Awareness in Awareness in AgricultureAgriculture

Preventing Infectious Diseases

RefresherRefresher

Biosecurity is a set ofBiosecurity is a set of

management management practicespractices

that prevent that prevent infectiousinfectious

diseases from beingdiseases from being

carried into a herdcarried into a herd

Old and New DiseasesOld and New Diseases

Old diseasesOld diseases– BrucellosisBrucellosis– TuberculosisTuberculosis– Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease– LeukosisLeukosis

New or re-emerging New or re-emerging diseasesdiseases– West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus– Hanta VirusHanta Virus– Type II Bovine Viral Type II Bovine Viral

DiarrheaDiarrhea

Foreign DiseasesForeign Diseases

Foreign animal diseasesForeign animal diseases– Foot and Mouth Foot and Mouth

DiseaseDisease– Hog CholeraHog Cholera– Bovine Spongiform Bovine Spongiform

EncephalopathyEncephalopathy– African Horse SicknessAfrican Horse Sickness

Bioterrorist diseasesBioterrorist diseases– AnthraxAnthrax– BotulismBotulism– PlaguePlague

So…So… To prevent: To prevent:

– Death lossDeath loss– Decreased weight gainsDecreased weight gains– Reduced milk productionReduced milk production– Premature culling of Premature culling of

animalsanimals– Soaring production costsSoaring production costs

We must prevent these We must prevent these infectious diseases from being infectious diseases from being carried into our herds.carried into our herds.

Sounds easy, right?Sounds easy, right? Not reallyNot really Multiple infection routesMultiple infection routes

– Fecal/oralFecal/oral

E. coli, Salmonella, BVD, Johne’sE. coli, Salmonella, BVD, Johne’s– Milk and colostrum Milk and colostrum

Johne’s, BVD, Salmonella, BLVJohne’s, BVD, Salmonella, BLV– Nasal/saliva Nasal/saliva

Salmonella, BVD, MycoplasmaSalmonella, BVD, Mycoplasma– In uteroIn utero

Johne’s, Salmonella, BVD, BLVJohne’s, Salmonella, BVD, BLV

Biosecurity in ActionBiosecurity in Action

Disease Prevention Disease Prevention StrategiesStrategies

Quarantine Quarantine

Disease Testing Disease Testing

Vaccination Vaccination

SanitationSanitation

QuarantineQuarantine

Keep incoming Keep incoming livestock away livestock away from the from the established herdestablished herd– Food Food – Water Water – Air spaceAir space

How long?How long?

QuarantineQuarantine Effective against Effective against

diseases with short diseases with short incubation periodsincubation periods– Infectious Bovine Infectious Bovine

Rhinotracheitis Rhinotracheitis – Bovine Viral DiarrheaBovine Viral Diarrhea– Bovine Respiratory Bovine Respiratory

Syncitial VirusSyncitial Virus

Three weeks is Three weeks is generally adequategenerally adequate

QuarantineQuarantine

Not an effective strategy for long incubation Not an effective strategy for long incubation diseases or diseases with unapparent diseases or diseases with unapparent carrierscarriers– TuberculosisTuberculosis– BrucellosisBrucellosis– Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease– LeptospirosisLeptospirosis

Additional biosecurity strategies must be Additional biosecurity strategies must be usedused

Disease TestingDisease Testing

Test before purchasingTest before purchasing Accuracy is uncertainAccuracy is uncertain Herd infection vs. individual Herd infection vs. individual

infectioninfection

Disease TestingDisease Testing

Test entire source herdTest entire source herd

OROR

Purchase from producers participating in Purchase from producers participating in

disease certification programsdisease certification programs

Disease TestingDisease Testing

Consult with your veterinarianConsult with your veterinarian– Which tests to requestWhich tests to request– Which animals to testWhich animals to test– How many animals to testHow many animals to test

VaccinationVaccination

Should be used with other disease Should be used with other disease prevention tactics, because vaccination is prevention tactics, because vaccination is not:not:– 100 percent effective100 percent effective– Available for all diseasesAvailable for all diseases

Ex. CryptosporidiaEx. Cryptosporidia

Established herd and additions to the herd Established herd and additions to the herd should be vaccinatedshould be vaccinated

VaccinationVaccination Sudden death diseasesSudden death diseases

– Clostridia, AnthraxClostridia, Anthrax

Respiratory diseasesRespiratory diseases– IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV, Pasterurella, etc.IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV, Pasterurella, etc.

Abortion diseasesAbortion diseases– IBR, BVD, Lepto, Vibrio, TrichomonasIBR, BVD, Lepto, Vibrio, Trichomonas

Diarrhea diseases (scours)Diarrhea diseases (scours)– Rotavirus, Corona virus, E. coliRotavirus, Corona virus, E. coli

VaccinationVaccination

Many different brands and combinations are Many different brands and combinations are availableavailable

Base your vaccination decisions on:Base your vaccination decisions on:– Herd historyHerd history– Management practicesManagement practices– Regional problemsRegional problems– Cost vs. benefitsCost vs. benefits– RiskRisk– Veterinary adviceVeterinary advice

SanitationSanitation

Keep dogs, cats, birds, rodents and wildlife away Keep dogs, cats, birds, rodents and wildlife away from feed supplies.from feed supplies.– Neospora, Salmonella, CryptosporidiaNeospora, Salmonella, Cryptosporidia

Do not use manure handling equipment to feed Do not use manure handling equipment to feed cattle.cattle.– Johne’s DiseaseJohne’s Disease– E. coli 0157:H7E. coli 0157:H7– SalmonellaSalmonella– CoccidiosisCoccidiosis

SanitationSanitation

Protect the herd from exposure to Protect the herd from exposure to infectious agentsinfectious agents

Visitor attire Visitor attire CLEAN footbath and brushCLEAN footbath and brush

Practice cleanliness and be aware of Practice cleanliness and be aware of environmental changes on a daily basisenvironmental changes on a daily basis

Newborn Calf Newborn Calf ManagementManagement

Keep traffic to a minimumKeep traffic to a minimum

ANDAND

Work with youngest Work with youngest calvescalves

before working older before working older calvescalves

Don’t Forget ColostrumDon’t Forget Colostrum

Disease can be spread Disease can be spread to calves through to calves through colostrumcolostrum

Selection of colostrum Selection of colostrum donorsdonors– Healthy Healthy

Johne’s, BLVJohne’s, BLV– Prolonged Prolonged

residenceresidence– Properly vaccinatedProperly vaccinated

Colostrum ManagementColostrum Management

1.1. Use one dam for one calfUse one dam for one calf

2.2. Milk dam within one hour after calving if Milk dam within one hour after calving if possible, not before calvingpossible, not before calving

3.3. Clean udder and teats prior to milkingClean udder and teats prior to milking

4.4. Do not store colostrum warm for second feedingDo not store colostrum warm for second feeding

5.5. Save the excess colostrum frozen in Ziploc bagsSave the excess colostrum frozen in Ziploc bags

6.6. Thaw colostrum properly to prevent damage to Thaw colostrum properly to prevent damage to immunoglobulins immunoglobulins

Take this home!Take this home! Quarantine, disease testing, vaccination, sanitationQuarantine, disease testing, vaccination, sanitation

Most diseases are bought and paid for:Most diseases are bought and paid for:– Replacements, other herd additions, leased bullsReplacements, other herd additions, leased bulls

Don’t forget:Don’t forget:– Outside vehicles, equipment and visitorsOutside vehicles, equipment and visitors

Don’t overlook the established herd:Don’t overlook the established herd:– Separation of animals, order of chores, colostrumSeparation of animals, order of chores, colostrum