awards to some awesome students -...
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives
• Describe the general functions of the
digestive system. (15.1)
• Describe the structure of the
alimentary canal. (15.3)
• Explain how the contents of the
alimentary canal are mixed and
moved. (if we have time) (15.4)
Jigsaw Reading
• Get into a group of 4
• You’ll need two reading handouts (of
the same article)
• Read through the article, highlighting
and underling interesting and
important facts
• Summarize the article on a separate
piece of paper
Jigsaw Reading
• Along with your summary, answer the
following questions:
• What digestive functions does the article
address?
• What did you learn about the digestive
system from your article?
• What terms and information do you
think will be useful for you to know for
this system?
Root Words
• On a separate piece of paper (for your notes!),
write down the “Aids to Understanding
Words” from page 402 in the climbing text
book
• Write down the word, meaning, and example
• When you are done, read pg. 402
The “BIG”
Picture
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract):
1. Irregular tube, open at both ends
2. 9 meters (30 feet) long
3. Food is broken down (digested)
a. mechanical
b. chemical
4. Digestion & absorption
I. Functions of the Digestive System
A. Take in food (and water)
B. Break down food (chemical and
mechanical)
C. Absorb digested molecules
D. Provide nutrients
E. Eliminate wastes
II. Anatomy and Histology
A. General characteristics
1. Structure of the wall: consists of
four (4) layers
a. Mucosa - areas that are folded with
glands that secrete mucus and digestive
enzymes
b. Submucosa - nourish tissues and carry
away absorbed materials
c. Muscular layer - two coats of
smooth muscle tissue
~ circular fibers - inner coat that
contract to decrease the tube’s
diameter
~ longitudinal fibers - outer coat
that contract to shorten the tube’s
length
d. Serosa (serous layer) - outside
of tube, secretes serous fluid to
moisten and lubricate outer
surfaces and reduce friction
2. Movements of the tube: motor nerves
stimulate functions of mixing and
propelling movements
~ Segmentation - mixing by contracting
and relaxing, does not move food
forward
~ Peristalsis - wavelike motion,
contracting at the proximal end and
relaxation at the distal end - pushes food
forward
Digest This! – Digestive System Lab
• Get into groups of 2
• Read through the lab and follow the
directions
• Materials are up front
• One lab write-up per group
• Turn in when you are done
• Work on coloring the digestive system
page while waiting
Welcome!
• Quiz #2
• Over the layers of the alimentary canal
and the ways that food is mixed and
moved
Objectives
• 15.5 Describe the functions of the structures
of the mouth.
• 15.8 Describe the mechanism of swallowing.
• 15.2 Begin to know the major structures of
the digestive system.
B. Mouth
1. Cheeks: skin, pads of fat and muscles
associated with expression and chewing
Lips: mobile and sensitive (sensory
receptors)
2. Tongue: rough surface handles food and
covered with chemoreceptors (taste buds)
3. Palate: hard and soft portions
4. Teeth:
~Twenty (20) primary and thirty-two (32)
adult or secondary teeth
~Responsible for mechanical breakdown
of food
~Covered with enamel: hardest substance
in the human body
C. Salivary glands
1. Salivary secretions: digestive enzymes
and mucous cells help to chemically
breakdown food
2. Major salivary glands:
a. parotids (amylase - enzyme for
starch and glycogen into disaccharides)
b. submandibular (viscous saliva)
c. sublingual (mucus - binds food
particles & lubricates food for swallowing)
D. Pharynx and Esophagus
1. Structure of the pharynx
~ Divided in three portions (naso-,
oro- and laryngo-)
2. Swallowing mechanism
a. Food + saliva moves into pharynx
b. Involuntary reflex moves food
through the esophagus
c. Peristalsis transports food into stomach
3. Esophagus
a. Passes through diaphragm and
connects to stomach
b. Circular muscle fibers at distal end of
esophagus help prevent regurgitation of
food from the stomach (“cardiac
sphincter”)
Vocabulary
• Use the new vocab sheet and a
textbook to fill in the following vocab:
- DIGESTION
- NUTRIENTS
- PERISTALSIS
Coloring Sheet
• Finish coloring the major structures of
the digestive system
• When you are done, begin reading
through the Digestive System Fetal
Pig Lab
Warm-up
• Write me some stupid questions!
• Please have the questions be Anatomy
and Physiology related
• Even better to have them digestive
system related
Fetal Pig Lab
• Read the directions carefully
• Use the CUCC method if it is helpful
• Get through as much as you can without
rushing
• A few things to
skip …
Fetal Pig Lab
• Remember to clean
up WELL!
• Throw away all pig
parts in the trash,
please!
• Done early? Work
on the front part of
the Esophagus and
Stomach Worksheet
Objectives
• Identify the functions of each enzyme
secreted by the digestive system.
• Describe how digestive secretions are
regulated.
• Explain how the products of digestion
are absorbed.
E. Stomach (10” long; 1 gal. Capacity)
1. Parts of the stomach
a. Four regions (cardiac, fundic, body
and pyloric)
b. Pyloric sphincter is a valve between
the stomach and small intestine
2. Gastric secretions
a. Gastric glands secrete gastric juices
b. Juices include pepsin, hydrochloric
acid and instrinsic factor
3. Regulation of gastric secretions
a. Parasympathetic impulses + hormone
“gastrin” control gastric secretion
b. Food in the small intestine reflexly
inhibits gastric secretions
4. Gastric absorption
~ Stomach wall may absorb only a few
substances (water and small molecules)
5. Mixing and emptying actions
a. Mixing movements produce : “chyme”
which is formed in the stomach and then
moved into the pyloric region
b. Pyloric portion of stomach regulates
movement of chyme into small
intestine
c. Rate of emptying depends upon the
consistency of chyme and type of food
F. Pancreas
1. Structure of pancreas
a. Produces pancreatic juice that is
secreted into a pancreatic duct
b. Pancreatic duct leads to duodenum
2. Pancreatic juice
a. Contains enzymes that can split
carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids and
proteins
b. High bicarbonate ion concentration
that neutralizes chyme(HCO3)-
3. Hormones regulate pancreatic secretion
G. Liver
1. Liver structure
a. Right and left lobes of liver consist
of hepatic lobules, the functional
unit of the gland
b. Bile canals carry bile from the
lobules to the hepatic duct
2. Liver functions
a. Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins; storage; filters blood;
destroys toxins; secretes bile
b. Bile is the only liver secretion that
directly affects digestions
3. Composition of bile
a. Contains bile salts, pigments,
cholesterol and electrolytes
b. Only bile salts have digestive functions
4. Gallbladder
a. Stores bile between meals
b. Release of bile controlled by a
sphincter muscle
5. Regulation of bile release
a. Small intestine makes controlling
chemicals (“cholecystokinin”)
b. Sphincter muscle at base of common
bile duct relaxes as peristaltic wave
in duodenal wall approaches
6. Functions of bile salts
a. Emulsify (“break down”) fats
H. Small intestine (20’ long)
1. Three divisions of the small intestine
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
2. Structure of small intestine wall
a. Lined with “villi” that increase surface
area and aid in mixing/absorption
b. Intestinal (secretory) glands between
villi
3. Secretions: mucus and digestive enzymes
4. Regulation of secretions: release of
secretions is stimulated by distention
(“stretching”) of small intestine wall
5. Absorption in small intestine: site of
most nutrient and water absorption;
lacteal in villi absorb fats (lymphatic system)
6. Movements of the small intestine:
~ mixing and peristalsis
~ ileocecal sphincter controls movement
of intestinal contents from small
into large intestine
The Digestive System Worksheet/Lab
1. Follow the directions.
2. Read through the description
of movement and absorption.
3. Color the diagram and describe
what happens to food in each
section.
Next Class
• Checkpoint Quiz #5 over 15.6,
15.7, 15.10
• These cover enzymes, absorption,
and how digestive secretions are
regulated!
Warm-up – Stupid Q’s!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QYwscALNng
Review – Enzyme Foldable
• Get a text book and a
colored piece of paper
• Turn to pages 413 and 424
• Create your foldable using
these two tables
• For help, go to me, Logan,
Janeth, Kelsea, or Josh T.
Enzymes
• Salivary Amylase – carbs
• Pepsin – proteins
• Lipase – fats
• Proteolytic enzymes – proteins
• Nucleases – nucleotides
• Peptidase – proteins
• Sucrase, maltase, lactase – carbs
• Enterokinase – converts
trypsinogen to trypsin
Enzyme Regulation and Nutrient Absorption
• Enzyme secretion is regulated through
hormones and the presence or absence of
food in the digestive tract
• Nutrients are absorbed through active and
passive transport
• Fat is specifically absorbed into the lacteals
in the microvilli of the small intestine
Next Class
• Finish Checkpoint Quiz Friday
• You will NOT be expected to know 15.13 and
15.14
• Please CROSS these OFF your objective sheet
• Next class will be our Review and Work Day
to work on correcting quizzes and preparing
for the test
• Test on Tuesday of Next Week!
Checkpoint Quiz #5
• Take 10 minutes to study through your
foldable and notes
• Remember the quiz is over objectives 15.6,
15.7, and 15.10
I. Large Intestine
1. Three divisions:
~ cecum/colon/rectum/anal canal
~ ascending colon
~ transverse colon
~ descending colon
2. Structure of wall: similar to other parts
of alimentary canal except has unique
layer of longitudinal fibers arranged
in distinct “bands”
3. Functions: little or no digestive function;
secretes mucus, absorbs some water and
electrolytes; forms and stores feces
4. Movements of large intestines
~ similar to those of small intestines
~ mass movements 2-3 times/day
~ defecation reflex stimulates defecation
5. Feces
~ consist largely of water, undigested
material, electrolytes, mucus, bacteria
~ color is due to bile salts that have been
altered by bacterial actions
III. Nutrition and Nutrients
A. Carbohydrates = energy
B. Lipids = energy + cell builders
C. Proteins = energy + structural materials
D. Vitamins = metabolism; body can’t
make these on its own
E. Minerals = metabolism
Nutrients and Nutrition
• On your notes, or a new
piece of paper, write
down the major sources
of carbs, fats (lipids),
proteins, and amino acids.
• When you’ve finished,
share with a partner and
try to gather more sources
of these nutrients
Nutrients and Nutrition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0O87gWv-Xk
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Vitamins and Minerals
An Adequate and Healthy Diet
• Think about yesterday, or the day before, what
did you eat? Write down all the things you ate.
• Was it a balanced diet? (pg. 436, 437)
Next Class
• Last Checkpoint Quiz Friday over 15.9,
15.11, 15.12, and 15.15
• You will NOT be expected to know 15.13 and
15.14
• Please CROSS these OFF your objective sheet
• Next class will be our Review and Work Day
to work on correcting quizzes and preparing
for the test
• Test on Tuesday of Next Week!