciis problema oTar WilaZis romanebSi. Tbilisi 2009.

4. nikoleiSvili 2002: a. nikoleiSvili, XX saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, quTaisi 2002.


130

Teona ZiZiguri soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori: nana kucia

nodar dumbaZe qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi

yovel ers gaaCnia sakuTari literaturuli istoria, istoria romlis fragmentebi

erovnuli literaturuli moRvaweni arian. arc Cveni eria gamonaklisi. gamonaklisi?! d ra-Ra es sityva avirCieT, me vityodi, rom qarTveli eri am mxriv erT-erTi gamorCeulia.

zemoT vaxsene, fragmentebi qmnian mTlian suraTs-Tqo da am did xelovnebaSi myari da vrceli adgili uWiravs yvelasaTvis gulTan axlos myof nodar dumbaZes. man Seqmna sru-liad sxva, TviTmyofadi da gasaocari kulti mwerlisa. kiTxulob mis nawarmoebebs da gu-li madliTa da sixaruliT gevseba.sixaruliT imitom, rom xvdebi adamianebi arseboben ise-Tebi, rogorebic RmerTma Seqmna: ubraloni, keTilni , saTnoni da bevri sxva.

nodar dumbaZeze SeiZleba dausruleblad ilaparako adamianma, Tan ise, rom ar mogbez-rdes da mudam siaxliT avsebde sakuTar saTqmels. Cemi mizani ki dRes sul sxvaa, vcdilob gavarkvio, Sevudaro Cemi damokidebuleba mwerlisadmi sxvebisas da gavigo Tu rogor afa-sebdnen mas qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi.

nodar dumbaZis Sesaxeb araerTi ametyvelebula, bevrs gasCenia survili esaubra am gu-laTan axlos Casabudebel pirovnebaze. maT Soris iyvnen: guram asaTiani, giorgi gaCeCila-Ze, akaki gawerelia, guram gverdwiTeli, giorgi margvelaSvili, soso sigua, tariel Wantu-ria, sergi WilaZe da sxvani.

cxadia, rTulia yvelas naazrevs erTad mouyaro Tavi am formatSi , magram albaT saT-qmeli unda iTqvas, unda iTqvas is, Tu ras gviambobdnen “mzia“i gulis mweralzeo.

aravis, arcerT Cvengans ar xelewifeba amJamad mkiTxvelTan, qarTveli adamianis gul-Tan aseTi mimdobi, aseTi guliTadi saubari, aravis ar upyria xelT ase ostaturad misi gu-lis gasaRebi, rogorc nodar dumbaZeso — uTqvams guram asaTians.

ramden adamians moefera is Tavisi sityviT, ramdenTa gulis gaTboba moaswro, ramdeni xelCaqneuli Semoabruna, moaqcia da daarwmuna , rom sococxle, miuxedavad uamravi uke-Turobisa, mainc madlia, mainc sikeTea, mainc mSvenierebaa da sanam cocxali xar, Senc am si-keTes unda mouaro, moesiyvarulo, amravlo da aaRorZino- dasZens avtori. misi TqmiT, no-dar dumbaZes gaaCnda saocari Tviseba, Tviseba, romelic misi usazRvro iumoriT sazrdo-obda. mas hqonda sicilis ucnauri teqnika, is ise “ga“adgurebs”, Sen ar gwyins , damcirebu-lad ar grZnob Tavs da zogjer sxvebsaviT icini sakuTari ganqiqebis gamoo.

es iyo didi saidumloeba, romelic mxolod man icoda, swored, rom masve uTqvams: “ me Tavisufleba mindoda da sicilic amitom avirCieo-o. am sityvebSi didi da amaRelvebeli azri devs, siciliT man marTlac didi gasaqni moupova Tavis naazrevs. misi sicilis mTava-ri daniSnuleba sikeTisaTvis karis gaRebaa. swored siciliT Segvayvara man Tavisi usayvar-lesi gmirebi, siciliTave gvaniSna adamianTa Secdomebis mravli saTave, oRond ise, rom yvela Tavis msxverpls gmosavali dautova.

sicili adamianis sicocxlis unarianobis umTavresi niSanTagania. vidre adamians mter-ze, moyvareze, Tavis Tavze, saerTod raimeze gacineba SeuZlia, es niSnavs, rom misi saqme


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jer kidev ar wamxdara. xalxi, romelmac aseTi saRi, gadamdebi sicilis unari SeinarCuna ar aris ganwiruli.

es unda Tqmuliyo, es usaTuod unda eTqva vinmes Cvens droSi, didi zarisa da gansacde-lis, saukunis did warRvnaTa Semdeg. da ase Tqma sxva arvis SeeZlo, Tu ara nodar dumbaZes.

sicilis fenomeni uzustesad aqvs daWerili guram asaTians, zemoTnaxsenebi avtorebi ki am fenomenTan erTad, sxva, aranakleb saintereso sakiTxebze amaxvileben yuradRebas.

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom airCia nodar dumbaZem TviTgamoxatvis formad mancdamainc mwerloba, giorgi gaCeCilaZes sami pasuxi aqvs: adamianebTan komunikalobis saocari unari, gezi artistizmis sakuTari beWdiT dasmuli sikeTisken da msloflgagebis ganuyofel Tvi-sebad qceuli iumori, romelzedac sakmaod visaubreT. misi TqmiT, nodar dumbaZe “mfla“-gveli milioneriviT hfenda Tavis garSemo Sinagani impulsebidan momdinare jadosnur at-mosferoso. saqme exeba gulwrfelobis deficitiT gmowveul moTxovnebs literaturul procesSi. am moTxovnebs droTa viTarebaSi simboluri mniSvnelobac aRmoaCnda da grafi-kuli gamosaxulebac.

nodar dumbaZis mimarT yvelaferi umartivesma fizionomisturma asociaciam ganapiro-ba, advili SesamCnevi aRmoCnda, rom misi saxe Tavisi konturuli moxazulobiT saocrad hgavda gulis anatomiur formas. am simbolos mTavari mizezi iyo is, rom nodar dumbaZem Tavidanve imis Sesaxeb daiwyo wera, rac sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi, guliT gancdili, biografiulad gadatanili.

nanaxis, gancdilis da gadatanilis gamo nodar dumbaZem gulianad acina da kidevac atira xalxi... gulianad mohfina Tavis garSemo sikeTis sxivi...

sagulisxmoa, rom nodar dumbaZis gmirebi metwilad ymawvilebi arian. yoveli maTgani izrdeba, cxovrobs da gansacdels egueba umamod. mamis avtoritaristul (avtoriseuli termini) zegavlenas isini moklebulni arian. Tumca maT irgvliv arsebuli pirovnebani si-keTis xels uwvdian da amitomac maTTvis wuTisoflis siZneleni sxvaTa daxmarebiT daZle-ul iqneba.

Tumca, saqme isaa, rom avtori yovelTvis imas rodi gvauwyebda, rac xdeboda, is arse-bulsa da sasurvels Soris upiratesobas ukanasknels aniWebda da amiT misTvis ukve gan-cdil “sikeTis esTetikaso sxvasac uziarebda.

nodar dumbaZe fiqrobda , rom garemosa da adamianis dapirisirebaSi, rac ar unda ul-mobeli iyos es garemo , adamianma ar unda SeaWmevinos mas Tavi. cxovrebasa da literatura-Si gancdili sikeTe ki is Zala unda iyos, romelic adamians am titanur brZolaSi daxmare-bao — ambobda giorgi gaCeCilaZe.

nodar dumbaZis usazRvro niWiereba, weris originaluri manera adamianTa xasiaTebis xatvaSi vlindeba. swored am sakiTxze amaxvilebs sergi Wilaia yuradRebas da gviambobs: nodar dumbaZem swored xasiaTebis xatviT gaiTqva saxeli, mis mier didi istatobiT gamo-Zerwilma mxatvrulma xasiaTebma - zurikela vaSalomiZem, sosoia mamalaZem, avTandil ja-yelma, zaza nakaSiZem mudmivi bina qarTveli xalxis gulSi daides. am mxatvruli xasiaTebis umTavresi niSan-Tvseba keTilis qadagebaa, keTili saqcieli da keTili moqmedeba gansazR-vravs maT arsebas.

qarTul mwerlobas rusTavelma uanderZa keTilis gardauvali WeSmariteba “b”r”tsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia!o rusTavelis am anderZis erTi yvelaze erTguli da Tanmimdevruli damcveli qarTul mwerlobaSi nodar dumbaZea. masTan sikeTisa da borote-bis WidilSi gamarjvebuli mudam sikeTea, mwerlis azriT yvelaze didi amocana am qveynad aris kacTmoyvareobis qadageba, rac aisaxeba imaSi, rom dumbaZe sikeTes eZebs arakeTil adamianebSic ki. am rwmenis gamoxatulebaa is, rom boroti sulis adamianebSic bolos da


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bolos keTilma sawyisma ipova adgili: rodesac adidebul mdinares mihqonda sibrZnisa da sikeTis gansaxiereba, ulamazesi sulis xatia , mdinaris boboqar talRebs is dezertirma daTikom gamostaca.

kacTmoyvareobis namdvili apologiaa “TeTri bairaRebio. mweralma icis, rom adamiane-bi borotebad ar ibadebian, mdgomareobiT gamowveul borotebas umal cvlis adamianis ke-Tili sawyisi, rogorc ki adamianis mdgomareoba Seicvleba. mdgomareobis Secvla ki TviT adamianzea damokidebuli. nodar dumbaZes ar sjera adamianis sulis uimedo gaxrwna. TviT borotmoqmed adamianTa sulSic tovebs adgils kacTmoyvareobisTvis. zneobrivi ganwmen-disa da keTilis gamarjvebisTvis. swored amitom iyo is “kacTm”yvare”bis mxatvario, ro-gorc es misTvis sergi Wilaias uwodebia.

mTavari “damnaSave” misi aseTi binebisa, misive guli iyo, “mzia“i gulio, guram gverdwi-Telis sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT.

“diax... Tqven xelovnuri guli ar gamogadgebaT, xelovnuri guliT Tqven ver icocx-

lebTo-etyvis profesori baCana ramiSvils, nodar dumbaZis romanis “maradis”bis kanoniso mTavar gmirs, profesiiT mwerals.

Zneli aRsaqmeli ar unda iyos is faqti, rom am siuJetSi baCanas ukan Tavad mwerali dgas. man samjer infarqtgadatanilma , sikvdil-sicocxlis zRurblze kategoriuli uari ganacxa-da xelovnuri stimulatoris Cadgmaze, radgan xelovnuri guliT cxovreba misTvis warmo-udgeneli iyo. mis Semdeg sul male, sul ramdenime dReSi kidec daemSvidoba am qveyanas.

“ ... xelovnuri guliT Tqven ver icocxlebT...o des sityvebi gamoxataven yvelaze ubra-lo da yvelaze did aRiarebas, rac ki mweralma SeiZleba daimsaxuros, amdagavari sityvebi misi arsebobis gamarTleba iqneba. ase ganvlili xanmokle cxovrebac ki bevrad ufro lama-zia da sikeTis kvalis dammCnevi, vidre xangrZlivi, Tundac dausrulebeli sicocxle, uf-ro zustad, fizikuri arseboba zogierTebisa.

yvela da yvelaferi, keTili da adamianuri siyvarulis daRiT aris dasmuli, siyvaru-lis cecxliT aris STagonebuli, siyvarulis naTliT aris gasxivosnebuli. da am siyvaru-liT aRgznebul guls feTqva sWirdeba, civi da xelovnuri guli amis Semoqmedad ar gamod-geba.

humanizmis qadageba unayofoa, Tu mwerlis saTqmeli misi cxeli gulis gavliT ar midis mkiTxvelamde - aseTia guram gverdwiTelis Sexeduleba.

swored amitom, misma cxelma, mziani sxivebiT gamTbarma, mzianma gulma SeZlo is, rom moelbo da sxvagvarad aeZgerebina sxvTa gaqvavebuli gulebi.

yovelive zomoTTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom nodar dumbaZem qar-Tul saliteraturo kritikaSi gulis karebi gauRo yvelas, Tan ise Rrmad, rom misi moxur-va arc da verc warmogvidgenia. amitomac, amis dasturad da saboloo sityvis saTqmelad mizanSewonili iqenba , tariel Wanturias sityvebi moviSvelioT:

“SeuZ ‚—�—‘‚�, mkacrad reglamentirebulma raime mniSvnelovani Tqva nodar dumbaZe-ze, radgan amisTvis, ubralod aucilebelia ilaparako mTel Taobazeo

avtors uneblied axsendeba mwerlis moTxroba “didr””, sadac gatarebulia azri, rom met sinaTles ixilavs igi, vinc meti tvirTi aswia.

nodar dumbaZis gmirmac aswia es didi tvirTi da amitomac ixila meti sinaTle d Camav-li mzis Suqi.

am moTxrobiT nodar dumbaZemac aswia Tavisi sajildao qva da am tvirTma meti sinaTle da sixaruli moutana mwerals.


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erTxel revaz inaniSvilisTvis tariel Wanturias ukiTxavs: raze Cafiqrebulxaro? ra-zeo da ai, nodar dumbaZeze, erTaderTia Cven Soris, vinc saxalxo wigni dawera, es wigni er-Tnairad uyvars da ainteresebss yvelas: jariskacsa da generals, mecniersa da miwis muSas, hoda, minda gavigo rogor moaxerxa es, am saidumloze viqrobo. es saidumlo miT umetes ar vici me, magram es xels ar miSlis, sxvebiviT da iqneb sxvebze metadac, miyvardes nodar dum-baZe da misi wignebio d SeniSnavda tariel Wanturia.

asea axlac... nodar dumbaZem sakuTari mziani guliTa Tu did tvirT aweulma, Camavali mzis Suqis mxilvelma, ubralom, xalisianma da amave dros uamravi tkivilis matarebelma, pirdapirma da uSualom, sikeTisa da humanizmis gansaxierebam, sikeTis esTetikis SemgrZne-belma da SemdgomSi sxvebisTvis gamziarebelma am yevlafriT erTad da cal-calke SeZlo Seeyvarebina Tavi mkiTxvelisaTvis...

es siyvaruli damsaxurebulia, mravaljer mopovebuli da gamyarebuli... es siyvarulia, romelic JamTa svlas ar acveTinebs grZnobebs!... literatura: 1. “mzia“i gulis mweralio (avtorTa krebuli):

2. guram asaTiani d “mziuri niWio

3. giorgi gaCeCilaZe – ”dar dumbaZis fenomenio

4. guram gverdwiTeli – “mzia“i gulio

5. sergi Wilaia – “kacTm”yvare”bis mxatvari

6. tariel Wanturia – “si“aTle – tkivilis fasad! “


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qeTevan samadaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistratura

niko samadaSvilis „Rrubelnara Rameebi“

niko samadaSvili daibada sofel xidisTavSi 1905 wlis 19 ivliss da gardaicvala 1963

wlis 1 maiss. manamde iyo „cxovrebis geris“ gauxareli, „ZanZaxi“ sicocxle, martosuli ada-

mianis tkiviliani, magram saocrad xatovani xilvebiT aRbeWdili. oblobis susxma Tavidanve daTrTvila biWis Cvili guli _ 2 wlisas mama gardaecvala,

ymawvilkacobaSi pirveli siyvarulis marcxi igema. iqneb amitomaa misi poeturi xilvebi mu-qi, nislebSi Cakarguli, qariSxliT nasazrdoebi:

„Sen gadarebdnen bindebis WriWins, Tumca sul mudam tots gcemda qari.“ („niko samadaSvils“)

poetis „gaurandavi“, magram saocrad ZarRviani SemoqmedebisaTvis yvelaze niSandob-

livi Ramis siyvarulia, idumali, amouxsneli tkiviliT savse. miseuli Rame TiTqos cocxa-

lia _ feTqavs. sunTqavs, icremleba: „Ramem kopebi Seikra,“ „noembris qarSeyrili Rame ymu-

oda da Cabnelebuli sivrceebi ufrialebda,“ _ wers igi. Temo jafariZem mis Semoqmedebas „RamisTevis poezia“ uwoda.

qarTul poeziaSi Rames TiTqmis mistikuri datvirTva aqvs _ igi SemoqmedTa mesaidum-

le da didi sulieri tanjvis gamqarvebeli da Tanaziaria: „Ramea bneli, delgmaa, dgandgarebs aremareo. RmerTo, mohxede tanjulTa, uSvele, Seiwyaleo!“ (vaJa-fSavela, „stumar-maspinZeli“)

„mxolod Ramem, uZilobis dros sarkmelSi mokamkamem, icis Cemi saidumlo, yvela icis TeTrma Ramem.“ (galaktioni, „me da Rame“)

Rameuli landebis kvaldakval araerTxel uvlia udides qarTvel romantikoss, nikoloz baraTaSvils. misi „SemoRameba mTawmindazed“ qarTuli lirikis Seudarebeli margalitia:

„hoi, saRamov, myudrov, saamov, Sen damSTi Cemad sanugeSeblad, ros mwuxareba Semomesevis, Senda moviltvi gansaqarveblad! mwuxri gulisa _ sevda gulisa _ nugeSsa amas Sengan miiRebs, rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs!“ („SemoRameba mTawmindazed“)


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niko samadaSilis poeziaSi ki Rame TiTqos Cakirulia, tkiviliani, tragikuli: „SuaRa-

mem rom veraferi gaawyo, erTi daimuxlisTava, TavSi waiSina da sazareli moTqmiT gadai-karga kacTmZulvarebis samyarodan,“ _ wers avtori Tavis erT-erT prozaul TxzulebaSi.

es xilvebi samudamod aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi: „varskvlavis SuqSi krTis sakmeveli,

mTvare samTvaros sanaTirsa hgavs.“ („rwmena“)

poets bindiani, muqi ferebiT uyvars peizaJis gaferadeba. swored aseT ferebSi aRiqme-

ba leqsi „Cemi sofeli“, xvarTqlanarevi orRobeebiT, beberi Wadrisa da kaklis xeebiT amo-

qarguli. aq daisis mkrTali Suqi dasTamaSebs pirvel siyvarulsac da rus piras gatrunul naZvebsac:

„xan rus Cxrialze Rame naZvebTan, cicinaTelas Suqis wveTebi.“ („Cemi sofeli“)

„Wotis qoqola“, Wraqis mkrTali Suqi da saqonlis wynari fSvinva acocxlebs Rameuli pei-

zaJis sevdian tilosa da poetis dauokebel survils: „rogor mindoda iq movmkvdariyav...“

TiTqos warmarTis dawerilia leqsi „sizmrebis naRverdali“, Rameuli mistikiTa da ga-

usaZlisi sevdiT savse:

„Sen rom mrevli gyavs, ise amodis, rogorc Serisxul mlocvelTa xrova, iwyeba Wmunva morTxmul mogvebis, da Soriaxlo avdrebis glova.“ („sizmrebis naRverdali“)

poets mSvenierebad miaCnia „SuaRamis maRal siCumeSi mTvaris da Rrublebis lazRanda-

roba“, Tumca igi xSirad martoa, sakuTari gancdebis amara da guldawyvetiT aRiarebs, rom bedma sizmaric ki Caamwara da SfoTian sicils miaCvia:

„bedma sizmaric ki Cagamwara, da SegaCvia SfoTva siciliT, ra vuyoT mere, _ viRa ar wava, miwisken mainc mefobs sikvdili.“ („sizmrebis naRverdali“)

mravali misi leqsi, dawerili Rameuli landebis STagonebiT, erTgvari epitafiaa. „de-

damiwaze SemTxveviT Semoxetebuli“ poeti TiTqos yovelwamier emzadeba maradisobaSi ga-dasasvlelad:

„is tyviasaviT waiRo qarma, diliT ca Canda gadangreuli _ nisleTi iyo imis qaragma da dedamiwa ki mTvareuli.“ („icxovra, magram“)


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an: „ra, ar ginaxavT, cxedars wasvla rom uxaroda, da Tavis xeliT rom ibnevda sakinZis Rilebs...“ („winaTgrZnoba“)

igi qarianSi Sinagani Zalebis mTeli koncentraciiT mainc axerxebda wonasworobis dac-

vas, uZlebda „ZanZaxi“ cxovrebis Semotevebs. epitafias waagavs niko samadaSvilis erT-erTi usaTauro leqsis umSvenieresi stro-

fic: „is aRavlenda locvebs bindisas o, ise, rogorc icis gangebam. ra eqna, moswyda, veRar irbina, Cahkla abuCad bedis agdebam.“

leqsSi „orni“ poeti misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gulwrfelobiT, „saxeebis brwyinvalebi-

Ta da originalobiT“ (T. Cxenkeli) aRwers mamapapuri Zveli venaxidan danaxul „elam dai-

sebs“, Cveulebriv mokvdavTaTvis Znelad aRsaqmel peizaJs _ „sxivebs kamara rogor Cais-

ress,“ RvTismSobels, mxrebze Savi CadriT da „mwkrivad Camaval daisebs.“ bunebis mwuxare miZineba isev da isev sakuTar gauxarel xvedrze Tu afiqrebda martosul

poets, cxovrebaSi yvelaze prozauli saqmianobiT _ buRalteriiT rom iyo dakavebuli. igi bu-

Ralter-revizorad muSaobda, Tumca „RvTaebrivad idumali“ xma gamudmebiT CasZaxoda umSveni-

eres striqonebs. leqsebiT igi TiTqos ganeSoreboda arsebul realobas da „maradisobis WuW-

rutanebs“ Wvretda, raTa daeskvna: „wuTisofeli sfinqsebis mdumarebas waagavs.“ bneli, nestiani ganjinis Ziri saimedod inaxavda misi sulis umSvenieres amonaSuqs, „Se-

duRebuls cremlebis kiriT.“ poeti yvelgan saocrad originaluria, STambeWdavi misi Semoqmedeba xan irealurobaSi

CaZiruli da pasiuria, xan _ aqtiuri, mebrZoli:

„TiTqos me viyve gamoqvabuli da Cem qveS sisxlis mdinare hquxdes.“

(„natkeni guli“)

es umSvenieresi leqsebi TiTqos Ramis fonzea dawerili, WraqiT ganaTebuli, kunelisferi Ramis da mTvariani qedebis fonze. grZnobaTa siWarbe da gausaZlisi tkivilia maTSi Caqsovili:

„Ramea wynari, arc ise bnela, Sors WriWinebis baasi mefobs...“ „kacs, kacs eZiebT, ar gezarebaT? iwameT Rame da nangrevebi.“ („sad aris, sada!“)

zogjer sizmrebSi Tu povebda Svebas _ sevdian irealurobaSi: „wuxelis Seni sizmari vnaxe, xSiri baRebi, bodva mgosnebis, gadaburuli palmebiT Rame da odnav sveli kviparisebi.“ („Cemi sizmari“)


137

gulissworis Tmebis surneli dahkravda am sizmrebs, misi gauxareli cxovrebis imedian TanamgzavrT, magram umeteswilad aqac xelmocaruli, dazafruli rCeboda Rameuli koSma-

rebiT: ortota qariTa da mxvneSavi gvamebiT, zedaSesTan abRavlebuli zvarakiT:

„yovel Rame sizmrebSi var, guls locvebiT vatrialeb, saydari sCans, zarebia, da me landebs davtrialeb.“ („milulva“)

Zukna ZaRliviT adevnebuli sikvdilis SiSi Zval-rbilSi atanda, dedinacvlad qceul wuTisofelSi uWirda TviTgamorkveva da isev poeziis gadasaxedidan gascqeroda martosu-li kacis miusafrobiT aRbeWdil cxovrebas:

„grigali RamiT aaoxrebs imis akldamas, vinc zurgSeqceul megobrebis cqeriT daosda.“ („fiqri“)

Tavad ki Tu vinmes ndobas gamoucxadebda, iSviaTi megobroba da mxarSi dgoma SeeZlo.

rogorc arCil sulakauri ixsenebs: „niko samadaSvilma gacnobis pirvelive wuTebidanve daiwyo Cemze zrunva da ara marto Cemze, mas aseTive damokidebuleba hqonda Cemi megobre-

bis mimarTac, romlebic Semdeg gavacani.“ usazRvroa poetis warmosaxva. leqsSi „zRvis simfonia“ sul sxvagvari, sakraluri dat-

virTva aqvs zRvaSi Camaval mTvares, TiTqos foTlebi rom scviva dedamiwaze. niko samadaSvils swams, rom SeuZlebelia warmavalobis gadawera, magram Rameul mTva-

resTan kontaqti gardauvalia:

„Cven qveynad mxolod didi SfoTva dagvaaxlovebs da nangrevebSi SexuTuli gzaTvalaloba.“ („zRvis simfonia“)

bindebis gaRma ki wyaliviT Cans „maradisobis Cumi udabno“ („filtvebis siyviTle“). misi cxovreba sisxlxorceulad hgavda zamTris civ, gauTenar Rameebs. erTgan poeti

wers: „de, ... Seni ganvlili vxovreba Rrublnara Ramed warmomesaxos.“

leqsSi „karebis gamojaxuneba“ misi fantazia scildeba yovelgvar realobas:

„Cem sakuTar Crdils wamovisxam zamTris RameSi, gamoval gareT, myinvarebi locvebs momTxoven.“ („karebis gamojaxuneba“)

„ZanZax“ cxovrebaze xelisCaqnevaa leqsi „asea marad,“ sadac poeti TiTqos sabolood emSvidobeba maradsalocav xatebs _ qarsa da Rrublnara Rames. igi sulis siRrmemde SeZ-rulia qargadavlili xeebis gafiTrebiT da im ubralo WeSmaritebiT, rom siymawvile gaiv-

lis da „samxarTan TiTqmis yvelaferi iwvis da tydeba.“


138

„asea marad, roca qari Cadgeba xolme, darweul xeebs feri didxans ar ematebaT. dadixar marto, ici, Ramec aRar gabrkolebs da xedav, mainc araferi ar genatreba.“ („asea marad“)

bindmoreul daiss zogjer naTeli da sicocxlis xalisi epareboda, Tumca poetis ufa-

qizesi warmosaxvisaTvis es sakmarisi ar iyo, _ igi axal-axal epitafias Txzavda:

„dagasaflaves did munaTiT da migatoves, vazis cremliviT martod darCa mwuxare deda, kiparisebi mistirodnen dakargul poets, daucxromeli samreklo ki rekda da rekda.“ („usaTauro“)

sxva qarTveli Tanamokalmeebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli, originaluri da tragiku-

lia misi „RamisTevis poezia.“ Temo jafariZe niko samadaSvilis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: „sakmari-

sia misi ramdenime metaforis gaxseneba da Cven davrwmundebiT, rom gansakuTrebuli drama-

tuli SegrZnebebis poetTan gvaqvs saqme.“ swored amis gamo xSirad „Ramis poetad“ moixse-

nieben mas misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi. „cxovrebis geri“ Soreul varskvlavebze Wvretda „maradisobis yru mesaflaves,“ mis

„Rrublnara“ peizaJebze realur yofas irealuri erwymoda ferwasuli grigaliT, Wotis gamyinavi kiviliT, aTasi Ramis udaburebiT:

„iq Woti Zaxils wyalSi gaurevs, SekrTeba sadRac mkvdari buneba. ukan ki mZlavrad daixmaurebs aTasi Ramis udabureba.“ („maradisoba da mesaflave“)

da iyo gza „wuTisoflidan ukvdavebamde“ _ didi sulieri tanjviT, imedgacruebebiTa da kaTarzisebiT savse. cxovrebis manZilze poets araerTxel wamoscdenia mSobliuri miwa-

wylis sayveduri: „mSobelo miwav, neta raze gadamemtere?!“ („simRerebi gamoqvabulidan“). is mainc werda, Tumca sicocxleSi arc aRiareba Rirsebia da arc dideba:

„SuaRamea. mnaTe taZars ketavs CifCifiT, samreklos mxarze mTvaris Suqi autacnia.“ („simRerebi gamoqvabulidan“)

niko samadaSvilis TviTmyofadi, saocrad mSvenieri poezia qariSxliTa da RamiTaa na-

sazrdoebi. swored es garemoeba xdis mas ase mimzidvelad:

„gaswi, nislebmac Tu gagityuon, sakuTar Tvalebs nuRar endobi.


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iq lurji Rame stveniT dagsetyvavs, iq foTlebs qarSi moagondebi...“ („wuTisoflidan ukvdavebamde“)

man moaxerxa sakuTari didebuli samyaros Seqmna da mkveTri, xazgasmiT miseuli, anabeW-debis datoveba mravalsaukunovani da mravalferovani qarTuli poeziis TavTuxisfrad movarayebul matianeSi. axda misive winaswarmetyvelebac:

„Camobneldeba... mtiral wnorebs wauvaT guli. ukvdavebaa, sicocxleze rom iseirebs.“ („ucnauri xeloba“)

literatura:

1. g. tabiZe 2005: g. tabiZe, 100 leqsi da..., Tbilisi, 2005; 2. vaJa-fSavela 1979: vaJa-fSavela, leqsebi, poemebi, 1979; 3. n. samadaSvili 2004: n. samadaSvili, feriscvaleba, Tbilisi, 2004; 4. n. samadaSvili 1989: n. samadaSvili, wuTisoflidan ukvdavebamde, Tbilisi, 1989; 5. qarTveli romantikosebi, Tbilisi, 1978.


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Tamuna WonqaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo


oTar WilaZis personaJebis fsiqosocialuri identifikacia

oTar WilaZe daibada 1930 wels, siRnaRSi. 1956 wels daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Jurnalistikis fakulteti. oTar WilaZis romanebia: „gzaze erTi kaci midi-

oda“, „avelumi“, „martis mamali“, yovelman Cemma mpovnelman“, rkinis Teatri“. oTar WilaZe mweralTa im Taobis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenalia, romelsac gamorCeu-

lad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs meoce saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. Janrobrivad mravalferovani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT man bevri iseTi siaxle daam-

kvidra Cvens mwerlobaSi, romliTan ara marto saqarTveloSi aqcies igi farTod popula-rul Semoqmedad, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. oTar WilaZis romanebSi siuJeti xelare-

biT ugulvebelyofili ar aris da moqmedebis ganviTarebis procesis Cvenebas saTanado yu-

radReba aqvs miqceuli, magram es yvelaferi imdenad mdored da naklebdinamikuriad xdeba, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba siuJetur dramatizmze ufro metad nawarmoebis sxva mxareeb-zea koncentrirebuli. o.WilaZis romanebSi umaRlesi mwerluri profesionalizmiT gamov-

linda sityvieri mxatvrobis da ostatobis grZneulebani, movlenaTa filosofiuri gaaz-

rebis individualizmi, adamianis sulieri samyaros warmoCena uRmesi fsiqologizmiT, saxe-

ebiT azrovnebis niWi, tropuli metyvelebisa da aRqma -warmosaxvis originaluri stili. gadavwyvite, oTar WilaZis Semoqmedebis erTi kuTxiT ganxilva-fsiqosocialuri iden-

tifikaciis. fsiqosocialuri identifikacia umniSvnelovanesi procesia adamianis cxovre-

baSi. identifikaciis procesi pirdapir ukavSirdeba sakuTari ~me-koncefciis Seqmnas , ris-

Tvisac ori urTulesi amocanis daZlevaa saWiro : 1) sakuTari Tavis simyaris uzrunvelyofa obieqtur drosa da sivrceSi ; 2) ukve mopovebuli me-s CarTva garkveul adamianur erTobaSi am erTobis Sexedulebebisa da faseulobebis gaTavisebiT. oTar WilaZis romani ~gzaze erTi kaci midioda ~ am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa. fsiqosocialuri identobis kriziss ganicdis ramdenime personaJi , Tumca es movlena yvelaze Rrmad farnaozis saxeSia asaxuli. krizis amdenime mizezi gaaCnia. maT Soris upirvelesia misi dabadeba. igi dabadebidanve mTe-li sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZnobs sasicoclo Zalis naklebobas da amaSi uneburad, Tvi-

Tonvea damnaSave. ~farnaozs yvelaferi xelSi ukvdeboda, radgan gaCenamde, Tu gaCenisTana-

ve Caidina yvelaze didi mkvleloba: deda moekla, sicocxle.~ ~dedismkvlel~ vaJiSvils ma-

mac sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamooutana da farnaozs aramarto dedis, aramed mamis siTbosa da mzrunvelobis gareSec mouwia gazrda, Tumca fizikurad isini erT WerqveS cxovrobdnen. es iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ramac bavSvobidanve daukarga farnaozs sakuTari Zalebisadmi rwmena da igi meryev, gaubedav, brZolisuunaro adaminaad Camoyalibeba.

pirovnebis TviTdamkvidrebis saqmeSi udides rols TmaSobs siyvaruli. xSirad swored am grZnobis meSveobiT axerxebs sakuTari WeSmariti me-s povnas. farnaozs am mxrivac waru-

matebloba xvda wilad. mis siyvaruli inosadmi im iSviaT mSvenierebaTagan erT-erTi iyo, riTac ojayados vani namdvilad ar gamoirCeoda. es mSvenierebac ganwiruli iyo Tavidan, miT ufro, rom gaubedavi bunebis kacs misTvis brZolac ar SeeZlo. amitom farnaozi verc siyvarulSi poulobs sayrdens. sakuTar qveyanaSi uadgilo sxvis samSobloSi miemgzavreba


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da iq cdilobs adgili povnas, magram mravalwliani moRvaweoba isev warumateblad srul-deba, radgan sxvis samsaxurSi dgoma sakuTari ~me-koncefciamde~ ver migiyvans .

romanSi farnaozis antipodia kusa. mamisagan dabadebamde uaryofili yvela garSemyofze an-

Txevs boRmas da sicocxles umwarebs maT. Tu farnaozis saxis dasrulebas warmoadgens patara uxeiro da igi axdens mamis ddebiTi idealis xorcSesxmas, kusa da misi coli patu uaryofiTi identobis adamianebi arian romanSi. ojayados samsaxurSi Cadgoma ufro amzafrebs am xazs. ~sam-

Soblos gvamze mofuTfuTe ~ - ase uwodebs mwerali mas. kusas SemTxvevaSi mi identoba formdeba uaryofiTad, risi logikuri gagrZelebacaa misi uSviloba, verc patu da verc ziara ver axerxe-

ben misTvis Svilis gaCenas. sayovelTao WeSmariteba- borotebis arsisi simokle.kusa yvelanai-rad cdilobs Tavis damkvidrebas da amisTvis aranair xers ar Takilobs. mis arsebaSi ar figuri-

rebs Sinagani xma, romelic Cadenili saqcielis Semfasebelia, zogadad, adamianSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas hyavs deda, biZa, coli, sxva naTesavbi, igi yovelTvis martoa, Tumca gamidmebiT eb-

rZvis am simartoves.brZola uSedegoa. (ar vici ramdenad swori Sedarebaa, magram am romanis kiTxvisas farnaozis, inos, kusas personaJebi uneburad javaxiSvilis personaJebs mivamsgavse (Teimurazi, margo,jayo). SesaZlebelia vcdebi magram maT Soris arsebobs raRac kavSiri - saer-

To,msgavsi Tvisebebi, qmedebebi.) romanSi ~yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~ identifikaciis problemis winaSe dganan qaixos-

ro, ana, aleqsandre, niko, aneta... ojaxis yvela wevri izRudeba im sivrciT, im moralur-

zneobrivi atmosferosa da WeSmariti ojaxuri faseulobebis uqonlobiT, rac qaixosros damkvidrebulma ~reJimma~ warmoSva. rwmenadkarguli da RmerTdakarguli STamomavloba kargavs identobasac da maTi cxovrebis umTavresi sazrunavi swored amis Zieba xdeba.Tvi-

Tamkvidrebas yvela Taviseburad axdens: niko-saxlidan wasvliT, aleqsandre- Zmis moZie-biT, aneta-SemxuTveli garemodan gaqceviT. sicocxle daTrgunulia erTi grZnobiT - esaa SiSi. fsiqologiaSi SeniSnulia, rom pirovnebis fsiqikis CamoyalibebaSi umniSvnelovanes etaps warmoadgens bavSvobis xana.swored am periodSi gadatanilma udidesma travmam, rac aRa-mahmad-xanis TbilisSi Semosevisas ganicada misma ojaxma, gaaCina masSi es grZnoba. qai-xosro bavSvobis saxels iasesac ki iviwyebs da cdilobs, devnis is suraTi waSalos, magram cnobierebaSi Rrmad ileqeba igi da mTeli sicocxle koSmarad sdevs Tan. imdenad mniSvne-

lovania, rom mTlianad Trgunavs pirovnebas da, faqtobrivad, mis fsiqikas aavadebs. SiSic am daavadebuli fsikis nayofia. qaixosro gamudmebiT cdilobs imis SenarCunebas, rasac oTxi wlis asakSi arTmevdenen,anu sicoxlis. am SemTxvevaSi paTologiasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca pirovnebas mudmivad eSinia misi dakargvisa da saamiso mizezebs eZebs garemoSi. qai-

xosros SiSis grZnobiT daTrgunul cnobierebas sicocxlis yoveli etapidan gamoaqvs ra-

Rac, rac stresis mizezad evlineba.amis gamo mudmivad daZabulia da mudmivad cdilobs Tavdacvas. qaixosros erTaderTi sazrunavi aris fizikuri gadarCenisTvis zrunva da mis mier Seqmnili SezRuduli sivrcec amas emsaxureba. meore grZnob, rac SiSTan erTad ar to-

vebs qaixosros, aris martooba. igi TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba da galavans miRma Casafrebu-

li SiSiT atanili maiors imaSic epareba eWvi, arsebobs Tu ara qaixosro makabeli da da es pirovneba namdvilad TviTon aris Tu ara. amgvari egzistencialuri aramdgradoba romanSi identobis am saxis kriziszec migvaniSnebs. egzistenciis meryeobas bevri mizezi aqvs: qai-

xosro ar aris arc maiori da arc makabeli, misi ar aris ar is brWyvialaepoletebiani mun-

diri,riTac is amayobs, arc fuZe, sadac dasaxlda, arc saxli, arc coli. qaixosrom es yve-

laferi miisakuTra ise, r om arc ki dafiqrebula hqonda Tu ara amis ufleba. fsiqolocialuri identobis krizisi sabolod iseT simaRleze adis, rom qaixosros uk-

ve yvelasa da yvelaferSi epareba eWvi, sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT. misi TqmiT es uZvelesi eW-

vi yvelafrisadmi kacobriobas dasabamidan mohyveba da wvalebs. am xazs kidev ufro aZlie-


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rebs bibliuri kaenis gzaTa saerTooba. ana bunebiT ar aris mebrZoli pirovneba, masSi mxolod qali cxovrobs, amitom brZola

nebismieri saxiT misTvis warmoudgenelia. mas ar aqvs erTi konkretuli mdgomareoba, erTi myari, fiqsirebuli pozicia, negatiuri iqneba es Tu-pozitiuri. anas cxovrebaSi sul ram-

denjer, magram iyo momenti, roca sakuTari TaviigrZno rogorc pirovneba. es moxda eqim jandierTan Sexvedris ramdenime Sexvedrisas. eqimi anaze dakvirvebisas xvdeba, rom uzomo sikeTis gacema iseve auZluribs adamians Sinaganad, rogorc am uzomo sikeTis mimTvisebeli Zlierdeba borotebamde. anas swored Tavisi uzomo sikeTe ulis xels pirovnuli idento-

bis povnaSi, xolo qaixosros-anas mier gacemuli sikeTis miTviseba. ana Tavisi bunebiT gam-cemia, qaixosro- mimTvisebeli.

gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad ganicdis fsiqosocialuri identifikacis kriziss aleqsan-

dre. mas ojaxs atovebinebs is SegrZneba, rom zedmetia, aravis sWirdeba da mis mimarT ubra-

lod sibraluls grZnoben. igi kargavs pirovnul identobas da mTeli cxovreba mis ZiebaSi atarebs. aleqsandres am gancdebs umZafrebs da aborotebs sakuTari fizikuri nakli, rac misi Zmis fizikuri srulyofilebis fonze kidev ufro aSkarad SesamCnevia. aleqsandre realur, daundobel cxovrebasTan aRmoCndeba pirispi, magram garkveuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdile-

bis SeZenis Semdegac ki xvdeba, rom raRac aklia. pirveli vinc sakuTari Tavis povnisken uTi-tebs, aris ana. anam miuTiTa Svils, rom gadarCena borotebas ar SuZlia, borotebasm mxolod SeiZleba dagRupos, gadarcen ki ardaviwyeba, siyvaruli da patiebaa. sabolood, aleqsandreSi swored keTili sawyisi imarjvebs da igi ubrundeba cxovrebas, Tumca amis gacnobierebamde uamravi fizikuri Tu sulieri satkivaris gadatan uwevs. aleqsandres bunebis am negatiurma gamovlinebebs weertili dausva yvelaze didma uzneobam, es iyo sakuTari papis gvamis moparva, jorze Sesm da sofelSi Camotareba. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom aiT bavSvobidan Selaxul Tav-

moyvareobas daakmayofilebda magram msgavsic veraferi igrZno. sworem am dRidan iwyeba misi sikeTisken Semobruneba. identifikaciis pocesi sruldeba patara ZmisSvilis danaxvisTanave da momavali cxovrebis mizanic garkvevulia. sisxlis SemaerTebeli Zala mas aramarto cxov-rebis azrs karnaxobs, aramed apovninebs sakuTar adgils ojaxSic da samyaroSic. TviT iden-

tobis aRdgena ki badebs saocar simSvidesa da harmoanias. fsiqosocialuri identifikaciis mopovebis procesi roman ~martis mamalSi~ umTavresi

problemaa. faqtobrivad romani 15 wlis biWis mier sakuTari Tavis Ziebisa povnas asaxavs. niko swored im periodSi daaSores mSoblebs, mSobliu qalaqs, skolas da Tanatolebs roca pirovnulad yalibdeboda. mis fsiqikaSi Tavs Cens uvela is Tviseba rac damaxasiaTebelia mozardobis asakisTvis. siRnaRSi yvelaferi mSobliurisgan Sors uWirs sakuari Tavis pov-

na da pirovnebis realizacia. mas aklia yvelaferi, gansakuTrebiT ki mSoblebida elenica- gogo, romelic baTumSi datova da romelTnac pirvelad ganicada Tbili grZnobebi. es yve-

laferi nikos identifikaciis procesSi eRobeba. meore uniSvnelovanesi ram, rac idento-

bis mopovebaSi uSlis xels aris SiSi. fsiqikis amoyalibebaSi SiSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi faq-

toria. nikosTvis gogias cxovrebis wesi, fiqrebi dmaiswrafebebi, sruliad ucxoa. kacis-kvla, rac gogias saamayod miaCnia misTvis saSineli danaSauuli da codvaa. amitom mis fsi-

qikaSi yalibdeba SiSi Seubralebeli Tanatolisadmi. kidev eri barieri, rac nikos xels uS-

lis aris daeWveba sakuTar ZalebSi. mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari cnobierebis dadgena da saku-

Tari Tavis, rogorc pirovnebis realizacia. amgvar gaurkvevlobaSi yofnas rogorc av-

RniSneT bevri ram uwyobs xels: umamoba, udedoba, xiznoba, papis gaqceva, mamis waqceva da gogiasnairebis mimarT SiSi, Tumca am yvelafris miuxedavad da im stresisa rasac i ganic-

dis, ki ar nebdeba Tavsdatexil amdenubedurebas, aramed cdilobs maT daZlevas da Tavis daxsnas. nikos idi daxmarebas uwevs da swor orientacias aZlevs vano maswavlebeli. arac-


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nobieri samyarodan gamohyavs bavSvi, sakuTari cxovrebis Sefasebisaken ubiZgebs da momav-lis imeds Causaxavs. nikosTvis imis gacnobiereba, rom siRnaRi misi ~TavSefaria~ (Turqu-

lad) did Zalas aZlevs. igi acnobierebs, rom TavSesafari, romelsac nebismieri misnairi adamiani eZebs amqveynad, mas ukve aqvs. igi Ria cisqveS ki ar datova gangebam, aramed iq miiy-

vana, saidanac sakuTari arsisi Ziebis procesi unda daiwyos. TavSesafari droebiTi adgi-lia, sadac eqstremalur viTarebaSi myofi adamiani Cerdeba sicocxlis gadasarCenad. fi-

zikurad gadarCenili ki ukve sulieri faseulobebis gadarCenaze iwyebs fiqrsa da gaana-

lizebas. mSobliur garemosa da mSoblebs moSorebulma unda SeZlos da ipovos sakuTari Tavi am ucxo garemoSi, raTa Zlieri da identobamopovebuli dabrundes baTumSi.

TviTidentifikaciis procesSi nikos mniSnelovnad exmareba mamis is saqcieli, roca mamm Tvad ambobs uars TviTmkvlelobaze da fanjridan gadasaxtomad misuli ukanv brun-deba: ~Svils ver vuRalatebo~. mamis gmiroba - uaris Tqma mtanjveli cxovrebis dasasrul-ze -aris ara marto sulier, aramed udidesi fizikuri Zalis momcemi SvilisTvis.igi acno-bierebs, im faqts, rom mamam misi gulisTvis gaigrZela cxovreba, romlisganac tanjvis mets verafers iRebda. mamis mier gadatanili gansacdeli, anu sulieri ganwmenda fizikuri tkivilis gziT, exmareba Svils gansacdelis SemsubuqebaSi.

identifikaciis krizisi erT-erTi mTavari problemaa ~avelumSic~. identoba garkveu-li socialuri meqanizmebis kompleqsia, romelTa dadebiTad gadaWris SemTxvevaSi miiReba dadebiTi identifikacia. ~avelumSi' erT-erTi problema daRlili adamianis problemacaa. cxovrebasTan brZoliT daRlili adamiani, moralur-zneibrivi normebidan Tavis daRwevas cdilobs. adamianoba rTulia, cxoveloba ki advili. adamianobas brZola sWirdeba, dacva, pasuximgebloba, cxovelobas-ara. adamianobisTvis brZola igive identobisTvis brZolaa, rac arc ise advilia da daRlili adamianic advilad nebdeba. mTvari gadarCenaa, sxvas Tu gaadaarCen, Seni Tavic gadagirCenia. adamianebTan urTierTobiT, maTi gagebiT, daxmarebiT da SemweobiT xerxdeba gaadamianeba, identifikacia. (~giyvardes moyvasi Seni , viTarca Tavi Tvisi~). avelumi yvelas gadarCenas cdilobs, magram ver axerxebs. Tumca yvelaze mniSne-lovani, romlis gareSc yvelaferi azrs kargavs da pirvel rigSi mis gadarcenaze und ai-fiqros adamianma -siyvarulia. swored igia adamianis mTavari sazomi.

avelumi ganicdis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis kriziss. es ar aris ucnauri,Tu im sivrces gaviTvaliswinebT, romelSiac igi cxovrobs - ~borotebis imperia~. avelumi gvian magram ma-inc aRwevs Tavs kriziss. gvian xvdeba Tavis yvela Secdomas, mxolod sikvdilis win ibru-nebs identobas magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom aRwevs mizans. igi mTeli sicocxle cdilob-da viRacis gadarCenas da es mxolod sikvdilis win SeZlo, rac mTvaria, xom SeZlo da amiT identobis kriziss mouRo bolo.

me vecade, rac SeiZleba naTlad warmomeCina oTar WilaZis romanebis zogierTi gmiris Sinagani sulieri samyaro, fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, Widili sakuTar TavTan, SiSTan da borotebasTan. xSir SemTxvevaSi personaJebi axerxeb yovelgvari dabrkolebis gadalaxvas, pouloben da ibruneben cxovrebis sazrs, rac TavisTavad exmareba maT sakuTari Tavis iden-tifikaciaSi, Tumca SevxdiT ramdenime personaJs, romelTac es ver moaxerxes, ver daZlies is sisusteebi, romlebmac nebiT Tu uneblied maT cxovrebaSi daides bina, am yvelaferSi sa-kuTari roli yvelafers aqvs, aRzrdas, mSoblebs, garemos(politikurs, socialurs, sazoga-doebrivs). gansakuTrebiT rTulia im grZnobebis daTrgunva, romelic Zalian mcire asakidan Cndeba adamianis fsiqikaSi, igi ukve mTel darCenil sicocxles gansazRvravs.

literatura:

1. a. nikoleiSvili - oTar WilaZe; Tbilisi 2002. 2. a. nemsaZe - socialuri identifikacia oTar WilaZis romanebSi; Tbilisi 2009.


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lili noniaSvili, nino yavelaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati


sikvdilis paradigma leo qiaCelis novelebSi

adamiani xSirad sazogado idealebis samsaxurisaTvis sakuTari nebiT irCevs mSfoTva-

re da dramatul cxovrebas. swored aseTi adamiani iyo leo qiaCeli, romelmac sxva mniSvne-

lovan nawarmoebebTan erTad dagvitova d ,,almasgir kibulan“, ,,Tavadis qali maia“ da ,,ha-

kidaZba“, — sami moTxroba, sami margaliti, romelic Zvirfasi TvlebiviT amSvenebs mis Se-moqmedebasac da saerTod, qarTul mwerlobasac. es sami nawarmoebi erTdroulad iqna ga-

moqveynebuli. maT Semdgom kidev araerTi Sedevri Seqmna leo qiaCelma, magram dasaxelebu-

li naSromebi rCeba misi novelistikis mwvervalad da gansakuTrebul Sedevrad. TiToeuli maTgani savsea tragizmiT, sadac mZime socialur fonze sxvadasxva mizeziT

nawarmoebis gmirebi midian suicidamde. saerToa is, rom yvela iRupeba zRvaSi d es miniSne-

baa mwerlis mxridan, wyali xom ganwmendis saSualebaa da misi gmirebic wyalSi ganiwminde-

bian mZime codvebisagan. ganwmendis Tematika Zalian mniSvnelovania. dekanozi konstantine giorgaZe wers: ,,zo-

gadad unda iTqvas, rom Cveni samyaros oTxi stiqiidan wyals, albaT umTavresi adgili uka-via rogorc raodenobrivad, aseve mniSvnelobiTac. adamianis sxeulis umetesi nawilic (70%) xom wylisgan Sedgeba.

rac Seexeba wylis Tvisebas, man sxva datvirTva miiRo mas Semdeg, rac ufali Cveni ieso qriste Cavida wyalSi mosanaTlad. rogorc viciT, ufalma TavmdablobiTnaTel iRo ioane naTlismcemlis mier, Tumca mas es naTloba ar esaWiroeboda, piriqiT, macxovari ki ar mo-

naTla ioanem, aramed macxovris wyalSi CasvliT ganiwminda da ganinaTlayovelive amqveyniu-

ri da imqveyniuri. swored im dros Cainerga wyalSi RvTiuri madli, ris Sedegadac wyali sruliad ganiwminda. aseTi ganwmendili wyali daedo zRvrad Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas da swo-red am wyliT moxda kacis bunebis ganaxleba d pirvelqmnili adamis codvisagan gamoxsna.

saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,ukeTu vinme ar iSves wylisgan da sulisa, ver xelewifebis Sesvla sasufevelsa RvTisasa“, anu vinc ar inaTleba ise, rogorc es macxovarma daawesa, wyliTa da mironiT, romelic suliwmindis madlis matarebelia, ver Seva caTa sasufevelSi.

wylis simbolika ZvelTuZvelesia. heraklites miaweren cnobil gamoTqmas ,,yvelaferi mdinarebs“.

ioane damaskeli basili didis ,,eqvsTa dReTai“dze dayrdnobi, wyals ganmartavs, ro-

gorc ,,STaRmarTmavals“ sapirispirod ,,uzeamavlesi“ cecxlisa. yofierebis medinobaSi bundovnad irekleba maradiuli, transcendenturi. wylisper-

manentuli, uwyveti dineba simboloa drois ulmobeli mdinarebisa. qarTuli sasuliero poeziis saganZurSi mogvepoveba leqsi d ,,soflisa zRvaiaRZrul

ars“, romelsac pavle ingoroyva grigol xanZTelis nawarmoebad, mkvlevarni ki berZnuli-

dan Targmnilad miiCnven: `soflisa zRvai aRZrul ars, RelviTa codvisaiTa, saSinlad damnTqams me da moviltvi Senda navTsayudelisa da esreT giRaRadeb:


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danTqmisgan mixsen me, mravalmowyale qalwulo dedofalo“...

sawuTros zRvaze oden ufali vidoda... axal aRTqmaSi, gamocxadebaSi weria: ,, miCvena sicocxlis wylis mdinare, broliviT

Wvirvali, romelic RvTisa da kravis taxtidan moedineboda. misi quCis SuagulSi mdinaris gaRmadgamoRma sicocxlis xea, romelic isxams Tormet

nayofs, yovel TveSi iZleva Tavis nayofs, xolo xis foTlebi xalxis gansakurnavadaa. dawyevlili araferi aRar iqneba, RvTisa da kravis taxti iqneba masSi da misi msaxure-

bi miemsaxurebian mas. ixilaven mas d amisi saxeli Sublze ewerebaT. Rame aRar iqneba da aRar dasWirdebaT arc sasanTlis Suqi da aRarc mzis naTeli, vina-

idan ufali RmerTi gaunaTebs maT da imefeben ukuniTi ukunisamde. ,,netarni arian, romlebic recxaven TavianT samosels, rom hqondeT ufleba sicocx-

lis xeze da karibWiT Sevidnen qalaqSi“. `roca arawminda suli gamodis adamianidan, dadis uwylo adgilebSi simSvidis saZebne-

lad da ver poulobs“. grigol robaqiZe wylis Sesaxeb wers: ,,urkvevi elementi, romelic rkvevaSia da cincxa-

li, arsad epigonuri, arsad plagiati. livliva talRebSi maradi TrTola... raRac uboloo, dausrulebeli, saca ikargebanapiri da masTan erTad, inTqmeba piri. zRva d bunebis upi-

rovno elementi, bneli, Zalumi, pirveli qaosis atevrili tani“... sadafSi gaCenila zRvis sunTqva...

da swored zRvaa, wyalia dasasruli leo qiaCelis novelebisa, romlebSic mTavari gmi-rebi `uwyvet mdinarebaSi“ ikargebian. ,,haki aZbaSi“, `almasgir kibulansa“ da Tavadis qal maiaSi“ sxvadasxva situaciaa mocemuli, TumcaRa samives dasasruli sikvdilia, sicocxlis dasruleba ukvdav medinobaSi.

odnav darweuli lurji zRvis zedapirze qoCrebi aiSalnen da razmebad dawyobilni neli SuiliT napirs moawydnen. sadafis Subebi aRmarTes da garemo lurji TvalebiT daz-

veres d vin aris aq iseTi, vinc aRar unda iyveso? d svams kiTxvas avtori zRvis saSualebiT. sawuTroul zRvaSi eklesiaa mxsneli xomaldi. marTlmadidebluri taZari simbolu-

rad xomalds gamoxatavs, romelmac sawuTros mSfoTvare zRvaSi adamiani navTsayudelTan unda miiyvanos“.

Tu gavixsenebT egnate ninoSvilis biografias, naxsenebia friad sagulisxmo faqti, rodesac egnate anbanis swavlas iwyebda, mamidam Relis piras waiyvana, fexebi wyalSi Caad-

gmevina da xelT qaRaldis naglejze Camowerili anbani misca. rogorc Cans wyalTan dakav-

Sirebuli rituali winaT savaldebulo yofila. wyali xom miTologiurad ganaxlebas, gan-wmendas, axlad Sobas ukavSirdeba. es aris adamianis axlad Soba, naTlad Semosvlis grZeli gzis saTave. swored es yvelaferia Cadebuli leo qiaCelis novelebSi, igi sityvis mSvenie-

ri plastikiT, mxatvruli sityvieri qsovilis ornamentaciiT da rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise garegnuli efeqtis miRweviT qmnis iseT saocar nawarmoebebs, rogoricaa ,,almasgir ki-bulan“, `Tavadis qali maia“ da ,,haki aZba“. TiToeuli maTgani ganmsWvalulia udidesi tra-

gizmiT, maTi mTavari gmirebi sicocxlis zRvaSi asruleben d amiT avtori cdilobs migva-

niSnos maT sulier ganwmendazed ,,xorci zRvas miabares, suli zecas.“ novela ,,Tavadis qali maia“ dakavSirebulia sikvdilis zogad aspeqtTan, sadac origina-

luradaa warmoCenili mzardisa da warmavalis dapirispireba. zRvaSi Sesuli is siRrmes


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eZebs: ,,dabrundi dafi, Tavsakravi momirbenine axlave, rogor gabede da dagaviwyda... SeSine-buli dafino swrafad wavida napirisaken, aCqarebisgan fexi eSleboda, wyalsac ver sWrida.

roca napirs miaRwia ukan mouxedavad gaiqca, sadac maias tansacmeli ewyo. dastaca xe-

li Tavsakravs da umalve isev ukan dabrunda. gaixeda: aRarsad iyo Tavadis qali maia... `almasgir kibulanSi“ ki kargad vgrZnobT ,,Savi zRvis nel sunTqvas zafxulis miwu-

rulSi, lurji qargebi samegrelos napirebisa da mibnedili simSvide Soreuli horizonte-

bis“... da TiTqos zRvam airekla TiToeuli suraTi asaxvis obieqtisa,gaiziara tragedia Svilmkvdari mamisa – ,,aqafebuli CanCqerebi Smagi srbolviT ufskrulisaken daeqanebina, Rvar aRvsili suberWala gaeingurebina“. WeSmaritad titanuri ZaliT aquxebula mamis gu-li, tragediis zenitSi myofi almasgiri veRarafers amCnevs...

,,givergiil“, d araadamianuri gaxarebiT SesZaxa almasgirma, mZime tani aimCata, haerSi SemarTuli xelebis didroni, kauWa TiTebi molandebuli Svilisken gaiSvira, wyali Seapo da zRvaSi SeiWra.

magram mas zRva ar ugrZvnia. da arc sikvdili ugrZvnia sikvdilis win, radganac Tvalgaxelili Svilis momRimari

saxe TvalTagan ar moSorebia. miuxedavad gmiris daRupvisa imarjvebs sicocxlis uwyvetobis Zlevamosili winsvlis

idea. mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi iRebs wylis tradiciul paradigmas da ganaTlavs maT. es

aris sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa daTrgunva, romelic kargad Cans ,,haki aZbaSi“. rodesac ujuS emxas sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes haki cdilobda mis gadarCenas, danaSauli TiTon da-

ibrala, xolo rac Seexeba haki aZbas mimarT sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanas, revoluciuri simkacris magaliTia. hakim rodesac dainaxa, rom ZiZiSvils uklavdnen ukanaskneli Zala moikriba, SeewinaaRmdega, magram... ganaCeni gamotanili iyo. ujuSi mokles. hakim am usamar-

Tlobas protesti gamouxata, usamarTlo qveyanaze cxovrebas sikvdili arCia d aTavi moik-

la. misi sxeuli zRvis talRebs SeuerTda, misi suli ki gamarjvebuli dahyurebs damarcxe-bul sazogadoebas.

daasrules sicocxleuamravi codviT savse gmirebma, yvelas Tavisi jvari hqonda sazi-

di, sabolood ki uars amboben RvTisgan naboZeb sicocxleze, uerTdebian zRvas fizikurad da zecas sulierad... zRvaSi sicocxlis dasruleba leo qiaCelis optimisturi ganwyobis matarebelia, rom miuxedavad mZime codvebisa, isini imqveynad ganwmendili iqnebian amqvey-

niuri WuWyisagan...


147

qeTevan megreliSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori; nana kucia

yofierebis sazrisis problema goderZi Coxelis SemoqmedebaSi

cnobili mwerali, kinoreJisori, scenaristi goderZi Coxeli, daibada 1954 wlis 2 oq-

tombers duSeTis raionis sofel CoxSi. rodesac pirvelad wavikiTxe misi biografia, gan-sakuTrebiT damamaxsovrda da Camafiqra im faqtma, rom goderZi Coxelis dabadebac ki am-

qveynad Zalian gansxvavebuli da saocari iyo. gansxvavebulSi imas vgulisxmob, rom im dRes, rodesac igi unda movlinebuliyo qveynierebas deda mTaSi wasula Tavis mSobleb-

Tan, Tumca adgilamde ver miuRwevia da momavali geniosi gzaSi dabadebula. imis gamo, rom maT Ramis gasaTevi arsad hqondaT, is Rame gomurSi gaaTies. SemTxveviT araferi xdeba am-qveynad. ufalma ineba, rom goderZi Coxelis dabadeba qristes dabadebas mimsgavseboda. marTlac, erTi SexedviT ubralo, arafris mqone mTis mkvidri goderZi Coxeli mTelma msofliom aRiara misi zebunebrivi niWis wyalobiT.

samwuxaro is aris, rom Cven, qarTvelebma ver davafaseT, ver vumkurneleT mis tkivi-lebs. es saocari adamiani CvenTan erTad arsebobda, tkioda, ganicdida, uyverda, werda, Sedevrebs qmnida, xolo Cven is mas Semdeg aRmovaCineT, rac samudamod gaCerda misi sam-

Soblos tkivilebiT dawylulebuli, naavadmyofari guliscema. goderZi Coxelis Semoqme-

deba yvelaze mimzidveli da Zvirfasi, Cemi azriT, imitomaa, rom misi yoveli nawarmoebi dagvafiqrebs yvelaze mniSvnelovanze, yofierebis sazrisis problemaze.

minda SemogTavazoT misi erT-erTi yvelaze saocari novelis ,,vardisferi kacis,, Cemeuli xedva. es goderZi Coxelis is nawarmoebia, romlis xorcSesxma da filmad gadaReba ver SeZlo, miuxedavad didi survilisa. `vardisferi kaci~ saocari novela imitomaa, rom mas Zalian Rrma da igauri mniSvneloba aaqvs. novelis arss da mis mTavar personaJs Tu da-

vakvirdebiT, uTuod mwerlis saxes davinaxavT. SemTxveviTi rodia is faqti, rom nawarmoe-

bi iwyeba sityva ,,feriscvvalebiT,, . avtori aRwers Semodgomis suraTs, am dros xom fers icvlis buneba da saocari silamazis mxilvelni vxdebiT, magram es periodi yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani imiTaa, rom ar dros adamianebi mTeli wlis naSroms imkian da paralelurad civ da daundobel zamTarTan Sesaxvedrad emzadebian. adamianebis mier mTeli wlis naSromis momkiTa da daundobel zamTarTan SegebebiT, mwerals imis Tqma surs, rom adamiani mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze mis mier gaweuli RvawliT, sabolood zamTars anu ,,sikvdils,, unda Seegebos. sikvdils, romelic mis maradiul gaqrobas lamobs, magram adamiani RvTis msgavsad da xatad Sqmnili swored imitomaa, rom masSi arsebobs potenciali sulieri Zalis mopovebisa, romlis meSveobiT igi unda daupirispirdes Tavisi arsis samudamod gaqrobas da maradiul arsebobaSi gardaicvalos.

rac Seexeba uSualod feriscvalebis mniSvnelobas, am udides dResaswaulSi udidesi saidumloa damarxuli. goderZi Coxeli Rrma swored imitomaa, rom igi yovelTvis cdi-lobs aramarto esTetiuri siamovneba mianiWos mkiTxvels , aramed sulieradac aamaRlos igi. feriscvaleba qristianuli TvalTaxedviT niSnavs RvTiuri Zalis gamovlinebas. fe-riscvalebis dros qrostem Tavisi RvTiuri saxe daanaxa Tavis mowafeebs, rodesac isini Taboris mTaze aiyvana, xolo wminda mamebi ,, feriscvalebas ,, moiazreben, rogonc sasufe-vels RvTisas, romelic modis ZalaSi ara qveynierebis bolos, aramed amqveyniur JamTas-


148

vlaSi. feriscvalebis xilva anu sasufevlis dadgoma Taboris mTaze droebiTi iyo uflis mociqulTaTvis, radgan isini amis Semdeg, TaviaanTi TvaliT nanaxi sasufevlidan unda dabrunebuliyvnen ama sofels. maT unda gaevloT kidev uamravi gasaWiri, Taboris mTidan unda Camosuliyvnen da asuliyvnen golgoTis mTaze. es igavuri mniSvneloba „vardisfer kacSi“ amgvaradaa warmodgenili.nawarmoebSi mociqulebis nacvlad gamoyvanilni arian qa-lebi, romlebic mouTmenlad elian viRacis gamoCenas. ismis kiTxva: ratom maincdamainc qa-lebi? imitom, rom ufals jvarcmisas, swored menelsacxeble dedebi edgnen gverdSi da arafris didebiT tovebdnen mas, ar eSinodaT sikvdilis. uflis tkivilebiT gulSeZrulT zRva cremli daenTxiaT jvarze gakruli macxovris winaSe. amitom gamoiyvana avtorma qa-

lebi „ vardisfer kacSi“, swored im gansxvavebuli da saocari kacis gulSematkivrad rom-lis gamoCenasac didi sasoebiT elodnen mTis mkvidri mandilosnebi. saocaria maTi molo-dinis simZafre. mTis mkvidri mandilosnebis molidini, uflis aRdgomis xilvis molodins hgavs, romliTac man gvanugeSa da gvixsna maradiuli sikvdilisagan. rogori uangaro siyva-ruliTac Seiyvares menelsacxeble dedebma ufali, amgvari siyvaruliT gamsWvalulni ari-an mandilosnebi ambrosis mimarT, romelic maT cxovrebas sxvadasxva ferebiT alamazebs.

goderZi Coxeli ara marto Rrma moazrovnea, aramed igi ferwer xelovnadac gvevline-

ba. mis SemoqmedebaSi ferTa ulevi raodenobaa. im ferebs, romlebic „ vardisfer kacSia“ gamoyenebuli, Cemi azriT, qristianuli axsna aqvs. sanam uSualod ferTa qristianul sim-bolikaze visaubrebdeT, gvinda yuradReba gavamaxvilo zogadad feris mniSvnelobaze. adamianis TvalTan erTad feri aris is pirvelSobili movlena, romelic uSualod RmerTs ukavSirdeba. rac Seexeba uSualod sityvas „ feri“ misi yvelaze Rrma mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi raRacis arss, arsebas gamoxatavs. qarTul enaSi „feri“ ucnaur sity-vad aRiqmeba, radggan igi bevri sityvis nawilia. esenia: araferi, nuraferi, yvelaferi, sxvaferi da sxva. anu yvela es cneba „ar arseboba“ qarTulSi aris araferi, ara-ra,aramyo-foba. amgvarad, qarTuli feric aris arsi, arseba, TviT sagani da movlena. rac Seexeba qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi damkvidrebul ferTa simbolikas, maTi mniSvneloba ase-Tia: Savi-idumlebis, SeuRweveli RvTaebriobis simboloa, lurji-saRmrTo miswrafebebis, mwvane-imedisa da sasoebis, yviTeli-zafranisferi simboloa maziarebelTa, iisferi- mona-niebis niSania, TeTri- absoluturi RvTaebriobis ferTa jamis, xolo vardisferi- wiTlisa da TeTris nazavia, romelic Semdegi mniSvnelobis matarebelia: igi aris siyvaruli, rome-lic RvTaebriobamdis maRldeba, es aris unari, romelic adamians RmerTs amsgavsebs.

ferebi, romliTac goderZi Coxelis „vardisferma kacma“ gaalamaza mis irgvliv siyva-ruliTa Tu siZulviliT aRsavse adamianebis cxovreba, uflis diad qmedebas ukavSirdeba, romelmac SoTa rusTavelis TqmiT uTvalavi feriT savse samyaro mogvca: „Cven kacTa mog-

vca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa“ , xolo rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania es „vardisferi kaci“ saxelad ambrosi, rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSne, ganasaxierebbs Tavad avtoris saxesa da cxovrebas. ambrosis msgavsad goderZi Coxelic Tavisi kinofilmebiTa Tu mxatvruli na-warmoebebiT gvilamazebs tanjviTa da mZime gansacdelebiT aRsavse cxovrebas. misi yoveli nawarmoebi im TvisebebiT gvavsebs , romelic mis mier daxatul ferebs axasiaTebT. igi gvam-didrebs imediTa da sasoebiT, misi RvTaebrivi siyvaruliT aRsavse suli, saRmrTo miswra-febebis Ziebisaken mogviwodebs, mogviwodebs monaniebisaken da im udidesi unaris SeZenisa-ken , romelic yvelaze metad amsgavsebs adamians RmerTs. es unari siyvarulia, romlis Se-saxeb axali aRTqmis erT-erT wignSi korinTelTa mimarT epistoleSi, mociquli pavles pirveli werilis, me-13 Tavis, me-13 muxlSi vkiTxulobT: „uflamdis sami gza midis : rwme-nis, imedis, siyvarulis da amaTSi upiratesi siyvarulia“.


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nino narsaSvili, qeTevan biwaZe soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati

xelmZRvaneli profesori nana kucia

jemal qarCxaZis ~igi~

jemal qarCxaZis proza erTi mxriv mihyveba Txrobis tradiciul etikets, meore mxriv,

mkveTrad individualuria, ganumeorebelia, mwerlis stili ar aris sqematuri. j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebs zneobrivi maqsimalizmi da ukompromisoba axasiaTebs. misi gmirebi sikeTis madliT arian gajerebulni.

jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi „igi“ naTlad Cans pirovnebis Tavisuflebisadmi swrafva, individualobisadmi gamorCeuli midrekileba, sulierebis gancda. nawarmoebis ZiriTadi movlenebi epoqis gamoxmaurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, im epoqisa, romelSic mwerals moux-

da cxovreba da moRvaweoba. saTauri „igi“ TavisTavad ganzogadoebisaken migvaniSnebs. yve-

laferze ufro SemaZrwunebeli isaa, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom moqmedeba uSores warsul-

Sia gadatanili, sazogadoebisa arc yofiereba Secvlila, arc faseulobebi. Zaladoba yo-

fierebis wesad rCeba. minaweri „preistoriuli moTroba“ ki aris erTgvari simbolo, rome-

lic mkiTxvelma unda amoxsnas, nawarmoebSi drois faqtori SeCerebulia, rasac TavisTavad Tavisi mxatvruli funqcia gaaCnia „roca ca dRis Tvals gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles gadaaclis, igi ava maRal qarafze da didi daZinebis xaxaSi gadaeSveba“ nawarmoebis dasawy-

isSive mkveTrad igrZnoba gansxvavebuli dro.moTxrobas lait motivad gasdevs individisa da sazogadoebis, individisa da maradisobis urTierTobis problema. samyaros pirveladi saxe warmoCenilia metaforebis saSualebiT. SesavalSve irkveva mTavari personaJis, igis, dapirispirebis obieqti. moTxrobSi aRwerilia igis Sinagani mdgomareoba,romelic Semec-

nebiTi procesiTaa motivirebuli, rac sakuTar TavTan dialogSi vlindeba. mas Semecnebi-Ti procesi gardaqmnis ara marto gonebrivad, aramed fizikuradac. tomisagan gansxvave-

buls xdis, calke tomi dgas, anu sazogadoeba, calke individi anu igi. sazogadoebis meTa-

uri beladi cdilobs jogisagan gansxvavebuli individis ganadgurebas. nawarmoebis mxat-

vrul qsovils igivs fiqrebi gadmocema qmnis,rac mTxoreblis ararsebobis gancdas badebs. igi, primitiuli adamiani gardaiqmneba moazrovne adamianad. Tavidan azrovneba calkeul situaciebze iyo mijawvuli, mexsiereba susti da primitiuli hqonda, gamocdileba mwiri da SezRuduli iyo, amitom gansjis unars iyo moklebuli. gonebaze metad ganviTarebuli hqonda SegrZnebebi. gansakuTrebi ynosvisa da gemos, romelis exmareboda mas Seemecnebina samyaro. nawarmoebi agebulia parabolizebuli sazogadoebis azrovnebiT.

moqmedebis fonia pirvelyofiluri sazogadoeba Tavisi mgluri kanonebiT. am sazoga-

doebos yofierebis erTaderTi mizani sakvebis, muclisamosayoravis mopovebaa. vai, im dRes, rodesac sanadirod wasuli mamrebi verafers iSovnian! mdedrebi unda gaikrifon tye-Rre, kenkriTa da fesvebiT moityuos Temma Tavi.

swored, am pirvelyofili jogis wevri gardaiqmneba moazrovne adamianad, sakuTari zneobisa da Rirsebis mqonde, Semoqmedebaze orientirebul individad. am gzis gasasvle-

lad man unda daZlios gansxvavebulobis SiSi, rasac SeaZlebinebs silamazis aRqmisa da gan-

cdis unari „mTavris Suqis WvretiT moxibluli igi sabolood imarTeba welSi“. esTeturi gauxda grZnobebi. sulieri kavSiris moTovnilena aRemateba fizikur kavSirsas.


150

silamazis aRqma da siyvaruli aRviZebs igiSi xelovans, Semoqmeds. misi SemoqmedebiTi Zala igis daanaxebs,rom is aris suli da es suli mTel samyaroSia ganfenili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom nawarmoebSi naxsenebi ar aris RmerTi.magram arsebiTad igi RmerTs poulobs. RvTaebrivi suli amTlianebs igis da obieqtur realobas, metic igis, rogorc Se-

moqmedis suli mTel samyaros flobs, radgan samyaros Semoqmedis sulis nawilia. igi, rogorc individi ramdenime mniSvnelovani niuansiT aRemateba Tems. aRemateba

RirsebiT, zneobriT, Tavisuflebis xarisxiT. gardaqmnili igi welgamarTulia. sityvac emorCleba da xelic-sialasa da qviSaze adamianTa gacocxleba xelewifeba. am aRmatebas aR-

moaCeninebs nis siyvaruli. siyvarulic Taviseburia igisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom igim ukve SeiZina eTikur-esTetikuri da religiuri faseulobebi, is jer kidev ar aris srulyo-

fil pirovnebad Camoyalibebuli, amisTvis aucilebelia gaiRos msxverpli. amisken igis, romelic beladTan konfliqtisas Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs,qali ubiZgebs. ni aiZulebs gamoamJRavnos Tavisi WeSmariti arsi. is igis saSiS situaciaSi ayenebs, rac SeiZleba ganpi-robebuli iyos qaluri SurisZiebiT. radgan igim nis mimzidveloba jerovnad ver daafasa. magram amave dros nis mamoZravebeli jerovnad ufro Rrma impulsebi iyos. mas surs, igim ar daTmos da mTlianad gamoamJRavnos Tavisi gansxvavebuloba, suliereba, romelic ukve xiblavs am kacSi.

nis siyvaruli, aseve zus simpaTia, igis Rirsebis aRiareba aZlevs Zalas mTavar perso-

naJs, Zveli beladis msgavsad mtkiced Seegebos gardauval sikvdils. magram igis msxverpli araa umizno, uazro. rCebian ni da zu, romelTa suli ukve keTilad gabzarulia, sxvivCaR-

vrulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom nic da zuc ver upirispirdebian toms, mTavari ukve moxda. arc didi qarafis miRmaa dasasruli „igisagan darCeba is rac igiSi igi iyo“.

miuxedavad imisa, rom moqmedeba preistoriul xanaSi xdeba, realurad teqsti igavur-paraboluri anu Tanabrad miemarTeba nebismier sivrcesa da epoqas, individisa da univer-

sumis maradi urTierTdapirispireba, ramac Sedegad harmoniisaken ltolva unda gaaCinos am moTxrobis qargacaa, kerZod jemal qarCxaZe viTomc pirvelyofili sazogadoebis maga-

liTze gviambobs yoveli sociumis maradiul dilemas-gilgameSisa uruqSi, odisevsisa iTa-kidan troamdis da kvlav iTakamdis,aluda qeTelaurisa-Satilis TemSi, CamonaTvalis gag-

rZeleba usasrulod SeiZleba, amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT margerit iursenaris nobelaze, „aRmosvluri novelebis “ciklidan „rogor gadarCa uan -fo“.

am teqstSi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania msoflio literaturisTvis uaRresad axlobeli da cnobili Tema, mbrZaneblisa da xelovanis, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi-imperatorisa da mxatvris dapirispirebis. yoveli epoqa da sazogadoeba icnobs am konfliqts. iursenarTa-nac iseve rogorc qarCxaZesTan imperatoris zeoba droebiTia. imperatorebsa da beladebs SeuZliaT xelovanTa da mxatvarTa ganadgureba mxolod fizikur doneze, radgan xelovan-

Tagan rCeba maradi, sawyisi suli. „xelovnebaa Tavad ukvdaveba mxolod ostats ver ewvevao sikvdili“-xelovneba uZlebs drosa da epoqas, Tuki xelmwife gaanadgurebs uan-fos, Rmer-

Tisagan arCeul individs da Seecdeba mis fizikur ganadgurebas sazogadoebas darCeba is rac „igiSi igi iyo“ anu Semoqmedi cocxlobs Semoqmedebis xangrZlivibiT. swored ,es gamo-

arCevs mokvdavi individisagan xelovans. uan-fos sakuTari Semoqmedebis gadasarCenad si-

cocxlis daTmoba mouwia „xelovneba gulis sisxls moiTxovs safasad, Tu mTeli jani ar Se-

alie am sastik bomons, araferi gamogiva xelidan“ „mTel janze“ meti Sealia beberma uan-

fom Tavis suraTebs. xelmwifem dilemis winaSe daayena, sicocxle Tu Semoqmedeba..... uan-

fom ki ukvdavi sicocxle arCia. Tumca ki gauWirda wrfeli grZnobebis gaRviveba sakuTar sulSi, raTa yrmobisdroindeli grZnobebi gadaetana daumTavrebel tiloze. uan-fom Se-


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moqmedebac gadaarCina, mowafe linic da saukTari Tavic.zRvaSi molivlive navSi msxdomni albaT ipovnidnen samaradJamo sicocxles. suli mosTxova suraTma damxatvels sanacvlod Tavisi arsebobisa „yvelaze kargi suraTi igia, romlisTvisac suls mosTxoven erT dRes damxatvels“ Semoqmedis ganadgureba SesaZlebelia, Semoqmedebisa ki ara.

samyaros pirveli xelovani,romelmac samyaroSi yovelive Seqmna iyo mama RmerTi.man daavala edemis baRSi myof adams saxeli daerqmia garSemo yovelivesTvis.amiT adami gaxada Semoqmedi.xelovani aris mama RmerTis gzis gamgrZelebeli.uflisagan xeldasmulebs uZ-

neldebaT urTierToba sazogadoebasTan.sazogadoeba,romelic unda gaufrTxildes maT, xSir SemTxvevaSi moZaladed gvevlineba.swored, am sazogadoebis meTaurebi,imperatori da beladi jerovnad ver dafaseben gamorCeulebs.an iqneb afaseben kidec da swored, es xdeba maTi mtrobis mizezi , magram maT SeuZliaT ibatonon Zalis meSveobi,xelovneba ki nebiT imonebs mnaxvels.maT ZaluZT aRiqvan samyaros WeSmariti arsi,iqneb swored im samyaros ic-

noben,romlis danaxvac Cven, Cveulebriv mokvdavT ar SeuZlia.faqti isaa, maT SeuZliaT Se-

imecnon samyaro,romelic CvenTvis uxilavi da amoucnobia.


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TinaTin SubiTiZe soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati


daTo turaSvilis „jinsebis Taoba“

„me gadavcurav zRvas...“ meoce saukune... sabWoTa kavSiri daarsebis pirvelive dRidan

mis daSlamde iyo e.w. policiuri saxelmwifo . romelSic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen moqalaqe-

Ta yoveldRiuri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts: sityvis,mogzaurobis,ganaTlebis,eko-

nomikis.Tavisuflebebi mxolod qaRaldze arsebobda. es iyo epoqa, rodesac yvela grZnob-

da ''wiTeli mxeci' ,rogor uWerdaT yelSi marwuxebs ''gawiTlebamde''.yvela xedavda rac am codviT aSenebul sistemaSi xdeboda. yoveli mniSvnelovani qmedeba ''zemodan'' unda daSve-buliyo. moqalaqeTa sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebas intensiurad Tvalyurs adevnebda da akontrolebda ,saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti - suki.

disidentebs saxelmwifo represiebi da mZime sasjeli elodaT, romelTagan umZimesi sasjeli iyo daxvreta an gulagis tyveobaSi moxvedra. adamiani individualurobasa da sa-marTals hkaragvda, magram sawindaaRmdego azri ubralod ar ar arsebobda da Tu sadme Ti-

To-orola TuTaSxia daibadeboda samagaliTod sjidnen. ...1983 weli..18 noemberi..ramdenime qarTveli axalgazrda demonstracuiulad daupi-

rispirda sabWoTa imperias. msaxiobma gega kobaxiZem ,mxatvarma daviT miqaberiZem, ilia me-oris erT-erTma stiqarosanma ioseb wereTelma, mxatvarma Tina fetviaSvilma, kaxa da paata iverielebma, gia tabiZem, Tbilisi-baTumi_kievi leningradis marSutis t 134 TviTmfrina-

vi gaitaces.. gamtaceblebi dasavleTSi gaqcevaze ocnebobdnen... es ambavi qarTuli istoriis kidev erTi tragikuli furcelia da dRemde saidumloebe-

biT aris moculi. teroristebis braldebiT dapatimrebul axalgazrdebs fexmiZe gogonas garda sabWoTa xelisuflebam sasjelis umaRlsi zoma-daxvreta miusaja.. sikvdiliT dasa-

jes beri Teimuraz CixlaZe,romelic TviTmfrinavSi ar mjdara ,magram gamtaceblebis su-

lieri moZRvari iyo. ~TviTmfrinavis biWebis saqme~ saqarTveloSi jer kidev sakmaod aqtualuria.dRemde ka-

maToben imaze, Tu vin iyvnen sinamdvileSi es axalgazrdebi:Cveulebrivi teroristebi Tu gmirebi,romlebic sabWoTa xelisuflebas daupirispirdnen.

~bandituri aqcia aRkveTilia'', samagaliTod dasjili teroristebi~, ~banditebi~ - ase-

Ti citatebis simravliT gamoirCeoda qarTuuli presa.ucxouri presa ~SeSfoTebas gamos-tqvams am faqtTan dajavSirebiT,magram pozicia Cveulebisamebr igivea.maTi sityva~sxivebs hfens da arvisaTbobs~

am tragikuli istoriis Semdge bevrma welma gaiara.magram qarTveli daumorCilebeli da Tavisuflebis wyurviliT Sepyrobili adamianebis istoria dResac aqtualuria,masze keTdeba siuJetebi, iwereba wignebi da idgemeba speqtakli.

''jinsebis Taoba'' dadgmisTanave iqaca ''Tavisufali Teatris ~legendalur speqtak-

lad.daviT doiSvils Tbilisis yvela Teatrma uTxra uari am speqtaklis dadgmaze, garda ~Tavisufali Teatrisa~. imdroindeli xelisuflebis didi winaaRmdgegobis miuxedavad 2001 wels speqtakli mainc daidga da udidesi popularulobac moipova da dResac ki sru-


153

li anSlagiT mimdinareobs yoveli dadgma.. 2008 weli..bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobaz ga-moscems daTo turaSvilis ~jinsebi Taobas~. karga xania qarTveli avtoris wigns, mkiTxve-

lis aseTi daintereseba ar gamouwvevia. turaSvilis wigni ki Taroebidan qreba da gamom-

cemlobas tiraJis gameoreba dasWirda. avtorma martivi da msubuqi weris manera gamoiyena, ar gadatvirTa igi zedmeti lite-

raturuli xerxebiT, ubralod yvelaze Zvirfasi - mwerlis ena gamoiyena da Rirseulad mi-

aRwia kidec mizans.. wigni ukve eqvsi welia popularulobas ki ar hkargavs,piriqiT....misi TiToeuli frazebi,, dialogebi ,personaJebis fotoebi socialuri qselis facebook-is yvelaze aqtualur Temas warmoadgens.. mTels nawarmoebs aCrdiliviT Tan sdevs azri imi-sa Tu ramdenad gulisamrevia, rodesac xar reJimis mona, da ra saSinelebaaa roca xar ada-

miani(??) -zombi da arafris mimarT ar gagaCnia protestis grZnoba.. kontrasti iqmneba ro-

desac gamodian axlagazrdebi,romelTac ~jinsebis Taobis biWebs~ eZaxdnen da romelTa tragikulma bedmac milionobiT adamiani Ses sZra..ganaCeni, romelic komunisturma reJim-ma axalgazrdebs gamoutana yvelasTvis Semzaravi aRmoCnda. wignis saSualebiT ufrosma

Taobam miviwyebuli tkivili gaixsena,TiTqos saqarTvelos matianem warsulis sisxliani furclebi isev ukan gadmoSala,es aris pasuxi imaze Tu ratom unda dangreuliyo reJimi.

romanis TiToeuli personaJi Seiyvares da gaiTavises axalgazrdebma, kiTxva ar wydeba maT gulSi, sulSi mware naRveli aqvT im ususurobis gamo. riTac veRar uSvelian ukve da-

Rupul sicocxleebs.. gega, Tina, Teimurazi, Zmebi iverielebi, gia, soso, daviTi ukve da-

karguli sicocxleebi arian,romelTac saflavic ki ar eRirsaT,,civi magarm mainc sakuTa-

ri..turaSvilis gmirebi keTili,uboroto adamianebi arian..maT sakuTari ocneba,miznebi,-

Tavisufleba hqondaT.ibrZodnen misTvis..ibrZodnen droSi rodesac yvelaferi ~sakuTari~ da ~namdvili~ amerikuli egonaT.

biWebi cnobili ojaxis Svilebi iyvnen, maSin roca yvela fiqrobda mateliarulze,isini xvdebodnen rom ~raRac~ akldaT da es ~ raRac~ swored Tavisufleba iyo.Znelia ar mog-

wyurdes ~is~,rodesac jinsebi gacvia da led zeppelin-s usmen erTaderTgzad ki ameriaka gesaxeba.

samwuxarod personaJebi umoqmedobiT gaswira sazogadoebam,iseve rogorc maTi pro-

totipebi realur samyaroSi. mSoblebi da axloblebi sazogadoebas bodiSs uxdidnen, mag-

ram amiT Svilebs banditebad ver racxavdnen da verc amarTlebdnen. rogor SeiZleboda “gafrenisk mcdelobiT Sekrebil megobrebs vinme s mkvleloba sdomodaT? maT sulebs ewa-

daT gafrena da galaReba.aba rogor SeiZleba abulaZis rCeuli moqmedi gmiri,”monaniebis” personaJi gega mkvleli yofiliyo, gulwrfelia misi yoveli pasuxi:

-gafrena ar gindodaT?? -gafrena yovelTvis mindoda, axlac gavfrindebi kidec oRond ara TviTmfrinaviT -rom ver gafrindeT? -maSin zRvas gadavcurav -ras? -zRvas.. -rogor?? -simReriT -xumrobT?dakiTxvis oqmSic ase Sevitano?? -ki batono -mainc rogor?? -sityva-sityviT:me gadavcurav zRvas biWebis moZRvari Teimurazi ,igive beri Teodore usityvod ismens jalaTis sityvas :i-


154

gi ubralod fiqrobs :”araferi ar Rirs Tundac erTi adamianis sicocxlis fasad, yoveli adamianis sicocxle ekuTvnis RmerTs da mxolod RmerTis gadasawyvetia misi sikvdilic.

biWebs arc ki ufiqriaT, rom SeiZleboda maT ideas msxverpli mohyoloda..sasowarkve-

Tili da imedgacruebuli daTo miqaberiZe Tavs iklavs: turaSvilis personaJi keTili ada-

miani iyo, ara imitom rom mamamisi saministroSi muSaobda da jinsebs mainc ar moaklebda sayvarel Svils.ara ,imitom rom ubralod -keTili adamini iyo da morCa .....danarCenebi sik-

vdilamde ideis erTgulni rCebian. bodiSs mxolod daRupulebis gamo ixdian, Tavisufle-

bis wyurvili ki kvlav maT sulSi ucvlelad rCeba . „verc bodiSs movixdi da verc vera-

fers, ara maqvs me amis ufleba, Seuracxyofis miyeneba iqneba ,rom viTxovo - mapatie“ - am-

bobs dakiTxvis siuJetSi gega.. turaSvilis personaJebi megobrebis garda, yvela sabWoTa manqanis meqanizmebi arian:

emorCilebian reJims, da arian dazombirebulebi-,,da sosos mamam gadawyvita ,rom pirvelad yofiliyo guladi da gambedavi Svilis gamo, da amerikaSi ,rogorc ki moTvalTvale yuradRe-

bas moadunebda ,namdvili jinsebi eyida SvilisTvis ,miuxedavad imisa rom eSinoda. ii „gawiT-

lebuli“ sazgadoeba gamofxizlebas iwyebs „lurji jinsebis“ biWebis sikvdilis Semdeg.. reJi-

mis sastikma ganaCenma Tvali auxila maT,iseve rogorc sosos mamas,romelic Svilis sikvdilis gamo reJims upirispirdeba: “mTeli samyaro damnaSavea, damnaSave var Svilo..

„TviTmfrinavis biWebis „ tragikuli istoria xdeba SemdgomSi axalgazrdebis azvirTe-

bis safuZveli.maT marTlac „gadascures zRva“..daarRvies jebirebi,Tumca TavianTma ideo-

logiam ganxorcielebais areali 1989 wlis 9aprilis movlenebSi hpova.,romelic SemdgomSi damoukideblobiT dagvirgvinda..

„TviTmfrinavis biWebi“ axlac cocxlebi arian sadRac Sors Zalian Sors am borotebiT savse samyarosgan ...,radgan undodaT gafrena da marTla gafrindnen..

konstantine gansaxurdia — 120

155

naTia terteraSvili goris saswavlo universiteti

konstantine gamsaxurdias naazrevidan qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb

literaturuli enis kavSiri xalxis enasTan, sasaubro metyvelebasTan, warmoadgens

saliteraturo enis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobas. msoflio literaturaSi xSi-

rad yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac ama Tu im enis wamomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad mwerlebi, cdilan gamdidrebinaT literaturuli ena xalxuri metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikiTa da gramatikuli formebiT, rac iwvevda enis formirebas, ganaxlebas an uar-

yofda enaSi arsebul dogmebs, romlebic akninebdnen enas. qarTuli enis istoriaSi cnobilia „TergdaleulTa“ brZola saliteraturo eni-

saTvis. saliteraturo enisa da xalxuri metyvelebis daaxloebis process didi stimu-

li misces i.WavWavaZem, a.wereTelma, i.gogebaSvilma da sxvebma. saliteraturo ena inten-siurad isrutavda saerTo saxalxo enas, agreTve dialeqtebis leqsikasa da frazeolo-

gias. cnobilia, Tu ra didi samsaxuri gauwies klasikosebma saliteraturo enas. jer er-

Ti, igi gaacocxles dialeqturi enobrivi erTeulebiT, meorec, xalxur metyvelebaze dayrdnobiT, Seqmnes sakuTari enobrivi stili, rac, ra Tqma unda, emyareboda qarTuli enis, misi gramatikis normebs. Cveni klasikosebi eZebdnen gzas, romelic miiyvanda maT saliteraturo enisa da sasubro enis kidev ufro metad daaxloebasTan.

qarTuli literaturis klasikosebis gzas mihyvebodnen maTi drois gamoCenili mwerlebi, literatorebi. isini qmnidnen nawarmoebebs, romlebic gamoirCevian enis mdi-

dari gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT, xalxuri surnelebiT. erT-erTi maTgania kon-stantine gamsaxurdia. aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT daintereseba man daiwyo 1929 wlidan, ro-

desac igi aSkarad gamodis mweralTa plenumebze lozungiT, romelic qarTuli enis axa-

li sasicocxlo ZalebiT Sevsebasa da gamdidrebas iTvaliswinebs. es sakiTxebi man mogvi-

anebiT Camoayaliba werilebSi: „saliteraturi qarTulisaTvis“, „qarTuli marTlweris konferenciisaTvis“ da sxva.

konstantine gamsaxurdia, rogorc Tavisi qveynis patrioti, SeSfoTebulia mSobli-

uri enis savalali mdgomareobiT. mas sasixarulo faqtad ar miaCnda, rom mis Tanamed-

rove qarTvels SeeZlo iolad gaego g.merCulesa da iakob xucesis ena. misTvis es imis momaswavlebelia, rom qarTuli ena saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saTanadod ar ganviTare-

bula, ar gazrdila, an neli nabijiT miiwevda win misi ganviTareba. konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTuli enis ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezad asaxelebs

imas, rom samwerlobo ena xalxuri metyvelebisagan da dialeqtebisagan TiTqmis damou-

kideblad arsebobda. 1929 wlis konferenciaze, romelic exeboda qarTuli marTlweris sakiTxebs, is aRniSnavda, rom mwerlis daniSnuleba enis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovania. enis ganviTareba ki mraval aspeqts moicavs. maTgan erT-erTi mTvari aris samwerlo enaSi dialeqturi formebis zomierad gamoyeneba. konstantines TqmiT, „iliam qarTul enas SesZina qarTluri bunebis sidarbaisle, xolo akakim imeru-

lis silbo. amaTTan erTad vaJam fSavuris, megrulisa da gurulis enobrivi elementebi Seitana samwerlo enaSi. swored klasikosebs ZaluZT „enobrivi revoluciis“ moxde-


156

na“(3:207). „qarTuli marTlweris konferenciisaTvis“ gamoqveynebuli werili dayofilia 3 Tavad. pirvel TavSi avtori zogadad mimoixilavs imdroindeli saqarTvelos mdgoma-

reobas enis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. meore nawili man daasaTaura ase - „daudevari metyveleba“ da aq msjelobs evropuli qveynebis literaturis bedze da guli swydeba, rom mis samSobloSi msgavs yuradRebas ar iCenen literaturis mimarT. mesame Tavs asa-

Taurebs - „konferenciis saxelmZRvanelo ideebisaTvis“. aq msjelobs qarTuli enis

amer-imeruli bunebis Sesaxeb da askvnis, rom: „ qarTli ena arc amerlebs Suqmnia da arc imerlebs. cal-calke arc erTsa da arc meores... qarTuli ena Seqmnilia yvela qarTul dialeqtze metyvel qarTul tomebisa da maTi naSenebis mier“( 12 :206).

1945 wels k. gamsaxurdiam dawera werili „saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis“, romelic Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. pirvel nawilSi avtori zogadad msjelobs dialeqtebis mniS-vnelobaze msoflio sxvadasxva enebis ganviTarebaSi da gamokveTs im faqtsac, rom Zvel-

ma qarTulma mwerlobam Seqmna „magistraluri xazi qarTuli enisa“. is amavdroulad aR-

niSnavs, rom „enis kulturis procesi da misive patriotizmi“ moiTxovs „erTi mtkaveliT win wauswros winamorbedebs“. werilis meore nawilSi avtori gamoTqvams SiSs qarTuli enis „gasoflurebis“ tendenciis mimarT. aqve aRniSnavs, rom saliteraturo qarTuli ena unda Seivsos misi dialeqtebis maragidan amoRebuli sityvebiT.xolo werilis mesame nawili exeba im faqts, rom axlo warsulis qarTul prozaSi samiode aTsi Zireuli sityva trialebda, magram XIX saukunis cxovrebis garTulebam da qarTveli kacis moqmedebis asparezis gafarToebam aiZula avtori, gamoexata aramarto aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-

Tis adamianTa yofa, aramed qarTveli kacis yofa msoflio centrebSic, rac moiTxovda leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebas.

konstantine gamsaxurdia Tavis werilSi „saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis“ aRniS-

navs: „ is maragi sityvebisa da formebisa, romelTa gacocxleba Cems Tvalwin xdeba, me friad sapatio saqmes mimaCnia da es yoveldRe unda moixveWos mweralma uZimesi SromiT, pirvelwyaroebis, sigelebis, hagiografiuli Zeglebis, karabadinebis, samTvarioebis da qarTveluri dialeqtebis, qarTuli folkloris, qarTuli bibliis Targmanebis Seswav-

liT. zogi kalmosani ar icnobs arc Tavis kuTxis, arc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis dia-

leqtebs da yoveli sityva, romelic mis cnomierebis gareSea, „arqaizmi“ hgonia“ (3:219) .

„konstantine gamsaxurdia im mweralTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTac imTaviTve mkacrad gaazrebuli da dadgenilo enobrivi pozicia aqvT, Tanmimdevrulad rom amkvid-

reben TvianTi SemoqmedebiT“(6:80). k. gamsaxurdia Tavisi SemoqmedebiT sityvaTqmnado-bas cdilobda. besarion jorbenaZis azriT, k. gamsaxurdiasaTvis sityvaTSemoqmedebas sami mizani aqvs:

1. Sesabamisi epoqisa da eTnografiuli kuTxis mxatvruli koloritis Seqmna; 2. sinonimuri rigis gamravalferovneba; 3. mravalgzis xmarebuli, gacveTili sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis Secvla axliT -

sityvis ganedleba, gaxaliseba. am mxriv misi Semoqmedebidan Zalze sainteresoa „didostatis konstantines marjve-

na“. swored am romanSia warmodgenili mwerlis mier enis qmnadobis procesi da misi Teo-

riuli procesebis xorcSesxma. swored am nawarmoebSi Seecada k. gamsaxurdia, rom gae-

cocxlebina, magaliTad, sityva „tvifari“ Zveli qarTulidan: „es aRmoCnda beWdisdari

tvifari spilenZisa, melis saxe iyo amoWrili zed“(1:198 ). „tvifari igivea rac tvifri“( 10:1290 ).


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man araqarTuli semantikis sityva „Sikriki“ Secvala „malemsrboliT“: „zviadTan mZevlebis gagzavnas apirebda erisTavi da swored am dros malemsrboli movida uflis-

cixidan“ (1 :79). k. gamsaxurdiam aseve gaacocxla sityva „marCbivi“, Zveli qarTulidan: „es gaifiqra

arsakiZem da warmoudga marCbivi Cveneba. vardisaxari amoudga Sorenas gverdiT“( 1:194 ). „marCbivi igivea,rac tyupi“(9:74 ).

mweralma am romanSi gamoiyena sityva „Srameli“: „zed galavanze moSenebuli Srame-

lis win welSi modrekili landi ijda lodze“( 1:8). „Srameli- sxvadasxva sayofacxovre-

bo da sameurneo nageboba“( 11:1435 ). romanis avtori acocxlebs sityvas „saWreTeli“ qarTluri dialeqtidan: „gamoar-

Tva TavxelisZes saWreTeli, daisveneo, Ziakaco, mciredi“ (1:280). „saWreTeli- xis amo-

saWreli, amosatexi iaraRi,- satexi“(10:941 ). k. gamsaxurdia „didostatis konstantines marjvenaSi“ acocxlebs sityvas „monus-

xva“ guruli dialeqtidan: „ ... eCvenebina afxazTa mefisaTvis Tu rogor emarjvebaT cxe-

nis monusxva lazebs“(1:258 ). man Tavis „daviT aRmaSnebelSi“ pirvelad gamoiyena sityva „ZuZumte“ Zveli qarTu-

ladan, mogvianebiT ki es sityva gamoiyena „didostatis konstantines marjvenaSi“: „siy-

rmidan erTad izrdebodiT orni, amad dauTqvamT, ZuZumteni xarTo“ (1:188 ). igi acocxlebs sityva „mxces“ „qarTlis cxovrebidan“: Sorena gaWaRaravebuliyo

tyveobaSi srulad, mainc hSvenoda mSvenieri mxciT Semkuli Tma“ (1 :331 ). „mxce igivea,

rac WaRara (Tma)“ ( 10:1254). garda amisa, konstantine gamsaxurdia Tavis nawarmoebebSi acocxlebs Semdeg sity-

vebs: „xvanji“-xlarTi, naskvi (12:1435 ), „Zgide“-Txeli gamyofi kedeli(12:728 ), „taxtis-

mte“, „jufTi“-wyvili, toli (12:1611), „Wvinti“-fexsacmlis wawvetebuli cxviri, wveti

(12:1247), „glu“- swori, uxorklo, sriala, sada zedapiri(8:1462 ) da sxv. konstantine gamsaxurdia im klasikosTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebmac Taviani

wvlili Seitanes „enobrivi revoluciis“ saqmeSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstantine gam-

saxurdiam Tavis mizans nawilobriv miaRwia am saqmeSi. man sityvis is formebi daamkvidra mwerlobasa Tu metyvelebaSi, romlebic Tavad gaacocxla pirvelad sakuTar nawarmoe-

bebSi. magaliTad, misma Tanamedrove mweralma, oTar WilaZem Tavis leqsSi „... ratom maR-

viZeb megobaro? miqelanjelo“, romelic dawera 1980 wels, gamoiyena sityva „saWreTeli“:

„vis raSi unda sicocxle qvaTa, mzis saWreTeli da mTvaris grdemli“.

agreTve, nodar dumbaZem gamoiyena sityva „saWreTeli“ Tavis „sasaflaoSi“: „didxans vijeqi Cems saflavTan. Soridan qvaze CaquCisa da saWreTelis kakunis xma ismoda“( 4:121 ).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, konstantine gamsaxurdia cdilobda aseve daemkvidrebina sityva „tvifari“, romelic mogvianebiT rostom CxeiZem gamoiyena Tavis nawarmoebSi

„varskvlavTa fsalmuni“: „sulier ltolvas bibliurma saxelma tvifari daaWdo da esai-

as striqonTa Taviseburi viariaciebi sinanulis ciklis pirvelbiZgiviT gamodga“. sityva, romlis sayovelTaod damkvidrebasac miznad isaxavda k. gamsaxurdia, aris

„Wvinti“. es sityva Tavis nawarmoebSi „mumli muxasa“ gamoiyena levan goTuam: „-codvad da gmobad! - kapasi xmiT Seuswora dazafrulma aRa-mahmadma da dalewil sarkes qoSis Wvinti gahkra“( 5:244).


158

maSasadame, konstantine gamsaxurdia aris iseTi sazogado moRvawe, romelsac SeuZ-

lia Tqvas „Cemamde da Cems Semdeg“. man mciredi, Tumca mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana enis ganviTrebis saqmeSi. man Tavis nawarmoebebSi Seitana iseTi formebi sityvebisa, rom-

lebic saukuneebis win gamoiyeneboda, rogorc sametyvelo, aseve saliteraturo enaSi. Tumca imis gamo, rom maT axali sinonimuri formebi gamouCnda an/da mxolod adgilob-riv, kuTxur metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneboda, maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aqtualoba da-

karges. k. gamsaxurdia ar iyo winaaRmdegi axali sinonimuri formebis gaCenisa, piriqiT, is aucilebladac miiCnevs amas da Tavadac cdilobs ucxo enidan sityvebis damkvidre-

bas, gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda. magram mas miaCnda, rom enis ganviTarebisaTvis da misi leqsikis gamravalferovnebisaTvis aucilebelia sityvis im formebis gacocxleba, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegebian qarTuli enis bunebas. is Tavis upirveles movaleobad mi-

iCnevda qarTuli kulturis uZvelesi maragis gadaxalisebas. k. gamsaxurdias azriT: „enis ganviTarebas mwerali aZlevs gezs. mwerali qmnis axal-

sa da axal kompoziciebs. didi mwerali reformatoria nacionaluri enisa“(3:262). is cdilobda Tavisi sityva eTqva am saqmeSi. sityvis formaTa gacocxleba reformaa Tavisi arsiT, maSasadame, konstantine gansaxurdia mSobliuri enis reformatoricaa.

literatura:

1. gamsaxurdia 1983: k.gamsaxurdia, „didostatis konstantines marjvena“, Tb; 1983. 2. gamsaxurdia 1983: k. gamsaxurdia, Txzulebani, t VII, Tb; 1983; 3. gamsaxurdia 1983: k. gamsaxurdia, Txzulebani, t VIII, Tb; 1983; 4. dumbaZe 1990: n. dumbaZe, moTxrobebi, wigni III, Tb; 1990; 5. goTua 1980: l. goTua, moTxrobebi, t. IV, Tb; 1980; 6.jorbenaZe 1982: b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, Tb; 1982; 7. kikaCeiSvili 1974: T kikaCeiSvili, „k. gamsaxurdias „didostatis konstantines marjvenis“

problematikisa da mwerlis mxatvruli ostatobis sakiTxebi“, Tb; 1974; 8. wereTeli 1951: g. wereTeli, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. II, Tb; 1951; 9. vaCnaZe 1960: a. vaCnaZe, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. V, Tb; 1960; 10. SaraSeniZe 1955: Tin. SaraSeniZe, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. VI, Tb; 1955; 11. Ciqobava 1962: arn.Ciqobava, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t.VII , Tb; 1962; 12. Ciqobava 1964: arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. VIII, Tb; 1964;


159

eka buTxuzi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati

qristianoba da nicSeanizmi ,,dionisos RimilSi“

konstantine gamsaxurdias pirveli romani aris `dionisos Rimili“,romelic 1924—

1925 wlebSi daiwera.is erTderTi pirveli modernistuli romania saqarTveloSi.mwer-

lis mogonebebidan vigebT,rom masze muSaoba 1915 wels miunxenSi dauwyia.magram saqar-TveloSi dabrunebisas xelnawerebi daukargavs. Semdeg 1919 wels xelmeored dauweria romani berlinSi da bedis ironiiT es xelnaweric dakargula.sabolood,ki 1924—1925 wlebSi mesamed dauweria Tavidan.

,,dionisos RimilSi“ asaxulia evropis did saxelmwifoebSi safrangeTSi,germaniasa da italiaSi arsebuli viTareba da is umZimesi sulieri krizisi,romelic saukunis da-

sawyisSi sufevda evropaSi. romanis mTavari gmiri,konstantine savarsamiZe uZvelesi qarTuli warCnebuli gva-

ris argveTis mTavris ukanaskneli da uperspeqtivo warmomadgenelia.is aris adamiani,-romelic sxva drosa da sxva istoriul periodSi unda dabadebuliyo. ,,xSirad adamiani tolebs CamorCenil werosa hgavs,brma SemTxvevis wyalobiT ibadeba am saukuneSi da su-

liT sul sxva saukunes ekuTvnis,“d ambobs bianka da savarsamiZec swored gadaSenebuli fenis ukanaskneli warmomadgenelia.igi mTeli simZafriT grZnobs sisxlis moberebas da daSretas.

romani ara mxolod imiT aris saintereso,rom masSi aisaxa I msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis krizisi,aramed ,,dionisos Rimili“ gamoxatavs k.gamsaxurdias im droindel re-

ligiurdfilosofiur msoflmxedvelobas. XX saukunis dasawyisi aris periodi,rodesac xdeba mTeli rigi Rirebulebebis ga-

dafaseba.Zvel tradiciebs,Cvevebs,msoflmxedvelobasa da religiur mrwamss safuZveli Seerya.TiTqos isini axali droisaTvis gamousadegarni aRmoCdnen.

kritikosTa nawili miiCnevs,rom ,,dionisos RimilSi“ mweralma fr.nicSes filoso-

fiuri mrwamsis mxatvruli transformacia ganaxorciela.nicSem qristianoba mkacrad gaakritika da axali religiis RmerTad `zekaci“ gamoacxada. konstantine gamsaxurdia-

seuli gageba nicSes ,,zekacisa“ originaluria.man ara marto filosofiur planSi gaiaz-

ra is,aramed ,,zekacs“ mianiWa moraluri da erovnuldpolitikuri daniSnuleba.es gu-

lisxmobda imas,rom ,,dapyrobili erisaTvis zekaci aris mxsneli“(k.qecbaia.) Tu am in-terpretacias mivyvebiT gamodis rom konstantine savarsamiZe aris eris Tavisuflebi-

saTvis mebrZoli pirovneba.arada sinamdvileSi mas sakuTari Sinagani TavisuflebisTvi-

sac ver miuRwevia. mwerlis CTvla nicSeanizmis mimdevrad an sxva romelime ideis mqadageblad sworad ar

mimaCnia.me vfiqrob, k.gamsaxurdiam romanSi aRwera kulturuli msoflios sulieri mdgo-

mareoba;aRwera is procesebi,romlebic adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobda axali saukunis dasawyisSi;aRwera zneobrivi dacema da gaxrwna xalxisa;adaamianis konfliqti ga-

remosTan da sazogadoebis gaucxoveba.es yvelaferi daukavSira saqarTvelos tragikul beds da amis fonze mweralma SeZlo gmiris tragizmic ufro mwvaved gamoekveTa.


160

konstantine savarsamiZe arc mxolod warmarTuli kultis msaxuria da arc marto qristianobis mqadagebeli.igi am ori religiis gzajvaredinze dgas.misi gaorebuli su-

li arCevans ver akeTebs.Cven ar unda dagvaviwydes,rom misi bavSvobis droindeli STa-

beWdilebebi dakavSirebulia warmarT gamzrdelTan d taia SeliasTan. xolo Semdeg ev-ropaSi miRebuli ganaTlebiT igi qristianul msoflmxedvelobas mWidrod ukavSirdeba-

.akaki baqraZis azriT, ,,qristianulma civilizaciam konstantine savarsamiZe ise Seipy-

ro,rogorc laokooni da misi ori Svili gvelebma.“ religia savarsamiZisaTvis absolu-

tis Secnobis erTaderTi gza da saSualebaa.swored amiT aris gmiris tragizmi gamowveu-li d is ver axerxebs WeSmaritebis miRwevas.saerTodac Zalian saeWvoa adamians WeSmari-

tebis miRweva SeeZlos,radganac ,,Cven ise cota viciT Cveni sulis sarbielis Sesaxeb-

,ramdenic Soreuli planetebis cvalebad etlebze.“ konstantine xvdeba,rom uRmerTo adamiani sacodavia;rom bednieria mxolod is kaci ,,vinc erTi RmerTis mSvidobian karav-

Si SeZlebs am udabnoSi gadaCrdilebas.“ gmiris sulier tanjvas mTeli rigi mizezebi aqvs.pirveli aris is,rom man dakarga

RmerTi sakuTar TavSi.meore problema gareT,samyaroSia mosaZebni. msoflio sadac aravis indoben...cxovrebam romantikosi sisxlis msmel adamianad

aqcia. savarsamiZe gulmokluli ambobs:,,me vumRerodi am did qalaqebs?wyeuli saukunis sodomsa da gomors,sadac ukan moxedva gaqcevas udris,sadac siyvaruli TavgasarTob Cveulebad iqceva.“ pirferoba,momabezrebeli da arafrismTqmeli Sekrebebi evropul salonebSi; saubari xelovnebaze, politikaze, filosofiaze... teqnologiurad ganviT-

rebuli samyaros msxverplni arian luqsemburgis parkSi mjdomi invalidi, maTxovarTa brbo da mSieri adamianebi ,,una liraT“ rom yidian pornografiul suraTebs da sul yvelgan rom dayvebian konstantines. man icis evropis civilizaciis ukan ra WuWyi da si-

binZure imaleba. misi megobari iohanes noiStetic am drois msxverplia: ,,Cemi tvinis uj-

redebi sul gamoRrnili yofila...mTeli Tavis qala gamWvartluli iyo TuTunis nikoti-niT,didi qalaqis qarxnebis oxSivariTa da mtvriT;aq yofilan namcecebi asfaltis,rki-

nis,foladis,brinjaosi...“ magram konstantines ar SeuZlia gaiqces evropidan.is ver mi-

dis indoeTSi,ver brundeba verc saqarTveloSi. da roca bolos da bolos Camova mainc ucxo darCeba.aqac zedmetad da gariyulad igrZnobs Tavs.Tavisi mordus Svilebic ki ax-

la mas uyureben rogorc ,,naswavl“ kacs.is verc win midis da ukan,warsulSic veRar brundeba.

is rom konstantine sul gzajvaredinze dgas,mudam orWofobs mgzavrobisas d zRviT Tu xmeleTiT? or kac umegobrdeba, erTdroulad or qalzea Seyvarebuli d ra Tqma unda,metyvelebs mis gaorebaze d ,,vwyevli Cems gamCens.Cems gvamSi ori Sxamiani mo-rielis SemomTesvels.“ miuxedavad imisa,rom am ori urTierT gamomricxavi mrwamsis brZola TiTqos dionisos gamarjvebisken ixreba,saboloo arCevans mainc ver akeTebs konstantine.

,,Cemi sayvareli oreulia Tvzi...“ ,,axla me TviTon var Tevzi!“ Tevzi d es aris saxe,simbolo rogorc qristesi,ise dionisesic.savarsamiZes es

sityvebic miuTiTebs,rom masSi ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego msoflmxedveloba Casax-

lebula.dionise aris qeifis,lxenis,drostarebis simbolo.qrisrianoba ki TviTgvemas-

,xorcis tanjvas moiTxovs da pirvelmizezTan Sesarwymelad zneobrivi simaRlis maRali safexuris miiRwevaa saWiro.

codna absolutis Secnobis saSualeba ar aRmoCnda.realurad Cven arc ki viciT ra-

ime sagnebis Sesaxeb. axla siyvarulis gza darCenia mxolod gmirs imedad. radgan mas swams ,,siyvaruli xidia RmerTsa da kacs Soris.“


161

qals konstantines cxovrebaSi didi adgili uWiravs.igi qals uyurebs,rogorc xorcieli survilebis dasakmayofilebel saSualebas da rogorc esTetikuri tkbobis sagans.TavdaviwyebiT eZleoda igi qalebis alerss.magram mamis sastik wyevlas versad ga-

eqca da marTlac ,,verc erTma dedakacma ver gauZlo misi Teslis nayofis Sobas...“ jeneti konstantines cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos wminda saxes ganasaxierebs.jeneti

jvarcmaze Seyvarebuli pirovnebaa.masSi erTi wveTic ki ar aris raime warmarTuli.mas uyvars ,,suliT glaxakTa“ mfarveli qriste.savarsamiZes ar esmis es siyvaruli,radganac qarTvelTa ubedurebis mTavar mizezad qristes jvars miiCnevs.qristes jvris danaxvi-sas ganadgurebuli samSoblo axsendeba.amas adasturebs asizis gzaZe momxdari SemTxve-

va:,,davlewe jvarcma da vgme qriste Cveni damqceveli.“da gmiri mzad aris meored acvas jvars ieso ,,saqarTvelos sisxlis gamosasyidad.“jenetisa da konstantines siyvarulic amitomaa ganwiruli.maT sulebs harmoniuli Tanaarseboba ar SeuZliaT.qali qristes aR-

merTebs,kaci d dionises. sabolood,sami gza sulieri simSvidis mopovebisa marcxiT mTvrdeba.savarsamiZe

xvdeba,rom man isic ki ar icis Tu ratom uvlis lobio sars marjvnidan da ara marcxni-

dan. usayvarlesi qalis,jenetis siyvaruli uqreba.samSoblo miwa ver icnobs,masTanac gaucxovebulia...da gulgatexili gmiri daikvnesebs: ,,xom autanelia:qveyanaze sakuTari ,,Sin“ ara gqondes,caSi RmerTi ar gegulebodes da arc aravis uyvarde am gauxareli cxovrebis bnel RameSi?!“

,,dionisos RimilSi“ araerT simbolosa da alegorias iyenebs mwerali.pirvel rig-

Si,nawarmoebis saTauris simbolur mniSvnelobas aRvniSnav.konstantinem dionisos uam-

ravi qandakeba naxa,magram momRimari d arc erTi. k.qecbaia Tvlis,rom es ,,warmodgenili-sa da warmoudgenelis damTxvevaa...dionisos Rimilis ukan yofierebis idumaleba imale-

ba.“ simboluria vazisa da cxenis kulti.vazi aerTebs rogorc warmarTuls,ise qristia-

nuls: ,,dionisos kulti vazs ukavSirdeba...wm.nino saqarTveloSi vazis jvriT modis.“

(r.siraZe)cxeni qarTvelTa rwmeniT micvalebulTa ganuyofeli Tanamgzavria.cxeni dio-

nisuri adamianis atributica aris,(gujas kvici,farvizis daRupva,savarsamiZis jojoxe-Tad Casvla).simboluria yviTelepoletebiani slanskis saxe.slanski s.siguas ruseTis simbolod miaCnia.savarsamiZis mier misi damarcxeba saqarTvelos mtrebis damarcxebad unda miviRoT.simboluri datvirTva aqvs gvels,Tevzsa da sxva mraval saxes.

sizmars romanSi Zalian didi mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs.froidis ganmartebiT ,,sizmari Rrma fsiqikuri movlenaa,mudam pirobiTi Sifris Semcveli.masSi vlindeba aracnobieri motivebi,faruli da represirebuli survilebi,radgan cnobiereba Tavi-

suflad moZraobs da yovelgvari barieri moxsnilia.“ sizmris saSualebiT gmiri winas-

war grZnobs mosalodnel safrTxes.ase moxda herbertis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi;jeneti-sa da Tavisi siyvarulis tragikuli dasasrulic sizmarSi ixila.gveli romelic albano-

Si yofnisas esizmra da romelic ukan gaabruna ganasaxierebda dionises.man ver icno Ta-

visi RvTaeba da gaagdo.biankas monaTxrobi baronis mier ojaxis mfarveli gvelis mok-

vlisa da masTan am ojaxis uSvilod gadagebac dakavSirebulia dionises kultTan.dioni-ses Cvilis saxec aqvs.amitomac iRupeba konstantinesa da jenetis ardabadebuli bavSvi.

konstantine saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul sizmrebsac xedavs. ,,qristes jvris zid-

viT welSi gawyvetili saqarTvelo“ mis cnobierebaSi kvlav ferflidan aRmdgari da ay-

vavebulia.is ,,caltotmoxeul Cabalaxs aRara hgavs,aramed xaxadaRebul veSaps...“ Tvi-Ton gmirs 10 Svili hyavs da yvelas qveynis Rirseul patriotad zrdis.

sizmars gmiri ,,orZils“ uwodebs da swored sizmarSi ganxorcieldeba misi ,,jojoxe-

Tad Casvla.“ mas Semdeg rac konstantine uRmerTod,usiyvarulod da usamSoblod darCa d ixila Tavisi sayvareli RmerTis,dionises sikvdili farvizis sikvdilis saxiT, d aRa-

raferi akavebs amqveynad da kidevac miemgzavreba endrosfer ulayze amxedebuli jojo-


162

xeTSi xalil beisa da herbertTan erTad.xalildbei TeTr cxenze zis,herberti d Savze. a.baqraZis interpretaciiT cxenTa simbolika aRniSnavs qarTuli miTologiis zesknel-

s,qvesknels da Suasknels.raki xalil bei cocxalia TeTr cxenze zis,herberti mkvdaria amitom Sav cenze amxedrebula,xolo savarsamiZe wiTel ulayze Sejda. ,,wiTeli Suaske-lis feria! SuaskneliT adamianis suli qvesknelSi miemgzavreba da samudamod mkvidrde-

ba hadesSi.“(a.baqraZe) ,,xolo igi mividoda,viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkvdarsa,egre xedvida Tvissa mas

gvamsa...“ rogorc wminda abo miacilebs Tavis gvams sikvdilis sarecelze,ise miacilebs konstentine savarsamiZe mTeli sicocxlis manZilze Tavis suls jojoxeTSi.es iyo su-

lis wameba da tanjva ganRmrTobis misaRwevad.marTalia farvizis saxiT dioniso mokvda magram nawarmoebSi ver vxedavT darCa Tu ara gmiris sulSi qriste.erTi ki aris,rom kon-

stantine saqarTvelos mtrebs wm.giorgisa da taia Selias erToblivi ZaliT amarcxeb-

s.es SesaZloa ganasaxierebdes ori RvTaebis Serwymas saerTo mtris gasanadgureblad. revaz siraZis azriT, ,,arsebobs garegani jvari da arsebobs Sinagani jvari.qristians

orive unda axldes.garegani jvari vnebaa da tanjvaa,Sinagani jvari xsnaa.“ konstantine savarsamiZe mxolod garegan jvars atarebda.mas ar gaaCnda Sinagani rwmena da amitomac iyo misi cxovreba tragizmiT aRsavse.

gamoyenebuli literetura:

1. k.gamsaxurdia ,,dionisos Rimili ,octomeuli, IItomi; ,,didoststi“, 1992 2. a.baqraZe ,,miTologiuri engadi“ Tb,2000 3. s.sigua ,,martvili da alamdari“ Itomi, Tb,1991 4. k.qecbaia ,,frodrix nicSe da konstantine gamsaxurdia“ 5. r.niSnianiZe ,,saqarTvelo d samans aqeT... da samans iqiT...“ Tb, ,,merani“ 2005

6. z.gamsaxurdia ,,literaturuli werilebi“ Tb,1976 7. Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi ,,wameba haboisi“ Tb,1929 8. r.siraZe ,,qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi“


163

nino bezaraSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati

zogierTi Strixi konstantine gamsaxurdias „mTvaris motacebis“ gaazrebisaTvis

konstantine gamsaxurdias rTuli da mravalferovani Semoqmedebis genialuroba da

qarTul literaturaSi misi mniSvneloba usazRvroa. mwerali SesaniSnavad icnobda,ro-gorc mravalsaukunovan qarTul kulturas, aseve evropul filosofiasa da xelovnebas, radgan Tvlida, rom WeSmariti xelovneba erovnuli da zogadi tradiciebis Svilia da Semoqmedis cnobierebas sxvadasxva kultura, garemo, fsiqika temperamenti ayalibebs. konstantine gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis umTavresi wyaro sinamdvile iyo.mwerlis cno-bierebaSi erTmaneTs erwymis dasavleTis inteleqti da saqarTvelos fanatikuri siyva-ruli,rac miseul, individualur struqturas qmnis. swored am Semoqmedebis nawilia brwyinvale romani-tragedia „mTvaris motaceba“, konstantine gamsaxurdias erT-erTi saukeTeso da misTvis gamorCeuli romani. igi 1933-1934 wlebSi movlenaTa cxel kvalze iwereboda da 1936 wels gamoica.

rogorc gazeT 70 „literaturul saqarTveloSi“ konstantine gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, poeturi gamogoneba yovelTvis usisxlo da usxeulo gamova, Tu mas surneleba ar gadah-kravso, anu mwerlis upirveles amocanad adamianis Secnobasa da misi cxovrebis asaxvas asaxelebs. swored am mizandasaxulobis matarebelia „mTvaris motaceba“.

1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. „mTvaris mota-cebaSi“ aRwerili ambebi ,ZiriTadad, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba - 1931 wlis aprili-dan 1932 wlis aprilamde. am droisaTvis safuZvelSeryeuli epoqa sabolood Rafavda suls, revanSis energia mas aRar gaaCnda. erTaderTi, rac damarcxebul epoqas darCeno-da, sikvdili iyo da isic kvdeboda. magram epoqa adamianebia, adamianTa Soris kavSiria, sagnebia, SexedulebaTa sistemaa, da rodesac igi kvdeba , masTan erTad nadgurdeba yve-laferi. swored am momakvdavi epoqis suli moaqcia gamsaxurdiam nawarmoebSi.

„mTvaris motacebaSi“ naTlad aisaxeba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi arsebuli savalalo mdgomareobis peripetiebi. gamsaxurdia nawarmoebSi aqcevs am momakvdavi epoqis suls da qarTuli ganwyobilebiTa da sevdiT amkobs mas. romani saqarTveloSi momavali katakliz-mebis erTgavri winaswarmetyvelicaa, naTlad gvixatavs epoqis suraTs - rogor nadgurde-ba qarTuli kultura da erovnuli Segneba, ingreva erovnuli sxeuli. aqedan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi araa romanis dasawyisi - kac zvambaia ergeaSvas mReris, es miqelgabrielis simReraa da daRupvis win aRmoxdeba guls, rogorc moaxloebuli tkivilis, gansacdelis gamoxatuleba. naTelia, rom es godeba mTeli epoqis katastrofis mauwyebelia.

„„mTvaris motaceba“ ara mxolod didi kulturiT,gemovnebiTa da ostatobiT dawe-

rili romania, aramed am tragikuli epoqis matianecaa.“ 71 gasakviria, rogor daiwera es wigni maSin, rodesac erovnuli TviTSegneba da kultura nadgurdeboda.

70 gazeTi „literaturuli saqarTvelo“. 1936w. gv.6 71 sigua s., „martvili da alamdari“,tomi 1, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003w,

gv.198


164

romans araCveulebrivi mxatvruli mxare aqvs, romelic arsebuli droebis axal Ri-

rebulebebsa da warsulis xatebis rRvevas asaxavs. nawarmoebi gviCvenebs, rogor tota-

lurad iTrguneba aristokratia,inteligencia,samRvdeloeba,glexoba sabWoTa represi-

ebis pirobebSi, rogor mzaddeba atmosfero didi katastrofis mosavlenad da vin iqneba misi warmmarTveli Zala.

romanis Sinaarsobriv safuZvels da ideur, siuJetur plans ori gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis pirovnebis- TaraS emxvarisa da arzayan zvambaias- urTierToba da konfliqti qmnis. isini erTi qalis- Tamar SarvaSiZis- dasaufleblad ibrZvian, romel-sac Semdgom svani qali lamaria Seenacvleba. am Sinaarsobrivi faqtorebis miRma realu-

ri cxovreba imaleba - Sav-bneli droebis tvifriT aRbeWdili. TaraS emxvari ganaTlebuli , yovelive sikeTiT Semkuli, magram tragikulobiT savse

pirovnebaa, romelsac Tavisi adgili ver upovia am cxovrebaSi. tragikulobis safuZve-

li missave bunebaSi, Sinagan samyaroSia da amas TviTonve aanalizebs. mudmivad cdilobs arsebobis sakuTari, gansxvavebuli forma ipovos, sxvebis mier mravaljer gaTelil gzas ar gahyves, magram es ar gamosdis da metic, am gzis ZebnaSi misi pirovneba ordeba. mis su-

lier samyaroSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura: erTi - tradiciiT, ojaxiT mi-

Rebuli qarTuli feodaluri da meore - ganaTlebiT, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT Se-Zenili burJuaziuli kultura. misi mxatvruli saxis Sinaarsis erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

nesi aspeqti swored am ori elementis brZolaa da is sxva saxis gaorebebsac iwvevs Ta-

raSSi. ori kulturis Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba mis sulSia da Signidan RrRnis. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom mas arc erTi kulturisgan ganTavisufleba ar SeuZlia. tradiciiT miRe-buli, erovnuli kultura represiebis Sedegad kvdeba, ganaTlebiT miRebuli, evropuli ki sZuls TaraSs. Tavis gadarCenisaTvis burJuaziuli kulturis sapirispiros ZiebaSia, aseTad ki ZvelberZnul kulturas miiCnevs, romelsac qarTul warmarTobasTan aigivebs. es iyo mesame saxeoba kulturisa, romelic TavisTavad gamoZebna TaraSma.magram, me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi am samivesgan gansxvavebuli socialisturi kul-

tura iqmneboda, romlis gzac TaraSisTvis ucxo da miuRebeli iyo.igi marto darCa,rad-

gan misTvis am sazogadoebaSi sulieri sazrdo aRar arsebobda. TaraSisTvis politikur asparezzec ori gza arsebobs-socializmisa da faSizmisa.-

Tavdapirvelad igi stalinis gzas irCevs, magram sabolood aRmoCndeba, rom verc faSis-tebs miemxro da verc- komunistebs. TaraSis Sinagani Relvis, cxovrebiseuli gzis dakar-

gvis mizezi droebasTan SeuTavseblobaa.misi codna, kultura socialistur saxelmwifos ar sWirdeba. TaraSs aSinebs sabWoTa saqarTvelos gaZliereba, civilizacias ki didi eris eqspansiis niRbad Tvlis.sjera, rom civilizacia gaaTanabrebs yvelas, gaasworebs mTasa da bars, waSlis erovnulobis niSnebs.SeiZleba iTqvas,rom swored am mizeziT etrfis am-

gvarad svaneTis bunebas, adaT-wesebs, legendebs, patriarqalobas da amiT erTgvarad war-

suls ebRauWeba,masTan kavSiris SenarCuneba surs, ar unda ,rom civilizaciam qarTvele-

bis Tanamedroveobasa da warsul droebas Soris arsebuli damakavSirebeli Zafi gawyvi-tos.TaraSi politikaSic ver irCevs sakuTar gzas, ganze gadgeba da isev marto rCeba.

qristianobisa da aTeizmis brZolis epoqaSi igi uaryofs qristianobas, qristes jvars da warmarTobas mieltvis.warmarToba ki aRar arsebobs, ararealuria, amitom kvlav marto rCeba TaraSi.rogorc aRmoCnda, religiaSic ver akeTebs arCevans.

siyvarulis SemTxvevaSic ori qali dgas mis winaSe.jer elen ronsers etrfoda,mag-

ram maT Soris samSoblo da deda Cadgnen. Semdeg Tamar ServaSiZe gaxda misi trfobis sa-

gani, magram maT Soris ideuri gansxvavebebi gamoikveTa. evropidan Camosuli TaraSi Tu civilizaciiT iyo „moqanculi“, Tamari jer kidev ar ziareboda mas.emxvari mas warsuli-

saken ezideba, magram Tamari ver wvdeba warsulis Rirebulebebs, ar esmis ukve gardasu-

li drois romantika. aqedan gamomdinare, gaugebrobam Tu droebam isini erTmaneTs daa-


165

Sora. rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, TaraSi am SemTxvevaSic eZebs mesame gzas- es svani qali lamariaa, magram am SemTxvevaSic eulad rCeba. lamaria, romelic svaneTis bunebis pir-

mSoa, uxeS , mtkice arzayans amjobinebs civilizaciisgan gafaqizebul, dasustebul em-

xvars. erTi SexedviT yovelgvari sikeTiT Semkuli pirovneba-TaraS emxvari-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtSi imedgacruebuli aRmoCnda. SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom amis mizezi TaraSis mier yvela am SemTxvevebSi „mesame gzis“ Zebnaa, romelic yovelTvis ZvelTan da warsulTan iyo dakavSirebuli-Zveli berZnuli kultura,warmarToba, Zveli saqarTvelo,lamaria.es yovelive emxvaris fantazia iyo,romelic maSindeli saqarTve-

losTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, aqedan gamomdinare, man, rogorc pirovnebam, funqcia da-

karga. amis logikuri gagrZeleba ki misi aRsasruli iyo-ukanasknel gzaze ZuZumte arza-yanma gaagzavna Tavisive cxeniT,arabiaTi.

romanSi TaraSis antipodia komkavSireli arzayan zvambaia.Tu TaraS emxvaris suli mudam wuxs, arzayanis primitiuli miswrafebebiT savse suli mSvidad da mtkiced miis-

wrafis miznisken. Tu civilizaciis sinaTlem emxvars primitiuloba moanatra, ukultu-robis sibneleSi didxans yofnam arzayanSi sinaTlisken ltolva gaaCina.is ganaTlebasa da codnas eswrafis,kultura enatreba, magram ara pirdapiri gagebiT, am miswrafebas Taviseburi pozicia da axsna aqvs.arzayans arasdros ufiqria arc Sopenze, arc vagnerze, platonsa Tu goeTeze.misi mizania inJinrebis,mZRolebis regionebs, traqtorebs, manqa-nebsa da lokomotivebs gauZRves,raTa axali samyaro aSendes, qveyana Seicvalos da uke-

Tesi xana dadges. romanis siuJetSi naTlad ikveTeba arzayan zvambaia xasiaTi - misi Zlieri nebisyofa,

pirdapiroba,sisastike, fanatikuri erTguleba partiisa da stalinisadmi,aseve civili-zaciisa da kulturisaken dauRalavi swarfva.magram, miuxedavad amgvari miswrafebisa,i-

gi ara aRmSenebeli, aramed damangrevelia-misTvis, TaraSisgan gansxvavebiT, Zveli dro-

is dasamarebaa prioriteti, swored amitom msaxurobs CekaSi, dasdevs da xocavs yaCa-

Rebs, did rols asrulebs qora maxvSis, Tamarisa da TaraSis daRupvaSi da klavs saku-

Tar mamas,rogorc warsulis simbolos.aRsaniSnavia, rom kac zvambaias, arzayanis mamas-,sZuls bolSevikebi da Tbilisi, radgan miaCnia, rom dedaqalaqidan Semodis yovelgvari ubedureba - wigni da ,zogadad, civilizacia. sakuTar vaJs, arzayansac, uSlis komkavSir-

Si gaerTianebas, Tumca amaod. arzayani im epoqas ebrZoda, romliTac mamamisi suldgmu-

lobda. kac zvambaia Zvel epoqasTan iyo Sezrdili da ,adre Tu gvian, mokvdeboda masTan erTd, Tumca misi sikvdili maSin daiwyo,roca sakuTari saqoneli amowyvita, raTa ko-

leqtivSi ar Seeyvana. es miseuli protesti iyo komunisturi ideologiisadmi. mas ar Se-

uZlia Segueba da amitomac iRupeba.naTelia, aseTi mamis mokvliT arzayani cdilobs mas-

Si arsebuli ideebi moklas, anu warsulisaken midrekileba da ,zogadad, warsuli. warsu-lis ganadgureba,istoriis arqona ki TavisTavad saSiSia,damRupvelia erisaTvis,radgan ,Tu ar ici, ra iyo warsuli, ra mocemulobas gitovebs is,momavals misi Rirebulebebis kvalobaze ver warmarTav. arzayani mamis mkvlelobiT warsuls ganagdebs,mis Rirebule-

bas akninebs,sabolood wyvets kavSirs Zvel cxovrebasTan. „arzayanis yvelaze didi danaSauli is aris,rom mokla Tavisi RmerTi - mama, Zveli

samyaros simbolo, patriarqalobis moZulem stiqiurad gaimeora barbarosuli wesi (Sdr-stalinis siZulvili mamisadmi), e.i aracnobierad is ufro axloa uZveles JamTan, vidre TaraSi! TaraSi ufro glovobs kac zvambaias, vidre arzayani, radgan TaraSi mamis erTguli Svilia, xolo arzayani axali RvTaebis xateba,romelmac Zmebis saxeliT gaswi-


166

ra mama (Sdr. - social-demokratebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mokvla,bolSevikebis mier ni-

koloz II-is ojaxis amowyveta“72 arzayani zvambaia saxea komunizmisa. swored misnairebi icavdnen partiis interesebs

da cdilobdnen qveynis „aSenebas“. miuxedavad imisa, rom TaraSi da arzayani ZiZiSvilebi arian isini droebam erTmaneTs

daaSora. erTi ifiteba, cxovrebis unars kargavs, meore ki Tamamad miiwevs win da Tavis realizebas cdilobs. arzayani SurismaZiebelia da mudmivad TviTdamkvidrebas eswra-fis,aseve pirdapiri da uSiSaria - es mis TiToeul qmedebaSi vlindeba. amis sapirispirod TaraSi inteligentia, mWvreteli, meocnebe da melanqoliuri.

arzayani sakuTari ideologiiTa da miswrafebebiT diqtatorobisaken midis,amas misi dawinaurebac amtkicebs,rodesac cekas axal mdivans centralur komitetSi gadahyavs,a-

miT safuZveli eyreba ideas,rom is ufro fanatikosi stalinisti gaxdeba da met wvlils Seitans momaval tragediaSi.

gamodis,rom gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv asparezze arzayanisnairi adamianebiTvis ufroa adgili, vidre TaraS emxvaris. swored arzayans darCa asparezi,-

gaimarjva da coli SeirTo. imarjvebs is,vinc uaryofs mravalsaukunovan tradicieb-s,znes,morals, visTvisac mTavari Zalauflebaa.is mizans aRwevs, TaraSi ki marcxdeba - ZvelberZnuli kulturis motrfiale, warsulis SenarCunebis qomagi,ganaTlebuli,civi-

lizeburad moazrovne pirovneba. damarcxda, radgan rogori avadmyofuri senic unda iyos civilizacia, kacobrioba masze uars arasdors ityvis, piriqiT, eswrafvis,Rrmad SeiTvisebs mas amitom iyo marTali TaraS emxvarTan kamaTSi karolina ServaSiZe-ServaSi-

Zeebis germaneli rZali,roca swerda mas: „diax, avadobaa kultura,veluroba da sijansa-

Re!merme ra, es rom asea? Seqspiri, vagneri da Sopeni Tu avadobaa, es arc ise cudi seni yofila“73 . amitom uwoda imave karolinam arzayans naTeli azrovnebisa da progresuli azrebis adamiani.Tumca misi adamianuri siyvaruli da TanagrZnoba TaraSisken iyo. maSin rodesac adamiani giyvars, mogwons da emociurad TanaugrZnob, magram mis ideebs ar izi-

areb niSnavs, rom es ideebi sasicocxlo pirobebs ar Seicaven, isini gamouyenebeli rCe-bian. anu, TaraSis idea ganuxorcielebli aRmoCnda.

konstantine gamsaxurdias TaraSi ufro uyvars,magram mainc gaimeta sasikvdilod da engurSi daaxrCo. avtorma ver gadaarCina is adamiani,is mrwamsi,rac Tavis TavSi sikvdi-

lis aucileblobas atarebda,radgan civilizaciis uaryofis idea ganwiruli iyo daRup-

visaTvis. Tumca avtorma romanis saTauris ideuri gaxsna swored TaraS emxvaris perso-naJis meSveobiT moaxerxa. gamomdinare iqidan ,rom TaraSi warmarTobas da wminda gior-

gis etrfis, romlis saxelqveSac Zveli qarTuli mTvaris RvTaeba igulisxmeba , (wminda giorgi gamosaxuli iyo feodaluri saqarTvelos droSebze, saqarTvelos demokratiu-

li respublikis gerbze da a.S) mTvaris motaceba imas niSnavs, rom engurma (SeiZleba vi-varaudoT revolucia ) CanTqa mTvare - wminda giorgi , e.i emxvarma dakarga damoukide-

beli saqarTvelo, warmarTul-qristianuli kera - sicocxlis mTavari mizani. aqedan gamomdinareobs romanis mTavari ideac - qarTuli saxelmwifo, erovnulobis

SegrZneba, kultura komunisturma ideologiam, barbarosulma Zalam mospo. momakvdav epoqasTanaa dakavSirebuli Tamar ServaSiZis bedic. misi mTeli arseba Ta-

raSisa da arzayanis sacilobelia.emxvarTan gvariSviloba, aRzrda,cxovrebis wesi akav-

Sirebs, arzayanTan yovelive amis uaryofa.gamomdinare iqidan, rom Tamari Zvelis , Sesa-

72 sigua s., „martvili da alamdari“,tomi 1, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003w,

gv.202 73 gamsaxurdia k. , „mTvaris motaceba“, 1936w, t.3, gv. 205


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bamisad tradiciebis, znis, Cveulebebis, Sexedulebebis uaryofas ver Seegueboda,man arzayanTan urTierToba ver SeZlo da TaraSis siyvaruls emsxverpla.

garda arzayanisa, romani bevr sxva komunistsac gvacnobs - arlan arenba, Calmazi, rostom liCeli, Tumca romanSi aRwerili movlenebis dasawyisisTvis jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli koleqtivizacia da mis winaaRmdeg Zmebi tarbebi, afaqiZe, lomkac esven-

jia, kac zvambaia , faqtobrivad sazogadoebis yoveli fena gamodis,Tumca isini am pro-

cess ver aCereben. simboluria,rom romanSi mravali adamianis sikvdilia aRwerili, es mTliani epoqis

damarcxebisa da sikvdilis process gamoxatavs.adamianebTn erTad kvdebian momakvdavi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebic, amis magaliTia zarebis Camoxsna, funqciadakar-

guli qamar-xanjali, satevari, Tamar ServaSiZis jvari,romelic qristianobasTan aso-

cirdeba. romanSi mravlad gvxvdeba miTologiuri ambebi, sizmrebi da maTi meSveobiT moqmede-

ba xSirad or ganzomilebaSi mimdinareobs-realursa da irealurSi. isini ermaneTs avse-

ben da romanis Sinaars erTianad kraven. „“mTvaris motacebaSi“ miTologiur ambebs orgva-

ri daniSnuleba aqvs. pirveli: romanSi aRweril yofas aZlevs ganumeorebel erovnul koloritsa da xasiaTs. meore: qmnis romanis alegoriul Sinaarss“74

karolinas SarvaSiZeTa ojaxSi rZlad miyvanis scenebi iqneba Tu TaraS emxvaris bav-

Svobis gaxseneba, lukaia labaxuas misteriebi Tu zosimias ambebi, malanuroba Tu sxva ram ara marto yofis suraTs gadmogvcems, aramed xalxis cxovrebis xasiaTs, bunebasa da Tvisebebs.

romanis TiToeuli personaJi mkiTxvelis fsiqikaSi, rogorc realurni, cocxalni Semodian, TiToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari, individualuri saxe da swored maTi meSveo-

biT, adamianTa saxeebiT gamokveTs konstantine gamsaxurdia epoqis beds, suls, mis tki-

vils, swored amitomaa „mTvaris motaceba“ ara mxolod Cveulebrivi romani, aramed saqar-

Tvelos warsuli droebis, Sav-bneli epoqis, sastiki sinamdvilis marTali dokumenti.

74 baqraZe a. ,Txzulebani, tomi II, Tbilisi, 2004, „ miTologiuri engadi“, gv 272


168

xatia carciZe kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti

xelmZRvaneli, profesori: nino mindiaSvili

ideologiuri wnexi da konstantine gamsaxurdia

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mwerloba sabWouri totalitaruli reJimis wnexis qveS moeqca, rac WeSmarit faseulobebze uaris Tqmasa da SemoqmedebiTi individualobis rRvevas gulisxmobda. am process verc konstantine gamsaxurdia gadaurCa, mwerals mTavrobis davaleba unda Seesrulebina da daewera romani stalinze, romelSic unda asaxuliyo beladis bavSvoba da revoluciuri warsuli.

rogorc cnobilia, 1937 wlis 3 marts stalinma cekas plenumze saxelmwifo terori gamoacxada, rac imas gulisxmobda, rom gansxvavubuli azri saxelmwifoSi aRar iarse-bebda, xolo vinc did belads ar daemorCileboda, misi fizikuri ganadgureba moxdebo-da, xolo 15 maiss qarTveli bolSevikebis me-10 yrilobaze beriam daadastura stalinis sityvebi Tavs daesxa ra „cisferyanwelebs“, akademiuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs da sxvebs, sagulisxmoa, rom swored am yrilobaze gaakritika umwvavesad konstantine gam-saxurdia, rogorc faSisturi elferis mebrZoli nacionalisti, Tumca mwerlis didi ni-Wic aRiara da aRniSna, rom saWiro iyo misi xalxis samsaxurSi Cayeneba.

amis Semdeg daiwyo k. gamsaxurdias sastiki kritika, mwerali Tavs icavda xSirad sityviT gamodioda, stalinsa da berias ganadidebda, magram amaod.

konstantine gamsaxurdia lavrenti beriam da ilia TavaZem daibares, Sexvedris miza-ni Semdegi iyo, mwerals mTavrobis davaleba unda Seesrulebina da daewera romani sta-linze, romelSic unda asaxuliyo beladis bavSvoba da revoluciuri warsuli.

konstantine gamsaxurdiam piroba Seasrula da 1939 wlis dekemberSi daibeWda ki-

dec trilogia „beladis“ pirveli wigni, unda iTqvas, rom konstantine gamsaxurdia na-warmoebSi warmoaCens soso juRaSvilis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis process, mis dauoke-bel swrafvas Tavisuflebisa da pirovnuli damoukideblobisken.

sosos bavSvobidan aqvs imis SegrZneba, rom is gansakuTrebulia da konkretuli mi-siiT moevlina qveyanas, swored amiT aixsneba misi sizmrebic (vaxtang gorgasali, giorgi saakaZe, erekle meore). axalgazrda soso gulanTebuli ibrZvis yovelgvari Zalmomreo-bis winaaRmdeg da CagrulTa qomagad gvevlineba, sustebs exmareba, cdilobs Secvalos yofa ukeTesobisken .... konstantine gamsaxurdia xevsurs aTqmevinebs: “Cemi soso ase am-bobs, sasixarulo unda gavxadoTo cxovreba...“ vin aswavla mas es ambavi?“ - gakvirvebuli ikiTxavs rusiko...“ “vin aswavla?-pasuxobs xevsuri-igi Tavad aswavlis sxvas, sosoi ase ubnobs, unda gadavakeToTo cxovreba, Tu varskvlavebs uxariaT caze, Tu yvavilebi axa-reben miwas, adamianma rad ar unda gaixaroso? Tu kacma moindomao sixaruli, moiyvano-so Tavad.. gaocebuli rusiko usmens gaga arabuls, romelic isev sosos naTqvams imeo-

rebs „Cven unda gavxdeT sinaTlis saTave“ da bolos kiTxulobs..“RmerTi Tu swams Sens naZmobs?“ „ara, pasuxobs gaga, eg ase ubnobs, gvatyuebeno xucebi“.. am dialogSi naTlad Cans mwerlis saTqmeli, soso gansakuTrebuli axalgazrdaa, romelic darvins kiTxu-lobs da rwmundeba RmerTis ararsebobaSi(petasTan saubari-RmerTi ar yofila da Cven ki amden xans gvatyuebdnen), mis azrs angariSs uweven, pativs scemen, is aSkara lideria.

nacionalizmis gamomxatvelia moxuci mixa qilifTari (protopiti - pavle ingo-

royva), yofili xalxosani, „axirebuli“ mwignobari, romelsac 1801 wlis Semdeg qarTve-li xalxi istoriidan amoSlilad miaCnia da ukanasknel bagrations mxolod siZulviliT axsenebs.


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patara sosos mixam Seayvara saqarTvelos tragikuli warsuli, aCuqa „vefxistyaosa-

ni“ da aswavla qarTuli anbani. pirveli sityva, rac sosom dawera, iyo „aga“ da es sityva arafers niSnavda. ase araferze aris dafuZnebuli juRaSvilis codna, rac SeiZleba sim-

bolur faqtad eqcia mwerals. „cudi xalxia rusebi,“ - etyvis sosos Tanaklaseli „warma-

Ti“ gaga arbuli, vinc „sisixlsa da folads“ eTamaSeba. uflisa da mamuka rusebis xeliT iRupebian, iseve isjebian, rogorc TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli saqarTvelo.

usamarTlobis grZnobas ymas kidev ufro umZafrebs maswavlebeli lavrovi, rome-lic moswavleebs eubneba- rqiani viri da Wkviani qarTveli ar Semxvedriao, Tqven suliT rusebad unda aRgzardoTo!

avtori arafers gveubneba juRaSvlis erotikul gancdebze. cxadia,igi mxolod per-sonaJis asakiT rodo iyo SezRuduli. bunebrivia am sferoSi fantazirebis uflebas Ta-vi Tavs ver miscemda. am dankliss avsebs Tamaz amilaxvarisa da zurab muxranbatonis Ta-vaSvebuli vneba rusikos TviTmvlelobis cda, raTa romanSi yofiliyo romanuli perso-naJebi.

tfilisSi saswavleblad wasvlis win mixa qelifTari sososa da mis megobrebs mouwo-

debs: „iseTi koconi unda gaaCaRoT, mTelma qveyanam dainaxos Surisgebis ali. e.i. momava-li revolucia, imperiis damxoba gaigivebulia, rogorc qarTvelTa Surisieba rusul Zlamomreobaze.

ase yalibdeba yma juRaSvlis arsebaSi Tavisulebsaken swrafva da qveynis Secvlis survili.

ase mTavdreba trilogiis pirveli nawili. calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstantine gamsaxurdiam mTavrobis davaleba pir-

naTlad Seasrula. 1940 wlis ianvarSi mweralTa kavSirSi beladis ganxilva moewyo, rogorc mosalodne-

li iyo, romanma kritikosebis sayovelTao mowoneba daimsaxura. xelisufleba xels uwyoba, raTa rusul enaze swrafad eTargmnaT „didostatis mar-

jvena“ da „beladi“. amotom mwerali 1940 wlis Teberval-martsa da maisSi moskovSi imyo-feboda. aq igi miiRo ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma lavrenti beriam, didxans esaubra da daexmara, raTa wignebis tiaraJi gaezardaT.

rogorc Cans, iyo cda, rom konstantine gamsaxurdia waredginaT axlad daarsebul stalinur premiaze, raTa warmoeCinaT.

magram viTareba maisSi Zlier Seicvala, moskovSi xelmeored Csul mwerals aRar dax-vda gulTbili atmosfero. gamomcemlobam axali recenzireba moiTxova, magram recen-zentebi ver iSoves.

wignis araTu dabeWdva, Targmnac ki momavlisTvis gadaido. situaciis Secvlis mi-

zezi is iyo, rom Tavad belads romani ar moswonebia da uTqvams: „me Cveulebriv bavSvi viyavio.“

stalinisTvis arc is unda yofiliyo misaRebi, rom gamoyvanilia Sovinisti rusi lavrovi, rusTmoZule xevsuri arabulebi, nacionalisti mixa qilifTari.

konstantine gamsaxurdias „beladi“ ar aRmoCnda bolomde damakmayofilebeli didi beladisTvis, amitomac konstantinesTvis aRaravis uTxovia meore da mesame wignebze mu-

Saobis gagrZeleba, Tumca „beladis“ gamoqveynebis Semdeg konstantine gamsaxurdiam Se-moqmedebiTi muSaoba gaagrZela ise, rom mis sicocxles seriozuli safrTxe aRar damuq-rebia.

literatura:

1. nino mindiaSvili „beladi ori ganzomilebidan“, Tbilisi 2006.

2. soso sigua - „martvili da alamdari“, Tbilisi 1989.

3. konstantine gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba, trilogia „beladis“ bedi


170

marika Wkadua ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: koka bregvaZe

modernistuli literaturis personaJi rogorc aramyari personaJi

(gestischeigur) (k. gamsaxurdiasnovela ,,qalisrZis“ mixedviT)

me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan sabolood yalibdeba axali, modernuli cnobiereba,

rac gulisxmobs sekularizaciis procesis dafuZnebas, ierarqiaTa rRvevas dayovel-

gvar tradiciul ,,mibmulobaTagan“ gaTavisuflebas, kerZod, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da religiur mibmulobaTagan („indung)“) (v. Smidi) gaTavisufleba (Smidi 1999: 99). Sedegad, mkvidrdeba axali liberaluri sociokulturuli tendenciebi: monarqias upirispirdeba respublikanizmi, feodaluri yaidis ekonomikur urTierTobebs - Tavi-

sufali bazari da kerZo sakuTreba, baton-ymobas - demokratia. amavdroulad safuZve-

li eyreba masStabur teqnikur, samecniero, sabunebismetyvelo progress, masStabur in-

dustrializacias, urbanizacias, kapitalizacias, rasac Tan sdevscxovrebis „manqanuri“ ritmi da yofis racionalizacia.

amyvelafers ki sabolood yofierebisa da cnobierebis desakralizacia mohyva, rac fr. nicSem „RmerTis sikvdilis“ metaforiT aRniSna. adamiani Tavad daemgvana manqanas, suli aRar SerCa, universaluri bibliur-saxarebisuli eTika gauqmda, kacobrioba dehu-

maniziaciis procesma moicva. samagierod sanqcirebulia imoralizmi, xolo sulier kulturas anacvlebs manqanur-teqnikuri civilizacia. adamiani xdeba tyve araesTeti-

kuri civilizebuli garesamyarosi, romelic adaminis yofas kidev ufro adehumanizebs. amitomac, modernist avtorebs da maT personaJebs Rrma tragizmi, egzistencialuri

SiSi, apokalifsuri ganwyobilebebi axasiaTebT. viTardeb ae. w. dekadenturi mwerloba, romlis upirvelesi Tema sulieri kulturis dacema da daRmasvlaa. amitomac, SemTxve-

viTi araa, rom literaturuli modernizmi xSirad mimarTavs nicSes, kirkegoris, Sopen-haueris, froidis filosofiuri ideebis recefcias, ramdenadac am filosofosTa naaz-

revSi mkveTrad dgas tradiciul RirebulebaTa gadafasebis (nicSe) da egzistencialu-

ri gamowvevebis (kirkegori) problematika, rac ase axlobeli aRmoCnda modernistuli mwerlobisaTvis.

am mxriv aRsaniSnavia dekadenti mwerlebis sayvareli filosofisis artur Sopenhau-

eris msjeloba, romelic adamianis arsebobas afasebs, rogorc usasrulo tanjvas, vina-

idan adamini sakuTari subieqturi wamodgenebis tyveobaSia, xolo adamianis egzistenci-

as amoZravebs mxolod neba(Wille) da misgan gamomdinare survilebi, vnebebi. cxovreba absurdulia, gamosvali ki am warmavali survilebis daTrgunvaSi, maTgan gaTavisufle-

basa d aasketizmSi mdgomareobs, sadac mTavari TanagrZnobis gamovlinebaa (vildenbandi 1980: 534).

metad mniSvnelovania isic, rom epoqis mTavari fsiqologisa da kritikosis nicSes amosaval cnebasac swored ,,neba“ wamoadgens, magram nicSes mixedviT adamianma ki ar un-da uarhyos, aramed piriqiT ganaviTaros igi. nicSes mixedviT Zalauflebis neba, anu si-


171

cocxliseuli nebeloba pirveladi da erTaderTia adamianis egzistenciaSi. nicSes ,,ze-

kacma“ tradiciuli qristianuli da ganmanTlebluri morali unda daZlios, gadalaxos. man unda ganaviTaros sicocxliseuli energia da maqsimalurad gamoavlinos neba (vil-

denbandi 1980: 578). aqve unda vaxsenoT froidis ,,fsiqoanalizi“, romlis mixedviTac adamianis anTro-

pologiur arss sami fsiqikuri instancia udevs safuZvlad. esenia: 1.igi(s), anu aracno-bieri - igulisxmeba bunebrivad Tandayolili Tvisebebi, aramarTvadi survilebi, amor-

fuli aRqmebi, Jini, grZnobebi, impulsebi, romlebic gaucnobiereblad miiltvian dakma-yofilebisken; 2.me (Ich), anu cnobieri - romelic aracnobiersa da garesamyaros Soris dgas, esaa ukve gacnobierebuli grZnobadoba, fiqris, gadawyvetilebis miRebis marTvadi unari, romelic kontrols uwesebs aracnobier ltolvebs, gandevnis mas da gardasaxavs kulturuli qcevis normebSi (e. w. sublimacia); da 3. ze-me (wber-Ich), anu zecnobieris in-

stancia, romelSic gamaxvilebulia sindisis grZnoba, da romel instanciasac evaleba gafrTxileba, danaSaulis grZnobis gaRviveba. am instancias SeiZleba pirobiTad vuwo-

doT sindisi, raSic sazogadoebrivi normebisa da Rirebulebebis sakuTar TavSi gaTavise-

ba igulisxmeba. froidis mixedviT fsiqikurad sworia iseTi qceva, romelic samive instan-

ciis harmonizirebas axdens. modernistul nawarmoebebSi ki xSirad vxvdebiT personaJebs, romlebic am sami instanciis WidilSi imyofebian (mag., hari halerih. heses romanidan „tramalis mgeli“, angust avfonaSenbaxiT. manis novelidan „sikvdili veneciaSi“) (vilden-

bandi 1980: 600). am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT modernistul mwerlobas Semohyavs axali tipispersonaJi, e. w. aramyari, „qceviTi“ personaJi (gestische igur) (b. brexti), romelic upirispirdeba monoliTur, realizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel myar personaJebs. cnobilia, rom realisturi mwerlobis personaJebs axasiaTebT myari Camoyalibebuli msoflmxdve-

loba da maTSi ganviTarebulida da fuZnebulia TviTidentoba. aseTi personaJi, rogorc wesi, gmiria da man icis ra unda, gacnobierebuli aqvs konkretuli mizani da myari mora-

luri Rirebulebebi. esaa, ase vTqvaT, dasrulebuli, mkveTrad gansazRvruli Tvisebebis mqone TavisTavadi personaJi, romelic Tavisi individualobiTa da Camoyalibebuli fsi-

qologiuri mTlianobiT eTikuri TvalsazrisiT pozitiurad zemoqmedebs garesamyaroze, sazogadoebaze (mag. ilias an vaJas personaJebi) (andreoti 2009: 185).

„modernisti“ personaJis aramyaroba da „qceviToba“ ki gulisxmobs, rom is mudmivad aris garegani zemoqmedebis, anu garesamyaros usazrisobis mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS, rac iwvevs personaJis myari msoflmxedvelobis rRvevas da misi qcevis impulsurobasa da iracionalurobas (froidi). aq saqme gvaqvs e. w. „diletant“ personaJebTan, im kuTx-

iT, rom maTi subieqturoba daSlilia da mizani ar gaaCniaT. problemas warmoadgens Tvi-

Tidentobis vermopoveba, romlis mTlianobac darRveulia, aqedanaa maTi mudmivi gao-reba. aqedan gamomdinare, modernist avtors ainteresebs ukve ara maTi garegani cxovre-

bis gadmocema, rogorc es realisturi teqstebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed per-

sonaJis „wminda“ fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, misi impulsebi d agancdebi, misi sulis STabeW-

dilebebi da amorfuli aRqmebi. Tavad personaJi ki aRar aris yuradRebis centrSi, ara-

med misi qcevis motivebi. modernisti personaJi aRar aris gmiri, ramdenadac igiveRar aviTarebs gadamwyvet heroikulaqts, vinaidan mis pirovnebaSi ori urTierTdapirispi-

rebuli anTropologiuri sawyisi (mag. goni da buneba, grZnobadoba d agoneba, racio da iracio da a. S.) ebrZvis erTmaneTs (andreoti 2009: 192-193)

am konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva konstantine gamsaxurdias novela „qalis

rZe“ (1928), romelic zustad pasuxobs modernistuli mwerlobis specifikas: kerZod, aq ikveTeba nicSesa da froidis filosofiuri tendenciebi - Cndebian imoralisti persona-


172

Jebi, romelT aanTropologiur arssa da qcevaSi Zalauflebis neba da aracnobieri fsi-

qika dominirebs. SemTxveviTi araa, rom nawarmoebSi Tavdapirvelad Tavad avtori, konstantine gamsa-

xurdia, gvevlineba mTavar pesonaJad, vinaidan modernisti avtorebi sakuTar Txzule-bebSi xSirad gadmoscemen TavianT pirad sulier mdgomarebas, ganwyobilebebsa da su-

lismier Widils. novelaSi ,,qalis rZe“ gamsaxurdia tipiuriqceviTi personaJia, iswraf-

vis ganmartoebisken, mdumarebisken, emijneba danarCen ,,saqmian“ TanamoZmeT. TiTqos sik-

vdili moswyurebia, gangeb irCevs sanadirod saSiS udabur tramalebs, gangeb tovebs qa-

laqs Tavisi damRleli manqanurobiT da bunebis pirispir darCenili cdilobs Caswvdes sakuTar suls: ,,adamiani pataravdeba ganusazRvrelobis pirispir, uCinardeba sulis wuxili, sasacilod eCveneba warmavali TavmoTneoba da gulzviadoba“ (gamsaxurdia 1992:222).

raRa Tqma unda, nawarmoebi imTaviTve simbolur-alegoriulia, ermaneTSia gadax-

larTuli realoba, sicxade da zmaneba, cnobieri da aracnobieri: ,,ganmartoebuli dRis sicxade zmanebad meqca. megona Cemi suli Cems sxeuls ganerida...“(gamsaxurdia 1992:223).

garda amisa, gadmocemulia modernistuli teqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli apokalip-

turi ganwyobilebebi, egzistencialuri SiSi, Rrma tkivili, avtoris sitvebiT, ,,umize-

zo dardi“ da ,,uecari glova“. sakuTar TavTan martoddarCenili personaJi,, pirispir SeigrZnobs sicocxlis usazrisobas, siSleges, ris gamoc, sikvdili swyurdeba: ,,moved sikvdilo. tkbilo sikvdilo. nel -neli xmiT RiRinebda viRac Cems sulSi(Sdr. Sopenhau-

eris sicocxliseuli nebelobis Cacxrobis koncepti - m. W.)” (gamsaxurdia 1992:225). magram arc sikvdili swadia bolomde mis oradgaxleCil suls. saqme imaSia, rom mya-

ri xasiaTi ar gaaCnia, moqmedebs aracnobieridan momdinare impulsuri STabeWdilebebi-

sa da ltolvebis gavleniT, romlebic maleve icvleba da Sesabamisad masTan erTad per-sonaJis damokidebulebac samyarosa da sakuTari egzistenciis mimarT. igi sikvdils ma-

inc sicocxles arCevs da nebismieri saSiSroebis moaxloebisas Zalauflebis nebas av-

lens: „Cemi bneli sisxli gaxelda am sibneleSi, isev sicocxle da Tavdacva momwyurda“-

(gamsaxurdia 1992:225). Tumca es nicSeseuli sawyisi kidev ufro meti sicxadiT vlindeba nawarmoebis meore

personaJis, Tamaz vardaniZis, qcevaSi. es kargad Cans Tundac im monakveTSi, rodesac me-

gobrebi martoxela mgels waawydebian. misiymuli, gulisSemZvreli godeb akonstantines saocar TanagrZnobas aRuZravs: ,,ise naRvlianad, ise gulamomjdarad mosTqvamda mgeli Tavis martoobas da miusafarobas, rom me, konstantine gamsaxurdia... mxaridan Tofs ar CamoviRebdi, saTnoebiTaRvsili mivuaxlovdebodi, Tavze xels gadavusmevdi...“ (gamsa-

xurdia 1992:227). xolo sruliad sxvanairad iqceva Tamaz vardaniZe, romelic megobris Txovnis miuxe-

davad gangmiravs cxovels: „guli ise unda gamowafo, rom sibraluli ar Segeparos. visac qveyana ebraleba, qveyana mas arasodes Seibralebs“ (gamsaxurdia 1992:227). aq ikveTeba momenti, romliTac nicSe Sopenhauers daupirispirda. esaa sicocxlis wyurvili. Zala-uflebis nebis maqsimaluri gamovlinebisken swrafva, romelic moralze maRla dgas. TiTqos avtoric gaorebulia: erTi mxriv. iziarebs Sopenhaueris mosazrebas, xolo meo-

re mxriv nicSeseuli „axali adamini“ Semohyavs Tamaz vardaniZis saxiT. marTalia, am uka-

nasknelsac swyuroda sikvdili, „tyveoba, damcireba da wamebac“ ar dahklebia, magram ma-

inc arasdros gahkarebia igi. albaT imitom, rom qvecnobierad mudam miiltvoda sicocx-

lisaken. isic unda iTqvas, rom Zalauflebis nebis gamovlinebis miuxedavad, Tamaz vardani-

Zec aramyar personaJs warmoadgens. misi „qceviToba“ da aramyaroba, imoralizmi swored


173

Zalaufelbis nebiTa da aracnobieri ltolvebiTaa determinebuli. Tavadac ar aqvs bo-

lomde gaazrebuli ra unda, vinaidan froidiseuli sami fsiqikuri instaniciis amorfu-

loba da disharmoniulobaa misTvis damaxasiaTebeli. is, erTi mxriv, kritikulad uyu-

rebs cxovrebas, egzistenciis alogikurobas: „rac ufro axlos vecnobi adamians, miT ufro izrdeba ZaRlisadmi siyvaruli CemSi“ - ambobs is (Sdr. nicSe anu ritipis mizan-Tropia). meore mxriv, Tavadac adamiania da sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad ukanaraferze ixevs. xolo, rodesac TaTar „yaCaRs“ gangmiravs, sibraluli ipyrobs mas, iRviZebs froi-

diseuli „zecnobieri me“: „raRac Sinagani Zala marwmunebs, rom me neba ar mqonda, Tun-

dac mosisxaris, magram mainc TanamoZmis cxedari Zerebisa da focxverebis saTrevad da-

megdo“(gamsaxurdia 1992:232). kargad Cans, rom arc vardaniZes gaaCnia myari subieqturoba, ar gaaCnia cxovrebise-

uli konkretuli mizani, xan SiSi ipyrobs, xan sinanuli da sindisis qenjna, xanac aracno-bieri ltolvebi. is gaucnobiereblad moqmedebs, rodesac moklulis ZaRls mihyveba mi-

si vinaobis gasarkvevad da aseve qvecnobierad, gauazrebelad Sedis moklulis „Cadro-

sanTa Soris unatifes“ colTan. mis danaxvaze xan gaocebas da pativiscemas ganicdis, xan sinanuls da SiSs da bolos daumorCilebel Jins. es grZnobebi da aRqmebi ucabedad, spontanurad ipyroben mas da isic gadawyvetilebebs daufiqreblad, gaucnobiereblad iRebs, masSi imarjvebs iracionaluri sawyisi: „da am Cems aforiaqebul SegnebaSi yvela zraxvaze ufro sacnauri gaxda ndoma am qalisadmi“ (gamsaxurdia 1992:236).personaJs uk-ve mxolod Jini, qvecnobieri amoZravebs da masTan erTad Zlieri neba, romelsac win ve-

Raraferi aRudgeba, verc morali da verc humanuroba: „vxedavdi me, aRar mqonda aravi-

Tari Zala, rom am qals movSorebodi, vidre is Cemi ar gaxdeboda.“ (gamsaxurdia 1992:238). personaJi erTgvar zmanebaSia, saidanac sabolood swored am qalis rZe aRviZebs - ro-

gorc ki mas igemebs, gons modis, racionaluri da moraluri sawyisiiRv iZebs masSi da qals tovebs.

rogorc davinaxeT, am novelaSi saqme gvaqvs mkveTrad gamoxatul aramyar persona-

JebTan, romlebic gamoirCevian swored TavianTi impulsuri da iracionaluri qceviT, rasac Zalauflebis neba udevs safuZvlad. amitomac, maTi qceva gamudmebiT da myisie-

rad icvleba urTierTgamomricxavi eTikuri aqtiT - xan moraluri, xanac amoraluri Tu imoraluri qmedebebiT, vinaidan aseTi personaJebis anTropologiur arsSi dapirispi-

rebul racionalur da iracionalur sawyisTa mudmivi da usasrulo Widilia, rasac nic-

Se mravlobiTobas (Vielheit) uwodebs.

literatura: 1. andreoti 2009: M. Andreotti, Struktur der modernen Literatur, Bern: Haupt, 2009. 2. gamsaxurdia 1992: k. gamsaxurdia, novelebi, t. I; Txzulebani oc tomad, gam-oba „didostati“, Tbilisi, 1992 3. vindelbandi 1980: W. Windelband, Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosphie, Tübingen: Mohr, 1980. 4. Smidi 1999: W. Schmid, Philosophie der Lebenskunst. EineGrundlegung, Frankfurt am Main: Shurkamp, 1999.


174

naTia botkoveli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo


ferT mweri

ოptikuri diapazoniს ეleqtromagnituri gamosxivebiს xarisxobriv‐subieqturi maxa-

siaTebeli, romelic ganisazRvreba ფiziologiuრ, მxedvelobiთ შegrZnebiს warmoSobis

safuZvelze da damokidebulia ფizikuრ, fiziologiur da ფsiqologiuრ faqtorebze- ai, ase agvixsinda feris raobas rigiTi fizikosi. marTalia, feri namdvilad fizikuri movlenaa, magram isic udavoa, rom ferebi gavlenas axdenen adamianis ganwyobaze. mec-

nierebac ki arsebobs - q r o m o T e r a p i a, romelic swavlobs feris gavlenas adamianis sulier mxareze. yoveli feri sakraluri saidumlos matarebelia. saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi ferebi adamianis Sinagan gancdaSi ufro arsebobdnen, vidre empirikaSi. jer

kidev antikur epoqaSi platoni „nadimSi“ fers aRwers, rogorc formas, romelic

Tanafardia Sexedulebisa da grZnobisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom feri abstraqtuli cnebaa

da mas ar gaaCnia sagnis arc erTi Tviseba, ufro sworad, ar unda gaaCndes, mainc

arsebobs ferebis fsiqologiuri zegavlena maTi „sicivisa“ da „siTbos“ mixedviT. ferebi iyofa Tbil da civ ferebad. maTi aseTi daxasiaTeba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia adami-

anze zemoqmedebis unariT. ferebis TeoriaSi sruliad gaurkvevel adamiansac ki ar gauWirdeba “emociuri Sefasebis” daxmarebiT “ferebis wreze” Tbili da civi ferebis garCeva. ,,Tbilskk miekuTvneba yvela is feri, romelic ganlagebulia “qromatuli wris” yviTelsa da wiTel-melnisfer ferebs Soris.

civs ki - yvela is feri, romelic ganlagebulia“qromatuli wris melnisfersa da yviTel-mwvane ferebs Soris. miCneulia, rom Tbili ferebi sikeTes da ndobas asxiveben, civi ferebi ki - damoukideblobas, ganyenebulobas, distancias. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, feris simbolikas udidesi istoria aqvs. “feris wakiTxvas” adamianebi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova miTologiaSi, xalxur gadmocemebSi,

zRaprebSi, sxvadasxva raligiur, Tu mistikur swavlebebSi. aravin icis ris mixedviT

uwodes ferebs saxelebi da kidev ufro ucnauria is simboluri datvirTva, rac sau-

kuneTa manZilze adamianebma ferTa palitras mianiWes. sxvadasxva epoqasa da kulturaSi

samyaros ferebi iyo saSiSi da Svebis momtani, mtrobisa da megobrobis momniWebeli, SimSilisa da siuxvis Tanaziari, rwmenisa da siyvarulis matarebeli da sul erTia, epoqa

da aTaswleuli, racionaluri da iracionaluri, realuri da virtualuri, adamians

aRafrTovanebs samyaris ferTa harmonia da cdilobs, misi srulyofilebis saidumlos

Caswvdes.

feris raoba mudam filosofosTa da xelovanTa gansjis sagani iyo. didi xania

dadgenilia, rom am faqtoriT SeiZleba visargebloT biznesSi,ama Tu im daavadebis

mkurnalobisas, fsiqologiuri klimatis gasaumjobeseblad Sin da gareT. fsiqologebma

ferebis gamoyenebis mixedviT dayves adamianTa fsiqotipebi da a.S.


175

amboben, rom yvela qveyanaSi ferebs gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyeneben. ganvi-

xiloT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli ZiriTadadi ferebi da maTi aqauri simboluri

datvirTva: pirvel yovlisa, wiTliT daviwyeb, igi sisxlsa da cecxlTan asocirdeba. misi

simboluri mniSvneloba mravalferovania da xSirad urTierTgamomricxavic. wiTeli

feri sixarulis, silamazis, siyvarulis maniSnebelia, Tumca, meore mxriv, asaxavs

mtrobas, Surs, oms.

TeTri feri sisufTavis, siwmindis, umwikvlobis da sixarulis simboloa. jer kidev

antikuri xanidan TeTri feri miwierebisgan mocilebul, sulier ubraloebas aRniSnavda.

qristianul tradiciebSi TeTri RvTiur sinaTlesTan kavSirs aRniSnavs. TeTri feriT

gamosaxaven angelozebs, wmindanebs, marTlmorwmuneebs. Cveni qveyana im qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac TeTri mSvidobis simboloa.

yvelgan, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, Savi feri ubedurebis, glovis, sikvdilis feria. yviTeli feri oqros feria. igi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan aRiqmeba, rogorc

mzis, Semodgomis, mwife TavTavis, gayviTlebuli foTlebis feri. lurji CvenTan cisa da maradisobis simboloa. mwvane balaxisa da foTlebis feria. Cvens qveyanaSi is axalgazrdobis, imedis da

mxiarulebis simboloa, Tumca xandaxan moumwifeblobis da arasakmarisi srulyofi-

lebis aRmniSvnelicaa. cisferi odiTganve cisa da zRvis ferebia da maradiulobis, saidumlosa da RvTa-

ebrivi WeSmaritebis simbolos warmoadgenda.

samyaroSi Svidi aTasi feri arsebobs, maTgan mxolod oTxi aTass aqvs saxeli,

danarCeni ki nomriT aRiniSneba. mecnierebi gvarwmuneben, rom adamianis Tvali samas fers

aRiqvams, xolo mxatvrebs es aRqma gaaTmagebuli aqvT. vfiqrob, am mosazrebis mixedviT,

mxatvrebs gansakuTrebuli pativi ergoT, gansakuTrebiT, fermwerebs, romlebic swored

ferebs mimarTaven TavianTi saTqmelisa da grZnobebis gamosaxatavad. msurs, Tqveni

yuradReba gavamaxvilo, adamianze, romelmac kalmis saSualebiT SeZlo, yvelaferi imis

gamoxatva, rac xSirad funjiT ar ZaluZT mxatvrebs, konkretulad ki fermwerebs,

swored amitom vuwodeb, konstantine gamsaxurdias ferT mwers. Zneli warmosadgenia,

erT nawarmoebSi, SeZlos Semoqmedma da Tavi mouyaros 75‐mde fers, magram es SeZlo

istoriuli romanebis didostatma Tavis erT‐erT yvelaze gamorCeul romanSi,

,,didostatis konstantines marjvenaSi“. rasakvirvelia, am 75 ferSi is ramdenime Ziri-

Tadi feri rodi igulisxmeba, dasawyisSi rom vaxsene, konstantine gamsaxurdias genias

avlens is faqti, rom mas aqvs unari Seqmnas axali sityvebi, an sicocxle mianiWos ,,kargad

daviwyebul Zvels“. romani ,,didostatis marjvena“ erTi didi tiloa, romelzec ferTa

mwerma eniT auwereli, jadosnuri ferTa gama mogvca. Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCereb im

ferebze, romlebic sayofadcxovrebo metyvelebaSi xSirad an saerTod ar gamoiyeneba da

mwerlis ukidegano fantaziis nayofia.

,,Tvalebi sulis sarkea“, arc Tu iSviaTad gavigonia, rom Tvalis feri garkvul informacias da miniSnebebs Seicavs adamianis xasiaTze. SegviZlia CamovTvaloT ram-

denime iseTi feri, romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba Tvalis feris aRsaniSnavad, esenia: yavisferi, Savi, Taflisferi, nacrisferi, mwvane, cisferi. gamsaxurdia Tvalis aRsaniSnavad am ferebidan iyenebs Taflisfers, roca aRwers kvetaris erisTavs, Talagva kolonkeliZes, romlis ,,Taflisferi Tvalebidan siWabukis cecxli gamoh-

krToda.“ fsiqologTa azriT, TaflisferTvaleba adamianebi jiutebi arian da


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yvelafers Taviseburad akeTeben, amasTanave, Ria Taflisferi Tvalebi mzakvrobis gamomxatvelicaa, swored amitom am feris Tvalebi kolonkeliZis xasiaTs gansa-

kuTrebul Strixs sZens. rac Seexeba mefe giorgis, mas muqi wablisferi Tvalebi aqvs, es feri axasiaTebT

Tavdajerebulebsa da gonierebs. Tu davakvirdebiT, es feric sworadaa arCeuli misi patronisTvis. giorgis deidaSvils, girSels ki cisferi Tvalebi aqvs, rac yveliscixis patrons gansakuTrebul momxibvlelobas sZens.

esaa is erTi-ori feri, romelic Cveulebrivi ferTa palitridan ,,isesxa“ avtorma. ai, Tavad ki Semdegi ferebi Seqmna: qliavisferi - cxeni dardimandis TvalebisaTvis, cercvisferi - mesawole berisTvis, lopinari cercvis saxeoba da lopinarisferi Tva-lebi ,,upiro kacskk, ganmgeTuxucess aqvs. zRvisferi - kolonkeliZis mxolodSobili asulis, Sorenas lamazi Tvalebis saCveneblad.

yuradReba minda SevaCero mamamze erisTavis Tvalebze, romelic uCveulo feriT dagvixata didostatma, isrimisferi, isrimi sabas leqsikonis mixedviT, ,,umwifari yurZeniakk, warmoidgineT adamiani, mocimcime mkvaxeyurZnisferi TvalebiT, faqtia, gamsaxurdiam am detaliT mamamzis Sinagan zraxvebs gausva xazi.

Semdegi feri fetvisferia, romelic miminos Tvalebs aRwers, fetvi pureuli mcenarea, marcvlovanTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli, moyviTalo, moCalisfro ferisa, rac Seexeba arsakiZis miminos, mas qarvisferi Tvalebi hqonda. qarva magari, gamWvirvale

fisovani nivTierebaa narinjisferSeparuli yviTeli ferisa. giSeri muqi Savi da mkvrivi fisovani qvanaxSiris saxeobaa, am feris Tvalebi amSvenebs

Sorenas sayvareli nukrs, nebieras. Tavad nebieras patrons ki zRvisferi Tvalebi aqvs, rogorc avtori ambobs: ,,TvalebSi uelavda lazistanis zRvisa silurje.“ ,,Tvalebidan

ielva zRvisferma silurjem“,,,didostatis marjvena“ erTi didi ferweruli tiloa, zogierTi epizodi mTlianad ferebis dResaswaulia, ai, magaliTad: ,,lainisferi da iisferi ebrZodnen urTierTs cargvalze, mcire xans endrosfrad SeiRebnen durajisferi qulebi, karavelebiviT mimobneulni caze, bolos sosanisferi wamlebiT SeReba Rrublebi uCinarma arsTa mxatvarma.“ am monakveTSi bevri uCveulo feria moxmobili: laini, sabas

ganmartebiT, ,, SeRebili narmaa,“ anu Sinauri wesiT damzadebuli upiratesad muq lurjad

SeRebili Txeli bambis qsovilia. lainisferi, Sesabamisad muq lurjs aRniSnavs, es feri sxva epizodSic gvxvdeba: ,,lainisfer mTebze alag‐alag elavda xasxasa siTeTre”, an ,,lainisferma gadahkra xuroTmoZRvars saxezekk, lainisferis garda, aranakleb yuradRebas iqcevs durajisferi da sosanisferi. duraji qaTmis msgavsi mcire zomis frinvelia, mas Wreli Seferiloba aqvs, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis yavisferi, Savi, TeTri da monarinjisfro. rac Seexeba sosans, is Ria iasamnisferi, baiasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli lamazyvavilebiani, erTwlovani mcenarea.

rogorc mravalgzis aRvniSne, ,,didostatis konstantines majvena“ istoriuli romania, amitom aq mravladaa gamoyenebuli Sesabamisi terminologia. saomari aR-

Wurvilebidan umniSvnelovanesia Tori, romelsac avtori sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva feriT gviCvenebs, magaliTad, arsakiZes Jangisferi Tori acvia, SorenasTan stumrad mosul xevisbrebs - xoWosferi, xolo xatobaSi Sekrebil fxovelebs qorisferi Tori mosavT.

Toris msgavsad, mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdebian romanSi gamoCenili cxenebi, giorgi mefe oqrosfer cxens daaqrolebs, aseve gamoyvanili arian Taflisferi kvicebi, mglisferi ajilRa, Calisferi faSati, os Tavads, Tuzarais yornisferi ulayi hyavs.

es cxenebi romanSi xSirad ar gvxvdebian, magram mainc gansakuTrebul STa-

beWdilebas toveben, aseve STambeWdavia weros aRwera, romelic nadirobis dros


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gadaeyara giorgis: ,,cxvirwin aufrinda wero, durajisferi frTebi hqonda, mixakisferi mkerdi, mwyrisferi zolebiT moxatuli kiseri“.

,,didostatis konstantines marjvenaSi“ aris bevri iseTi migneba, iseTi winadadeba, romlis dasaSleladac kalami ar damemorCila, isini swored am saxiT unda iyvnen romanSi, radgan swored maT akisriaT nawarmoebSi mxatvruli Rirebulebis Cveneba. Cemi mosazrebis sailustraciod sakmarisia Semdegi winadadebi: ,,elavdnen cecxlisferi zolebi mSvlisfer tramalze“, ,,qedanisferi, mglisferi, da zRvisferi ebrZvodnen

urTierTs kordebze“, ,,Zerasfer qarafebis kideebs SefarviT etmasnebodnen Tavaweuli

gvelebi“, ,,maxlobel samlocvelos nangrevidan wamoiSalnen yornebi, merme airivnen

haerSi da melnis laqebad Seesxnen sadafisfer cas“, ,,Tavdapirvelad qviSisferni iyvnen Rrublebi, magram roca mTvare Tavze wamoadga jvris monasters, gayviTldnen isini. merme atyda sxivTa liclici caze. galurjdnen mTebi, xolo Rrublebsa da cas qedanisferma gadahkra ierma.kk vfiqrob, moyvanili magaliTebis Cemeuli komentarebi gaaubraloebs maT da mxatvrul Rirebulebas daukargavs, amitom maT xeluxleblad vtoveb.

avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs personaJTa Tmas, amitom Cvenc mimovixiloT maTi Tmis feri, Sorenas pirisfareSs, vardisaxars xorblisferi nawnavebi aqvs, Sorenas da mamamze erisTavis vaJs, Wiabers - TvTuxisferi dalalebi da kululebi aqvT, arsakiZe da Talagva kolonkeliZe wiTurebi arian, mamamzes ki TovliviT TeTri Tma-wveri aqvs.

xSirad didi raodenobiT mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyeneba nawarmoebs eqspresi-

ulobas ukargavs, konstantine gamsaxurdias genia iqidanac Cans, rom man SeZlo tropis saxeebiT nawarmoebi ufro emociuri da eqspresiuli gaexada, magaliTisTvis gagax-

senebT Wiabris mwevris sikvdilis epizods: ZaRlma jer ,,sisxlisferi eniT galoka Zeli“, cota xnis Semdeg, ,,Savi mwevari uecrad waiqca da daiwyo fxarkali, tarabuasaviT datrialda rkaliviT modrekili ZaRli, piridan duJi mosdioda karaqisferi da xaoda sawyaloblad. gavida ramdenime wami da ,,waigrZela kiseri, cilisferi gugebi Semo-

aStera mamamzesa da toxaisZes, minebda sikvdils“. rogorc mixvdiT, karaqisferi da cilisferi am daZabuli epizodis emociurobis gaZlierebas emsaxureba. aqve unda davamato, rom sabediswero jvari Zelicxoveli Tujisferia.

iisferi ramdenime kulturaSi mistikur feradaa miCneuli, magram mainc meeWveba mi-si aramqveyniuroba da mistikuroba gamsaxurdiaze uked warmoedginos vinmes, ,,didosta-

tis marjvenaSi“ mTvares iisferi blondi mosavs, varskvlavebi iisfer wamwamebs afaxu-

leben, rac xSirad iisferia, Tumca cis dasaxatad ferT mweri ra fers aRar iyenebs, aq SexvdebiT qedanisfers, minisfers, sadafisfers, mtredisfers, qarvisfers, Sabiamnis-

fers. cis gverdiT, logikuria, vaxsenoT mTebis, miwis da RrublebisTvis SerCeuli fe-rebi, qviSisferi da miwisferi Rrublebi, Zerasferi qarafebi, avazasferi kldeebi, kur-

dRlisferi jagebi, kavkasionis Sabiamnisferi mwvervalebi, iisferi kordi, carcisferi da lainisferi mTebi da mTis qorisferi qoredebi.

nawarmoebSi feris saSualebiT xSiradaa gadmocemuli adamianis Sinagani mdgomare-oba, misi gancdebi, Sepyrobil moRalate mamamzes saxeze miwisferi adevs, miwisferi ga-

dahkravs giorgisac sikvdilis win, mgloviare Sorenas cvilisferi dasdebia saxeze, avadmyof melqisedeks ki, lainisferi tuCebi aqvs.

gansakuTrebuli feradovnebiT gamoirCeva Sorenas mziTevisa da tanisamosis aRwera, aq mwerlis fantazia yovelgvar sazRvars scildeba da aseT suraTs gvixatavs: ,,xatauri da iranuli dibis kabebi gadmoiRo vardisaxarma, narinjisferni, mzisferni da zRvisferni. cxra kaba qirmanuli feradi Salisa, cxra sawmerTuli gvimrisferi,


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endrosferi da pirisferni. oqros qamrebi, mZime sartyelebi amoalaga TeTri, Savi da unbisferni. yviTeli, mwvane, Jruni da iisferi qaTibebi oqroqsovili zortebiT da mar-

galitis foCvebianni.“ axla cota meti vTqvaT am simdidris patronis Sesaxeb, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, mas

zRvisferi Tvalebi da TavTuxisferi dalalebi aqvs, sainteresoa, rom TavTuxisferi Tmebis mqone qalebs xSirad SexvdebiT ogiust renuaris naxatebze. renuaris azriT, ,,qals TmaSi mze unda ucinodes“, swored aseTad warmomidgenia kolonkeliZis qalis xSi-

ri dalalebi. mTel romans gasdevs Sorenas ucnauri kanisferisTvis SerCeuli sityva, vardisferi ara, arc yviTeli an cvilisferi, aramed ,,ZuelTaZveli spilosZvlisferi“, gonebis warmtaci iyo misi broweulisyvavilisferi bageebi, mas avtori xSirad adarebs yinwvisis angelozs, es silamaze sabediswero aRmoCnda SorenasTvis, misi sicocxlec, sxva personaJebis msgavsad, tragikulad damTavrda. mefe giorgis gvelisferi wminda gi-

orgis risxvam uwia, uta ki- cecxlisferma morielebma dagesles. rogorc vxedavT, na-warmoebis bolomde iTamaSes ferebma TavianTi roli.

dasasruls, minda im saocari qmnilebis erTa palitrasac Sevexo, romelic uzomod uyvarda konstantine gamsaxurdias, romelmac uamravi adamianis suli Seiwira da sauku-

neebis Semdeg dResac amayad dgas, rogorc RmerTTan mebrZoli iakobi, sveticxoveli... ,,am taZrisaTvis Tvalis Sevleba yovel droSi sanukvelia; diliT xvlikisferia igi, mou-

Ralavi mziT gaSuqebuli, SeRamebisas oqrocurvilia, xolo mwuxris Semodgomisas, Tu varskvlavianma camac daadga Tvali, cas mieWreba misi mrude harmoniiT aRvsili xazebis zeswrafva~.

romanSi kidev bevri feria, romelTa CamosaTvlelad da asaRwerad arc ,,ena meyofa, arc guli da arc xelovaneba“, es ferebi ubralod unda dainaxo, xedva xom im xuTi grZnobidan erT-erTia, romliTac Cvens samyaros aRviqvamT, samyaros, romelic ,,Cven, kacTa mogvca“ Semoqmedma da ,,gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa“, ai, am uTvalav fers aucileb-lad ipovis mkiTxveli ,,didostatis konstantines marjvenaSi“.


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melano zosiZe, sofo gubelaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo


konstantine gamsaxurdia (SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis)

konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTuli prozis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomad-

genelia, mxatvruli sityvis didostati da Cvens literaturaSi bevri siaxlis Semomtan-

damamkvidrebeli. konstantines mouxda iseT qarcecxlSi moRvaweoba, rasac sabWoTa kavSiri hqvia. sab-

WoTa periodis araerTi kritikosis tendenciuri partiuli TvalTaxedviT aanalizebda mwerlis Semoqmedebas da avtoris moqalaqeobriv-mamuliSvilur principTagan bevri ram socialuri epoqisaTvis miuReblad miaCnda. amdagvari ideologizebuli kritikis maga-liTebs gansakuTrebiT uxvad vxvdebiT 20-30-ian wlebis kritikosTa naazrebSi.

oficialuri xelisuflebisa da kritikis amgvari damokidebuleba mwerals iZule-

buls xdida drodadro garkveul kompromisze wasuliyo, magram, amisda miuxedavad, mas Tavisi proncipebisaTvis mainc ar uRalatnia. es upirveles yovlisa, mis patriotul TvalTaxedvaze iTqmis. sabWoTa periodis qarTvelTagan iSviaTad Tu mdgara erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze misgvari rainduli gambedaobiT. k. gamsaxurdias mTeli Semoq-

medeba da mamuliSviluri moRvaweoba amisi sanimuSo xmalSemarTuli idga Cveni erisa da enis dasacavad da gmirulad ilaSqrebda internacionalizmis qurqSi SeniRbuli bolSe-

vikuri kolonializmis winaaRmdeg. “me ar vmalav: did kulturaze vocnebob. kritikulad vucqeri rogorc qarTuli

kulturis warsuls, ise Tanamedrove evropas. Cven unda gadavlaxoT qarTuli kultu-

ris eTnografiuli mijnebi. Zveli qarTuli kultura provinciualuri iyo, axali msof-

lio kultura urbanisturia” d acxadebs konstantine gamsaxurdia. mxatvruli azrovnebis ganaxlebas sWirdeboda evropis kulturasTan ziareba, axali

ideebis Semotana da damkvidreba. amave dros es iyo barieri, romelic mweralma dauxver-

da wiTel ideologias. mwerlis idealad rCeboda dasavleTi evropa, evropis inteleq-

tualuri samyaro, miznad d qarTuli sulisa da qarTuli sityvis ganaxleba. aRsaniSnavia, mwerlis sityva ilias saflavze: “me mimaCnia udides gamarjvebad roma-

elTa gamarjveba sikvdilSi. isini TavianT legionebTan erTad mwyobri marSiT Cavidnen samareSi, roca miwaze maT enas, maT kanons da maT RmerTebs gasavali aRar misces. aseTi sikvdili udidesi gamarjvebaa yvela erisTvis.” amiT ki aSkara damokidebuleba gamoxata rogorc ilias, aseve ilias mkvlelisa da sruliad eris winaSe, romelmac ver upatrona Tavis winamZRvars, eris mamas...

konstantine gamsaxurdia vaJas kolumbs uwodebda, romelmac azrovnebis ucnobi kontinenti aRmoaCina.

konstantinem Wabuki terenti graneli “ilionSi” dabeWda, magram madlobis nacvlad simbolisti poeti mweralTa kavSirSi eZgera ufros kolegas, Tavis keTilismyofels da halstuxi Camohglija, piJoni xaro. konstantinem moaswro da trosti sdruza gaTavxe-


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debuls. albaT, terentis amRvreul gonebaSi wamierad gauelva, rom konstantines ar uy-

varda “cisferyanwelebi” da simbolizmsac akritikebda. TavdasxmebiTa da SemotevebiT Seviwroebulma mweralma 1934 wels specialuri gan-

cxadebiT mimarTa mweralTa kavsiris prezidiums, riTac, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi damsa-

xurebis TviTdaxasiaTebis Semdeg, sakmaod kategoriulad da principurad moiTxovda, Semwydariyo misi umarTebulo lanZRva-gineba: “presa mlanZRavs, umarTebulod mqirda-

ven, komisia mweralTa kavSiridan mricxavs. nuTu ase unda Semxvdnen im kacs, romelic “modis” da carieli xelebiT ki ar modis, aramed amdeni SromiTa da brZoliT. me mivaqcev prezidiumis yuradRebas, rom yovelive amaSi karga mozrdili dozaa kacTmZulvarebis da umarTebulo qvebis srolisa. cxadia, Tu es yovelive aseTi tempiT wava, me iZulebuli viqnebi davdumde. uares SemTxvevaSi sxvagan gadavsaxlde.”

mwerlis mzera evropas ar scildeboda. misTvis es sisxliani epoqa iyo “miTosmoklebuli dro”, egreT wodebuli usulo da

uazro. magram igi STagonebac iyo, radgan, Tomas manis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “jojoxe-

Tis qvabSi cecxlis SenTebis gareSe ar iqneboda genialuri nawarmoebi”. konstantine gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba Janrobrivi mravalferovnebis nimuSs war-

moadgens. Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mwerali adgils uTmobs: leqsebs, novelebs, igavur Janrs da dramas. konstantine gamsaxurdias janri ar warmoadgens yovelgvari masalis stiqiu-

rad Camtev formas. igi organulad iguebs, mxolod imas, rac Tavisi bunebis gamo konfaq-turad unda warmoadginos.

mwerlis mTlian saxes, xasiaTs-SemoqmedebiT meTods, mxatvrul samyaros, msof-

lmxedvelobis siRrmes mniSvnelovan wilad gansazRvravs misi damokidebuloba adamia-

nisadmi. mwerlis mier gamoxatuli adamiani is centria, romelsac ukavSirdeba, mxatvru-li nawarmoebis agebisTvis saWiro mTeli meqanizmi. konstantine gamsaxurdia, poetikaSi adamianis gamosaxvis problema magistraluri mniSvnelobisaa.

konstantine gamsaxurdiam, mxatvrul formaTa Ziebis TvalsazrisiT, didi gza ganvlo, is mTeli moRvaweobis manZilze ibrZoda calkeuli Janrebis, kerZod, novelisa da romanis ganviTarebisaTvis.

konstantine gamsaxurdias “mcire proza” (novelebi) axasiaTebs samyaros uzogade-

si arsis, filosofiur, Tetikuri aRqma, mis ideaSi garkveva adamianTa sulieri gancde-

bis, sazogadoebriv urTierTdamokidebulebaTa dramatizmis aRwera. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT konstantine gamsaxurdias novela “zarebi grigalSi”;

novela imTaviTve gamoxatavs adamianis gaocebas, gaognebas, misTvis Cveuli cxovrebis ritmis uecari cvlilebis gamo. Cvlilebis masStaburi safuZvlebis Zieba mnaTe oqropi-risaTvis miuwvdomelia, amitom Tavissave sulSi aRZruli vnebebis Sinagan impulsebs, ritmebs, egzaltacias emoneba igi, ixsnis yovelgvar sulier bariels, dauokeblad eqce-

va eqstazs. k. amsaxurdia Tavidanve naTelhyofs Tavis STabeWdilebebs oqropiris Sesa-

xeb, Tavidanve utrialebs ideas, yvelaze mZafrad gamoxatos gmiris cxovrebis kulmina-

ciuri momenti. mwerali miiswrafvis gados mnaTes cxovrebis Soreul wlebsa da sicocx-lis ukanasknel Rames-did xuTSabaTs saRamos Soris. novelaSi sakmaod mravalferovna-

daa fiqsirebuli sxvadasxva dro da adgili, romelic Tavis kvals aCnevs mnaTes cxovre-

bas. maTSi amoikiTxeba patara adamianis biografiis detalebi, ocdaxuT wliani monoto-

nuri, meqanikuri qceva-Cvevebis Sinaarsi d zarebis rekva ciskarze da mwuxrze: “misi cxovbreba..” mosawyeni da koSmaruli sizmari iyo. sizmari, romelic gamofxizlebuls arc moagondeba: rogor iyo? ratom iyo? novelaSi dro siuJetur-kompoziciuri agebu-

lebisaTvis garkveul mniSvnelobas iZens. metes SemTxvevaSi novelaSi gamoxatuli dro biografiul dros SeiZleba mivakuTnoT, vinaidan igi kompaqturad, lakonurad, magram


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saxeobrivad axerxebs gmirTa cxovrebiseuli etapebis gansazRvrul detalebze gaake-

Tos aqcenti: “mRvdeli gaiparsa”. samikitno gaxsna. orSabaTs saRamos oqropiric ewvia. dalies.

Zveli dro, tkbilad moigones. mRvdeli nanobda: es moagondeboda, axla Cemi col-Svili yelamdi dovlaTSi iqneboda.

“es moxda did xuTSabaT saRamos.kk duqnis win fexmorTxmuli glexebi isxdnen, nar-

dsa TamaSobdnen...naxucars nabaxusevze esva. ikra wavage, oqropi, oci weli, rom vwire? he, he, he, Cemi mlocvelebi axla Cemi muStrebia, he, he... “ oqropiri sdumda... naxucarma oTaxSi gaixmo stumari... gamuruli jami gauvso oqropirma dalia, naoWian, fermkrTal saxeze siwiTlem ielva, Rvino emWvaxa. Rrmad Camjdari Tvalebi daupataravda.

dro aq calkeul situaciaTa gamomxatveli scenebis Taviseburi maorganizebelia. igi personaJTa gancdebis Camoyalibebis garkveul saSualebas, maTi cxovrebis mizezSe-degobrivi struqturis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens. xuTSabaTi saRa-

mo, romelic namTvralevi oqropirisaTvis biografiul dros warmoadgens, sabediswero gamodgeba mnaTesTvis. ukve gariJraJisaken, mnaTes daRupvis momentSi igi kargavs gmiris mimarT biografiul mniSvnelobas. drois msvleloba amieridan Tavisi maradJamuri wes-

rigianobis fazaSi gaagrZelebs svlas adamianTa kavSiris gareSe-ikriJraJi movida” d magram realurad mnaTe da dro d aseTi kavSirurTierToba ukve aRar arsebobs. drosTan erTad aq mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba sivrces, romelSic unda hpovos gamoxatuleba gmiris yofna-aryofnis yvela didad mniSvnelovanma Tu detal-niuansebis momcvelma Si-

naarsma. samoTxe an jojoxeTi- es sivrce iqceva bolos pirovnebis cxovrebisa da moRva-weobis dadebiT da uaryofiT Semfaseblad.

oqropiri grZnobs, rom ikmisi qveyanakk gadaSenebis gzazea. dasmul kiTxvebze ik-

sdumda, ar icoda ra epasuxakk, amovardnili iyo cxovrebis ritmidan. aRarafrad Tvlis axali droebis mier Tavis gariyulobas da ... daarisxa, aaxmaura zarebi... momentaluri Tavdaviwyebis eSxSi Sesuli veRar grZnobs epoqaTa mijnaze yofnis mizeziT ganpirobe-

bul winaaRmdegobaTa simZafres. mwerali ikajildoebs mnaTes da axali drois mZafri qa-

riSxliT miwaze damarcxebuls maincdamainc ik Semmoqmedis marjvena mxares miuCens ad-

gils. sivrcis lokaluroba mwerlis mier SerCeuli drois sidides ierTebs. Tavdaviwye-bis afeqtSi myofi, ganwmendilia yovelgvari uaryofiTi vnebebisagan. xolod wminda adamianuri aRtacebis unaris gamomJRavnebis gamo maRla atacebis Rirsad Tvlis mas mwe-

rali.. ikaswieT adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasviT mnaTe oqropir Semoqmedis marjve-

na mxares, radgan sibneleSi dabrmavebulma erTxel mainc igrZno aRtaceba da eqstazSi daiRupa... mwerali mnaTes sikvdils Tavisebur silamazes aniWebs: sibneleSi dabrmave-

bul adamians erTxel aexila Tvalebi da isic sikvdilis saxilvelad mxolod. novelaSi sxvadasxva dro ikerTvis erTimeores. rac ikiyo Semodis, saxldeba imaSi,

rac ikariskk da arTulebs, siRrmes matebs, warsulidan monaberi idumalebiT iktvir-

Tavskk. am ikariskk masalas, amkrivebs da ayalibebs masSi drois konkretuli realobis koncefciis Ziebisa da amoxsnis moTxovnilebas.

sivrciTi plani zemoqmed rols agrZelebs. ikveTeba sul ufro veluri, Tanamedro-

veobis yofas Soris dacilebuli peizaJebis konturebi. sanadirod gamosuli pirovnebis nisldafenili TvaliTaa dalanduli ikorCofexebze Semdgari nalebi... mTels qveyanaze umciresi, umoklesi Sukebi, Saragzis dayolebiT mdore tborebiT savse Txrilebi... WiS-

krebze Jangoni nalebi.kk yvelaze saocari is iyo, rom glexebic wyvilad rom modiodnen d oreulebs oreulebisaTvis mklavi mklavSi gaeyaraT. oreuli oreuls misdevda, oreu-

li oreuls dascinoda.


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drois srbola ukan moxedvis, warsuli bneli idumalebis Cxrekis JiniT avaddeba. iq, warsulSi moiZebneba is mravalferovani masala, romelic materialuri Tu sulieri Si-

naarsiT miuaxlovdeba an gauswordeba arsebuli da xiluli realuri samyaros models, raTa moxdes warmosaCeni azris ganmTlianeba. sxvadasxva dro-Jamisa da sivrcis Sepiris-pirebiT cxovrebis Tanamedrove formebSi wvdomis mcdeloba unda ganxorcieldes. ami-

tom idumalebis saoflo novelaSi warsuli drois mravalferovan, legendarul-miTur movlena-situaciaTa bades qsovs da am badidan gamoZafeba Tanamedrove dReebis naRvli-

ani, monotonuri simkrTalis koloriti. Warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis yofiTI xasia-Tis Tu ideuri Rirebulebis gamomxtveli droisa da sivrcis aRweriTa da CvenebiT kon-

stantine gamsaxurdiam maTi urTierTSexwevadobis SesaZlebloba daadastura. novelaSi warmoiqmneba erTiani, yvelafris momcvleli koncefcia drois msvlelobisa, sivrce ga-

moixateba xan lokalurad, xan ki usazRvrod vrclad. saerTo jamSi am procesis ganxorcielebis survils badebs saTxrobis ZiriTadi ko-

loritis mokveTisaken swrafva.


183

naTia xurcia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo


konstantine gamsaxurdias eqspresionistuli novela „zarebi grigalSi“

me-20-e saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropaSi (germaniaSi) aRmocenebulma saxe-

lovnebo mimdinareobam, eqspresionizmma, xelovnebis yvela dargi moicva. xpressio la-

Tinuri sityvaa da gamoxatvas niSnavs. eqspresionistuli xelovnebis mizania gadmosces adamianis, am SemTxvevaSi, modernizmis epoqis adamianis, sulieri mdgomareoba, misi gan-

cdebi, SiSi, SfoTi, sasowarkveTa, adamianis tanjva da martooba. eqspresionizmSi samya-

ro ganiWvriteba, rogorc metafizikuri realoba da xelovneba gaazrebulia rogorc me-

tafizikuri fenomeni. saganTsamyaros faqtebis miRma eqspresionisti xelovani maT pir-velsaxes Wvrets. eqspresionizmi kosmocentrulia, samyaro da buneba erTi didi da mis-

tiuri gamocxadebaa. axali adamiani - es aris eqspresionistebis idea fiqsi. daZleul unda iqnas evropuli

kulturis krizisis mTavari mizezi: miToss moklebuli dro. qveyana metafizikurad un-

da moaqcios xelovnebam. eqspresionisti xelovani aris mistikosi, romelsac swams abso-luturi WeSmariteba, rogorc kosmosSi ganfenili suli. WeSmariteba transcendentu-

ria, adamianis cxovrebis mizani ki am transcedenturis wvdomaa. evropuli krizisis problema pirvelad fridrix nicSem dasva. amitomac, rodesac

eqspresionizmze vsaubrobT, Znelia ar gaviTvaliswinoT nicSeseuli filosofiis is mniSvnelovani debulebebi, romlebic ara marto literaturul eqspresionizms, aramed mTel esTetikur modernizms ideurad kvebavda. „evropuli krizisi“ RmerTis sikvdiliT gamowveuli evropuli sazogadoebis sulieri krizisia. Tanamedrove evropis tkivilebi axali idealebis warmoqmniT unda daamebuliyo: „adamiani raobaa, romlis Zleva hxams“ (nicSe 1993: 16). eqspresionizmi swored axali adamianis SeqmniT cdilobs am krizisebis daZlevas.

literaturuli eqspresionizmi mkveTrad gamoxatuli enobrivi stiliT gamoirCeva: gamoTqmis lakonuroba da frazis simkveTre, poeturi xerxebis mravalferovneba - mon-

taJi, kadrirebis principi, ganumeorebel mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. eqspresionizmi CamoyalibebisTanave aitaces qarTvelma mwerlebma. am mxriv gamoir-

Ceva k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedeba. mweralze didi gavlena iqonia nicSeseuli filosfiis ZiriTadma postulatebma. RmerTis sikvdilis nicSeseuli diagnozi axlobeli aRmoCnda mTeli msofliosTvis. saWiro iyo avtoriteti, romelic daikavebda RmerTis adgils. aq ki Semodis zekaci, rogorc ganRmrTobili pirovneba. zekacma unda Caanacvlos RmerTi. igi ar aris arc sruli adamiani da arc sruli RmerTi, igia orive, adamianuri da RvTaeb-rivi sawyisebis Tanabrad matarebeli. nicSeseuli zekaci idealuri adamiania, romelmac unda daamarcxos adamianuri buneba, radgan „adamiani binZuri mdinarea“ (nicSe 1993: 17).

SeuZlebelia, bunebiT vaJkac da meamboxe, gamudmebiT mterTan mebrZoli qarTveli kacisTvis miuRebeli yofiliyo nicSeseuli meomrobis da vaJkacobis apologia: “Tqvens mters eZiebdeT, Tqvens brZolas brZodeT da Tqveni rwmenisaTvis! da ukeTu rwmena Tqve-ni damarcxdes, Tqveni patiosneba mainc hxmobdes Zleva-mosilebasa!“ (nicSe 1993: 40). sa-


184

varaudod, am tipis diskursam didad Seuwyo xeli qarTul msoflxedvelobriv sivrceSi nicSes damkvidrebas.

k. gamsaxurdiasTvis, iseve rogorc nicSesaTvis, miuRebelia qristianuli rwmenis aramiwieri idealebi. adamanis pirveladi cnobierebis maformirebeli miTosia da didia ltolva da interesi miTosisadmi. aqve xdeba antikuri samyaros gacocxleba. mweralic da filosofsic kacobriobis gonebrivi da sulieri ganviTarebis mwvervalad swored elinur kulturas miiCnevdnen. qristianobas, rogorc fizikuri tanjvis religias nicSe upirispirebs berZnul warmarTobas, dionisos kults, romelic qadagebs Svebas, bednie-rebas, sicocxles, eqstaziT mopovebul Tavdaviwyebas.

k. gamsaxurdiam nicSeseuli dionisurobisa da zekacis konceptebi miiRo naciona-

lur aspeqtSi. vazisa da Rvinis qveynis Svils bunebrivia xiblavs dioniso, misi kultis mTavari arsi xom swored vazsa da Rvinos ukavSirdeba. es ki qarTuli yofisagan ganuyo-

feli ramaa. miTosur samyaroSi daculia yofierebis pirvelsaxe, adamianis sulis fro-mireba swored am epoqaSi xdeba. eqspresionizmis mixedviT ki, miToss Tanamedrove desak-

ralizebul modernizstul epoqaSi aRdgena da gaRrmaveba sWirdeba. k. gamsaxurdias „zarebi grigalSi“ (1924) erT-erTi pirveli qarTuli eqspresionis-

tuli novelaa, romelSic aisaxa mimdinareobis mTavari devizi da eTika: eqstaziT unda moipovos adamianma ganwmenda (kaTarzisi) da ganRmrToba (Teosizi). mxolod ase ixilavs igi WeSmaritebas. novelas wamZRvarebuli aqvs nawyveti me-13 saukuneSi Seqmnili kaTo-

likuri sagaloblidan: „dies irae, dies illa, solvet saeclum in favilla” („dRe SurisZiebis, dRe Seco-

debis, samyaro inTeba rogorc daviTisa da goliaTis Serkineba“). marTlac, am periodis msoflio axal politikur-socialur ideebsa da mRelvarebas moucvia. axali politiku-

ri, bolSevisturi realoba saTavisod iyenebs „RmerTis sikvdilis“ filosofiur debu-

lebas. xdeba RirebulebaTa ara marto gadafaseba, aramed gaufasurebac. nicSeseuli RmerTis sikvdilis postulati amZafrebs modernizmis epoqis, da zogadad, adamianis tragizms, iwvevs masSi pesimizmsa da sasowarkveTas. novelis mTavari personaJi, mnaTe oqropiri tragikuli gmiria, romelic sakuTar adgils ver poulobs axal desakralize-

bul da dehumanizebul modernistul da bolSevistur realobaSi. idealebis rRvevam (nicSeanuri RirebulebaTa gadafaseba) daRi daasva mis pirovnebas. mis Tanamedrove sa-zogadoebas antireligiuri cxovrebisaTvis auwyvia fexi. mnaTe, romelic Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli adamiania, nel-nela amCnevs mis garSemo mimdinare cvlilebebs: „mnaTe oqropiri mxolod maSin mixvda, rom qveyana gamoicvala, roca didmarxvis orSa-baTs, wminda zaqarias eklesiis gumbaTze jvari veRar naxa“ (gamsaxurdia 1980: 258). mate-

rialisturma cnobierebam moicva yvela da yvelaferi. yvela nanobda, rom uazro faseu-

lobebs Seswires yvelaferi, nacvlad uzrunveli, mdidari cxovrebisa: „am Jamad sofel-Si yvela nanobda.

mnaTe oqropirs araferi hqonda dasanani, arc didi sixaruli hqonia, arc Tu didi su-lieri Relva“ (gamsaxurdia 1980: 258). an iqneb, igi arc dafiqrebia, CaRrmavebia sakuTar „me“-s, rom aRmoeCina dafaruli sulieri Relva, sakuTar cnobierebaSi mimdinare cvli-

lebebi. Tavisma xelobam TiTebze koJrebis meti veraferi SesZina. is Tavis cxovrebas koSmarul da mosawyen sizmrad Tvlida, misTvis ucxo iyo didi sixaruli, aRfrTovaneba. aqve ikveTeba misi, rogorc tragikuli gmiris saxe: uimedo, usixarulo, yvelasagan gari-

yuli kaci, amoucnobi pirovneba, romelic CrdilSi dgas da jer TviTonac ver acnobie-

rebs, ra SeuZlia. „me minda vumRero uimedo glaxaks, romelmac didebis porfiri unda moisxas, radgan

aseTi iyo mnaTe oqropir. Wadris ZirSi pawia ylorti amosula, gauxarebeli, naciebi, mzes daxarbebuli. igi fermkrTalia da bnediani (radgan mze ar mohxvedria). igi sworia


185

da marTali (mis Tavze grigalebs ar gadauqrolia), fesvebi Wadrisa, foTlebi – Wleqia-

nis tuCebi. lomis lekvia – klanWebi ar asxia. miminos Tvalebi eqneboda, sibneleSi dgo-

mas rom ar daebrmavebina. me minda vumRero sibneleSi dabrmavebulebs. CrdilSi sdgas, mitomac veravin hxedavs. magram bedi mova, CrdilSi mdgomebsac Searyevs SuaRamis grigali.

me minda vumRero grigalisagan Seryeulebsac, ragan aseTi iyo mnaTe oqropir“- (gamsa-

xurdia 1980: 260). mova dro da is dasZlevs am warmaval yofas, mas SeuZlia gaxdes zekaci, axali adamia-

ni, radgan ar ekuTvnis am samyaros, ganridebulia misgan, Tavs inaxavs, Zalebs ikrebs di-

debis mantiis Semosasxmelad. amavdroulad igi umankoa. swored amitom aqvs ufleba mi-

TosSi dabrunebis. igi nicSeseuli baSvia, „axali dasabami, laRoba, Tqma RvTaebrivi das-

turisa“ (nicSe1993: 26). mnaTe gandgomilia, igi ar ekuTvnis am cxovrebas, amitomac „Tvis qveynierebas SeiZens qveynis damkargavi“. es ki mxolod rCeulTa xvedria, mnaTe lomis lekvia, romlis Zlierebac sulieri da fizikuri zrdis procesSi aucileblad amety-

veldeba. saWiroa Zlieri muxti, rom amoZravdes es gandgomili subieqti, romelmac er-

TaderTma moipova ufleba gaerRvia realuroba da irealurobas, kosmoss SeerTeboda da ase daemarcxebina sicariele da yofis usazrisoba.

gmiris sulieri dacema daiwyo didmarxvisas. maSin SeniSna mnaTem samreklodan jvris gaqroba. misi sulieri aRorZinebac marxvisas iwyeba. marxva mweralTan gaazrebulia, ro-

gorc didi sulieri ZvrebisTvis mosamzadebeli periodi, ganwmendis faza. transceden-

turisken swrafvis erTdaerTi gzaa eqstazi, romelsac mTvrali mnaTe aRwevs. Troba da eqstazi, dionisuri eTosis gacocxlebaa, im miTosuri samyaros gacocxlebaa, rasac ase daJinebiT iTxovs eqspresionizmi. mistiurobis fonze ibadeba axali adamiani. SemTxvevi-

Ti ar aris, rom mnaTe oqropiri swored Trobis Semdegad aRwevs eqstazs. igi ukanaskne-

lad ubrundeba Tavis xelobas, axla ukve Tavdaviwyebas da sixaruls poulobs masSi, reks eklesiis zarebs da odesRac „sibneleSi dabrmavebuli“, axla ukve gaciskrovnebu-

li, Tvalxiluli amsxvrevs yofierebis borklebs da eqstazSi iRupeba: „xarobda oqropir, misi aRtkinebuli suli foladsa da rkinas agalobebda. amRereb-

da, daJangul, damunjebul zarebs. mihqrodnen awyvetili zarebi grialiT, kiskisiT, xar-

xariT zecisaken, galobdnen didi da maRali xmiT. cas Rimad gaekra naTeli zoli. am maRal zecasTan, am Zlier grigalTan sul yvela

dabali da susti yofila, garda mnaTe oqropirisa“ (gamsaxurdia 1980: 263). aqve mniSvnelovania mwerlis piriT gacxadebuli eqspresionistuli e. w. „o, adamia-

nos paTosi“ (“O, Mensch-Pathos”):

„aswieT adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasviT mnaTe oqropir Semoqmedis marjvena mxares, radgan sibneleSi dabrmavebulma erTxel mainc igrZno aRtaceba da eqstazSi

daiRupa. me minda vimRero eqstazSi daRupulisaTvis“ (gamsaxurdia 1980: 264). gmiris fizikuri daRupviT misi sulieri gacocxleba xdeba. aq ki mnaTe oqropiris

sikvdilSi vlindeba Taviseburi nicSeanuri heroikuli pesimizmi - ukanaskneli eTikuri aqtiT (sikvdiliT) kaTarzisisa da Teozisis mopoveba.

amgvarad, mnaTe oqropiri tipiuri eqspresionistuli personaJia: novelaSi mowode-

bulia gmiris ara individualuri xasiaTi, misi „erTjeradi“ fsiqologiuri portreti,

aramed personaJi radikalizebul egzistencialur pirobebSi, e. w. „zRvriseul situaci-

aSia (“Grenzsituation) (k. iaspersi) imTaviTve Cayenebuli, sadac gadmocemulia personaJis

kosmiuri gancdebi, tragikuli paTosi, sakuTari „me“-s krizisi (e. w. „me“-s daSla-rRveva/


186

Ichdissotiation). am egzistencialur kriziss ki mnaTe oqropir eqstaziT daZlevs, rasac

eqspresionizmSi ewodeba gardasxva (“Wandlung”).

literatura:

1. gamsaxurdia 1980: k. gamsaxurdia, Txzulebani aT tomad, gamomc. “sabW.

saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1980.

2. nicSe 1993: fr. nicSe, ese ityoda zaratustra, er. tatiSvilis Targmani,

T. buaCiZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1993.

3. Soerensen 2002: B. A. Soerensen, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, Bd. II, München:

Beck, 2002.

humanitaruli mecnierebani: folklori, eTnologia

187

afaiaT alieva

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: xvTiso mamisimediSvili

qoroRlis eposis mistikuri elementebi azerbaijanul da Turqmenul variantebis mixedviT

`qoroRli”, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi, zepirsityvierebasa da literaturaSi

sakmaod didi popularoba moipova, Turqulenovani xalxebis sagmirodromantikuli dasTania, “qoroRli“ Seiqmna XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoria-

ze. mecnierTa umetesobis Tanaxmad, eposis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia cnobil isto-

riul movlenasTan: “jalalidebis“ ajanyebasTan. es iyo imdroindel azerbaijanSi mZaf-

ri socialuri da politikuri moZraoba. ase rom, eposi Camoyalibda azerbaijanSi da mi-

si samSoblo azerbaijania. Turqi mecnieri banarli am eposs ikvlevda Zvel Turqul wya-

roebze dayrdnobiT, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad man aseTi daskvna miiRo: “savaraudod es desTani goqTurqebis (e. w. cis Turqebis) dros momxdar Turqul-iranul oms ukavSirde-

ba. misi azriT, eposi islamamde warmoiSva da islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg mahmadian oRu-zebs Soris gavrcelda. magram, pirvel mosazrebas ufro iziareben mecnierebi da ufro sarwmunoa.

eposis Semdgomi versiebi eposi azerbaijanidan gadavida amierkavkasiisa da Sua aziis xalxebSi da adgilobriv

niadagze Camoayalibda dasTanis sxvadasxva versia. axla 12 ZiriTadi versia arsebobs. es versiebi ki TavisTavad or jgufad iyofa. Tumca zogjer sam jgufadac hyofen.

1) azerbaijanulidan, rogorc, dedanidan momdinare amierkavkasiuri versiebis cik-

li, romelSic, igulisxmeba azerbaijanuli, qarTuli, qurTuli, somxuri, Turquli ver-siebi.

2) Turqmenulidan momdinare dasTanebi, romlebSic, igulisxmeba Turqmenuli, taji-

kuri, uzbekuri, yazaxuri, arabuli (buxaris arabebis), yarayalpakuri da tobolur-TaT-

ruli versiebi. azerbaijanuli da misgan gamomdinare yvela versia e.w „ yaCaRis ciklis nawarmoebia,

romlis mTavari gmiri, “keTilSobili yaCaRi“, sicocxlis bolomde ibrZvis usamarTlo-

bis winaaRmdeg mamac meomrebTan erTad. mTavari gmiri mejoge kacis dali qiSisd erTaderTi vaJiSvilia. xolo Turqmenuli

eposis gmiri ki, didebuli gvaris STamomavalia, tomis beladia. igi Canlibelis solTnis d jigali begisd SvilSvilia.

versiebis struqtura “keTilSobili yaCaRis“ Tavgadasavali gmiris feodalebis mimarT protestiT iwyeba.

azerbaijanuli versiis mTavari gmiris rovSanis protests iwvevs mamis usamarTlod daTxrili Tvalebi. am nawarmoebis gmiri, qoroRli „mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs“ da amiT epikuri gmirisa da keTilSobili yaCaRis niSnebs aerTianebs. mis garSemo Tavs iyri-

an saxelisa da Suris maZiebeli axalgazrdebi, romelTa saqmeebi kvebavs “keTilSobili


188

yaCaRis“ Sesaxeb simRerebs Turquldazerbaijanul da qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi. qo-

roRlis qarTuli versiis wyarocazerbaijanuli da Turquliversiebia. igi dadasture-

bulia qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, saingiloSi, mesxeTsa da aaraSi; qarTuli versia umetesad prozaulia. qarTuli versiis gmiris saxeSi gaerTianebu-

lia socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli „keTilSobili yaCaRisa“ da erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli gmiris saxe. azerbaijanul versias Turqulenovani xalxebis epikuri tradiciisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli forma aqvs. prozaul teqstis SigniT CarTulia leqsebi. igive SemTxveva Tur-

qmenul versiaSic gvxvdeba. somxuri versia, romelic azerbaijanulidan gadmokeTebu-

lia, mTlianad galeqsilia. nacionalur versiebSi siuJeturi birTvic da gmirebic saer-Toa, magram teqstebi gansxvavdebian siuJetis Semdgomi damuSavebiTa da gmiris saxeSi Setanili axaldaxal StrixebiT. amrigad, yovel xalxs garedan miRebuli teqsti sakuTa-

ri folkloruli tradiciebis kvalobaze gadaumuSavebia. “qoroRli“ - mistikurigmiriTiTqmis yvela variantis mixedviT, “qoroRli“ naxev-

radmistikuri, miTosuri gmiria. jer yuradyeba unda mivaqcioT, qoroRlis eposSi ga-mosvlaze. am momentSi yvelaze saintereso motivs vxedavT, eposis Turqmenul versiaSi-

.azerbaijanuli eposi ali qiSis ambiT iwyeba. desTanis mTavari gmiri rovSanis saxeliT 15d16 wlis Wabukad Cndeba eposSi. ali qiSis Tvalebis daTxrebis Semdeg is gadis inicia-

cias da axali saxels iZens. “qordoRli“ d brmis Svili. saxels qoroRli mama TviTon arqmevs rovSans. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom aq misi iniciacia mamis brmobis Sedegia. radgan misi gmiruli cxovreba mamis ubedurebis Semdeg iwyeba, hasan faSasadmi SurismaZieblobis grZnobiT.

Turqmenuli versiebi ki gmiris dabadebiT iwyeba. jer iRupeba Canlibelis sulTanis, jigali begis, umcrosi vaJiSvili adi begi, romlis coli giulendami fexmZimea. qmris gardacvlebis Semdeg giulendamic daiRupa. jigali begi Tavisi Svilisa da misi ojaxis ubedurebis gamo dRe da Rame sul dardobda.

erTxel xizir winaswarmetyveli sizmarSi gamoecxada jigali begs da uTxra: ar idardo, xvalve midi Seni rZlis saflavTan, gaaRe da iq naxav erT sibrZnes, es iqneba Seni imedi am qveyanaze. diliT jigali begi mivida giulendamis saflavTan. iq, marTlac, didi sibrZne iyo. jigali begma gaaRo: saflavSi, giulendamis kalTaSi, patara biWs eZina. mo-

mavali gmiri mkvdari, gardacvlili dedis sxeulidan, saflavidan gamodis. Turqmenul

desTanSi misi saxeli Гёр- оглы iTargmneba rogorc saflavis Svili, igi moiazreba safla-

vis, miwis Svilad. Turqmenul versiaSi ZiriTadi moqmedeba dakavSirebulia rovSanis pa-

pasTan, jigali begTan da aq mTavari mistikuri elementebi swored gmiris dabadebas ukav-

Sirdeba. Turqmenul versiaSi arc ambis sizmriT Setyobineba da arc gmiris saflavidan gamosvla SemTxveviTi ar aris. jer erTi, Zvel Turqebs swamdaT sizmris. sizmari aRiqme-

boda, rogorc aucilebloba mniSvnelovani ambis win. meorec, miwa wmindanad iTvleboda. agreTve uZveles Turqul miTologiur teqstebSi sikvdili moazrebulia ara sicocxlis dasasrulad da fizikur procesad, aramed gacvliT etapad, iniciaciis saSualebad. azer-

baijanul versiaSi es xdeba simbolurad, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari gmirissaxelwodeba Turqmenul eposSi roca jigali begi sasaflaodan saxlSi brundeba ezoSi moxuc

kacs Sexvdeba. bavSvi kacs aZlevs. gmirs saxels rovSan aRsaxali kaci arqmevs, rac “sibne-

lidan sinaTleSi gamosuls“ niSnavs. mere ki miiRo metyveli saxeli qoroRli. (Гёр-

оглы). azerbaijanul versiaSi rovSanis mniSvnelobaze araferia naTqvami. mxolod misi silamazeze da mamacobazea saubari.


189

“rovSani iyo 15 Tu 16 wlis ymawvili, magram romdomsaviT Zlieri, 15 Ramiani mTvare-

saviT lazazi, cecxlsaviT swrafi“. “qoroRlis“ saxelis kidev erTi gaazrebaa “qor“ “oR-

li“, rac niSnavs “cecxlis Svils“. am mosazrebas Turqul versiebSi vxedavT. qoroRlis cxeni TiTqmis yvela nacionalur versiaSi gmiris grZneuli TanaSemwea misi zRvidan amosu-

li cxeni “yiraTi“, romelic saocar, jadosnur, mistikur Tvisebebs flobs. irkveva, rom yiraTi lurji feris iyo, rac uZlieresad iTvleba. TurqebSi lurj fers da lurj

cxens gansakuTrebuli adgili hqonda. amas yiraTis Turqul saxelidanac vigebT: “кыр

ат“. Kыр - Turqulad lurjis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. qoroRli yiraTTan imdenad miax-

loebulia, rom mas xedavs ara rogorc, cxeni aramed “janis megobari“. es iqidanac Cans, rom hamza igrZnobs, yiraTsa da qoroRlis Soris arsebul saocar grZnobas da yiraTis dabrunebisTvis sityvas aZlevs. qoroRlis uamravi simRerebi Tavisi mistikuri TanaSem-

wes mimarT, misi motacebisas mware simRerebi desTanSi xSirad gvxvdeba. qoroRlis xmali da fari qoroRlis xmalic da faric mistikuria. isini cidan Camovardnili qvisagan gaakeTes.

is iyo erTgvari mistikuri Zala, romelic jer mindorSi Camovarda, iq ipova rovSanma, daeufla rovSani da imiT xari mokla. Turquli versiis mixedviT am qvisagan moklul iq-

na ara xari, aramed duraTi. mamamisma uTxra, rom Svilo Tu imiT xari mokvda, maS es ar iq-

neba Cveulebrivi qva. midi amasgan xmali da fari gaakeTebine. qoroRlim gaakeTebina fardxmali, romelic misi Zalis ganuyofili nawili gaxda. qoroRlis xmali cnobili iyo e.w “misri gilinCis“ saxeliT.

qoroRlis Zal-Rone da aSuRoba azerbaijanul versiaSi qoroRlis araCveulebrivi fizikuri ZaldRone da aSuRobis

unari yoSabulaRis wylidan gamodis. sadac rovSani mamis TvalebisTvis wylis mosata-nad mivida, iq TviTon dalia wyali da veRar moaswro meored wylis aReba mamisaTvis, yo-

SabulaRi mistikur Zalad warmodgenilia, romelic 7 weliwadSi erTxel vlindeba. maR-

ribisagan da maSriyisagan mosuli varskvlavebi 7 weliwadSi erTxel SuaRames Sexvdebian erTmaneTs, yoSabulayis Tavze. da am dros Cndeba rZesaviT TeTri wyali. da rogorc, Cans es araCveulebrivi mistikuri Zalaa, romelic gadadis ali qiSis axalgazrda vaJiS-vilze.

aqve xdeba gmiris iniciacia. Tumca, savaraudod aq cifri “7“-ic araa SemTxveviT aR-

niSnuli, islamSi 7 wminda cifria. aseve Zveli rwmenebis Tanaxmad mistikuri Zala cis me-

7 safexurSi mdgomareobda. xolo Turqmenuli eposSi igi am gmiruli TvisebebiT sizmar-

Si xizir winaswarmetyvelis mier dajildovdeba, romelmac bavSvis saflavSi yofnis am-bavi acnoba mis babas.

iniciaciisa da zebunebrivi Zalebis meSveobiT, qoroRlis saxiT rovSanisagan axali adamiani warmosdgeba, gansxvavebuli unarebiTa da socialuri statusiT. yovel Sem-

TxvevaSi iniciaciis dros simbolurad mokvda rovSani da daibada qoroRli. iniciacia xdeba SuaRames, sibneleSi:

miTologiuri tradicia eposSi eposSi aisaxa xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebic. erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso momenti

gvxvdeba Turqmenul versiaSi, rovSanis saxelis darqmevisas: moxuci kaci Wabuks (inici-ants) pirSi CaafurTxebs, rac uZvelesi Turquli miTologiuri tradiciidan momdina-

reobs. Zveli Turqebis azrovnebaSi es iyo axali sulis gacemis saSualeba. aRsaxali ki, rogorc, Cans sibrZnis simbolod moiazreba, misgan mosuli suli bavSvisaTvis sasargeb-

lo iqneba, da isic sibrZniT savse adamiani iqneba. Tumca es tradicia dResac SenarCune-


190

bulia Turquli modgmis xalxebSi. rwmenis Tanaxmad, bavSvi emsgavseba im adamians, vinc CaafurTxa bavSvis pirSi. aseve erTi da igive molaparake adamianebze amboben rom: “er-

TmaneTis pirSi CaafurTxes“. yvela zemoTqmulebebidan gamomdinare SegviZliaT, vTqvaT, rom qoroRli, marTlac,

Sua saukuneebSi cxovrobda da is iyo realuri gmiri, mebrZoli. magram xalxma Tavisi mdidari mxatvruli fantaziiTa da tipologiuri siuJetebiT gaamdidra qoroRlis pi-

rovneba, daxata araCveulebrivi, cidan Camosuli da miwidan amosuli, mistikuri Zale-

biT savse gmiris qoroRlis mxatvruli saxe.


191

guranda megreliZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: roland TofCiSvili

Tanamedrove religiuri mdgomareoba kintriSis xeobaSi

aWaras aqarTveloSi mravalWirgamovlili istoriul-eTnografiuli mxarea, romel-

mac, iseve rogorc mTelma saqarTvelom, mZime istoriuli gza ganvlo. araerTi Zlieri

saxelmwifo Tu momTabare xalxi cdilobda xelSi Caegdo saqarTvelos miwa-wyali, gaev-

rcelebina Tavisi kultura, religia, wes-Ceulebebi. qarTvelebma Rirseulad gaarTves

Tavi am gansacdels da dRemde moitanes sakuTri ena, kultura, sarwmunoeba, qveyana. am mxriv aWara gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia. sarwmunoebas aq yovelTvis udides mniS-

vneloba saniWebdnen. saqarTveloSi qristianobas wored aWaridan gavrcelda. qristes

erT-erTi mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli pirvelad am kuTxeSi Semovida da qristia-

nobis qadagebac swored aWaridan daiwyo. marTmadideblobam aq Rrmad gaidga fesvebi,

imdenad Zlieri iyo rwmena ,rom XVII saukuneSi, osmalebis Semosvlis Semdeg, mosaxleoba Cumad misdevda qristianobas, xatebs malavdnen, Cumad loculobdnen da mWadze jvars

gamosaxavdnen. Tumca osmaleTis mier ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma, zewolam mainc

imoqmedada mosaxleobaSi islamma gavrceleba daiwyo. samaswlian batonobas ukvalod ar

Cauvlia. miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Taobidan Taobas gadascemda qarTul da marTmadideblur tradiciebs, icavda mSobliur enas.

dRes arcTu cota aislamis mimdevari aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT maRlmTian aWaraSi. qo-

buleTsa da kintriSis xeobaSic bevri ojaxia islamis mimdevari. Tumca qobuleTi reli-

giuri siWreliT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia. igive aqvs dadasturebuli dimitri baqra-Zes Tavis wignSi: „arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi“, sadac wers: „Curuq-su

(qobuleTi avt.) erTianad gamuslimanebulia, Tumca qristanobis kvali jer kidev Semor-

Cenilia: gzaSi maCvenes ramdenime qristianuli eklesia, saxeldobr samebaSi, xucubansa

da gvaraSi. gvaras taZari cnobilia TeTrosnis saxeliT da gansakuTrebiT gaTqmulia Cu-ruq-susa da guriaSi. Curuq-su, anu qobuleTi warsulSi guriis SemadgenlobSi Sedioda.

misimosaxleoba, arc ise didi xania moiqca muslimanobaze.“

dReisaTvisac qerTojaxSi, sadac sami Taobis wamomadgenlebi cxovroben, erTmane-

Tisgan saerTod gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebi aqvT. ufros TaobaSi muslima-nuri rwmena Zlieradaa SemorCenili, ase Tu ise misdeven muslimur wes-Cveulebebs. aR-

niSnaven muslimanur dResaswaulebs, amzadeben specialur tkbileuls da bairamis dRe-

saswaulze aucileblad gadian saflavebze. Tu asakovani adamiani morwmune muslimi iyo,

gardacvalebis Semdeg saxlSi aucileblad mohyavT mola (xoja), micvalebulisaTvis we-

sis asagebad, imis miuxedavad, rom axalgazrda Taoba marTmadideblobis mimdevaria da xatebi aqvT dabrZanebuli ojaxebSi. igive ojaxebSi qristianul dResaswaulebsac aseTi-

ve mokrZalebiTa da didi pativiscemiT aRniSnaven. aRdgomisas, Cveulebriv iRebeba kver-

cxebi, cxveba paskebi da xsovnis dReze saflavebze aucileblad gadian. erTidaigive ada-

mianis saflavze Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia bairamisas damzadebuli xalvac aRmoCndes da aRdgomis paska da kvercxi. rac Seexeba saSualo asakis adamianebs ojaxSi, isini saer-

Tod ar gamoirCevian religiurobiT, arc erTi religiisken ar ixrebian. am Taobis Sexe-


192

dulebac im periodis xelisuflebis mier Canergili ideologiis Sedegia. sabWoTa epoqa-

Si xom yvelaferi, rac religiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli ikrZaleboda da mosaxleobaSic

aTeisturi Sexedulebebi inergeboda. am yvelaferma ki Tavisi kvali datova dRevande-

lobaSi. sayuradReboa, agreTve, Tu rogoria gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebis mqone

ojaxebis urTierToba da Tanacxovreba erT sofelSi. sofel xucubanSi, adgilobrivi

qobuleTelebis gverdiT, cxovroben xulodan Camosaxlebuli ojaxebi, romlebic isla-

mis mimdevrebi arian. miuxedavadimisa, rom didi xania ukve aq cxovroben, erTi Sexedvi-Tac advili misaxvedria Tu romelia maTi dasaxleba da romeli -adgilobrivebis. gareg-

nulad TiTqos ar aqvT erTad Tanacxovrebis da urTierTobis problema, Tumca TiTqos

sazRvari arsebobs maT Soris. adgilobrivebis sacxovreblebi gverdigverdaa, Camosax-

leblebis ki maTgan daSorebuli. isini, ZiriTadad, TeTrosnis teritoriaze, wminda gi-

orgis saxelobis eklesiasTn axlos arian dasaxlebuli da aqtiurad misdeven islams. sarwmunoeba, maTi TqmiT, ar uSliT xels mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi, magram amave dros

yofila SemTxevebi, roca maTTvis dacinviT miumarTavT: „Camosulebo, muslimanebo“,

skolaSi bavSvebsac xSirad dauciniaT muslimi TanatolebisTvis. yofila garCeva musli-

mebis da marTmadideblebis. rac ar unda kargi macxovrebeli iyos, aris ironiuli wamo-Zaxili: „es xulelia, muslimania. “ar kadruloben adgilobrivebi xulel muslimanebs da

zemodan uyureben. isini am yvelafers gulistkiviliT aRniSnven saubrisas. erT-erTi

ojaxi, romelic eklesiis ezoSi cxovrobs, mTeli ojaxiT muslimobis mimdevrebi arian,

ganurCevlad asakisa. bebia Rrmad morwmunea, inaxavs marxvebs, loculobs dReSi ramden-jerme. Svilebi da SviliSilebic islamur dResaswaulebs aRniSnaven, dadian meCeTSi pa-

raskeobiT, saflavebze bairamis dResaswaulze. amisdamiuxedavad, TeTrosnis eklesias

swored es ojaxi patronobs, yuradRebas isini aqceven. es eklesia mxolod SabaT-kviras

iReb awirva-locvisTvsis, sxva dReebSi daketilia, meTvalyureebi ki swored am ojaxis muslimi wevrebi arian. am taZris moZRvarTanac kargi da megobruli urTierToba aqvT.

taZarSi soflidan Zalian cota dadis, mrevli ZiriTadad qalaqebidan modis, radgan mim-

debare teritoriaze dasaxllebulebi ZiriTadad islamis mimdevrebi arian.

sofel xucubanSi, muslimebisTvis arsebobs moqmedi jame, romelic mlocvelebis-

Tvis paraskeobiT iReba. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom aseT Rrmad morwmune muslim oja-xebSi momaval Taobas uCdeba survili marTmadideblur sarwmuneobaze gadasvlis. zogi-

erTi maTgani ukve qristianulad moinaTla kidec, Tumca isini religiis aqtiuri mimde-

varebi ver arian, radgan bebiebi, ufrosi Taoba wyeniT uyurebs am yvelafers. amitomac

xatebis kuTxi smowyobas eridebian. imis miuxedavad rom saaRdgomo periodSi didi sur-vili aqvT paskebis gamocxobisa da kvercxebis SeRebvis, Tavis Sekavebas amjobineben,

radgan ojaxis wevrebis ganawyenebas eridebian. aris SemTxvevebi sofelSi, religiuri

gansxvavebis miuxedavad, axali ojaxebis Seqmnisa. maT rwmenis gansxvavebuloba xels ar

uSliT erTad cxovrebaSi. orive religiis dResaswaulebi Tanabrad aRiniSneba da pativs scemen erTmaneTis religias. arc dasaojaxebeli Svilebis dedebi arian winaaRmdegi

ojaxSi gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebis rZlebis Semosvlis. fiqroben, rom yvela qarTvele-

bi varT da rwmeniT gansxvaveba ar unda xdebodes.

zogadi suraTi sofel xucubnis religiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb amgvaria: mosaxle-obis umravlesobas marTmadideblebi Seadgenen. adgilobrivi qobuleTelebis umravle-

soba, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgeg, marTmadidebluri sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi gax-

dnen, tardeboda sayovelTao naTlobebi rac am procesebs xels uwyobda. 1996 wels mdi-

nare kintriSSi moewyo sayovelTao naTloba, romelic mama zaqariam warmarTa. naTloba-Si adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umravlosobam miiRo monawileoba da gaqristianda. Tumca

taZris aqtiuri mrevli amaTgan Zalian cotaa. ZiriTadad, umravlesobas ar hyavs moZRva-


193

ri, iSviaTad eswrebian wirva-locvas. amis mizezad xSirad eklesiis ararsebobas asaxele-

ben. moqmedi taZari sofelSi neitralur, advilad misasvlel adgilas araa. axalgaz-

rdebSi am mxriv viTareba SedarebiT Seicvala. mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, Svilebi cdi-

loben marxvis Senaxvas, aRsarebaze taZarSi xSirad siaruls. maT SedarebiT ukeT aqvT gaazrebuli religiuri dResaswaulebis mniSvneloba da arsi. Tumca religiuri dResas-

waulebis mimarT damokidebuleba gansakuTrebulia. yvela marTmadideblur ojaxSi au-

cileblad cxveba paskebi, iRebeba kvercxebi, barbaroba warmoudgenelia lobianebis ga-

reSe. Sobas aucilelad aris Rvezeli saSobao sufraze da yvela marTmadideblis ojaxSi fanjarasTan Sobis Rames sanTeli inTeba.

mTxrobelebi:

giorgi daviTaZe, 43 wlis.

cicino qaTamaZe, 42 wlis.

ciuri daviTZe, 73 wlis. mindia daviTZe, 18 wlis.

dali aTbagi, 49 wlis.

marina kaxiZe, 26 wlis.

lia aTbagi, 31 wlis. medea koCaliZe, 42 wlis.

mowyobili JuJuna, 51 wlis

mowyobili meri, 64 wlis.

mowyobili Temur, 62 wlis. mowyobili nana, 28 wlis

literatura:

1. baqraZe d.arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi. sankt-peterburgi; 1878


194

eTer qasraSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: xvTiso mamisimediSvili

ganZis sakraluroba

ganZs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sxvadasxva kuTxis saymos cxovrebaSi. ganZi jvars ekuTvnis iseve, rogorc misi sakuTrebaa is teritoria, sadac mkvidrobs say-

mo. yvelaferi, rasac nivTieri faseulobis saxe SeiZleba hqondes jvarisTvis, ganZia: Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfasi WurWlebi da sxva. Tumca qajaveTSi (adgili fSav-xevsu-reTSi) konkretuli sagnebi gvaqvs, romlebsac qajaveTis ganZis saxelwodebiT vicnobT. es ganZi 3 jgufad iyofa: I. sakuTriv sagnebi: Tasi, sakideli, oqros fanduri, oqros sa-

ceri, qurTemuli (grdemli), furis rqa. II.saqoneli: xar-Zroxa. III.qajis qalebi, mTavari maT So-ris aris samZivari. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT vnaxavT, rom es kargad nacnobi sagnebi yo-

veldRiuri daniSnulebisani arian, magram ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom isini RvTisSvilTa mier arian wamoRebulni, maTi xelmonakidia da jvarSia mitanili, raTa iq-

imyofebodnen samudamod. ganZs yovelTvis aqvs jvaris uxilavi niSani, zogierTs xilu-lic (rogorc qurTemuls wmida giorgis cxenis nali), rogorc jvaris sakuTrebas. sxva -

saWiroebisaTvis maTi gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. is wmindaa da mxolod da mxolod jvars unda emsaxurebodes. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris dauwereli kanoni, romelsac, Tavis-

Tavad cxadia, upirobod emorCileba yma. garda amisa, sainteresoa erTi faqti, rom amas akrZalvis saxiT vxvdebiT saeklesio samarTlis dokumentSi ,,did sjulis kanonSi“: ,,WurWelTa oqroÁsa da vercxlisaTa da tiloTa nuRaramca vin miixueWs saÃmarad Tvis-

sa, rameTu usjuloeba ars...“ (21,146). aRsaniSnavia, rom ganZis xilva miuwvdomelia Cveulebrivi, rigiTi moqalaqisTvis.

zurab kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom rogorc yvela sakralur realobas, ganZsac safarveli aqvs dadebuli. is saidumloebiT aris moculi da am viTarebis gamoxatulebaa jvaris ganZis samalavebis arseboba. is dafarulia ara marto gareSe TvalisaTvis da ara mxolod mpa-

ravis SiSis gamo, aramed - TviT saymos TvalisTvisac, romelsac misi xilva mxolod did dResaswaulebSi SeuZlia.

Tavis mxriv, ganZi, rogorc WeSmariteba, saidumloebrivia da is aris miwis zedapir-ze, is miwis siRmeSia saZiebeli. es aris jvaris WeSmariteba da is Tas-ganZSia ganivTebu-

li. ganZis miTosuri adgilsamyofeli miwisqveSeTia an mdinaris fskeri (rogorc mag; ni-

belungTa oqrosi). amasTanave, igi SeiZleba damaluli iyos gamoqvabulSi, mitovebul na-

saxlarebsa Tu nacixvarebSi, sadac amqveyniuri yofa-cxovreba karga xnis Semwydaria. adgili, sadac kacma ganZi unda ixilos, gansakuTrebulia, igi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc ki ekuTvnis im sivrcul sinamdviles, romelSic Tavad saymo cxovrobs.

ganZis xilva yvelasTvis dafaruli ar aris. Zvel eposebSi nivTieri faseulobis Zie-

ba, xilva da mopoveba gansakuTrebuli wamoSobis gmirTa xvedri iyo. magaliTad, rogorc batoni zurab kiknaZe ambobs, farnavazma miagno ganZs, radgan is iyo STamomavali ,,TavTa maT qarTlisaTa“. garda amisa, ganZis xilva mkadresac SeuZlia. es aris adamiani, romel-

sac gamoarCevs xati sxvebisagan. mkadre jvaris davalebiT, saxifaTo laSqrobaSi midis ganZis wamosaRebad. es ukanaskneli ki devebis sakuTrebaSia. igi Tavs swiravs davalebis Sesasruleblad da sabolood, mainc moipovebs ganZs. mkadre devs gamohglejs ganZs, ro-


195

gorc jvarma, RvTisSvilma gamohglija erT dros Tavisi saymosaTvis sacxovrebeli te-

ritoria. am gziT mopovebuli oqro-vercxliT da Zvirfasi TvlebiT ivseba an axlad iq-

mneba jvaris saganZuri, romelic kultis gulisguls Seadgens; ganZi qmnis Tavis garSemo jvaris kvrivs, romelsac mkadre Tavisi siwmidis ZaliT uaxlovdeba.

mravlad aris andrezebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadaawydeba admiani miviwyebul ganZs. zog SemTxvevaSi adamins eZleva masTan miaxlovebis, ufro metic, waRebis SesaZ-

lebloba. aseTia magaliTad, gveleTis ganZis ambavi. zurab erisTavi Tavs daesxa gve-

leTs, sadac gigaurebi saxlobdnen. xucesi gadamalavs 3 Tass, romelsac datovebuli an-derZis mixedviT, mogvianebiT, wlebis Semdeg ipovis misi SviliSvili. aSkaraa, rom sagan-

Zuris xilvas Tan axlavs SiSis gancda, radgan mxilveli grZnobs, rom mas sakralur rea-

lobasTan aqvs saqme. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris saRvTo SiSi, romelic religiuri Se-

mecnebis dasabamia. erT-erT andrezSi, romelic xvTiso mamisimediSvils aqvs fSavSi Cawerili aRniSnu-

lia, rom marTalia, monadirem miagno ganZis adgisamyofels, Tumca misi wamoReba ver SeZlo, radgan ganZs goliaTi icavda. monadire Tavad Zlivs gamosula TorRvas cixe-ga-

lavnidan uvnebeli. aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom ganZs SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi daicvas mparavi-

sagan cecxlis aliT. roca Tas-ganZs saSiroeba uaxlovdeboda, uecrad cecxli amovar-deboda da zed gadaefineboda kacs dawvis mizniT. aleqsi oCiauris CanawerebSi vkiTxu-

lobT: ,,erTxel bacaligos lekis laSqari mosula, sofels dascemia asaklebad. sofels, rom veraferi daakles, bolos pirquSis saqvabeSi Sesulan da salude qvabis daWra da wa-

Reba daupirebiaT. culi rom daukravT, qvabidan ali amovardnila da mTel laSqars ga-dasdebia, laSqari dabneula da gasula soflidan. amis Semyure xevsurebs xalisi misce-

miaT da dadevnebian maT. didad azarales lekis jari. am brZolis dros xedavdnen Turme lekebi TeTr kacs, romelsac piridan cecxli amosdioda da maTraxiT xocda xalxs. xev-

surebisaTvis ki amas yvelafers safarveli edo“. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvari yvelanairad cdilobs, rom ganZi xelSi ar Cauvardes ukeTur adamianebs.

Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca ganZi Tavisi cecxlovani bunebiT ver umklavdeba mters. es xdeba maSin, roca mparavi Tas-ganZis mosapoveblad katas klavs da Semdeg mis sixls asxams saganZurs. amis Semdeg ki ukve Tavisuflad SeuZlia axlos misvla da miwaSi damarxuli faseulobis amoReba. ,,Cveni andrezis mparavni ganZis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT mimarTven Sav magias - klaven uwmidur cxovels, raTa misi sisxliT gaauwmiduron ganZi da mere xelyon ik- ambobs zurab kiknaZe. ganZis mignebisa da mopovebis msgavsi faqti das-

turdeba germanuli da slavuri modgmis xalxSi. isini im adgilas, sadac ganZia Camarxu-

li klaven Sav Txas an Sav qaTams, rac SemdegSi sulebisadmi msxverplSewirvad iqna gaaz-rebuli.

is, rom ganZi saymos kuTvnilebaa kargad Cans andrezSi ,,devi da marauli“. aq marau-

li SemTxveviT nanax ganZs xatebs Seswiravs, miuxedavd imisa, rom devs samudamod mtrad gadaikidebs (Camw. tristan maxauri).


1. z. kiknaZe, ,,andrezebi“, Tb., 2009

2. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia, I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi, 1996 3. q. sixaruliZe, kavkasiuri miTologia, Tb., 2006


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eka Wkuaseli saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli

universiteti, doqtorantura xelmZRvaneli profesori: rozeta gujejiani

qarTuli religiuri wes-Cveulebani da xalxur dReobaTa saritualo leqsika (svaneTisa da samegrelos eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

warmodgenili naSromis mizania svaneTsa da samegreloSi daculi religiuri wes-Cveulebebisa

da ritualebis mecnieruli kvleva da am wes-Cveulebebisa da ritualebis terminTa morfologi-

ur-semantikuri analizi. eTnologiisa da lingvistikis kvlevis meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT gan-

xorcielebuli kompleqsuri kvlevis Sedegebi sainteresoa imiT, rom rwmena-warmodgenebSi dacu-

li terminebis formobriv-semantikuri analizi meti albaTobiT SegvaZlebinebs xalxSi Semonaxu-li religiuri wes-Cveulebebis pirveladi raobis mikvlevas da naTels mohfens religiuri termi-

nebis ganviTarebis istorias. am naSromSi ganvixilavT or Zirs:„xvamsa“ da „mzirs“.

*ჴუამ- :*ხვამ- Ziri daculia samegrelos saweso-saritualo cxovrebaSi: samegrelos zog

mxareSi igi „fuZis salocavs“ d „fuZeS oxvameri“ aRniSnavs. es Ziri „dalocvis“ mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebulia Semdeg saweso ritualSi, romelic sruldeboda didmarxvaSi. es fuZe daculia Semdeg saweso ritualSi: „JiniS (zemore, zecieri) xvama“, romelic aRiniSneboda ivlisSi, kvira

dRes. 31 dekembers aRiniSneboda „saxexujo“ anu xel-mxaris salocavi, romelsac asrulebdnen

mWedlebi da ixdidnen „oWkadireSiS oxvamers“ (samWedlos locvas). mWedeli evedreboda wm. solomon madlians da wyalobas gamosTxovda STamomavlobisaTvis (makalaTia 1941: gv.322).

termini Senaxulia ritualebSi: „TemiS xvama“ (makalaTia 1941: gv.324), „dixaS-xvama“, romlis drosac locavdnen ojaxis fuZes, aqve naxsenebia „sofeliSi xvama“ (romelic gazafxulze sruldeboda, roca xvna-Tesva sruldeboda), „boriaS oxvameri“, romelsac asrulebdnen simindis dataroebis dros. sruldeboda agreTve „skibuS oxvameri“, „RumuS oxvameri“ da a. S. (makalaTia 1941: gv.331).

*£უ ̂am-Ziris Semcvel, svaneTSi arsebul wes-Cveulebebs dawvrilebiT aRwers v. bardaveliZe

Semdeg Zirebis monacemiT: ჲეშხუ̂ამ (bardaveliZe 1939: gv.78). igi ganmartavs wes-Cveuleba

laxუ ̂amial-s, romelic imarTeboda zvavisagan dasacavad. rogorc vxedavT, eTnografiuli

masala am Zirs locvasa da dalocvas ukavSirebs.


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*£უ ̂am-Ziri, zanuri masalis mixedviT, arn. Ciqobavam axsna: xom-||xvam- ZirTa etimologiuri

monacemi: „xvamufs“ („locavs“) Wan. ddd doxvamu („daloca“)||maxvamu (miuloca, anu milocva) megr. (Ciqobava 1938: gv.425). mecnierma Sesatyvisi Ziris ararseboba qarTulSi qristianuli saeklesio nomenklaturis gavleniT axsna.

s. JRentma Wanur teqstebSi gamoyo sityva o-xvam-al-a da misi mniSvneloba axsna, rogorc

„saeklesio dResaswauli, dReoba, salocavi“ (JRenti 1938).

b. gigineiSvilma (WanurSi: o-xvam-e „salocavi“, „eklesia“; megrulSi: xvam- „locva“, o-xvam-e d

„salocavi“, xvam-er-i „dalocvili“, o-xvam-er-i „salocavi rituali“, xolo svanurSi: la£ñam (b.z), la-£umi (b.qv) „saydari, salocavi“ (gigineiSvili 1985: gv.58). man es Ziri daukavSira

gasubstantivebul mimReobasa: sa-Ãumil-i („Rumeli, qura“) da Zvel qarTul Zirs £um- (*£uem-,

romlis mniSvnelobaa „xmareba-gamoyeneba“. misi azriT, fonematuri Sesatyvisobis paralelurad,

TvalsaCino iyo semantikuri kavSiri sityvebs d „saydarsa“ da „salocav adgils“

(„msxverplSewirvis adgils“) d Soris.

a. arabulis azriTac, es fuZe dadasturebulia megrul-Wanursa da svanurSi „locvisa“ da

„salocavis“ mniSvnelobiT. is am fuZes ukavSirebs *xuamd Zvel qarTul zmnur Zirs da sityva

saxumil-s da aRniSnavs, rom igi semantikurad ukavSirdeba „nTebisa“ da „cecxlis“ semantikas:

„igive mniSvneloba unda edos safuZvlad Sesabamis leqsikur erTeulTa sakulto daniSnulebiT

damkvidrebasa da gavrcelebas“. (arabuli 2000: gv.34). es termini, misi azriT, qristianobamdel

sinamdviles unda asaxavdes da „Sesabamisi kulti saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisa unda iyos“.

aleqsi WinWarauli *xvam- Zirs berZnuls ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom „berZnuli da zanur-

svanuri sityvebis rogorc fonetikuri, ise semantikuri damTxveva aSkaraa“. mniSvneloba

berZnulSi Sedarebuli leqsikuri erTeulisa „mravalferovania“: 1) locva, vedreba; 2) aRTqma; 3) (aRTqmuli an ausrulebeli) survili, warmosaxvis nayofi, ocneba; 4) wyevla an locva-kurTxeva. am Ziris zmnuri fuZe Semdegnairad ganimarteba: 1) locva („loculobs“), 2) (wyevla d risxebaze)

gagzavna, SeTvla, mowodeba 3) qeba („Tavs iqebs“) (WinWarauli 1998: gv.207). al. WinWarauli yuradRebas amaxvilebs toponimebze, romlebSic Semonaxulia es Ziri: naoxvamu (nasaydrali), naoxvameni, naoxvameri; toponimebze yuradRebas amaxvilebs d. WiTanava da leqsikur erTeulebs d „oxvame“, „naoxvamu“||„naoxvame“ d ganmartavs, rogorc „salocavs“, „naeklesiars“, „SemaRlebul

borcvs, adgils, sadac eklesia iyo agebuli“ ( WiTanava 2010: gv.149, 353, 361, 376, 377).

r. gujejianis ganmartebiT, „zogadi saxeli saeklesio miwebisa „lelÃuam“ gaxlavT, rac

„saeklesios“ niSnavs: le- TavsarTia, qarTuli sa-s identuri, xolo „laÃvmi“ eklesiaa“ (gujejiani 2008: gv.375).

al. WinWarauli varaudobs, rom WanurSi mocemul forma o-xvam-al-a (mniSvnelobiT: „salocavi, saeklesio dResaswauli, dReoba“) saqarTvelos toponimebSi dadasturebuli xom-l fuZes (xomuli dwyaltubo, xomira d tyibuli) SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes. aseve, es Ziri dasturdeba leCxumSi, saxelwodebiT „xvamloba“ (sakulto dReoba 18 ivliss).


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xvamlis salocavs axsenebs v. bardaveliZe da aRniSnavs, rom xvelebiT avadmyofTa gansakurnavad midioda xalxi am adgilas patara puris kverebiT (bardaveliZe 1939: gv.57), manamde ki, e. gabliani aRniSnavs, rom mulaxis sazogadoebaSi, sofel zardalaSi, dasavleTiT mdebareobda tye „xvalmi“. misi varaudiT, es tye leCxumSi, xomlis mTaze arsebul wm. giorgis salocavis sakuTreba (Sesawiri) unda yofiliyo (gabliani 1925: gv.135). r. gujejiani termin „xvamls“ da „xvalms“ erTmaneTs ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom xvamlis salocavi dadasturebulia

svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi d „mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobil xvamlis wm. giorgis eTayvanebodnen da Sesawiravs (tyes, xes, mZivebs) uZRvnidnen svaneTSic (gujejiani 2008: gv.59). daavadebaTa prevenciis magiur-religiur tradiciebze saubrisas n. mindaZe ganmartavs, rom raWa-

leCxumsa da svaneTSi dadasturebulia dResaswauli „xvamloba“, romelic imarTeboda amaRlebis

meore SabaTs (sulTmofenobaze)“ ( mindaZe 2000: gv.3) xvaml- ZirTan dakavSirebiT, t. futkaraZe aRniSnavs, rom leCxumSi didi mTis saxeli d xvam-l-

i aris saerToqarTveluri varianti; kerZod: xvam- locvaa, xolo xvam-l-i d salocavi adgili. misi azriT, xvam-l- sityvaSi dl iseTive sufiqsia, rogoric Tov-s d Tov-l-i, mama d mam-r-i formebSi (futkaraZe 2005: gv.168-169). l-s funqciaa kuTvnilobis, warmomavlobis gamoxatva.

berZnuli sityvis kvals al. WinWarauli xedavs „Zvel qarTulTan axlos mdgom dialeqtebSi d

qiziyurSi, fSaursa da xevsurulSi“. berZnuli „xom“ Ziri Cans qiziyur leqsikur erTeulSi:

„vexomlebodi“ (alersidvealersebodi) da fSaurSi, RvTisadmi aRvlenil savedrebelSi: „RmerTo

Seni gaCenilia xvna, xvewna da RaRadeba“... (vaJa-fSavela 1964: gv.29). aq mocemul sityvas „xvna“

mecnieri „xvewnisa“ da „RaRadebis“ mniSvnelobiT xsnis: „xvama-Si moxda a-s reduqcia da miviReT

xvma da aq m-s Caenacvla n“ (WinWarauli 1998: gv.210). z. sarjvelaZe - h. fenrixis „qarTvelur enaTa

etimologiur leqsikonSi“ aRdgenilia Ziri *ჴუñam- zanurSi mocemuli „xom-ala“dReoba,

salocavi da svanurSi daculi li-ჴუ̂am-„salocavi“|| ma-ჴუ̂am-„madloba“. am mecnierTa

azriT, qarTulSi dRes Sesatyvisi Ziri ar Cans, Tumca, savaraudod, megrulsa da lazurSi es fuZe an qarTulidan unda Sesuliyo, an svanuridan (fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 1990: gv.496).

m. Cuxuam svanur Ãuam- (x-o-xuam-i bz.,|| x-o-xuam-i), zanur xom-||xvam-, xom-a||xum-a („xma“, xvam-

a „locva“, doxvam-a „gadalocva“, a-xvam-an-s, i-xvam-an-s „ilocavs“, „gadaulocavs“, xvam-er-i

„dalocvili“, o-xvam-eri „dasaloci, locva“, oxvam-e „eklesia, salocavi“ o-xom-al-a „salocavi“)

qarTuli xm-a, xm-oba, xm-ev-a („daxmareba, sa-xm-ev-el-i“, sa-xm-ar di) „Sesawevneli“ (saba) daukavSira. misi azriT, locva\dalocva salocavi =eklesia semantebs safuZvlad daedo am Ziris Semcveli yvela leqsikuri erTeulis semantikuri monacemi:

1. locva, salocavi, dalocva, milocva, madloba, dReoba, saeklesio dResaswauli, dalocvili; 2. eklesia, saydari, nasaydrali, naeklesiari, SemaRlebuli borcvi, sadac eklesia iyo agebuli; 3. xmareba-gamoyeneba, Rumeli, qura (nTeba, cecxli), sacecxle, msxverplSewirvis adgili, salocavi rituali; 4. xvewna, RaRadi, alersi, xma, xmoba, moxmoba dasaxmareblad, vedreba;


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5. aRTqma, survili, warmosaxvis nayofi, ocneba; 6. wyevla.

mze- mzira: svaneTis yofaSi lemzir- aRniSnavs rogorc salocav purs, ise salocav ritualsa Tu salocav adgils. lemziri, rogorc salocavi puri, calke gadanaxuli kargi xarisxis fqvilisagan mzaddeboda da yvela dResaswaulis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda (abakelia: gv.23). barbarobisadmi miZRvnili dReobis ritualis aRwerisas v. bardaveliZe axsenebs sadReobo Sesawirebs, aseve aRwers qoraS limzeris rituals, romelsac qalebi marTavdnen TiTqmis yvela dReobaSi: meleniaS lemzir, meSgaliaS lemzirs (bardaveliZe 2006: gv.16). mecnierTa nawili „lamzirs“ salocav adgiladac miiCnevs. ivane javaxiSvili axsenebs

dResaswauls „axal-kvirad“ wodebuls, romelic aRdgomis pirvel kviras imarTeboda. am dResaswaulze jvardawerili dedakacebi amodian daniSnul adgilas kverebiT, sams dids swiraven RvTismSobels, sami patara ki miaqvT daniSnul adgilas, romelsac „lamzirs“ uwodeben da

romelic „miwis salocavs“ warmoadgens (ivane javaxiSvili 1979: gv.131).

Ziri „mzir-“, rogorc vxedavT, uZvelesi saweso Cveulebis amsaxveli ritualis

saxelwodebaa. mecnierTa bolodroindeli kvlevebis mixedviT, „ar aris SemTxveviTi“ roca

„qarTveluri sityvis fuZeebi fonetikurad emTxveva erTmaneTs an axlosaa erTmaneTTan“d

„xSirad is fuZeebi, romlebic enaTmecnierebaSi damoukidebel fuZeebadaa miCneuli,

sinamdvileSi erTiandeba gantotil erTobliv kanonebSi“ (vaxania 1993: gv. 106-107). swored am

principiT davukavSireT „mzir-/mzer-“ Semdeg qarTul Zirebs: „mze“, „zer-zir“, „zuer-“.

ivane javaxiSvili „mzes“ mimReobad, zedsarTav saxelad miiCnevs da iSveliebs sulxan saba

orbelianis cnobas. leqsikografis mier kvira dRis aRmniSvneli saxeli „mzira“ ganimarteba,

rogorc „kviriake, sauflo“. samwerlobo enaSi dadasturebul formas „mze“ mecnieri

upirispirebs dialeqtur „bJas“, romelic, Tavis mxriv, „Jas“, „Jes“ saxiTac aris warmodgenili.

mecnieri megrulSi dacul formasTan axsenebs Wanuri dialeqtis „mJora“ variants, romelsac

„mJara“ formisagan nawarmoebad warmoadgens da aqve axsenebs megrulis mravlobiT ricxvSi

dacul formas: „bJala“. am ori variantis Sedarebis safuZvelze, mecnieri askvnis, rom „mzira

(mzera)“ forma „mzis“ Tavdapirveli variantia (javaxiSvili 1979: gv166).

„mz/es“ g. klimovic mimReobad miiCnevda da mawarmoeblebad „meee“ afiqsebs gamoyofda. misi

varaudiT, Ziris fonema ukavSirdeba „naTebas, brwyinvas“ (klimovi 1964: gv.134), anu Suqis

gamokrTomas, gamoRebas, gamoSuqebasa da laplaps, romelsac Zvel qarTulSi „mzinva“, Semdeg

„bzinva“ ewodeboda (javaxiSvili 1979: gv.166;). 1998 wels gamocemul etimologiur leqsikonSi g.

klimovma ukve forma „mz/uare“ aRadina („mziani mxare“) d qarTulSi: mzore, lazuri: (m)Jora d bJora, Jura- (mze) svanurSi: meJar d (mziani) (klimovi 1998: gv.121). rogorc vxedavT, mecnieri „mzuare“ formas lazuris „mJora“ variants adarebs, romelic dResac „mzis“ gamomxatvelia am dialeqtSi. am principiT, anu am semantikis mixedviT aRadgenen z.sarjvelaZe - h. fenrixi Zirs: „z/us“, romelic swored qarTuli „mzuares“ Sesatyvisad lazuris „m-Jor-a//m-Jur-a//b-Jor-a//m-

J-u-a//m-j-or-a“ formebs gulisxmobs. aseve, mecnierebi aRadgenen zuer- Zirs orgvari

semantikiT: erT SemTxvevaSi, igi „baJis“ (mezuere d mebaJe) mniSvnelobiT aRdgeba da svanurSi

zuer-/zur- (li-zuer „Sekreba“) Zirs Seesatyviseba (megrulSi zir-s, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xarkis


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akrefas, zirili d „Sekrebils“ niSnavs), xolo zuer-(mozveri) lazurSi adasturebs Sesatyvis Zirs: zar-/za-(dedali xbo).

l. nadareiSvili „zuer-/zor-“ fuZeTa Semcvel sityvebs Semdegnairad ajgufebs:

qarTuli: „baJi, xarki, gamosaRebi“; mezuere „mebaJe, xarkis amkrefi“; sazuere „sabaJo“. amave Zirs

ukavSirebs mecnieri Zvel qarTulSi daculi formas „zorvas“, romelic „msxverplis Sewirvas“ niSnavs.

svanurSi am Ziris Semadgeneli formebia: lizver-lizvri „Segroveba, mogroveba, akrefa“; muzvri

„Semkrebi“ d gadasaxadis, wylis. linzore „Segroveba“, lizvri „(xalxis) Tavmoyra, Sekreba“,

luzver „Segrovili“, linzoral „Segroveba, Sekreba, Tavmoyra“. megrulSi zor- Ziris Sesatyvisia

zirua „Segroveba“ (l. nadareiSvili 1975: gv.113-114).

z. vaxania sulxan saba orbelianis leqsikonSi dacul sityvas „oziris“ („narTavTa didi

Sulo“ d matylis an abreSumis Zafis narTavi, lamazad daxveuli did Sulo, romelic warmarTuli

RvTaebisTvis Sesawiravi nivTi iyo) da zanuri warmomavlobis Zirs „o-ziris“/zir- zirua“

(„Segroveba, mogroveba“), ozirali (begara) erTmaneTs ukavSirebs da iziarebs Tvalsazriss, rom

am ZirTa monaTesavea swored Zveli qarTuli Ziri „zorva“ („msxverplad mitana, msxverplSewirva,

msaxureba“). misi azriT, am qarTveluri Ziris Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba iqneboda „saweso ZRveni,

ZRvenis Segroveba jvar-xatisaTvis, sadResaswaulod misTvis Sesawiravad“ (vaxania 1993: gv.116).

mecnieri ganixilavs Zir „zvarsac“, romelic „didi venaxi“, „mziani, saukeTeso venaxia“, romelSic yvela meTeme erTad muSaobda, usasyidlod, jvar-xatis sazvered da romlisganac moiweoda sazedaSe Rvino d eTnografiuli kvlevebiTac dasturdeba, rom zvari samefo, saTavado, saeklesio an samonastro venaxia. yvela ojaxi amzadebda ozirs, ozirals, nawilian pirutyvs da sxva sazveres, romelsac krefda sagangebo moxele d mezvere d mazirali. sazvere nivT-saqoneli da zogjer, pirutyvTa magivrad maTi saweso gamosaxulebiT (romlebic an comisagan cxveboda, an yvelisagan keTdeboda) iyo saaxalwlo sufrisa Tu mekvlis misarTmevi xonCis aucilebeli nawili d ojaxis keTildReobis, gamravlebisa da saqonlis nayofierebis sawindari. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zver- Ziris sxva variants zar-za- (lazurSi „dedali xbo“)

Seesabameba. z. vaxanias am naSromis mixedviT zveris erT-erT Semadgenel nawils „sagangebod

nasuqi pirutyvi“ warmoadgens. swored am fuZis Sesatyvisad miiCnevs mecnieri moxeur-mTiulurSi

dacul forma „zoras“ (xatisTvis SeTqmuli mozveri): zuara//zvara d zvaraki d nasuqari samsxverplo zvaraki (vaxania 1993: gv.117). Tu erT semantikur velSi movaqcevT am ZirTa monacems, miviRebT Semdeg suraTs: brwyinva, naTeba, laplapi, naTeli, xedva, povna, naxva, Sekreba, dagroveba , baJi, xarkis akrefa, begara, Sekreba, Segroveba, Tavmoyra, venaxi, samsxverplo pirutyvi. es semantikuri gantoteba erTi saerTo Zirisagan momdinareobs: am Ziris pirvandeli mniSvneloba svanur yofaSi daculi saweso rituals unda ukavSirdebodes. „mzer-mzir-mzur-“ formebi svanur yofaSi SenarCunebulia Semdegi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebSi:


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locva (limzir-) d naloci, Senawiri (namzur-) Sesawiravi (lemzir-) d saxlis fuZis mfarveli RvTaebrivi suldgmuli (mzir-), saweso, sakulto (limzur). svanur yofasa da leqsikaSi daculi Ziri Tavisive gantotebebiT safuZvels gvaZlevs, vivaraudoT, rom am sityvis warmomavloba swored saweso-saritualo yofis d kerZod, locvisa da salocavis, salocavisaTvis Sesawirad gaRebuli, dagrovebuli Tu sagangebod momzadebuli arsis gamomxatveli sityva unda yofiliyo. es fuZe, TavisTavad ukavSirdeba sauflo dRes, kviriakes aRmniSvnel Tavdapirvel sityvas „mzira“.

literatura: 1. abakelia 1997: n. abakelia, simbolo da rituali qarTul kulturaSi, Tb. 1997w. 2. abakelia, alaverdaSvili, RambaSiZe 1991: n. abakelia, q. alaverdaSvili, n. RambaSiZe, qarTul

xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tb. 1991 3. abulaZe 1973 : i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb. 1973 4. arayiSvili 1950 : d. arayiSvili, svanuri xalxuri simRerebi, Tb.1950 5. bardaveliZe 1030: v. bardaveliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, 1939 6. burduli 1990: m. burduli, xalxuri medicina dasavleT saqarTveloSi (svanuri eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT), 1990. sakandidato disertacia. 7. gabliani 1925: e. gabliani, Zveli da axali svaneTi, s.s.s.r. saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf.1925. 8. gabuldani 2000:n. gabuldani, dideba sityvis semantikuri cvalebadobis Sesaxeb qarTulSi,

arn. Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi, XI, Tb.2000 9. gazdeliani 1998: e. gazdeliani, zogi svanuri religiuri terminis warmomavlobisTvis,

etimologiuri Ziebani, Tb. 1988 10. gigineiSvili1985: b. gigineiSvili, zogi eTnografiuli terminis warmomavlobisTvis

qarTvelur enebSi, „macne“, 1985.

11. gujejiani 2008: r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, 2008. 12. gujejiani 2008: r. gujejiani, saeklesio miwebi svaneTSi, krebuli «svaneTi, 2008. 13. gujejiani., Camgeliani, cincaZe, WeiSvili 2011: r. gujejiani, m. Camgeliani, d. cincaZe, g.

WeiSvili, «kviria» svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi, d kr. saqarTvelos istoriis furclebi, svaneTi. Tb. 2011.

14. danelia 1978: k. danelia, ramdenime sakiTxi bibliis uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanis istoriidan, Tsu Sromebi, t. 183, 1978,

15. vaxania 1993 : vaxania, saweso cnobiereba da sityvebis warmomavloba, macne, enisa da literaturis seria; 1993, 2

16. klimovi 1964: g. klimovi, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, 1964. 17. klimovi 1998: g. klimovi, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, niu-iorki, 1998. 18. lekiaSvili 1986: a. lekiaSvili, kviria d macxovari, mnaTobi, mse, 11, Tb., 1986 19. maisuraZe 1989: n. maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi istoriul-eTnografiuli

aspeqtebi, Tb., 1989 20. mamalaZe 1972: T. mamalaZe, svanuri saweso simRerebis struqtura, mse, XVI-XVII, Tb, 1972 21. makalaTia 1927: sergi makalaTia, axalweliwadi, Tb. 1927. 22. makalaTia 1941: s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, 1941


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23. meliqiSvili1997: i. meliqiSili, saerTo-qarTveluri Ziri struqturuli da tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Tb. 1997

24. mindaZe 2000: n. mindaZe, qarTuli xalxuri samedicino kultura, 2000. 25. orbeliani 1991: s.s orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb.1991. 26. papuaSvili 1987: n. papuaSvili, akademikosi akaki SaniZe (gamosaTxovari), „jvari vazisa“, 1987

27. JRenti1938: s. JRenti, Wanuri teqstebi, arqabuli kilo, 1938 28. saRliani 2005: m. saRliani, nasesxobani svanur enaSi, Tb. 2005. 29. fenrixi, sarjvelaZe1990: h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe _ etimologiuri leqsikoni, 1990. 30. futkaraZe 2005: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelni, quTaisi, 2005 31. Ciqobava 1938: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb. 1938) 32. Ciqobava1952: arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb.1952 33. Rlonti1984: al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb. 1984 34. WinWarauli 1998: a. WinWrauli, kidev erTi berZnuli warmomavlobis sityva, qarTveluri

onomastika, Tsu, 1998, 35. WiTanava 2010: d. WiTanava, «eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi samegreloSi», Tb. 2010 36. WumburiZe 2005: zurab WumburiZe, svanuri saeklesio terminologiis SeswavlisaTvis, IV

saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpoziumis masalebi, Tsu, Tb. 2005w. 37. javaxiSvili 1979: iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I.,

Tb.1979w. 38. javaxiSvili 1950: iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi, Tb.1950.


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nino sazandriSvili, nino terteraSvili goris saswavlo universiteti

xelmZRvaneli profesori: Tamar gogolaZe

leqsis simRerad qceva da xalxuri musikaluri sakaravebi qarTul folklorSi

uZvelesi droidan folklori asaxavda da Taobidan Taobas gadascemda realuri yofisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel elementebs, is, rasac akeTebda adamiani, marto Tu koleqtivSi. amis gamoxatule-

ba iyo qristianobamdeli Tu qristianobis Semdgomi warmarTuli dResaswaulebi, sadResaswaulo leqsebi, romlebic simRerebad iqceoda, cekva-ferxulebad. warmarTulma simRerebma mniSvnelo-

vani cvlileba ganicada, vidre qristianobis miRebis bolo periodSi. amitom maTi kvali SegviZlia mxolod miniSnebiT vipovoT. rac Seexeba qristianuli epoqis simRerebsa Tu cekvebs,isini Semog-

vinaxa aramarto zepirsityvierma leqs-simRerebma, aramed Tavad qristianulma taZrebmac ki. amis nimuSia sveticxovlis kedelze gamoxatuli ,,samaias“ cekva, romlis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva SemkreblobiTi saqmianobis erT-erTi warmodgeneli XIX saukuneSi erekle mefis STamomavali,a-

leqsandre jambakur-orbeliani. 1861 wels aleqsansre jambakur-orbelianma pirvelma aRZra sakiTxi qar-Tuli galobis,sim-

Rerisa da RiRinis mniSvnelobisa Tu SenarCunebis Taobaze. Tavis naSromSi man Camoayaliba cxra saxeoba leqs-simRerebisa. rogorc folkloristi mixeil Ciqovani wers, al.orbelians axlos un-

da scnobeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tradiciuli Cveulebebi, romelic miRebuli iyo ro-gorc dabal, ise maRal fenebSi. amitom miiCnevs m.Ciqovani mas qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis, kerZod misi musikaluri nawilis Seswavlis wamomwyebad, romlis gzac SemdgomSi daviT maCabels gaugrZelebia. Tavis erT-erT naSromSi (,,naweri“ 1879w.) aleqsandre janbakur-orbeliani ganasxva-

vebs soflur simRerebs saeklesio galobisagan. ,,sofluri simRerebi“ anu, rogorc axla vambobT, xalxuri simRerebi, naSromSi dakavSirebuli aqvs yofierebasTan, im sawesCveulebo garemosTan, romlis gareSe isini arc arseboben sinamdvileSi. ,,marTalia al.orbelianis Sroma musikas Seexeba umTavresad, magram masSi mxatvruli sityvieri Semoqmedebac igulisxmeba,radgan arc erTi mis mi-

er dasaxelebuli simRera poeturi teqstis gareSe ar gvxvdeba.zogi teqsti werilis avtors aqvs naCvenebi, zogi ki momdevno periodSi iqna Cawerili“ (m.Ciqovani 1956: 109-110).

al.orbelians Seugrovebia saZeo simRerebi, rogoricaa ,,mze Sinao, mze Sinao,mze Sin Samo-

dio“, romelsac qalebi simRerad ambobdnen, Tan lxinobdnen. al.orbeliani yuradRebas amaxvi-

lebs saqorwino simRerebzec, romelic araiSviaTad stviris akompanimentiT sruldeboda. ,, Tan Tu mestvire eyolebodaT, imis stviris dakvraze rokvas daiwyebdnen qalni da mamakacni, da Tu mestvire ar eyolebodaT, rokvis simRerasa imRerebdnen momReralni da im xmazed ahyvebodnen di-

ax kargad“ (m.Ciqovani 1956: 110). amis Semdeg al.orbeliani yuradRebas amaxvilebs sufrul simRerebze:,,sadac didi saxli iqne-

boda, nadimi, sadac iq pirveli gvami ijdeboda Tavze, imis pativiscemisaTvis, imis sufris win pir-

dapir, unda misuliyvnen mgaloblebi da salxinosa galobasa mohyolodnen daCoqilni: ,,dRes saR-

mrToman madlman wmidisa sulisaman Segvkriba Cven“... da sxvani. jer pirvelad am RvTis didebiT moilxendnen guliT da suliT, masukan momReralni movidodnen, sofluri simRerebis mTqmelni;


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sxvadasxva simReras ityodnen, Tavis daRiRinebiT, Tavis sadRegrZelos mravalJamieriT da samad-

lobelis gadaxdiT“ - wers al.orbeliani (m.Ciqovani 1956: 110-111). meoTxe adgilze al.orbeliani aTavsebda saferxiso simRerebs. erT-erTi aseTi ferxulia ,,sa-

maia“. al. orbelianis azriT, ,,samaias“ Tavdapirvelad mxolod qalebi asrulebdnen, mogvianebiT ki mamakacebi meore gundSi ganTavsdebodnen.

Teimuraz II-is mowmobiT, ,,samaias Sesrulebisas mestvire mocekvave qalebs satrfialo leq-

sebs uZRvnis. amis gadmonaSTi axlac gvxvdeba xalxur leqsSi: „samaias Tavi miyvardao“ (m.Ciqovani 1956: 112).

al.orbelians CamoTvlili aqvs sawyalzeo, nana, Sromis leqs-simRerebi, kalendarul-sawes-

Cveulebo simRerebi, samgloviaro simRerebi. masve didi interesi gemouCenia karis mgosnebis Se-saxeb informaciaze da Seudgenia erTi mestviris, zaqarias, biografiac. zogan termin mestvires gvari bliaZe enacvleba, rasac igi ase xsnis, rom cnobili yofila viRac bliaZe da imisi saxeli da-

urqmeviaT mestvirisaTvis. swored folkloris sagnis Seswavlis procesSi al.orbelianis am miniSnebebma dabada interesi,

Segveswavla, Tu rogoria satrfialo poezia da misi transformacia simRerebSi. satrfialo lirika qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis erT-erT ulamazes da, formis TvalsazrisiT, srulyofil ubans warmoadgens. lirikul JanrTa mravalferovneba, mxatvrul saxeTa sinatife, daxvewiloba da araC-

veulebrivi simdidre, damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli xalxuri satrfialo lirikisaTvis. „xalxur poezias dResac ar gauwyvetia kavSiri simRerasa da cekvasTan, amitom xSirad poezia

da musika erToblivad aris xolme warmodgenili folklorSi. amas emateba is poeturi xatebi, romlebic leqsebSia Seqmnili da erTgvar vizualur, TiTqmis ferwerul suraTebsac ki qmnis. ase cxaddeba folklorSi kavSiri poezias, musikasa da mxatvrobas Soris“ (g. alibegaSvili 1992: 121).

elene virsalaZis azriT, qarTul folklorSi, sxva JanrebTn SedarebiT, satrfialo lirika riTmis simdidriT, ritmis mravalferovnebiTa da leqsis arqiteqtonikis nairsaxeobiT gamoirCe-va. satrfialo lirikaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia Sairoba, qarTuli Sairebis TematikaSi mniSvnelo-

vani adgili ukavia satrfialo Sairobasac. qarTuli satrfalo poeziis ZiriTadi saxeebia: qeba, elegia, natvra, gabaaseba-satrfialo werili, miniatura, balada da Sairebi. amdagvari dayofa na-

karnaxevia, rogorc leqsis SinaarsiT, ise formiT. warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli xalxuri lirika, upirveles yovlisa, or jgufad iyofa:

1. monodiuri anu individualuri warmoSoba-Sesrulebis simRera-leqsebi; 2. gunduri warmoSobi-

sa da Sesrulebis simRerebi. lirikis es orive saxe metad Zvelia. dRes Znelia leqsis am Tvalsaz-

risiT dayofa, radgan mravali monodiuri warmoSobis leqsi gunduri gaxda. da piriqiT, gunduri simRera individualurad sruldeba.

koleqtiuri Sromisa da sagundo saweso simRerebidan iRebs saTaves kidev erTi saxe liriki-

sa-Sairi. gundis, ferxulis simRerebSi gamoiyofa korife, an ori erTmaneTis monacvle solisti da amgvarma antifonurma simRerebma ori solistis Sejibrebis xasiaTi miiRo.

folklori TavisTavad gulisxmobs sinkretizms da organul mTlianobaSi moicavs cekvas, simReras, musikas, leqss. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi sxva Janris msgavsad mdidar xalxur liri-

kas Tavis udides nawilSi, dResac ar gauwyvetia kavSiri simRerasTan. amrigad, misi sinkretuli xasiaTi nawilobriv dResac aris daculi. mTeli rigi qarTuli terminebisa, musikis da poeziis dargSi, am kavSirs adasturebs. aseTia, upirveles yovlisa, sityva ,,mRera“, romelic rogorc cno-

bilia, simRerasa da, amave dros, TamaSsa da cekvas aRniSnavda. musikisa da xalxuri leqsis sinTezis Sedegad dabadebuli xalxuri simRera msmenels did es-

Tetikur siamovnebas hgvris. rogorc wminda ilia marTali ambobda: ,,xma da sityva cal calke


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bevrs SemTxvevaSi uRononi arian adamianis gulis siRrmidam amozidon igi msxvili da wvrili mar-

galitebi, romliTac savsea adamianis guli da romelnic aiSlebian yovelTvis, roca an sevda-mwu-

xareba, an sixaruli SesZravs xolme RvTaeburs simebs adamianis sulierebisa. simRera am mxriT igive cremlia, romelic maSinac modis, roca guls mwuxareba hkumSavs, da maSinac, roca didi si-xaruli ewveva“ (i.WavWavaZe 2012: 126 ).

qarTuli xalxuri lirikis Cvenamde moRweuli nimuSebi Tavisi daxvewilobiTa da sinatifiT ueWvelad Seqmnilia iseT epoqaSi, rodesac adamiani aramcTu kargad erkveoda Tavis gancdebSi, aramed cxovrebis erTgvar filosofias qmnida, gamoxatavda Tvalsazriss sazogadoebriv movle-nebze, adamianis Sinagan cxovrebaze, grZnobebze, am grZnobaTa subieqtsa Tu obieqtze, cxovrebis idealebze.

saqarTvelo vokaluri mravalxmianobis klasikuri qveyanaa da qarTuli musikaluri azrovne-

bisTvis vokaluri mravalxmianobis principia amosavali. ilia WavWavaZem amasTan dakavSirebiT ga-

moTqva sakuTari mosazreba erT-erT werilSi ,,qarTuli xalxuri musika“: ,,simReraSi... mwyobri xma Svelis wyobil-sityvaobas da wyobil sityvaoba mwyobris xmasa, raTa mTlad da savsebiT adami-

anma gamosTqvas Tvisis sulis moZraoba da Tvisis guli ZarRvis cema“(i.WavWavaZe 2012: 126 ). droTa ganmavlobaSi foklloruli nimuSebi grovdeboda, Tvisobrivad da raodenobrivad ic-

vleboda igi. es cvlileba folkloris specifikurobidanve gamomdinareobs. xalxuri leqsis teq-stis cvlileba kidev ufro xSiria, roca masze dayrdnobiT iqneba xelovnebis nimuSi, xalxuri sim-

Rera. magaliTad: sayovelTaod cnobili xalxuri leqsi ,,moxevis qalo Tinao“. misi teqsti aseTia:

,,moxevis qalo Tinao, ra RmerTma gagaCinao, netai erTas Ramias SenTan mqoniyo binao! Seni sabani damxura, da tkbilad damaZinao, Seni sworebi gaTxovdes, Sen ras akeTeb Sinao“.

(qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 71) am leqsis teqstis moculoba misi simRerad qcevisas Semcirda da frazebic Seicvala. ase.

magaliTad: ,,moxevis qalo Tinao, Sen raRad darCi Sinao, Seni tolebi gaTxovdnen, Sen ras akeTeb Sinao“.

TiTqmis imave SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ,,vercxlisamc Tasad maqcias“ simRerad qcevisas.

ilia da sxva SemkrebTa mier Cawerili ,,vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia“ araa sruli, igi nawyvetia ufro

mozrdili leqsisa, romelsac ,,qal-vaJis siyvaruli“ ewodeba. es leqsi Cauweria qarTuli xalxuri poeziis gamoCenil Semkrebs Tedo razikaSvils, romelic dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom misma Tanasoflelma qalma xvaramze samukaSvilma es leqsi gamouTqva vaJika nakveTaurs.


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,,vercxlisamc Tasad maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi, daferili mqna wiTladac, Samsvemdi-Segergebodi ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe ro xelzed Cagegebodi; an Seni namglis yana mqna ro fxazec SegeWrebodi...“

(qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 64) simReris teqsti ki aseTia:

,,vercxlis Tasadac maqcia rom RviniT agevsebodi daferil iqna wiTlada Segsvamdi Segergebodi“

agreTve, qarTuli leqsis, : ,,qalau, Senma mendilmas“ teqstia:

,,qalau Senma mendilma haerSi gaifriala, saxe gamoCnda, Tolebma elvared gaikriala. cxelma niavma damqrola, gzad Senskn damatriala guls cecxli Semoayara da Calad amabriala“ (qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 128)

am testze dayrdnobiT Seqmnili simReris teqsti ki aseTia:

,,qalau, Senma mandilma haerSi gaifriala, saxe gamoCnda, Tvalebma elvared gaifriala“.

xalxuri leqsis teqstisa da mis safuZvelze Seqmnili simReris teqstis Sedarebisas

aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom, iseve rogorc xalxuri leqsis variantebi, arsebobs xalxuri simRerebis teqstis variantebic. xalxuri simReris teqstis variantuloba damokidebulia, rogorc leqsis variantulobaze, agreTve Semsruleblis Tu SemsrulebelTa neba-survilze. am mxriv isini Tavisufalni arian. amasTanave, rogorc wesi, zogadad leqsis simRerad qcevisaTvis xSirad aucilebelic kia, rom misi teqsti Seicvalos. am mxriv arc xalxuri simRera warmoadgens gamonakliss. bevri folkloruli leqsi, xalxuri leqsi, simRerad gadaiqca


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da isini musikaluri sakravebis akompanimentiT sruldeba. swored es musikaluri sakravebi sZens maT ufro met sinatifes.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi ZiriTadad sruldeboda: salamuris, gudastviris, soinaris, fanduris, Conguris, Cangis, diplipitos da sxvaTa akompanimentiT. Tavis mxriv es musikaluri sakravebi sam jgufs qmnian saqarTveloSi:

1. Casaberi sakravebi-salamuri (ueno da eniani), gudastviri ( aWaraSi - Wiboni), soinari ( larWemi) ;

2. simebiani: Camosakravi- fanduri, Canguri, Cangi, 3. dasartyami: diplipito, daira. Cvens TemaSi ZiriTadad naxsenebia Semdegi sakravebi: salamuri- qarTuli xalxuri, xis, Casaberi sakravi, ZiriTadad mzaddeba lerwmisagan. aqvs

fleitis tipis Ria mili, 6-9 TvliT (naxvretiT). arsebobs ueno (uZvelesi) da eniani salamuri. is ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi .

gudastviri - Casaberi sakravi, tyavis tomaraSi an gudaSi Camagrebuli ramdenime stviri sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT aris gavrcelebuli msoflios mraval qveyanaSi maT Soris saqarTveloSic (raWaSi-gudastviri, aWaraSi-jiboni).

fanduri - samsimiani Camosakravi, romelic gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, is ZiriTadad saakompanimento sakravadaa. misi TanxlebiT sruldeba solo simRerebi-sagmiro, saxumaro da satrfialo simRerebi, Sairebi, agreTve, sacekvao simRerebic.

Conguri - Camosakravi simebiani sakravi, gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi(guria, samegrelo, imereTi, aWara). aqvs abreSumis 4-5 simi. ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba qalTa simRerebis, agreTve, cekvebis TanxlebisaTvis.

Cangi-gamosakravi simebiani sakravi. is qalTa sakravia. ZiriTad SemorCenilia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, svaneTSi.

qarTuli xalxuri leqsisaTvis uCveulo ar aris, masSi moxseniebuli iyos musikaluri sakravi. SesaZloa, SemdgomSi misi simRerad qcevisas, simRera Sesruldes am musikaluri sakravis akompanimentiT. magaliTad, erT-erT xalxur leqsSi „TaviT fexamdi Segamkob“ moxseniebulia qarTuli musukaluri sakravi Conguri:

„zedac rom Wipi gigoravs, caSia varskvlavisebro. Sig ro welebi giwyvia, Conguris alyebisebro“. (qarTuli xalxuri poezia t.VI 1978: 45)

kidev erTi xalxuri leqsi, romelSic musikaluri sakravia moxseniebuli, aris „SarSandel

verixeobas“:

„me da Cemma amxanagma daukariT fanduri, erTi qali TamaSobda welSi gamokvanwuli“. (qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 69)


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fanduri agreTve moxseniebulia erT-erT cnobil satrfialo gabasebaSi „qal-vaJis siyva-

ruli, vaJikasi da xvaramzisa“.

„- Sennimc Tval damitireben, Senis gulisad movkvdebi, rogorc damikrav fandursa, iseve dagikordebi “. (qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 80-81)

agreTve, erT-erTi sakravi stviri aris moxseniebuli xalxur leqsS „romen xar niCbelaCiga“.

„romen xar niCbelaCiga, vaJav, vin ukrav stvirsao, amaRam CemTan Camodi, ar dagaZinebs Zilsao“. (qarTuli xalxuri poezia t. VI 1978: 90)

maSasadame, qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityvierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia simRerad qceva, ra

drosac iseT specifikur niSnebs vxvdebiT, rogoricaa teqstis cvlileba formisa da struqturis mixedviT. qarTuli xalxuri leqsebis garkveuli nawilis moculoba mcirdeba da misi frazebic icvleba simRerad qcevis specikidan gamomdinare.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi ZiriTadad sruldeba qarTuli sakravebis akompanimentiT. sakravebs gacilebiT didi datvirTva aqvs qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityvierebisaTvis, es kargad Cans iqidan, rom sakravebi Tavad arian moxseniebulni xalxur leqsebSi da xSirad maT saqebrad ar iSurebs sityvebs qarTveli xalxi.

literatura:

1. virsalaZe 1978. e. virsalaZe. wlis qarTuli xalxuri poezia Tbilisi 1978. 2. WavWavaZe 2012. i.WavWavaZe. wlis publicistika Tbilisi 2012. 3. Ciqovani 1956. m.Ciqovani. wlis qarTuli xalxuri poezia Tbilisi 1956. 4. alibegaSvili 1992. g.alibegaSvili. wlis qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSebi Tbilisi 1992.


209

xatia andRulaZe ivane javaxiSvili saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti,bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: qeTevan xuciSvili

Rirebulebebis eTnologiuri kvlevis problema

Rirebulebebi aris farTe cneba. rTulia ganmarteba ramdenime sityvaSi moavaqcioT. xasiaT-

deba zogadobiTa da ierarqiuli wsrigiT.

Rirebulebebi ar aris mxolod piradi an romelime gansazRvuli statusis mqone socialuri fenis. TiToeul sazogaoebas sakuTari Rirebulebebi gaaCnia,romelTac kulturuli memkvidreo-ba gansazRvravs. yofierebaSi Rirebulebebi erTgvarad gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs. Rirebule-

bebi aris Cveni valdebulebebi da isini areklavs imas Tu ra aris CvenTvis kargi an cudi. (Charon

Y.M. Ten Questions: A Sociological Perspective) „Rirebulebs ganmartaven, rogorc sasurvel, Rrmad gamjdar standartebs, romlebic gansazRvraven momavals da amarTleben warsul qmedebebs.kk (nana sumba-

Ze, Taobebi da Rirebulebebikk, 2012weli, gv.5) Rirebulebebi Camoyalibebis mudmiv procesSia,e-poqaTa cvlis periodSi ki xdeba misi rekonstruqcia an sruli gadafaseba. sxvadasxva disciplinebi sxvadasxvagavrad gansazRravs Rirebulebebis mniSvnelobas. filoso-

fiuri TvalsazrisiT, Rirebuleba aris is mocemuloba ris gamoc raimes eZleva azri. Rirebule-

bebi-filosofiuri da sociologiuri kategoriaa, romelic gamoxatavs: 1)obieqtis dadebiT an uaryofiT mniSvnelobas misi egzistencialuri da raodenobrivi maxa-

siaTeblebis miuxedavad. 2) normatiul SefasebiTi damokidebulebas sazogadoebrivi movlenebisadmi. (socialur da

politikur terminTa leqsikoni, 2004weli, gverdi 322) aqve SeiZleba davasaxeloT is moazrovneebi, romelTac terminis damkvidrebaSi mniSvnelovani

wvlili miuZRviT- rikerti da veberi. h.rikerti Tvlis, rom subieqtebi da obieqtebi arsebob-

s,magram samyaro Sedgeba ara mxolod imisagan,rac arsebobs,aramed imisganac rac ar arsebobs,mag-

ram mniSvnelobs. is rac mniSvnelobs Rirebulebaa. gansaxvaveben sami saxis Rirebulebas : individualurs, sayovelTaos da namdvils.

m.veberma ki pirvelma wamoWra sakiTxi RirebulebaTa fardebiTobisa da maTze kulturuli ze-

gavlenis sakiTxi. veberi moiazrebda im Rirebulebebs romlebic,religiur,upirvels yovlisa protestantizmis ideologiaSia Canergili. veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, kulturuli Rirebu-

lebebi da rwmenebi obieqturad moqmedi Zalebisgan damoukideblad Cndeba. Rirebulebebis SeTviseba sicocxlis adreuli wlebidan,socializaciis procesis meSveobiT

xdeba. socializacia kulturuli normebisa da faseulobebis Semecnebis procesia. iwyeba ra adreu-

li wlebidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba, amasTan gansazRvravs individis pirovnuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebas. xolo, is pirebi ki vinc xels uwyobs individs socializaciaSi ewode-

baT socializaciis agentebi. esenia arian: mSoblebi, megobrebi, saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebebi, ma-

sobrivi informaciis saSualebebi (kulturologia, socializacia.)


210

Rirebulebebi jgufdeba maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT. Sprengleri gamoyofs Rirebulebis eqvs sa-

xes: WeSmaritebis, silamazis, aucileblobis, Zalauflebis, siyvarulis da religiis.maTi flobis mixedviT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc individi ise sazogadoeba.

kulturuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovani elementia Rirebuleba. cnobilia,rom igi filosofiu-ri saazrovno tradiciidan Sevida kulturis mecnierebebSi. orientirebuli iyo empiriul kvle-

vebze. kulturis empiriul mecnierebebSi(anTropologiaSi) RirebulebaTa pirveli gaazreba filo-

sofiur xazs agrZelebs.ganixileba iseT abstraqtul cnebebTan mimarTebaSi rogorebicaa ''sasur-veli'' da ''mizani''.

Rirebulebebi igive kulturuli nomrebia. kultura ki rogorc sakvlevi obieqti Tavisi ar-

siT problematuria. socialuri Tanacxovrebis nebismier etapze aRiniSneba Rirebulebebi. ami-

tomac kulturaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Rirebulebebs. Rirebulebebi devs kulturaSi. amasTan, vlideba ara Tvalxilulad aramed arte faqtebSi,materialur an sulier kulturul elementebSi.kulturul RirebulebebSi erTiandeba - Cacmis eTika, dakrZalvis Tu qorwinebis wesebi,sxvadasxva ritualebi, cekvebi, TamaSebi da sxva arsebuli kulturuli univer-

saliebi. amjerad ki SevexebiT eTnologiis kvlevis interess RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi.

eTnologias ainteresebs xalxi,kultura da yofa. yuradRebas aniWibes normebis funqcioni-

rebas axla da aq. eTnikurobis erT-erTi elemntia Rirebuleba,romelic ganixileba eTnikuri TviTSegnebis ra-

kursiT. rac Sexeeba Sedarebas,eTnikuri Rirebulebebi metad myaria, vidre sazogadoebrivi,vinai-

dan sazogaoebrivi SedarebiT ideologzirebulia.

aRniSnuli gansazRvrebebidan gamomdinare, cxadia rom Rirebuleba ganicdis Camoyalibebas da droSi cvaladi Temaa. naTlad ikveTeba misi kvlevis sirTule. roogorc eTno-kulturuli ar-

sis gansasazRvrad da droSi cvalebadobis dasadgenad. radgan Rirebulebebi materialuri saxis ar mqoneaa ,igi vlindeba socialur qmedebebSi da ar-

tefaqtebSi. pirvel rigSi kvleviT problemas qmnis droSi mudmivi cvalebadoba, rac sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis saWiroebas qmnis.

kvlevis saWiroeba ki imaSia, rom davinaxoT kulturis elementebis urTierTmimarTeba dro-

iT sinqroniaSi da rodesac viciT RiRebulebebis formireba droSi, SesaZlebeli xdeba visaub-roT kulturis formirebaze.

literatura:

1. v.gorozia — ''Rirebulebebi'' socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni- cnobari, gamomcemloba ''logos presi'' 2004. 2. nana sumbaZe ikTaobebi da Rirebulebebiik, sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti, Tbilisi

2012. 3. v. kalanadariSvili „Rirebulebebi da ganwyoba“, nawili pirveli, sociologiuri narkvevebi,

gamomcemloba iksabWoTa saqarTvelokk Tbilisi; 1969.


211

Tamar WiWaRua ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: rozeta gujejiani

mWedlobasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi samegreloSi

samegreloSi mWedloba da zogadad liTonis damuSavebis xelovneba sakmaod maRal doneze id-ga, am mxriv didi yuradReba eniWeboda mWedlobasTan dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebsac.

mWedeli - „Wkadu“, „kinai Wkadu“ adgilobrivTa warmodgeniT, sofelSi sapatio da amave dros iseT gamorCeul pirad iyo miCneuli, romelsac gangebasTan hqonda kavSiri. mWedels yovelTvis SeeZlo SeuZleblis gakeTeba, mas da mis samWedlos avi Zalebii verafers daaklebdnen. mWedels SeeZlo urCebi da avazakebi grdemlze daerisxa da maTTvis didi ubedureba daetexa.

Zvelad samWedlo - „ oWkadure “ saxlis karmidamoze hqoniaT mowyobili. Tanamedrove yofaSi samWedlo soflis centrSia moTavsebuli, xolo qalaqebsa da dabebSi, bazrobebTan axlos, xal-xTa TavSeyris adgilebSi. samWedlo nageboba martivia. Zveli samWedloebi dagegmarebaSi mrgvali formisa yofila, boZebSorisi sivrce wneliT yofila amoRobili, araiSviaTad Robes TixiTac le-

savdnen. saxuravi islis qonia. centraluri adgili quras ekava, quris win xis magar kunZze didi grdemli „ qulamuri “ yofila moTavsebuli. didi grdemlis win idga wylis rofe - „ beye “, quris marjvena mxares didi grdemlis siaxloves patara grdemli yofila dadgmuli. quras midgmuli hqonia saberveli. samegreloSi joxiT dasawev sabervelebs xmarobdnen. quris marjvena mxares ukana kuTxeSi dayrili yofila naxSiri, quris marcxena da marjvena mxares ki moTavsebuli yofi-

la samWeduri iaraRebi da qvis didi Carxi. ZiriTadi samWeduri iaraRebi iyo: marwuxebi, romleb-

sac quris napirebze alagebdnen da riTac gaxurebul rkinas iRebdnen, didi kveri- mcire grdem-

lze. quris pirasa da sabervels Soris dabal tixarze awyobdnen mcire xelsawyoebs : saxvretebs, saWrisebs, sayue yalibebs.“ (jalabaZe 1977 : 88, 89)

XIX saukunis meore nxevarsa da XX saukinis pirvel naxevarSi, Zveli samWedlo nagebobis tipi aRar iyo yofaSi Semonaxuli. igi Caanacvla xis Zelebisagan an ficrisagan gakeTebulma nagebobam, romelsac wina mxridan kari da didi zomis fanjara hqonda, romelsac minebi ar ukeTdeboda, ub-ralod ixureboda ficrisagan Sekruli darabiT. samWedlos ZiriTad komponents warmoadgenda qura, romelic or ganyofilebad iyo warmodgenili. pirveli iyo sacecxle - rkinis gasaxurebeli nawili, romelsac oTxkuTxa forma hqonda da agurebiT iyo amoSenebuli. calpiri aguriT iyo amoSenebuli sacecxle ganyofilebis tixari, romelic gamoeyofoda meore ganyofilebas - saber-vels. tixari sacecxle quris piridan 70 sm- mde mainc iyo amoSenebuli, rom aqedan cecxli ar ga-

davardniliyo sabervelze da ar damwvariyo. saberveli mWedlis iaraRTa Soris yvelaze ufro Zvirfasi iyo. sabervels rom haeris nakadi Tanabari ZalebiT miewodebina StvirSi Cadgmuli iyo cecxlgamZle Tixis grZeli da da wvrilpiriani mili, romlis sigrZe 50-sm aRwevda. xmarobdnen Tujis milsac. mWedels samuSaod esawiroeboda didi raodenobiT sawvavi. Zvelad samWedloebi ZiriTadad xis naxSirs iyenebdnen. am mxriv saukeTesod iTvleboda muxis, rcxilis wifelisa da wablis naxSiri. am mxriv menexSireebi naxSiris gamosawvavad or meTods iyenebdnen : ormoSi gamow-

vis meTods da miwis zedapirze. mWedloba saqarTvelos am istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis xelo-

bad iTvleboda. Zvel droSi mWedlebi TavianTi xelobis sxvebisTvis gaziarebas gaurbodnen da


212

mas mxolod memkvirdreebs gadascemdnen.am dargSi TiToeul moxeles Tavisi miRwevebi hqonda, rac liTonis am SemTxvevaSi, rkinis wrTobis da misi moqna-modrekis da nairi saxis sabrZolo Tu samerneo iaraRebis maRal doneze damuSavebaSi gamoixateboda. saxmari iaraRi unda yofiliyo moxdenili, daxvewili, gamZle da marjve saxmari. Sesabamisi istoriuli dokumentebis ararsebo-bis gamo araacnobili Tu ra pirobebSi, rogori gziT xdeboda Zvelad mWedlobis xelovnebaSi da-

ostateba. Tumca XIX saukuneSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT dasturdeba mWedloba-

Si Segirdobis institutis arseboba. Tanamedrove yofaSi am Segirdobis institutze gviambobs aq mcxovrebi piri, romelic 15 wlis asakSi samegrelos erT-erT patara qalaqSi, walenjixaSi imyo-

feboda ostatis Segirdad „ 15 wlis viyavi, rodesac walenjixaSi ( sofeli obujSi) wavedi Segir-

dad ostat alioSa mesxiasTan. masTan 6 weliwads davyavii. 4 welis ganmavlobaSi ufasod vmuSaob-di Segirdad, xolo bolo 2 weliwads cot-cota gasamrjelos maZlevda, Semdgom periodSi ki xel-

fasi meZleoda. tansacmlis micema xelosnisTvis savaldebulo ar iyo, magram Tu SeamCnevda,rom Segirdi muyaiTad muSaobda maSin aZlevda. saWmel-sasmeli saxli xazeinis iyo. Tavdapirvelad sa-

bervels vuberavdi, mere uro meWira, Semdgom ki savaldebulo iyo nalis gaxvreta da lursmnis galesva, Semdeg saqonlis daWedva. Tu Segirdi mWedels ar enaTesaveboda, SegirdobisaTvis gar-

kveuli gadasaxadic unda gadaexada weliwadSi 200 maneTis odenobiT. sadResaswaulo dReebSi ki Segirdis ojaxi ostats ZRvens miarTmevda. Segirdis ostatad dalocva saTanadod unda aRniSnu-

liyo. SerCeul dRes Segirdis mSoblebi goWs, Tikans an mamals daklavdnen. xaWapurebiT da sasme-liT samWedloSi Sevidodnen da ramdenime naTesavisa da mezobelis TandaswrebiT mWedeli grdem-

lTan Segirds dalocavda da SesTxovda 363 xelobis ufros- solomons, rom axal ostats xeli mo-

marTvoda momaval saqmianobaSi “ (i. kalandia 2013w. q.zugdidi) adgilobrivTa rwmeniT, weliwadi 363 dRisagan Sedgeboda da am dReTa raodenobis mixedviT

arsebobda xelobebi. yvela am xelobis damfuZneblad wm. solomoni iTvleboda. gadmocemis Tanax-

mad, wminda solomonis mTavar saqmianobas mWedloba warmoadgenda. igi gaxurebul rkinas xeliT iRebda da Tavis muxlze Wedavda. yovelive amis gamo mas ar SeeZlo ubralo mokvdavTaTvis eswav-

lebina es xeloba. rodesac qristem es ixila, Seaswavla da gaando mas grdemlis mowyobiloba, Ca-

quCisa da asaRebis saidumlo. 31 dekemberi samegreloSi wminda solomonis dRedaa miCneuli da aRniSnaven dReoba „xexunjobas“, anu xelebisa da mxrebis dalocvas. es warmoadgens wlis bolo

dRis wes-Cveulebas, romelsac adgilobrivebi yovelwliurad aRniSnavdnen. „xexunjobis ritu-

als mxolod mWedlebi asrulebdnen, romelTac samWedloSi Cafluli salocavi qvevrebi yovel-

wliurad unda SeevsoT RviniT da SeewiraT wm. solomonisaTvis. am dRis aucilebel cxovels war-

moadgenda Rori, romelsac „oxexunjes“ (saxexunjos) eZaxdnen. dResaswaulis wina dRes mWedlis Svilebi dadiodnen sofelSi da agrovebdnen soflis yoveli mosaxlisagan fetvis marcvals, ma-

rils, kvercxs da yovelives rasac miscemdnen. amgvari Segroveba aucilebeli iyo. glexebs swyin-

daT Tu „mexexunje“ maT gverds auvlida. ( abakelia 1997 : 83 )

„xexujoba“/ „xexunjobaze“ damatebiTi masalebi moipoveba s. makalaTias naSromSi „ samegre-

los istoria da eTnografia“, rolmis mixedviTac „saxexunjo“ xel-mxaris salocavia da mas 31 de-

kembers aRniSnaven. am dRes ojaxis TiToeul wevrze acxobdnen or-or kvers da TiTo kvercxs xar-

Savdnen, romelsac daalagebdnen xonCaze da keris piras dasdgamdnen. pirvelad kerasTan midioda ojaxis ufrosi. is xonCas marjvniv miatrialebda da dailoceboda. ufrosis Semdeg ojaxis danar-Ceni wevrebi rig-rigobiT mividodnen xonCasTan, gaimeorebdnen imave locvas da TavianT kversa da kvercxs iqve SeWamdnen. xexunjoba Rames mWedlebi ixdidnen „oWkadureSiS oxvamares“ anu samWed-

los locvas. mWedelis ojaxSi daklavdnen goWs da gamoacxobdnen kverebs, romlebsac saRamos


213

xonCaze daalagebdnen, iqve dasdebdnen samWedlo iaraRebs: quras, kvers da sxv. am xonCas mWedeli Seitanda maranSi, sadac samWedlos qvevri iyo Cafluli, Tu ara da samWdloSi waiRebda. qvevrTan mas mihyvebodnen mxolod mamakacebi, dedakaci ki saxlSi rCeboda da iq calke loculobda kvere-

biT da sanTlebiT. mas imdeni sanTeli unda hqonoda ramdenic iyo ojaxidan gamoTxovili qali. Tu ojaxidan gamoTxovili qali axlos iyo igi TviTonve gamogzavnida kvers da sanTels, anda mis wils ojaxSi damzadebdnen. mWedeli daiCoqebda qvevrTan da loculobda, locvis dasasruls xe-

lis muWebs Sekravdnen da erTmaneTze daawyobdnen. zed mWedeli Sekrul muWas daadebda da Sig wyals an Rvinos Caasxamda. siTxe muWebidan, viTarca milidan gavidoda Ziramde da ufrosi ityo-

da: „wminda solomonma wyaliviT waiyvanos Cveni saqmeo“ mWedeli quraze kvers dahkravda da gaime-

orebda „wyaloba mogveci wminda solomon“. (makalaTia 1941 : 43 ) Zvelad samegreloSi samWedlos pativiscemiT ekidebodnen. masSi fici da xatze gadacema

icodnen. rodesac mWedlis ojaxSi vaJi daibadeboda, samWedlos swiravdnen cikans da d SesTxov-

dnen vaJis gazrdas da mWedlobaSi daxelovnebas. xalxSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgwenebis mixed-

viT , vinc am wess ar Seasrulebda, am ojaxSi dabadebuli bavSvi beCavi da avadmyofi iqneboda. mas muceli ebereboda da uferuli iyo. amitom vaJis dabadebisas samWedloSi iwireboda mamali cika-

ni, xolo qalis dabadebisas - „xozo-kvari“ (yveliani kveri) ojaxidan gaTxovil qals vaJi rom See-

Zineboda, mas mamis saxlSi unda gamoegzavna mamali cikani, xolo qalis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi ki - „xozo kvari“

amrigad adgilobrivTa rwmeniT solomoni mWedelTa mfarvelad iTvleboda. mWedeli sofel-

Si didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. mas, rogorc magiuri Zalis mqone rkinis dammorCilebels, sofeli saTanado pativs miagebda. Tavis mxriv mWedeli ostatebi wmindad icavdnen samWedlosTan dakavSirebul ritualebs. isini SabaT dRes muSaobas amTavrebdnen, grdemlze sanTels daanTeb-dnen da kveris ramodenime dartymiT locvas asrulebdnen. mWeeli agreTve sadResaswaulo dRe-

ebSi purobas awyobda.

literatura:

1. abakelia 1997. n. abakelia simbolo da rituali qarTul kulturaSi Tbilisi 1997. 2. makalaTia 1941. s. makalaTia samegrelos istoria da eTnografia Tbilisi 1941. 3. makalaTia 1943. s. makalaTia samegrelos istoria da eTnografia Tbilisi 1943. 4. jalabaZe 1962. g. jalabaZe mWedloba samegreloSi Tbilisi 1962. 5. mTxrobeli: iura kalandia, 55wlis mWedeli, q. zugdidi. 2013 weli.


214

Teona kvanWiani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: rozeta gujejiani

basilobis tardicia saaxalwlo ritualebSi

tradiciul qarTul yofaSi Semonaxul xalxur dReobaTa erT nawils sinkretuli xasiaTi

aqvs. qarTuli qristianobis istoria cxadyofs, rom axali religiis gavrcelebis paralelurad, mimdinareobda arqauli, adgilobrivi rwmena-warmodgenebis gaqrobis an transformirebis procesi. bunebrivia, xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis mcire nawili avlens sinkretul xasiaTs.

moxsenebis mizania, gamoavlinos qarTul saxalwlo ritualebSi arsebuli „basilis“,

“basilobis“//“boslobis“ tradicia, misi genezisi.

gamovTqvamT varauds, rom saaxalwo ritualebSi arsebuli „basiloba“//“bosloba“ wminda basili didis saxels ukavSirdeba, radganac cnobilia, saeklesio marTlmadidebluri kalendris mixedviT 1(14) ianvari aris winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da wminda basili didis xsenebis dRe.

SesaZloa, wminda basili didis saxeli Caenacvla arqaul sarwmuoebriv sistemaSi arsebul nayofierebis kults, romelsac, SesaZloa, fesvebi uZvelesi droidanve hqonda gadgmuli qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, sadac is Tavdapirvelad gaigivebuli iyo saqonlis mfarvel RvTaebasTan, romelic erT-erTi uZvelesTagania qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi75.

problemis Seswavlis istoriografia sakmaod vrcelia: basili didis kulti mkvlevarma vera bardaveliZem, daukavSira mis mierve gamovlenil zogadqarTul iTifalur RvTaebas - bosels (bombRas)76. vera bardaveliZis azriT, raki boseli saqonlis qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebaa daba-

silis kulti ki mas Caenacvla, isic, Sesabamisad, upirvelesyovlisa saqonlis, gansakuTrebiT Ro-ris, gamravlebisa da movla-patronobis mfarvel RvTaebad moiazreboda.

axali wlis aRniSvnis rituali zogadad msgavsia mTel svaneTSi. moviyvanT zemo svaneTis mu-

laxis Temis sofel WolaSis axali wlis (zomxa dRis) aRwerilobas: „Zalian adre wamoiSlebodnen ojaxis ufrosi qali da kaci, romlebic axalwlis Sinauri mekvleebi iyvnen, ubralod xel-pirs daibandnen da cecxls aanTebdnen. am dResc cecxlis SeberviT anTeba ar SeiZleboda. amitom keri-

aSi Rrmad Senaxul nakverCxals gmoCiCqnidnen, zemodan wvrilad daWril xmel SeSas daayridnen da daaclidnen sanam cecxli TviTon ar ainTeboda. Semdeg mekvle qali lalaS-s zurgze wamoikideb-

da, kaci mekvle xars win gaigdebda da kaloze gavidodnen. aq isini aagebdnen Tovlis muryvam-s, romlis SuagulSi naZvis tots amagrebdnen. rac ufro, didi zomisa iqneba zomxas Tovlis koSki miT ufro msxvil TavTavbs moibams am wels pureulio, fiqrobdnen Zvelad. mekvleebi Tovlis

75 msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli mkvlevar s. makalaTias mis naSromSi „axalweliwadi saqar-

TveloSi „ Tbilisi, 1927. 76 v. bardaveliZe exeba ra basil WiWynias, wers : „wminda basilis xseneba qarTvel xalxSi mocemulia

dReoba axalweliwads, romelic qristianul samyaroSi wminda basilis mosaxseniebel dRed iTvleboda. is garemoeba, rom basil WiWynias saxiT wm. basilis saxeli da misTvis gankuTvnili kveri boslobaSi mowmdeba, warmarTulis qristianulTan sinkritizmis maCvenebelia. RvTaeba basilis dReobaSi... qristianuli wmindani SeWrilia da am warmarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebis kultis Ta-naziari gamxdara“ (kilanava 1981 : 90 )


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muryvam-s samjer gars Semouvlidnen xariTa da lalaSiT da Tan loculobdnen: „ o-o wlis Zalis Semcvlelo madliano, karg weliwads axals migvayene; Cveni saxlis saqonlis da adamianis zrdiT da matebiT gagvaxare; mogveci saqonlis simravle da adamianis mSvidobianoba; momxmareblad ada-

miani amyofe [da] mosaxmari saqoneli mogveci Cveni sulis SesarCenad da RvTis Sesawiravad“. loc-

vis Semdeg gabrundebodnen da saxlis kars rom miuaxlovdebodnen, daiZaxebdnen: kari gamiRe! ama-ze Signidan SeekiTxebodnen: ra bedniereba mogaqvs? mekvleebi upasuxebdnen: adamianis mSvidobia-

noba, saqonlis simravle, saxarea xarebiT savse, sacxenea cxenebiT savse, sacxovrea cxovrebiT savse, salorea RorebiT savse. Sevidodnen saxlSi, kerias samjer gars Semuovlidnen xariT da la-

laS-iT Tan ase loculobdnen: o-o wlis Zalis Semcvlelo, madliano, grigol baci zRvis kalan-

disao, karg am weliwads axals migvayene, saqonlis simravliT [da] adamianis mSvidobianobiT gagva-xare, saukeTeso wlis Secvla Tu vinmes hqonebodes, is meored Cven mogvaswari. karg am weliwads axals migvayene, madli geqneba, marcxi da mavne gvaSore Cveni saxlis saqonels da kacs. balnis bu-

jisa [da] Cliqis namcecis garda nuras mogvakleb, zrdiT da matebiT gagvaxare, gareT da Sin kargi Segvaxvedre,cudi agvaSore “ (bardaveliZe 1939: 149).

am locvaSi rogorc vnaxeT wminda basili „bacis“ saxeliT moixsenieba xSirad moixsenieba es

wmindani „baslis“ saxeliTac. xazgasmiT aris aRsaniSnavi is faqti, rom am kuTxiT qarTvelTa yofis amsaxveli eTnografiu-

li masala adasturebs rom, wminda basili didi mxolod saqonlis mfarvelis funqcias ar iTavseb-da. axaliwlis dResaswaulis svanur ritualebSi aRvlenili locvebSi wminda basili didimxolod saqonlis mfarvelad argvevlineba, mas SesTxoven momavali wlis movlenebis mSvidobian msvlelo-

basac: adamianTa gamravlebas, maT movla patronobas da qveynad mSvidobis damkvidrebas. magali-

Tad, qvemo svaneTis erT-erT sofelSi, JaxunderSi aseTi Sinaarsis locva aRevlineboda: „wlis Za-

lis Semcvlelo zRvis basil kalandisao,gviSvele da gagvigone! wlis mosavliT gagvaxare, ada-mianis mSvidobianobiT, saqonlis simravliT, Wiri agvacile.“ (bardaveliZe 1939: 112 ) zemo svane-

Tis ifaris TemSi zomxas (axalweliwads, diliT) gaTenebisxans wamodgebodnen qora meWiSxebi (sax-

lis mekvleebi), xmaamouRebliv xel-pirs daibandnen keriis Tavze Camokidebuli qvabis wyliT, uf-

rosi qora meWiSxi saukeTeso xars gaiyvanda, umcrosi lalaaS-s wamoikidebda da gadiodnen gareT. samjer gars Semouvlidnen kaloze dadgmul Tovlis „koSks“ da Tan loculobdnen : „grigol basili zRvis kalandisao, grigol basili zRvis kalandisao, grigol basili zRvis kalandisao, kargi we-li Segvicvale, wlis Zalis Semcvlelo, kargi weli Segvicvale , zrdiT da matebiT gagvaxare, mSvi-

dobianobiT gagvaxare!..“ (bardaveliZe 1939: 153). locvis teqsti mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo, aRsaniSnavia, rom masSi wminda basilis gverdiT

ixsenieba meore wmindanic - wminda grigolic, rogorc „grigol zRvisa“77.

samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom „svanur salocavebSi basilTan erTad dasaxelebu-

li „grigol ZuRvaaS“ igive basilis Zma grigol noselia“ (kilanava 1981: 99).amasTanave, basili didi

dasaxelebulia rig werilobiT wyaroebSi rogorc, „basili pontoeli“, rac unda mianiSnebdes mis qarTul warmomavlobaze, radgan ponto-kabadokia odiTganve metwilad qarTveluri modgmiT iyo dasaxlebuli (Tumca aRniSnuls bevri mkvlevari ar iziarebs). am mxriv sainteresoa b. kilanavas mosazreba, romelic miiCnevs, rom „qarTuli werilobiTi tradicia basilis pontoelobis Sesaxeb

77„grigol basili ZuRvaaS“ qarTuli enis svanur dialeqtze niSnavs „grigol basili zRvisa“, iseve

rogorc identuria mniSvneloba grigol basili pontoelisa da grigol basili ZuRvaS-isa (orive SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba erTgvaria - grigol basili zRvisa).


216

paralels unda poulobdes zepirgadmocemaSi svanur salocavTa saxiT. werilobiT da zepir wya-

roTa amgvari Tanadgoma pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobisaa basilis pontoelobis saboloo ga-

dawyvetisTvis. kerZod, werilobiTi wyaroebiT dadasturebuli basilis pontoelobasTan pirda-

pir kavSirSia qarTuli (svanuri) zepirsityvierebis basilis „basilis ZuRuaSoba“ (berZnuli „ pon-

tos “ niSnavs „zRvas“ aseve svanuri „ZuRva“ niSnavs „zRvas“ ) im gansxvavebiT rom, svanur saloca-

vebSi basili RvTaebrivobamdea, aRzevebuli “ (kilanava 1981 : 98) amasTan svanur salocavebSi basi-

li didi dasaxulia rogorc, samyaros patronad, udides RvTaebad, fusnabuasdias tolad. faqti-

urad is did RmerTad miiCneoda78 (kilanava 1981 : 93 ) marTlac,svaneTis saaxalwlo saritualo locvaSi, romelsac wminda basili didisadmi aRav-

lendnen, warmoCindeba gansakuTrebili damokidebuleba am wmindanisadmi. svaneTis mosaxleobamas SesTxovda ojaxis gamravlebas, ekenomiurwinsvlas (saqonlis gamravlebis saxiT, radgan, cnobi-

lia, am mxareSi msxvilfexa mesaqonleoba iyo wamyvani sameurneo dargi), da mSvidobis damyarebas adamianTa Soris.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom grigol zRvis mfarveli moxseniebulia agreTve qvemo qarTlis dasavleT mxareSi arsebulsofel hamamlus eklesiis warweraze arsebuli oTxi striqoniT. TiTo-

euli striqonis aso kargad Cans Tumca warweris azris gageba rTulia. pirveli ori striqonis az-

ri naTlad irkveva: „wminda grigol, zRvisa mcveli“. danarCeni ki gaugebaria. aRniSnulis safuZ-

velze es „wminda grigol zRvisa mcveli“ igive imereTSi dadasturebuli „grigol zRvisa mwyemsi“ da

svanuri masalebis „grigol zRvisa“ da „basili zRvisa“, aris qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi arse-

buli zRvis (zogadad wylis) uZvelesi mfarveli RvTaebebi, romlebsac qristianobis damkvidre-

bis periodSi Sesabamisi qristianuli saxelebi miecaT( kilanava 1981 : 101 ) wmida basili didis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva tradicebi mTel saqarTveloSi: qar-

TlSi basilobis dRes acxobdnen kacis gamosaxulebis mqone saaxalwlo kvers, romelsac gulze jvris formas gamousaxavdnen da fqvilis godorSi Caagdebdnen - „baraqa am godorso“.aseTive kve-

rebi cxveboda kaxeTsa da javaxeTSi. raWis rig soflebSi saaxalwlod „kac-basilad “ wodebuli

mrgvali puri cxveboda - „keria-berias“ saxelwodebiT“, xolo kvers, romelsac mTis raWaSi saqon-

lis misalocad acxobdnen „basili WiWynia“ ewodeboda. samegreloSi basila ewodeboda grZel da viwro formis kvers, romelsac wminda basilis saxelze saaxalwlod acxobdnen Roris qoniT Seza-

vebuli xorblis an Wvavis fqvilisagan. bediskvera cxveboda fSavsa da xevsureTSi kacTa ( adamian-

Ta) gamosaxulebiT. amrigad, SesaZloa, davaskvnaT, basilobasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi, locvis teqstebi,

simboluri gamosaxulebebi, romlebic dafiqsirebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eT-

nografiul mxareSi, momdinarea wminda basili didis xsenebis saeklesio tradiciidan. ar gamov-

ricxavT, rom wminda basisli didis saxeli Caenacvla winare qrsitianul rwmena-warmodgenaTa zo-

gierT plasts da dReoba sinkretizmis niSnebsac Seicavdes.

literatura: 1. bardaveliZe 1939. v. bardaveliZe svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari Tbilisi 1939. 2. kilanava 1981. b. kilanava basil da grigolis kulti saqarTveloSi ( sma macne, enisa da

literaturis seria 4 ) Tbilisi 1981. 3. makalaTia 1927. s. mkalTia axalweliwadi saqarTveloSi Tbilisi 1927.

humanitaruli mecnierebani: skandinavistika

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Tornike baqaquri ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli profesori: Tamar kviJinaZe

multikulturalizmis momavali norvegiaSi

termini “multikulturalizmi” pirvelad 1957 wels gaCnda SvedeTSi, Tumca kanada iyo pirve-

li qveyana, romelmac 1960 wels multikulturalizmi sakuTari „erovnuli identobis ganuyofel na-

wilad“ aRiara da is oficialur saxelmwifo politikad gamoacxada. nel-nela ki multikultura-lizmi dasavluri qveynebis umetesobisTvisac mimzidveli gaxda.

multikulturalizmi gulisxmobs erTdroulad gansxvavebulobis aRiarebas, unikalurobis dacvas da jgufuri, saerTo uflebebis dawesebasac, amdenad es me-20 saukunis pirmSo rogorc po-

litikuri mimdinareoba, liberalizmisa da globalizmis STamomavalia. multikulturalizmis mTavar monapovars mdidari, mravalferovani, Ria samoqalaqo sazoga-

doeba warmoadgens, romelic axerxebs individualizmis realizebas mTliani sazogadoebis ufle-

baTa Selaxvis gareSe, aseTi tipis sazogadoebaSi kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia yoveldRiuro-

bis Semadgeneli nawilia. 1990-iani wlebidan am cnebis qveS mxolod rasobrivi an eTnikuri gansxva-

vebulobis admiSemwynarebloba ar igulisxmeba, aramed kidev ufro farTo speqtrze vrceldeba, rogoricaa genderi, seqsualuri umciresobebi, eijizmi Tu Tavad qveynis SigniT arsebuli sub-

kulturebi. multikulturalizmis mTavari damsaxureba albaT mainc isaa, rom adamianebs sakuTari iden-

tobis dacvisa da gamoxatvis ufleba ara mxolod pirad cxovrebaSi SeuZliaT ucxo Tvalisgan ganridebiT, aramed sajaro sivrceSic. am dros qreba gaucxoebis SegrZneba umciresobebSi, rom-

lebic Tavs sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrebad grZnoben. gaucxoebis grZnoba SeiZleba sruli-

ad ar aRmoifxvras dominantur kulturaSi, magram e.w. “sxva” aRar iqneba “ucnobi”, romlisganac ar ici ras unda elode. multikulturuli politikiT aRmoifxvreba es gaucxoeba Tu undoblo-

ba, farTovdeba moqalaqeTa kulturuli horizonti. miuxedavad mTeli rigi dadebiTi mxareebisa, raTqma unda, multikulturalizms axlavs Tavi-

si negatiuri gamovlinebebic. amis naTeli magaliTia axlo aRmosavleTidan, arabuli qveynebidan evropaSi da maT Soris skandinaviis qveynebSi gadaxvewil emigrantTa didZali talRa, romelic seriozul ekonomikur daZabulobas qmnis regionSi. mTavrobebi iZulebulni arian Seiwynaron po-

litikuri, religiuri Tu sxva niSniT devnilebi da dauniSnon maT socialuri damxareba, rasac aborigeni mosaxleobis udidesi nawili namdvilad ar xvdeba aRtacebiT.

ekonomikuri sfero sgarda daZabuloba arsebobs socialuri, kulturuli, religiuri Tval-

sazrisiTac, radgan garemo, romelic sazogadoebrivia, homogenurobidan heterogenurobisken gadaixreba. ismis kiTxva - SeiZleba ki nebismierma kulturam sruliad gamoavlinos sakuTari in-dividualizmi? aqvs Tu ara mas amisi ufleba? am kiTxvis dasmis aucileblobas moralisa da zneo-

bis subieqturi aRqma ganapirobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom civilizebuli samyaro SeTanxmebulia


218

gaero-s adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciaze, xSirad es doqtrina ar xorcieldeba realur cxovre-

baSi, radgan mTel rig SemTxvevebSi religiuri Sexedulebebi Tu sxva tradiciebi gacilebiT did rols TamaSobs sazogadoebriv yofaSi. amdenad Zneli dasadgenia sad gadis zRvari tradicias, uflebis qonasa da mis Senaxvas Soris. „gaxde frangi - niSnavs aRiaro civilizaciis forma, Rire-

bulebebi, tradiciebi... safrangeTi is qveyanaa, sadac eklesia saxelmwifosgan gamijnulia da yve-las rwmena pativcemulia. magram safrangeTSi burkas adgili araa. Cven ver SeveguebiT imas, rom qalebi pirbadis miRma, tyveebad darCnen, moklebulni iyvnen sazogado cxovrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas, sakuTari identobis qonis uflebas“- ganacxada nikola sarkozim 2009 wels da Se-

sabamisi kanonic maleve iqna miRebuli, Tumca amave dros norvegiaSi muslimi skolis moswavle gogonebi pirbades atareben da amaSi ar izRudebian. rogorc Cans, norvegia multikulturaliz-mis mxriv absolutisturi qveyanaa, igi ar axdens kulturis modifikacias, mxolod icavs mas. mag-

ram ra xdeba amdros - daculia Tu piriqiT, ilaxeba adamianis uflebebi? ra aris ukeTesi sru-

luflebiani, integrirebuli sociumisTvis - evropul anu dominantur kulturaSi am axali tal-

Ris zomieri inkorporacia Tu sruli unikalobis SenarCuneba? es kiTxvebi ukve filosofiis planSi gadadis da mudam debatebs iwvevs inteleqtualur wreebs Soris, romelic xan malulad da xanac sazogadoebis Tvalwin mimdinareobs.

2010 wels telekompania norSk 2-is eTerSi erT-erTma gadacemam 20 wuTiani siuJeti miuZRvna 8 wliselias, romelic osloSi, gronlandSi cxovrobs. am olqis mcxovrebTa 45% migrantia da ma-Ti umetesoba muslimuri Temis warmomadgenelia. eliasi faqtobrivad ver gadioda socialur adaptacias, mas arhyavda megobrebi arc skolaSi, arc mezoblebSi, igi aRwerda ramdenime SemTxve-

vas Tu rogor gamoistumres fizikuri angariSsworebiT muslimma bavSvebma, roca eliasma maTTan daaxloeba da TamaSi moindoma. eliasi muslim Tanatolebis gangansxvavebiT Sobasac aRniSnavs da Roris xorcsac Seeqceva, es yvelaferi ki maTTvis ucxo da miuRebelia, religiur fonze gansxva-

veba imdenad mZlavria, rom aTeistur ojaxSi aRzrdili eliasi maTTan saubrisas sakuTar Tavs ukve qristianadac ki moixseniebda. problemis gadaWris imediT mSoblebma eliasi sxva skolaSi ga-

daiyvanes, sadac ufro meti norvegieli swavlobs da isic ufro socialurad aqtiuri gaxda. ro-

gorc Cans, multikulturalizms aryofnis samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRleba mxolod dominan-turi kulturis warmomadgenlebSi, dafaseba da komunikacia ormxrivi unda iyos. amasobaSi msgav-

si msgavsisken iltvis sakuTarive identobis SesanarCuneblad da garSemomyofTa dayofa, rogorc “Cven” da “isini,” kidev ufro Zlierdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo multikulturalizmis dasacavad sxvadasxva meqanizmebs iyenebs, socialuri daxmarebis micemidan dawyebuli maTi Cagrulobis afiSirebiT damTavrebuli, isev es meqanizmebia, romlebic integracias ara mxolod aCqareben, aramed aferxeben kidec, rad-

gan imigrantebs Tu sxvadasxva subkulturebis warmomadgenelT gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas um-

yareben. zemoTaRniSnuli satelevizio gadacemis eTerSi gasvlidan erTi wlis Semdeg, 2011 wlis 22 iv-

lis smultikulturalizmis problema norvegiaSi isev dRis wesrigSi dadga. anders bering brei-

vikma kunZul otoiaze axalgazrdul banakze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtiT 77 adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. breiviki dRes moixsenieba, rogorc qristiani fundamentalisti, qristiani te-

roristi, memarjvene eqstremisti da a.S. breiviki Tavis Tavs jvarosan raindad moixseniebs evro-

paSi Semodinebuli islamuri talRis winaaRmdeg, misi TqmiT evrokavSiri miznad isaxavs evropis “ evraziad” gardaqmnas, sadac dasavluri, qristianuli civilizacia waxdeba da evropa sakuTar sa-

xes, identobas dakargavs.


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cnobili frangi eseisti riCard mileTi wers: “multikulturalizmi, rogorc is gadmoRebul iqna SeerTebuli Statebidan, yvelaze saSineli ramaa, rac ki SeiZleba damarTnoda evropas... is qmnis getoebis mozaikas, romelSic maspinZeli naciebi male aRar iarsebeben. breivikma, vfiqrob, sworad aRiqva es da yvelaze saSineli pasuxiT moaxdina reagireba.” Tavad breivi ki Rrmadmorwmune araa, is TavisTavs mxolod qristianuli kulturis warmomadgnelad miiCnevs, romelic evropas asazrdoebda misi arsebobis manZilze. mileTi miiCnevs, rom nacionaluri identobis dakargvisa da evropis islamizaciis safrTxidan gamomdinare, breivikis msgavsi danaSaulebani evropis sxva qvey-

nebSic SeiZleba ganmeordes. otoias SemTxveva umravlesobam ise miiRo, rogorc sigiJis apoTeozi, magram faqtia, rom multikulturalizmis gamowvevebi isev dRis wesrigSia, breivikis 1518 gverdian evropis damoukideblobis deklaracias ki dRes ukve uamravi “Tayvanismcemeli” gamouCnda.

miuxedavad problemebisa, multikulturalizmi Tanamedrove mravaleTnikuri qveynebis da maT Soris norvegiis saxelmwifo ideologiis jer kidev ganuyofeli nawilia. rogorc cneba ise politika eTnikur sazRvrebs gascda da yvela saxis umciresobaTa Tu diskriminirebul jgufTa mocvas agrZelebs. multikulturalizmis gageba da saWiroeba araa universaluri, am politikis mxriv sxvadasxva qveyanas is sxvadasxvagvari gamocdilebaa, rac savaraudod kvlav gaagrZelebs ganviTarebas, modifikacias, daxvewilobisken da racionalizmisken svlas.

literatura: 1. saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, multikulturalizmis gamowvevebi, avt.: S.

xinCagaSvili (http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0period--00-1-

-0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ru-50---20-help---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10&a=d&cl=CL2.21&d=HASHc8d072678fc3d47d8ec2ad.3.1)

2. http://www.biography.com, სტატია: Anders Behring Breivik biography (http://www.biography.com/people/anders-behring-breivik-20617893)

3. Time World, სტატია: French Essayist Blames Multiculturalism for Breivik’s Killing Spree (http://world.time.com/2012/08/28/french-essayist-blames-multi-culturalism-for-breiviks-norwegian-massacre/)

4. www.youtube.com, Failures of multiculturalism in Norway (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX-CmasgfMQ, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxJ3fyXQahY


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mariam kalandariSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli proefsori: kaxaber loria

inspiracia globaluri ekonomikisaTvis

skandinaviuri (nordikuli) modeli warmoadgens socialur da ekonomikur models skandina-

viis qveynebSi(norvegia, dania, SvedeTi, fineTi, islandia). igi Camoyalibda XX saukunis bolos da orientirebulia ekonomikis stabilizaciaze. sistema uzrunvelyofs da mxars uWers dasaqmebis donis zrdas, genderul Tanasworobas, adamianis uflebebis dacvas, simdidris gadanawilebas da sxv. nordikuli modeli aris kanonebisa da principebis sistema, romelmac daabalansa xelisuf-lebis intervencia da Tavisufali bazris saqmianoba, Sedegad ki sazogadoebis bednierebas da ke-

TildReobas miaRwia. skandinaviuri modelis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

ufaso socialuri servisebi (ganaTleba, jandacva, pensia da a.S.) sakuTrebis uflebis dacva da biznes-saqmianobis dawyebis simartive bazris mcire regulacia Tavisufali vaWrobisTvis dabali barierebi korufciis dabali done (skandinaviis 5 qveyana yvelaze nakleb korufciuli qveynebis

aTeulSi Sedian) jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sistemebi miiCneva mTavar birTvad warmatebuli sazogadoebis Ca-

moyalibebaSi. am sistemebis warmatebuli funqcionirebis Sedegad adamianebi ufro met dros uT-

moben kvalifikaciis amaRlebas da socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. skandinaviuri modeli-

dan gamomdinare, aseve prioritetadaa dasaxuli socialurad daucveli da umweo jgufebis ufle-bebis dacva da gafarToeba. maT miekuTvneba moxucebi, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi, Raribebi da devnilebi. am jgufebis mxardaWeriT SesaZlebelia araerTi danaSaulis Tu ukananono qmedebis Tavidan acileba, romelTa mimarTac isini midrekilni arian SezRuduli resursebis gamo. unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom skandinaviaSi qalebisTvis anazRaurebad dekretul Svebulebas da bavSvis movlisTvis SeTavazebul xelmisawvdom momsaxurebebs guluxvobad Tvlian.

yoveli programa uzrunvelyofili an subsidirebulia mTavrobis mier. biujetis dafinanseba ki xorcieldeba specifikuri sagadamxdelo balansis arsebobiT. magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasa-

xadis yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi daniaSi aris 63%, SvedeTSi - 59%, norvegiaSi - 47%. biznesis stimulirebisTvis ki sawarmoTa gadasaxadebi sxva qveynebis analogiuri an kidev ufro dabalia. mTavari mizani maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebisa aris simdidris gadanawileba. mdidre-

bi ar unda gaxdnen ufro mdidrebi, xolo Raribebi - ufro Raribebi - Tavisufali bazris saerTo „wyevla“. skandinaviaSi Tvlian, rom mdidrebs SeuZliaT da unda gadaixadon ufro meti TavianTi Semosavlebidan, raTa ganviTardes saSualo klasi. ekonomistTa umravlesoba eTanxmeba azrs, rom swored jansaRi da mdidari saSualo klasi ayalibebs ukeTes sazogadoebas. rigiTi moqalaqeebis


221

anazRaureba iZleva saSualebas, rom man es simZime naklebad igrZnos. sazogadoebis umravlesoba mzad aris gadaixados bevri imisaTvis, rom maTi cxovrebis done xval ufro maRali iyos.

skandinaviuri modeli aris dafuZnebuli erovnul ideologiaze, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofs mTavroba sazogadoebis keTildReobas. swored amitom, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, am qveynebis politi-kuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc pozicia, aseve opozicia, eTanxmebodnen modelis fun-

damentur principebs da mxars uWerdnen mis ganviTarebas. nordikulma sistemam masSi Semavali qveynebi gamokiTxvebis SedegebiT moaqcia TiTqmis yo-

veli „kargi“ siis saTaveSi da „cudi“ siis bolo adgilebze. „kargi“ sia moicavs cxovrebis ganviTa-

rebis indeqss , mTlian Sida produqts erT sul mosaxleze, genderul Tanasworobas, sicocxlis xangrZlivobas, ucxouri investiciebis moculobas. rac Seexeba „cud“ sias, masSi Sedis umuSevro-

bis, arakanonier qmedebaTa, siRaribis, axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis da korufciis doneebi. skandinaviuri modelis araerTi upiratesobis miuxedavad, mas mowinaRmdegeebic hyavs. kri-

tikosTa nawili fiqrobs, rom maRali gadasaxadebi zRudavs individualur Tavisuflebas da Se-

saZleblobebs gaxde mdidari. skandinaviis qveynebSi bevri adamiani aris sakmaod mdidari, Tumca anglosaqsuri (inglisuri, amerikuli) modelis Sedegad isini iqnebodnen kidev ufro meti Zala-uflebis mqoneni. sxvebi miiCneven, rom nordikuli modeli ver iqneba warmatebuli farTod dasax-

lebul qveynebSi da yvela is upiratesoba, romelic exeba dekretul Svebulebas Tu avadmyofobis gamo samsaxurSi ar misvlas, amcirebs samuSao procesis produqtiulobas. skandinaviuri modeli sulac ar aris ekonomikis zrdis warmatebuli strategia, radgan rac ufro mets iRebs saxelmwi-fo Tavis Tavze, miT ufro naklebia xalxis motivacia, TviTon gaakeTos rame. sazogadoebis nawi-

li ver acnobierebs, Tu rogor unda SenarCundes konkurentuli upiratesoba globaluri ekono-

mikis pirobebSi da amavdroulad ganxorcieldes farTo keTildReobis momsaxurebebi. miuxedavad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebisa skandinaviuri modeli viTardeba da emsaxureba

Tavis sazogadoebas warmatebulad. drodadro isini kvlav awydebian socialur da ekonomikur wi-naaRmdegobebs sxva qveynebis msgavsad, Tumca isini naklebi masStaburobiT xasiaTdebian. wlebis ganmavlobaSi TavianT Secdomebze dakvirvebis Sedegad maT SeuZliaT aRiaron, rom warmatebuli meTodebiT CrdiloeTSi ganviTarebas miaRwies.

Svedi ekonomisti, daniel saCsi, ambobs - „me rogorc biznesmens mjera stimulebis. adamia-

nebs unda hqondeT stimulebi, rom isini miiswrafodnen ganviTarebisken, inovaciebisken, zrdisa da simdidrisken. Tumca, rogorc skandinaviuri gamocdileba gviCvenebs, individualuri waxali-

seba SesaZlebelia dabalansebuli iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobasTan da maT socialur moTx-

ovnilebebTan. nordikuli sistemis aspeqtebi - urTierToba sazogadoebasa da individebs Soris, socialuri uzrunvelyofis maRali done, individualizmis Tavisufleba da ndobis maRali xaris-xi - yovelive es ganapirobebs riskis diversifikacias da garemos cvlilebebTan adaptacias. Tum-

ca, kidev erTi mizezi Tu ratom momwons nordikuli modeli me, rogorc biznesmens, aris Semdegi - ndoba, patiosneba da gamWvirvaloba. rac niSnavs rom tranzaqciis gadasaxadebi, iseve rogorc ko-

rufciis done aris dabali. mdgradi finansuri mdgomareobis mqone adamianebi ixdian imden gada-

saxadebs, rom danarCenebma SeZlon minimaluri moTxovnebiT dakmayofileba. dasaqmebulebi ixdi-an maRal gadasaxadebs da uzrunvelyofen umuSevarTa cxovrebas.“

skandinaviis qveynebi cnobilia rogorc jgufi, romelmac SeZlo samarTlianobis da efeqtia-

nobis gaerTianeba globalizaciis winaaRmdegobebis gadasalaxavad. nordikuli modeli uzrun-

velyofs - moqnilobasa da adaptacias garemo cvlilebebze, rasac dRevandel pirobebSi gaaCnia udidesi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. es maxasiaTebeli ganapirobebs CrdiloeTis qveynebis konku-

rentunarianobis mTavar aspeqts. swored am modelma ganapiroba skandinaviis ekonomikis ayvaveba.


222

ekonomikuri krizisi ar warmoadgens safrTxes CrdiloeTis qveynebisTvis. nordikuli modelis wyalobiT, maT SeuZliaT gaswion riski da aramomgebian korporaciebs gakotrebis saSualeba mis-

cen, riTac isini ekonomikis restruqturizaciis SesaZleblobas iReben. socialuri uzrunvelyofis Zlieri sistemis, maRali gadasaxadebis da ekonomikuri zrdis da-

balansebam miipyro msoflios sxva qveynebis yuradReba. skandinavias aqvs potenciali gaxdes msoflio lideri inovaciuri gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze janmrTelobisa da socialur sfe-

roSi. nordikuli modeli miiCneva samagaliTo da misabaZ sistemad, romliTac SesaZlebelia sazo-

gadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba da mdgradi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miRweva.


223

sofo maxaraSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli prof kaxaber loria

skandinaviis qveynebis kultura da tradiciebi

skandinavia — am saxelis gagonebaze adamianTa umravlesobas Tvalwin Soreuli da umzeo CrdiloeTi warmoudgeba,zogs ki —„saxuravis Tavze Semomjdari biWuna“ da „grZelwinda pepi“skan-

dinaviasa da skandivaiel mosaxleobas bevri ramiT SeuZlia gagvaocos da mogvxiblos.daviwyoT bunebrivi fenomenebiT.

CrdiloeTis ciali d yvelaze cnobili fenomenia, romelsac skandinaviis qveynebSi vxvde-

biT.mas uwodeben “Aurora Borealis”. tromsoSi da finmarkSi CrdiloeTis cialis naxva SesaZlebelia

yovel mowmendil Rames. xolo samxreT norvegiidan - ramdenjerme TveSi.

SuaRamis mze, anu polaruli dReebi - zafxulis dasawyisis TveebSia (maisi, ivnisi, ivlisi). am

dros mze 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi anaTebs. SuaRamis mze gvxvdeba islandiaSi, CrdiloeT SvedeTSi,

norvegiaSi - CrdiloeTis koncxze, sadac 76 dRis manZilze ar Ramdeba.

polaruli Rameebi - CrdiloeT skandinaviaSi zogjer 2-3 Tve grZeldeba polaruli Rameebi. norvegiis qalaq hamerfestSi mze 1,500 saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar Cans.

dResaswaulebi rogorc yvelgan, SvedeTSic saaRdgomod sxvadasxva frad Rebaven kvercxebs.

bavSvebi, grZeli samosiT, feradi TmissaxvevebiTa da wiTlad SeRebili loyebiT, aRdgomis

jadoqrebad gardaiqmnebian. isini samezobloSi dadian da raime saCuqris sanacvlod, maT sakuTar

naxatebs Cuqnian. aRdgomisas grZneulebi mifrinaven blokulaSi (The Blue Mountain), rom Sexvdnen eSmaks. saaRdgomod saxlebs tirifis an aryis xeebis patara totebiTa da wknelebiT rTaven. wmin-da SabaTs miirTmeven qaSays, oraguls, kartofils, kvercxebs da a.S. saaRdgomod ofisebi iketeba.

Soba SvedeTSi wminda lusiis dResaswauliT iwyeba, 13 dekembers. saxeli lusia niSnavs sinaT-

les, lusiis dResaswauli ki simbolurad — sinaTlis sibneleze gamarjvebas. Svedebi tradiciu-

lad am dResaswaulisTvis irCeven gogonas, romelsac wiTelsartyelSemovlebuli TeTri kaba ac-

via, Tavze ki sanTlebisgan gakeTebuli gvrigvini adgas. lusiad arCeuli gogona momReralTa gunds miuZRveba win, romlebsac xelSi anTebuli sanTlebi uWiravT. gundi „santa lusias“ da sxva tradiciul simRerebs asrulebs. gundis SemadgenlobaSi biWebic Sedian, romlebic sxvadasxva gmirebs ganasaxiereben. maT Sorisaa varskvlavTbiWuna, romelsac Tavze varskvlavis msgavsi qudi axuravs. am dRisTvis mzaddeba specialuri sakvebi. sasurvelia Safranis puris yidva. Safranis puri mzesaviT yviTelia. aseve mzaddeba sunelebiani peCeniebi Svedurad. xalxi wvimebiTa da brWyviala mosarTavebiT gadis gareT, erTmaneTs ulocaven, arigeben tkbileuls da svamen glin-

tveins. wminda lusiis dResaswauli Sobis moaxloebaze mianiSnebs. saxls rTaven saSobao var-

skvlaviT, TaflakveeriTa da wiTeli titebiT. tradiciuli saSobao sakvebia: lori, Roris xorci, Tevzi. desertad - tkbileuli, brinjis fafa nuSiT. swamT, rom fafaSi nuSis mpovneli momaval wels daqorwindeba. sadilis Semdeg, zogi saSobao gnomiviT icvams, romelic miTis mixedviT an fermaSi cxovrobs, an tyeSi. garegnulad santas hgavs da saCuqrebis darigebasTan erTad gariTmul leqsebs ambobs, Tumca dRes gnomma dakarga Tavisi Zveli roli.


224

skandinaviaSi saaRdgomod gavcelebuli feria yviTeli. arc daniaa gamonaklisi. saxlebi ir-

Tveba yviTlad da mwvaned. daniuri saaRdgomo tradiciaa erTmaneTisTvis Tavsatexi werilebis gagzavna. werilSi weria xolme saidumlo poezia, romelic anonimurad egzavneba sxvas. Tu adresa-

ti gamoicnobs werilis avtors, saCuqrad miiRebs kvercxis formis jildos. tradiciuli saWme-lebia: kvercxi, qaTami, Tevzi da batkani.

Sobas mavne danieli elfi xalxs xrikebs uwyobs. nise cxovrobs fermaSi. nacrisferi matylis

tansacmeli acvia da Tavze wiTeli qudi axuravs. Cveulebriv, xalxs fermaSi exmareba, kargad eq-

ceva bavSvebs. Sobas mas utoveben brinjis pudings an fafas, rom ixumros, magram ara zomaze me-

tad. tradiciuli saSobao saWmelia: ixvi an bati, wiTeli kombosto, kartofili. desertad - brin-

jis fafa nuSiT. daniaSi nuSis mpovneli dasaCuqrdeba SokoladiT an marcipaniT.

norvegiaSic saaRdgomo feri yviTelia. norvegielebs saaRdgomod xangrZlivi dasveneba

aqvT. am dros, gamodis deteqtriuri wignebi. rZis paketsac ki mkvlelobis istoriebi axatia. nor-

vegielebi saaRdgomod xSirad stumroben mTebs Txilamurebze sasrialod.

fineTSi bavSvebisaTvis saaRdgomo kvercxebze nadirobas awyoben. saxlSi an ezoSi mSoblebi

malaven kvercxebs da mpovnels ufleba aqvs daitovos „ganZi“. yviTeli, rogorc mTel skandinavia-

Si, fineTSic saaRdgomo feria. xSirad finelebi balaxs Tesaven patara qoTanSi da rodesac gaiz-

rdeba, masze kvercxebs awyoben. (qarTuli jejili). bavSvebi dadian sxvadasxva morTulobiT da

xalxisgan monetebs iTxoven. tradiciuli saaRdgomo sakvebia: lori, Sinauri frinveli, batkani.

saSobao sezoni dekembris pirvel kviras iwyeba. 13 dekembers fineTSic wminda lusiis dRes

aRniSnaven, Tumca ara ise, rogorc SvedeTSi. Sobas filebisTvis tradiciad iqca finur saunaSi

wasvla - es aris patara oTaxi, romelsac 70-100 gradusze acxeleben. cxel qvebze asxamen wyals.

qalebi da kacebi calk-calke kabinebSi Sedian. saunaSi iwevs sisxlis wneva, kunTebze momadunebe-

li zemoqmedeba aqvs wyals, kans Sordeba toqsinebi. saunebi imdenad gavcelebulia, rom saxlebsa

da sastumroebSi aqvT. Sobas finelebi stumroben sasaflaoebsac gardacvlilebis mosagoneblad.

miirTmeven nuSian fafas, mpovneli mReris simReras. aseve tradiciuli sakvebia lori, Talgamu-

ra, Warxlis salaTa. Sobidan 13 dReSi sruldeba sezoni.

islandiaSi saaRdgomo sezoni wminda xuTSabaTi iwyeba. am dros, zogierTi maRaziisa da kino-

Teatrebis garda yvelaferi iketeba. bevri aRdgomis gatarebas sxva qveyanaSi arCevs. bavSvebs be-

bia-babuebi da mSoblebi Sokoladis kvercxebs Cuqnian.

islandiaSi saSobaod bevri Zveli tradiciaa SenarCunebuli. maT Soris 13 santa klausis

tradicia. TiToeul maTgans gansxvavebuli xasiaTi da daniSnuleba aqvs. dResdReobiT, maTi mova-

leoba saSobaod qalaqSi Camosvla da saCuqrebis darigebaa. pirveli santa Sobamde 13 dRiT adre

Camodis mTidan barSi, danarCenebi mas mohyvebian. Sobis Semdegac ase rigiTobis mixedviT Camodi-

an qalaqSi. islandiuri saSobao-saaxalwlo sezoni 26 dRes grZeldeba. islandieli bavSvebi 12 de-

kembers fanjarasTan fexsacmels kideben da elodebian, rodis Caudebs maT santa saCuqars, Tumca

yvelas saCuqari ar xvdeba fexsacmelSi. cudi yofaqcevis bavSvi santasagan mouxarSav kartofils

iRebs mxolod.


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saSobaod islandielebi miirTmeven Tevzs, romelic zRvis fskerze binadrobs da romelsac

cxvris qoniTa da kartofiliT amzadeben. aseve miirTmeven cxvris xorcs specialur sousTan da

bostneulTan erTad. ra Tqma unda, miirTmeven tkbileuls. sasmelad amzadeben glogs. sezoni 6

ianvars sruldeba. am dRes islandielebi did kocons anTeben da islandiur simRerebsa da cek-

vebs asruleben. zeims maTi rwmeniT elfebi da trolebic uerTdeba.

skandinaviuri saCuqrebi Clog - fexsacmeli xis lanCebiT, romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia

skandinaviaSi.

norvegiuli puloveri - Zalian lamazi, komfortuli da Tbili.

fotografia - uyvarT bunebis peizaJebi.

angelozis zarebi - siTbo sanTlebidan adis zarebSi da amoZravebs angelozebs.

aseve Cuqnian wignebs skandinaviaze, skandinaviuli mxatvroba da a.S.

sxva saintereso faqtebi

1632 wels Svedebma daarses almamater-tartus universiteti. maT Semoitanes wignebis beWdva

baltiispireTis ukidures nawilSi da tartu „CrdiloeTis haidelbergad“ aqcies. estonelebi axlac

natroben „Zvel karg Svedur droebas“ da Sveduri mmarTvelobis saukune naxevars „oqros xanad“ mo-

ixsenieben. sakuTari iniciativiT, estonelebma Zeglic ki daudges dampyrobel gustav II adolfs.

Svedebi Secvales rusma dampyroblebma, romlebmac Seitanes batonymoba qveyanaSi, xolo ivane

mrisxanis zarbaznebma tartuSi uZvelesi kaTedralis kedlebi Camoangries. axali rusuli dasax-

lebebiT TiTqmis naxevars gautolda adgilobrivTa xvedriTi wili.

viking laif eriqsons gezi grenlandiisken hqonda aRebuli imis gasarkvevad, iyo Tu ara iq

sicocxle, magram mimarTuleba aeria da didi xnis xetialis Semdeg amerikis kontinents miadga. es

moxda 1003 wels. marTalia uneblied, magram amerikis pirvel aRmomCenad mainc eriqsoni iTvleba

da ara kolumbi.

1866 wels iohan valerma gamoigona qaRaldis samagri. „dapatentda“ 1899 da 1901 wlebSi. nor-

vegiis qalaq sandvikSi am faqtis aRsaniSnavad Zeglic dadges.

1998 wels bard lotveitma gamoigona avtomobilis „winda“. gamoiyeneba zamTarSi jaWvebis

magivrad Tovlian da yinulian amindebSi. „windebi“ bazarze gasvlis dRidan gaxda popularuli da

momxmarebelTa ricxvi mudmivad imatebs.

xis maRali skami bavSvebisaTvis(Trif-Trefi) - Seqmna piter opsvikma 1972 wels.

qristianobis gavrcelebamde, norvegiaSi adidebdnen RmerT odinsa da mis Svil Tors.

nobelis premiis dajildoeba yovelTvis osloSi tardeba.

norvegielma xalxma orjer Tqva uari SemoTavazebaze, gamxdariyo evrokavSiris wevri (1972

da 1994 wlebSi).

produqtebze fasebis siZviriT norvegias erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs. magaliTis-

Tvis, 1 bokali ludi saSualod 15 dolari Rirs, sigaretis kolofi 20 dolari.

norvegiul enaSi ar arsebobs sityva „geTayva“.


226

artas kldis xelovneba ( 1985 wlidan) - qritesSobamde 4200-500 wlebSi gakeTebuli aTasobiT

naxati pirvelyofili adamianebis mier, romelic maT saqmianobas asaxavs. (norvegia).

norvegielebs umetesad aqvT Ria feris Tvalebi (mwvane an lurji) da qera an wiTuri feris

Tma. kacebs, rogorc wesi, muqi warbebi aqvT, qalebs - Ria feris. kacebis saSualo simaRle 180 sm-

ia, qalebis - 167sm.

yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom stokholmSi didi Tovli movida. erTi Cveulebrivi Svedi dia-

saxlisi astrid lindgreni quCaSi waiqca da fexi itkina. eqimebma mas woliTi reJimi gamouweres.

loginSi usaqmod wola frulind grens male mobezrda da man drois mokvlis mizniT wignis wera

daiwyo. am wignis dabeWdva ar igegmeboda. astridi sakuTari qaliSvilis dabadebis dRisaTvis sa-

Cuqars amzadebda. yovel saRamos, Zilis win, astridi katrins zRaprebs uyveboda. erTxelac aR-

moCnda, rom mas zRaprebis maragi Semoelia. katrinma mas uTxra, rom pepi grZeliwindas Sesaxeb mo-

eyola. astridma arc ki icoda Tu vin iyo pepi, magram mdidari fantaziis damxarebiT pepis sxva-

dasxva gaugonari Tavgadasavlebis SeTxzva daiwyo. cota xanSi, astridma SeamCnia, rom katrinis

megobrebi xSirad saubrobdnen pepisa da misi istoriebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom karlsonic

katrinis warmosaxvis nayofi iyo. erTxel man dedas uTxra, rom fanjridan patara kacuna Semof-

rinda, romlebic mSoblebis Semosvlisas karadis ukan daimala.

literatura:

1. www.scandinavia.ge 2. www.goscandinavia.about.com 3. www.wikipedia.org/scandinavia.


227

mariam Zagoevi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli: prof kaxaber loria

norvegiuli delikatesebi

norvegia vikingebis, fiordebisa da Tevzis qveyanaa. skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze mdebare am

mSvenier qveyanaSi Tu moxvdebiT, mTis kalTebis mSveniereba, sali kldeebi, mwvaned mobibine min-

dvrebi, uzarmazar mTebs Soris momwyvdeuli boboqari talRebi, mwvervalebze SemorCenili qaT-

qaTa Tovli, saocari myinvarebi da eniT auwereli silamazis fiordebi gafiqrebinebT, rom zRaprul samoTxeSi moxvdiT.

Cems naSromSi minda Tavi avarido norvegiaze zogad informacias da visaubro mis individua-

lur mxareebze, imaze rac xiblavs adamians am qveyanaSi. norvegielebis tradiciul tansacmels „bunadi“ hqvia, igi gamoirCeva mravalferovani moxat-

viT da Sedgeba 2 nawilisgan: qveda da zemo. antikur gamosaxulebebSi da skandinaviur sagebSi CrdiloeT evropis mosaxleobis aRweraze

dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, rom Zvelnorvegiuli kostumisTvis viwro da grZeli Sarvali, mokle qurTuki da plaSi iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aRmosavleT raionebSi mamakacis tradiciuli tan-

sacmeli, Cveulebriv, qurTukisgan an Jiletisgan, mokle (muxlis qvemoT) Sarvlisgan da geomet-

riuli ornamentebiT gawyobili naqsovi golfebisgan Sedgeba. xolo qveynis dasavleT nawilSi ki ufro gavrcelebulia grZeli da viwro Sarvlebi, romlebic adamians mkerdamde wvdeba da mxreb-

ze magrdeba. bunadisTvis, aseve damaxasiaTebelia Savi plaSebi da Sarvlebi, TeTri perangi farTo saxeloebiT da viwro manJetiT, tyavis Ceqma da cilindri.

rac Seexeba qalis bunads, isic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba da kacis tanisamosisgan ufro meti de-

koraciiTa da morTulobiT gamoirCeva. dasavleT norvegiaSi qalebs bluzebi da sarafnebi acvi-

aT, xolo sxva mxareebSi sarafnebs cvlis kabebi. amas, imis da mixedviT Tu sad cxovrobs qali, ema-

teba an qurTuki an Jileti an winsafari. mxareebis mixedviT gamoirCeva Cacmulobis morTulobac - mdidruli moqargva, qamrebi da a.S. yovelive es mravalferovans xdis qalis tansacmels da nor-vegiis sxvadasxva mxareSi vxvdebiT adgilobrivi tanisamosis sxvadasxva saxeobas.

evropulma stilma yoveldRiurobidan gandevna norvegiuli tradiciuli tansacmeli, Tumca norvegielebi mainc inarCuneben TavianTi tansacmlis specifikas da dResac farTodaa gavrcele-

buli nacionaluri ornamentebiT morTuli naqsovi svitrebi. dResdReobiT bunads didi RonisZi-

ebisas an qorwilebSi icvamen. norvegiaSi gansakuTrebiT popularulia Tevzi. qveynisTvis did rols asrulebs zRva, rome-

lic iZleva samsaxursa da didi raodenobiT Tevzs, romlis eqsporti qveynis ekonomikaze dadebi-

Tad aRiniSneba. norvegielebs, aseve Zalian uyvarT xorcisa da Tevzis supebi, yveli (gansakuTre-

biT specifikuria cxvris tkbili muqi kremisferi yveli), xaWo, karaqi, xorblis qaSi qliaviT, Tafli.

norvegiaSi gadaRebulia ramdenime holivuduri filmi, rogoricaa: Star Wars Episode V: The Empire

Strikes Back, sadac prodiuserma Hardangerjckulen-is mwvervali gamoiyena yinulis planetis scenis ga-


228

dasaRebad. TviTon norvegiuli filmebic did warmatebas aRwevdnen. magaliTad filmi „kon-tiki“, romelic mogviTxrobs norvegieli mogzauris tur heierdalis istorias, nominirebuli iyo os-

karze. aseve, warmatebuli gamodga filmi Flåklypa Grand Prix, romelic gadaRebulia 1975 wels da

dafuZnebulia norvegieli karikaturistis Kjell Aukrust-is personaJebze. norvegiuli filmebidan yvelaze meti aRiareba swored, am filma hpova.

norvegiis klasikuri musikis Semsruleblebidan aRsaniSnavia leif uve andsnesi, erTi-erTi msoflios yvelaze cnobili pianisti truls miorki da SesaniSnavi violonCelisti kirsten flag-stadi. norvegielebis yvelaze sayvareli musikaluri sakravi mainc violinoa. me-20 saukunis da-

sawyisSi gavrcelebuli iyo harmonika da akordeoni, aseve banjo. norvegiis literatura yvelaze metad me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ayvavda, rogorc nacio-

naluri-ganamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi forma. amis Sesaxeb engelsi ase werda: „..bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi norvegiam ganicada iseTi aRmavloba literaturis sferoSi, rogoriTac ver daikvexnis vercerTi qveyana, ruseTis garda“. am periodSi, romelsac norvegiuli literatu-

ris oqros xanas uwodeben, gamoCnda mTeli jgufi niWieri mwerlebisa, SesaniSnavi oTxeuli: ber-

nseni, ibseni da (ionas) lai. me-20 saukuneSi samma norvegielma mweralma daimsaxura nobelis prizi literaturaSi: bernsenma 1903 wels, knut hamsunma 1920 wels da undsetma 1928 wels.

aRsaniSnavia, rom norvegiaze Camoyalibda warmodgena, rom man msoflios aCuqa yvelaze meti mogzauri. cnobil mogzaurebs Soris 3 norvegielia: nanseni, amundseni da heierdali. nanseni, ro-

melic, aseve iyo polaruli mkvlevari, mwerali da sazogado moRvawe, saxeli gaiTqva Tavisi ori mogzaurobiT. 1888 wels man pirvelma gadalaxa grenlandia TxilamurebiT, 1895-96 wlebSi Txila-

murebiTve Seecada mieRwia CrdiloeT polusisTvis. aseve, didia misi wvlili okeonografiaSi. rual amundsenma 1903-06 wlebSi Seiswavla CrdiloeT magnituri polusi, pirvelma daitana

ruqaze 100-ze meti kunZuli, romlebic ganTavsebuli iyo am teritoriaze da pirvelma gaiara CrdiloeT-dasavleTis gasasvleli atlantikuri okeanidan wynar okeaneSi.

arqeologma, eTnografma da mweralma tur heierdalma msoflioSi 4 cnobili mogzauroba Caa-tara. 1947 wels wynar okeaneSi, man 101 dReSi TanamgzavrebTan erTad gadalaxa 8 000 km. 1969 da 1970 wlebSi orjer imogzaura atlantikuri okeanidan marokos dasavleT sanapiroebamde da 1977-

78 wlebSi indoeTis okeanis Crdilo-dsasavleT nawilSi. norvegieli gamomgoneblebidan sainteresoa tor biorklundi, romelmac gamoigona yvelis

saWreli, rac 1927 wels bazarze gavida da dRemde xdeba misi warmoeba. am iaraRis meSveobiT Se-

saZlebelia yvelis Txel naWrebad daWra. aseve, warmatebiT umklavdeba kitrsa da bevr bostne-

uls. aranakleb sainteresoa bard lotveitis gamogoneba - avtomanqanis „winda“, romelic gamoiye-

neba zamTarSi Tovlian da yinulian amindSi, jaWvebis magivrad. 1866 wels ki iohan valerma gamo-

igona qaRaldis samagri, romelic “dapatentda” 1899 da 1901 wlebSi. norvegiis qalaq sandvika-

Si amis aRsaniSnavad� Jeg ცli � dadges.

literatura:

1. Страны и народы – зарубежная Европа , общий обзор. северная Европа. „мысль“ 1981г. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway#Cinema


229

TamTa uglava ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti bakalavriati xelmZRvaneli: prof kaxaber loria

norvegia evrokavSirs gareT — xalxis gadawyvetilebis mizezebi

(1972 da 1994 wlis referendumebi)

norvegiis samefo msoflios ukidures CrdiloeTSi mdebare navTobiT,gaziTa da sxva bunebri-

vi resursebiT mdidari qveyanaa sainteresoa is faqti,rom is araa evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa,rom aqtiurad TanamSromlobs mis proeqtebTan: aris evropis ekonomikuri zonis

(ЕEA), eurekas ( EUREKA) programisa da fronteqsis (FRONTEX) wevri. gaformebuli aqvs xelSek-

ruleba evropolTan (ЕUROPOL). aseve aris evropis Tavdacvis saagentos nawili.[1] norvegielma xalxma orjer Tqva uari gamxdariyo maTi qveyana evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifo-1972 wlisa da 1994 wlis referendumebze.[2] dResdReobiTac, ar wydeba am Temaze saubari da mosaxleobis umrav-

lseoba kvlav uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili. amitom, es sakiTxi ar kargavs aqtualobas. naSromis mTa-vari mizania gamokveTos ~norvegiuli uaris~ sxvadasxva mizezebi da imsjelos maTze.

Tavdapirvelad,mimovixiloT suverenitetis sakiTxi,romelic mWidro kavSirSia qveynis isto-

riasTan,1397 wlidan norvegia imyofeboda kalmaris uniaSi SvedeTTan da daniasTan erTad Tumca, inarCunebda konstitucias da Sida saqmeebze avtonomias. XVI saukunis 50 iani wlebidan, anu mas Semdeg, rac SvedeTma unia datova,norvegia isev daniis proteqtoratis qveS darCa, xolo 1814-

1815 wlis venis kongresis gadawyvetilebis Sedegad,igi SvedeTTan aRmoCnda uniaSi sakuTari me-

fiT da konstituciiT 1906 wlamde.[3] 1906 wels ki,norvegiam moipova damoukidebloba. mocemuli istoriuli fonidan gamomdinare norvegieli xalxisaTvis rTuli ar yofila arCevanis gakeTeba,-radgan, axladmopovebuli suverenitetis nawilis daTmobac ki,patara qveynisTvis, sakmaod rTu-

lia.1906 wlis damoukidebloba maTTvis iseTi sanatreli iyo, rom evrokavSiri maTi axladwarmoq-

mnili demokratiis Semaferxebel berketad aRiqves. aseve, aRsaniSnavia geografiuli faqtoris mniSvneloba. norvegielebi Tavidanve ufro aqtiu-

rad urTierTobdnen skandinaviis qveynebTan da inglisTan ,vidre samxreT evropelebTan,rac te-

ritoriuli siaxloviT aixsneba.[4] aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom sakuTari war-

sulidan gamomdinare CrdiloeTSi mcxovreb xalxs specifiuri kultura aqvs.isini mxolod saku-

Tar regionSi integiridebian mocemuli kuTxiT erT-erTi mizezi,rac gamomdinereobs istoriuli da geografiuli faqtorebidan swored kulturaa. romelic, saukunis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda Crdiloel xalxSi norvegielebi amas Tavadac aRiareben da Tvlian , rom sakmaod gansxvavebulni arian sxva evropelebisagan [5] rac Seexeba TviTon qveynis provinciebis CarTulobas, 1972 wlis referendumis dros gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi mcxovrebi mosaxleo-

ba da procentulad yvelaze didi ~uaris~ raodenoba am regionSi dafiqsirda. es ganpirobebuli iyo centris da periferiis daSorebiT .Tumca, 1994 wlis referendumis dros,monawileoba Tanab-

rad miiRo yvela regionma, [6] yvelaze Zlieri faqtori , ris gamoc norvgielebma uari Tqves evro-


230

kavSirze aris ekonomika.qveyana mdidaria xe - tyis resursiT, aseve ganviTerebulia meTevzeoba da fermeroba, Tumca, mTavari faqtori , rac yvelaze metad iwvevs ekonomikis ganviTarebas aris bu-

nebrivi resurseb : navTobi da gazi.meore msoflio omis Semdeg norvegiis ekonomikam reformebis saSualebiT daiwyo Zlieri zrda.

1960 wels norvegia erT-erTi TanadamfuZnebeli iyo Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciis (ЕАСТ) romlis wevrebi iyvnen skandinaviuiri qveynebi, britaneTi, avstria da portugalia Tumca, samwu-xarod, bevri mizezis gamo eTva ver gaxda warmatebuli organizacia. arsebobda 2 mTavari proble-

ma, rac am gaerTianebis arasrulfasovnebas naTlad usvamda xazs: 1.) qveynebi metismetad Sors mdebareobdnen erTmaneTisagan da ar hqondaT xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba vaWrobisaT-

vis,amitom,ver xdeboda saqonlis gacvla gamocvla iseTi intensivobiT rogoric saWiro iyo. gar-

da amisa, organizaciis struqtura iTvaliswinebda politikur TanamSromlobas da britaneTis gavleniT, norvegiis xelisuflebamac gadawyvita gamxdariyo evrokavSiris wevri . zemoT asaxuli mizezebis gamo, norvegiis ekonomika sakmaod dazarlda , eTvas bazari arasworad iyo gaTvlili .marTalia, am faqts ar gamouwvevia ekonomikuri krizisi norvegiaSi Tumca, asaxva namdvilad hpo-

va referendumSi. xalxi fiqrobda, rom , radgan, eTvam didi ziani miayena norvegiis ekonomikas, ev-rokavSirSi Sesvlis Semdeg es ziani sagrZnoblad gaizrdeboda. qveyanas tvirTad daawveboda mZi-

me gadasaxadebi da faqtiurad, meore germaniis rolis Sesruleba mouwevda. norvegiul gazeTebSi statiebic ki gaCnda saTaurebiT Norway is not for sale" [7]. aseve, 70-iani wlebisaTvis navTob-

resursebi axali aRmoCenili iyo da ekonomika ZiriTadad soflis meurneobas efuZneboda. nor-

vegiel fermerebs aSinebdaT zarali , rasac moitanda sxva qveynebisaTvis bazris gaxsna SesaZloa, samomavlod es konfliqtis mizezic gamxdariyo.aseTi SemTxveva dafiqsirda islandiasa da ingliss Soris, rodesac, ingliselebi ukananod awarmoebdnen Tevzis rewvas islandiur wylebSi. mdgomareoba imdenad garTulda , rom , droebiT, diplomatiuri urTierTobebic ki Sewyda maT Soris. [8]

rac Seexeba 1994 wlis ekonomikur situacias , qveynaSi is sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli iyo. miu-

xedavad imisa, rom 70 ian wlebSi norvegias hqonda ekonomikuri vardna, man moaxerxa agrokultu-

raze dayrdnobiT da resursebis gonivruli gamoyenebiT ekonomikis aRorZineba, raSic sakmaod Seuwyo xeli navTobma da misma krizisebma aziis qveynebSi . 1994 wlisTvis isini imdenad damouki-

debelni gaxdnen am sferoSi , rom aRarc sWirdebodaT evrokavSirSi integracia. evrokavSiri xSirad gamxdara norvegieli politikosebis kritikis sagani.zogierTi maTgani am

sistemas aRiqvamda rogorc naklebkonkuretntunariansa da arafris mocems . maT ar moswondaT aseve is faqti, rom ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifosaTvis evrokavSiri ekonokimuri siZlieris SenarCunebis garanti ar iyo. amasTan erTad, evrokavSirSi Sedian iseTi qveynebic , romelTac aqvT SedarebiT susti ekonomika . yvelaze did minuss norvegielebi swored kuTxiT am xedavdnen. ar surdaT maT xarjze romelime sargebeli saxelmwifos mieRo. [9]

dResdReobiT, mTliani Sida produqtiT, norvegia erT -erT wamyvan adgils ikavebs.[10] navTo-

biTa da gaziT vaWroba ekonomikis siZlieris mTavar instrumentebs warmoadgens. ekonomikuri gadmosaxedidan, sruliad ar aris gasakviri, ratom ar surT maT evrokavSirSi integracia. es qve-

yanas mxolod daazaralebs. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric.is faqti, rom norvegia eTvas wevrobis da erT-

iani ekonomikuri zonis Semdeg SeuerTda natos, Semdeg ki orjer Tqva uari evrokaSirze -

paradoqsad aRiqmeba. dResdReobiT norvegia aqtiuradaa Cabmuli evrokavSiris bevr proeqtSi.

isini partniorebi arian ganaTlebisa da kulturis dargebSi, norvegia Sesulia Sengenis zonaSi,


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EUROPOL-Si romelic warmoadgens evropis policiis samsaxurs da aris evrokavSiris samarTal-

damcavi saagento elituri korufciis da kriminalis winaaRmdeg. Zalian sainteresoa imdroindeli norvegiis politikuri viTarebis ganxilva, radgan rogorc

yovelTvis politika erT - erT mTavar mizezs warmoadgens, risi saSualebiTac bevri movlenis sxvagvarad axsna SeiZleba, 1972 wels norvegiis mmarTvel leiboristul partias sakmaod didi imedi hqonda imisa, rom mosaxleobis mxardaWeras moipovebda, rac evrokavSirSi SesvliT das-

ruldeboda magram, es ase martivi rodi aRmoCnda. miuxedavad politikuri elitis swrafvisa ev-

rokavSirisaken, mainc xalxis nebam gaimarjva. zogierTi avtori am movlenas xelisuflebis mar-cxad da xalxis triumfad aRiqvams. leiboristulma mTvarobam ver moaxerxa xalxis saTanadod in-

formireba da mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvi momxreTa ricxvze meti aRmoCnda,1972 wlis uaris Semdeg, cota ar iyos, viTareba politikuri airia. mosalodnelma gawevrianebis molodinma norvegieli politikosebis gegmebi Secvala. [11]

maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdeg, norvegiis xelisuflebas isev gauCnda imedi rom sxva skandinaviur saxelmwifoebTan erTad aucileblad gaxdeboda evrokavSiris wevri. am periodSi gaaqtiurda memarcxene socialisturi frTa , romelic Tvlida rom evrointegracia qveyanaSi ar-

sebul politikur viTarebasac daZabavda da mosalodneli negatiuri mxareebi dadebiTze meti iq-neboda. maastrixtis xelSekurlebamdec ar igrZnoboda evrokavSirisadmi mosaxleobis didi inte-

resi. iyo mosazrebac , rom radgan briuseli Zalian Sors aris oslosgan, ver moxdeba saTanadod demokratiuli institutebis ganviTareba da amasTan erTad, gamosWvioda survili imisa , rom radgan, norvegia sakmaod Zlieri qveyanaa da gaaCnia resursebi, mas surs darCes globalur aqto-

rad da ar unda Semoifarglos regionaluri an evrosivrcis standarTebiT. misi interesi atlantikis okeanes ufro ukavSirdeba, vidre samxreT evropas. 1990 wels nor-

vegiaSi Camoyalibda ideologiuri moZraoba ~Nei Til EU” (uari evrokavSirs ). isini ar iyvnen rome-

lime politikuri partiis warmomadgenlebi. am moZraobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cambuli axalgaz-

rdebic. sabolood, mowinaaRmdegeebi moxreebze metad organizebulebi aRmoCdnen da nor-

vegielma xalxma isev evrokavSirs miRma amjobina darCena es . organizacia dResac arsebobs da kvlavac aqtiurad inarCunebs evroskeptikur pozicias. [12]

referendumebis periodSi norvegieli xalxis winaSe TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. ra Tqma unda, evrokavSirSi SesvliT isini am uflebas ar dakargavdnen, magram ar surdaT morgebodnen imdroindel evropul principebs. garda amisa, 1906 wels mopovebulma damoukideb-

lobam xalxSi uzarmazari patriotizmis grZnoba gaaRviva. mas Semdeg, rac norvegiaSi qalebs uf-lebebi aRudgines, isini aqtiurad iRebdnen monawieloebas samoqalqo cxovrebaSi da referendu-

mebze meti iyo im qalbatonTa ricxvi , vinc sajaro samsaxurSi muSaobda. saboloo jamSi , minda gavaerTiano yvela zemoT CamoTvlili faqtori ris gamoc norvegiis

samefom uari Tqva evrokavSirze daviwyoT istoriul-geografiuli viTarebiT, romlidan gamom-dinarec norvegiis garkveuli saxiT izolacia pirdapir iwvevs misi mosaxleobis damokidebulas evrogaerTianebis mimarT, aseve survils imisa , rom iyvnen damoukidebelni da SeinarCunon is spe-

cifiuri kultura, rac maT saukuneebia mosdgamT ekonomikur - politikuri faqtorebi romleb-

mac wamyvani roli iTamaSes mosaxleobis damokidebulebis CamoyalibebaSi ; norvegiam uari Tqva imitom, rom, ekonomikuri kuTxiT man Tavidan aicila mosalodneli uaryofiTi gamovlinebebi da politikurad ~ briuselidan didi manZiliT daSorebulma oslom ~ isev Sors yofna amjobina sxva demokratiebisagan.

Znelia gamokveTo erTi mTavari mizezi maSin , rodesac uamravi sxva iyris erTi azris garSemo Tavs. gaaCnia ra kuTxiT udgebi Temas da iqidan gamomdinare gamoikveTeba sasurveli da mniSvne-


232

lovani mizezi .minda avRniSno, rom miuxedavad mravali dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebisa, rac Tan axlavs evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas, mosaxleobam arCevani qveynis mdgomareobidan gamomdina-

re gaakeTa da ara Zlieri zegavlenis gamo. iqneba es ekonomika, politika Tu sxva faqtorebi 1972 wlisa da 1994 wlis referendumebis Sedegebi (1972 wlis Sedegebi 53,5 % 46,5 % is winaaRmdeg ) (1994 52,2 % 47,8 % is winaaRmdeg ) [13] norvegieli xalxis nebis Tavisufali gamovlinebaa . ra Tqma unda , samomavlod araferia gamoricxuli da SeiZleba norvegieli xalxi erT dRes isev msgavsi arCevanis winaSe dadges. Tumca , rogorc dRevandeli kvlevebi aCvenebs, mosaxleobis ganwyoba kvlav uaryofiTia da umravlesobas isev evrokavSirs miRma darCena urCevnia.

literatura:

[1]Norway and the EU: partners for Europe. გვ.8,13.

[2]dik leonardi „evrokavSiri~.2002w. gv.17.40 [3]z.daviTaSvili.~istoriuli da politikuri geografia~gamomcemloba axali stamba .gv65. gv.88 [4]Nathan Jonson- Why did Norway not join the European Union.

5]Nathan Jonson- Why did Norway not join the European Union.

[6].Arnt Peterson-The 1994 EU Referendum in Norway Continuity and Change

[7]Nathan Jonson- Why did Norway not join the European Union. [8]z.daviTaSvili.~istoriuli da politikuri geografia~gamomcemloba axali stamba.gv.149 [9]Nathan Jonson- Why did Norway not join the European Union.

[10] The World Bank. monacemebi gadamowmebulia 7/14/2013

[11]Robert Geyer . Duane Swank, Klaus Hertweck–Norwegian Social Democratic oppsition to the European Union in 1990s

[12]Nei til Eu (Official webpage).

[13]Clive Archer-Norway and European integration since 1994.

avtoris stili daculiapress.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/elzhurnalebi/mermisi_v.pdf · 2014-06-11 ·...

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