awareness on the knowledge and issues related to children among shg womenct

8/12/2019 AWARENESS ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND ISSUES RELATED TO CHILDREN AMONG SHG WOMENct

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CHAPTER I

INTRDUCTION:

A Self Help Group is a group of 10-20 women or men who work for the capacity

building of themselves. The goal of Self help groups (SHG) is to become effective agents of

change. They serve as a platform to establish the banking with the poor which is reliable

accountable and a profitable business . SHG also enables livelihood opportunities for village

women through micro!credit with the e"isting banks in the area.

STRUCTURE OF SELF HELP GROUPS:

#t is a group of $%&'% persons who belong to same socio&economic background taking

oint actions to solve their common problems that cannot be solved by means of individual

efforts and who want to improve their living condition by setting up their own savings and

loan fund. The SHG members select a management committee which consists of president

(person responsible for savings) loan administrator and a person responsible for maintaining

the records. urther SHG members are re*uired to frame up the SHG bye&laws and

resolution that indicates rules and regulations for its functioning and roles of its members.

The group has to go through the three stages of evolution vi+. group formation capital

formation and taking up economic activity. This process involves the formali+ation of SHG s

along with their guiding principles SHG meetings to review its progress record keeping for

future sustainability savings capacity building bank linkage of SHG interloaning loaning

of operations and income generation activities.

#n year $,,- ead and /esource centre 01/2 Sidhbari initiated the concept of the

Self Help Group. The basic philosophy of 01/2 was responsible for the formation and

strengthening of Self Help Groups. 01/2 believes that 3if the women have money in their

hands4 it 3leads to better and 5more6 dignified lives4. SHG promotes self reliance by

generating its own funds rather than remaining in the vicious cycle of debt. #n $,,,

7A8A/2 (7ational 8ank for Agriculture and /ural 2evelopment) designated 01/2 as the

39other 7G14 for the Self Help Group and assigned tasks to help provide training at all

levels for 7orthern States such as Himachal :radesh :un ab Hariyana and ;ammu % Self Help Groups in

DOS IN SOCIAL WORK, MGM Page 1


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At the 0entre networking is done connecting banks blocks state departments)

(8 80) and district level meetings.

1rgani+ing phase&wise *ui+ programmes and competitions between SHGs on

health disability livelihood the :anchayat :articipatory 7atural /esources9anagement and micro&credit in order to motivate workers and achieve more

positive results.

08 (0ommunity 8ased ivelihood) gives input to SHG trainees at the

/esource 0entre from within and outside the states. Swami =evalananda with

SHG members .

There is a monthly SHG 2ay for upgrading and capacity building of SHG

leaders and members in various fields.

ACTIVITIES AT THE FIELD LEVEL:

9onthly meetings of SHGs

ormation of new Self Helps Groups

9otivation for saving and credit

7urturing Self Help Groups:roviding guidance support and instruction for better book keeping and bank

linkages

2istribution of all types of loans under the guidance and leadership of 01/2

field workers

9obili+ing and networking with community groups especially those that

involve the youth and :anchayats to strengthen and enhance participation and

also inter&linkages9otivating SHG members to participate in 0ommunity 8ased ivelihood

(08 ) and facilitating loans through banks.

7etworking with village level groups such as 9ahila 9andals the :anchayat

uva 9andals etc.

isits of various stakeholders to groups to share about the knowledge and

potential of Self Help Groups and therefore to encourage future participation

with the SHGs and to raise awareness



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Assisting stakeholders in order to build the dynamic and democratic process of

SHGs

Bpgrading SHGs from a micro&credit accessibility to a social responsibility by

encouraging active participation in other larger village organi+ations such asthe 9ahila 9andals.

PROCESS IN SHG PROGRAMME:

There must be awareness building in the community about the importance and role of

Self Help Groups

o ormation of Self Help Groups and imparting of training to group members

and leaderso i"ing the savings amount with membersE participation

o ormation of rules and regulations by facilitating the participation of all of the

members

o 9otivating groups for interloaning

o i"ing an amount for the rate of interest as per the general consensus of the

SHG members

o 9otivating members to take - loans for essential needs and then for 08activities.

o There should be regular monitoring and evaluation of the groups. After si"

months to one year the SHG will be prepared for bank linkage. There should

also be an assessment of the groupEs maturity.

o ormation of 8: groups and linking them with different government

schemes and programs.

o 9aking the SHGs self&reliant in book&keeping and banking work.o /egular interaction of group members with bankers 7A8A/2 officials and

other stakeholders through visits to groups.

o :articipation of group members in different workshops and melas organi+ed

by 7G1s and banks.

o 9otivating the groupEs members in different workshops and melas organi+ed

by 7G1s and banks.

o 9otivating the groupEs members to use loans for community based livelihood(08 ) activities.



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o Assisting the groups to ensure $%%I repayment of loans within the group and

to the banks.

o Helping individuals within groups re*uiring larger loans after the initial bank

linkages to access individual loans through SHGs and 01/2 sponsorship.o 9obili+ing the capacity of group members to take responsibility for the

various issues affecting their lives.

o Jnsuring SHGEs membersE linkage and membership with the nodal body of

women in the village& the 9ahila 9andals.

:eople who work in the mental health field are e"pected to keep these lives very

separate. # donEt think this works in reality. These two worlds are not distinctK each informs

and enriches the other. Thus my sustained interest over the years in self&help was fed by my

appreciation of the help # received as a new mother from the a eche eague. # was having

difficulty in nursing my first child. She slept very little re*uired fre*uent feedings and

fussed when left alone in the crib. A mother of ten the local a eche eague leader said to

me 3Get an infant seat for the kitchen table so she can watch and be part of the family and

when you nurse lie down in bed with her.4 Fith those two statements she changed my entire

relationship with my newborn and made the first year of our life together a very wonderful

and e"citing period. That e"perience introduced me to the value of Lmutual helpL and the

knowledge gained from e"perience that no physician could provide me with. 9y gratitude

remains to this day and one of my most satisfying activities is to share with new mothers

what # learned to this day. 9y e"perience with a eche eague led me to be more open to a

finding in the research # was doing to learn more about the e"perience of newly widowed

women. This finding pointed to another widow as the most appropriate helper at this time in a

womanEs life. #n light of my e"perience as a new mother this made very good sense and it

led to the demonstration pro ect called Fidow to Fidow that laid the foundation for what

became known as the Fidowed :ersons Service sponsored by the American Association of

/etired :eople.

The word self&help may be a misnomer. Fhat # saw was an e"changeK the helper was

often helped as much as the person who was the recipient. #t is often difficult to find the right

word for something that is not always easily defined. 8asically we are talking about an

e"change that occurs when people who share a problem or predicament come together to

help one another. 9utual help may be a more appropriate name for this phenomenon. #n the

broadest sense life as we know it is not possible without some e"changes of resources and



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#n these organi+ations the helper and the beneficiary are peers. earning is made easier when

the teacher is a peer. His or her knowledge is something that does not re*uire a special

education or uni*ue credentials. Helpers are *ualified by virtue of having grappled with the

common problem and are readily available to those who are in the recipient role. #n this kind

of relationship the participants are not bound to the role of either helper or recipient. They

are members not clients. They can move between roles and this in itself can have therapeutic

value. 2iscovering that others have the same problem members no longer feel alone. Their

feelings and e"periences are legitimi+edK they no longer feel defective or deficient. Given the

circumstances their e"perience can be seen as typical and there are things that can be done

about it. They are provided with a framework for copingN LThe most important thing for me

was finding someone like me.e"changes. 1ut of this compassion comes cooperation and

enhances the caring we want to encourage in our own community. Fe live in a society in

which there is a tendency to abdicate responsibility for many human problems to

professionals. Fe often accept that we do not have the training and *ualifications to help

others. Sometimes this is true but as we learn more about the organi+ations listed in this

source book we come to appreciate the vast amount of e"perience most of us amass as part

of living and the special value there is in making it available to each other. #n a sense they

speak for all of us since even those of us who study these groups as professionals are

consumers.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: INDIAN SCENARIO:

#ndia has adopted the 8angladeshEs model in a modified form. To alleviate the

poverty and to empower the women the micro&finance has emerged as a powerful instrument

inthe new economy. Fith availability of micro&finance self&help groups (SHGs) and credit

management groups have also started in #ndia. And thus the movement of SHG has spread

out in #ndia. #n #ndia banks are the predominant agency for delivery of micro&credit. #n $,>%

#laben 8hat founder member of OSJFAE(Self Jmployed FomenEs Association) in

Ahmadabad had developed a concept of Owomen and micro&financeE. The Annapurna 9ahila

9andalE in 9aharashtra and OForking FomenEs orumE in Tamilnadu and many 7ational

8ank for Agriculture and /ural 2evelopment (7A8A/2)&sponsored groups have followed

the path laid down by OSJFAE. OSJFAE is a trade union of poor self&employed women

workers. Since $,D> O9ysore /esettlement and 2evelopment AgencyE (9 /A2A) has



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concept further. :lease allow sufficient time for the members to understand the different

aspects of group formation.

The process of forming groups normally takes five to si" months.

1nce the group is formed it takes one to one and a half years to settleto a stable pattern.

MEMBERSHIP:

2uring the initial meetings following things may happenN

Some members leave

Some new members come in

The members slowly learn to decide sub ects for meetings

They learn to conduct meetings

They understand the value of records and documents

They want to remain together and help each other

These are normal stages. This will give you the confidence that you are moving in the right

direction.

PROBLEMS CONFRONTING CHILD RAGPICKERS IN SLUMS:

9uch has been said about the problem of child labour. Several committees sub&

committees and commissions have been appointed from time to time by the government to

find out ways and means to prevent child labour. Similarly more than '% Acts in this regard

passed by the government are making provision for safeguarding of the rights of working

children. Some of the important ones are the Jmployment of 0hildren Act $,?$ Apprentices

Act$,@$ the 8idi and cigar workers (condition of Jmployment )Act $,@@ State shops and

commercial Acts and so on. All these mainly deal with the minimum age for employment

medical e"amination ma"imum hours of work and prohibition from night workP ha+ardous

occupation and so on. 8esides the above the government has also appointed a Otask orce on

child abourE which has been set&up on the recommendations of the central Advisory 8oard

on child abour under the chairpersonship of 2r. .9.Singhvi. on the recommendations of

this Task orce the government has formulated the 7ational :olicy on child abour which

was announced in August $,D>. 1ne of the statements of the policy focuses on the general

development of the child which has helped to introduce various national development



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programmes with wide coverage in the areas of education health nutrition integrated child

development and income and employment generation for the poor. These programmes have

to create socioeconomic conditions in which compulsions to send children to work

diminishes and children are encouraged to attend school rather than take up employment. The

Supreme 0ourt passed orders on 2ecember $% $,,@ banning the employment of children in

ha+ardous occupations with action to be taken against those employing children. All these

efforts seem to be directed towards the well&being and proper development of children.

urther a constitutional provision of #ndia especially discussed in the chapter on O

2irective :rinciples of State :olicyE indicate the commitment of our nation towards the well&

being and proper development of children.

SOCIAL STATUS OF THE GIRL CHILD:

#n patriarchal society gender differences are perpetuated in every walk of life and

most importantly thought behavior e"pectations. A girlEs unwanted birth neglect in infancy

and childhood along with paucity of developmental opportunities reaffirm her low status.

The present study entails probing social status of the girl child vis&Q&vis boys in the family

against the backdrop of patriarchal mindset prevalent in our society.

SE!UAL ABUSE

Se"ual abuse is a problem of epidemic proportions in the Bnited States. The B.S

2epartment of Health and Human Services ('%%D) states that nearly D% %%% American

children were victims of se"ual abuse in '%%@. 8ased on retrospective studies of adults it is

estimated that only $ in '% cases of se"ual abuse is identified by or reported to authorities

(=ellogg '%%?). Given the sheer numbers of se"ually abused children both detected and

undetected it is vital for pediatric nurse practitioners (:7:s) to understand both short&term

and long&term conse*uences of se"ual abuse. Bnderstanding the conse*uences of se"ual

abuse can assist the :7: in anticipating the physical and mental health needs children and

also may assist in the identification of undetected se"ual abuse victims.

#t is important for :7:s to be aware that se"ual abuse typically does not occur in

isolation. The child who e"periences se"ual abuse is at high risk for other negative

childhood e"periences. 2ong Anda 2ube Giles and elitti ('%% ) found se"ual abuse to be



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strongly associated with multiple other forms of negative childhood e"periences. 2ong and

colleagues analy+ed data from the Adverse 0hildhood J"periences Study which e"amined

the association of many inter&related adverse childhood e"periences to a wide variety of

health behaviors and health conditions. The study sample included more than '> %%% adults

who were members of the =aiser Health :lan . Ruestionnaires mailed to members included

detailed *uestions regarding childhood abuse (se"ual emotional or physical) neglect and

family dysfunction (domestic violence parental separation or divorce mental illness

substance abuse or crime). #nformation related to health behaviors also was obtained. 0hild

se"ual abuse was reported by nearly one fourth ('$I) of participants. 2ong and colleagues

found a strong relationship between se"ual abuse and emotional abuse physical abuse

battered mother household substance abuse household mental illness parental

separationPdivorce criminal household member emotional neglect and physical neglect.

Jspecially strong relationships were noted between se"ual abuse and emotional abuse

physical abuse physical neglect and having a battered mother. :revious studies also have

reported a relationship between se"ual abuse neglect or family dysfunction ( inkelhor and

2+iuba& eatherman $,,- 9adu and :elt+er '%%%). 0learly when discussing the

conse*uences of se"ual abuse an understanding of the multiple stressors that many se"ual

abuse victims are or have been e"posed to is important when developing a plan of care for the

child and for the prevention of further abuse.

Se"ual abuse is a comple" life e"perience not a disorder or diagnosis (:utnam '%% ).

Se"ual abuse is defined as any se"ual conduct or contact of an adult or significantly older

child with or upon a child for the purposes of the se"ual gratification of the perpetrator.

Se"ual abuse involves both touching and non&touching behaviors. The behaviors include

fondling of breasts genitalia or buttocks under or on top of clothing e"posure to

pornography or adults engaging in se"ual activity or even oral anal or vaginal penetration.

The diversity of behaviors included in se"ual abuse along with differences in the age and

gender of the child victim the nature of the relationship between the child and the

perpetrator and the fre*uency and duration of the se"ual abuse all help to ensure differences

in conse*uences for the child se"ual abuse victim. 7ot every child reacts to se"ual abuse in

the same manner.

Social support also influences the development of se*uelae to child se"ual abuse.

J"periencing se"ual abuse within the conte"t of a positive family or social environment may

be associated with a lower risk for adverse mental health outcomes (=innally et al. '%%,).amilial support especially parental belief in the se"ual abuse allegation and support can act



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delin*uencyE is to describe children who take to crime. #t is neglect Fhich drives them to

crime and parents and the society are responsible for making children commit crimes.

7umerous studies have proven that such chidren are not Odelin*uentsE but only destitutes.

child labourK child labour e"ists in different geographical regions in different magnitude. The

incidence of child labour is high in developing countries. illiteracy orlow educationl status

inade*uate employment opportunities and low earnings lead many families to

impoverishment and indebtedness. #n times of deprivation and loss of income and other

contingencies like ill&health accident death and old age when there is no fallback

mechanisms for the familyK children are sent to work in e"ploitative conditions to provide for

the family. Social security benefits that are provided when the breadwinner is unable to

work will help in ensuring that families with children have enough income to provide proper

nutrition and a healthy living environment for their children. They can also be a powerful

instrument to combat child labour and promote school attendance. 0hildren can thus receive

education that will permit them in the long run to attain much higher levels of productivity

and income.



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PROFILE OF KIRI#A PUSHPA FAMIL# HELPER PROJECT

=iriya pushpa family helper pro ect is an offspring of St. TheresaEs :arish Society

and was established in $,D'. The society is been registered in the year $,> under the

=arnataka societies /egistration Act of $,@%. =iriya :ushpa is an affiliated pro ect of 00and is a voluntary nonprofit pro ect striving hard for the integrated development of children

family and community. 00 Es main source of found is from sponsorship and =iriya :ushpa

has $''? children enrolled in the sponsorship programme.

V s +( +/ K & 3% P4s *%

0hildren have a healthy socio economic family environment to grow as responsible citi+ens

of our nation.

GOAL

#ntegrated development of children family and community .

FOCUS

0hild well being

APPROCH:articipatory

WOMAN AND EMPOWERMENT

O56' , 7'

To organi+e the marginali+ed woman in =iriya :ushpaEs pro ect area by enabling

them to have thrift < credit facilities for their economic growth and make them involve in

the integrated development of community

SELF HELP GROUPS

S% '(, F'%,4&'s

#ntegrated approach for the overall development of the members and of the

community.



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/egular saving annual auditing annual grading.

:romotion of ?different committees and monthly assignments.

Group insurance for all the members.

Group insurance linked scholarships for above D th std. 0hildrenEs capacity building on

various sustainable development concepts.

EMPLO#ABLE SKILL PROGRAMME:

T ' U( 84'('ss +/ , ' *&+9&% '

0hildren


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

GOKHALE $200; #n this article on child care alternatives adopted by mothers

working nightshifts NForking in the night is not new phenomenon . This can be traced back

to the early nomadic tribes who re*uired camp guards and shepherds to be awake and

vigilant during OnormalE sleeping hours . ater as civili+ation progressed communication

and transportation needs became more important resulting in nightly mail deliveries

navigation and overland transportation .The present paper e"plores the options for childcare

of mothers working night shifts the respondents being the staff nurses employed in a few

municipal hospitals in 9umbai . #ts is observed that given the oint family structure and

emotional attachment among #ndian families their members continue to be the main child

caretakers at night time. #t is a well&established fact that the industrial world is moving

towards a '-&hour work economy .9ore so employment during night hours is becoming

common in industrial societies. Fith women employed during night hours literature in the

western conte"t suggests some investigation on nurses as shift duty workers

(alward $,,$KGadbois $,,$KTasto 0ollegian Sk ei and :olly $,>D). A few studies are

available on childcare especially by women as shift workers time spent with children

school performance of children and so on . Some researchers have focused on shift workers

managing childcare as family responsibility K other studies emphasise on the fa& therEs role

childcare.

DASH $2012 ) 0hild labour in 2elhi N0urrent Trends < strategies for Jmpowerment

This situation represents an intolerable violation of children rights as well as destruction of

the potential of children to become better citi+ens. #n spite of plethora of laws involvement

of large numberof non&government organi+ations still child labour is wide spread



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?> #n this Theoretical N :ermanent absence of the father is

probably disadvantageous to a childEs development but the precise linkage to developmental

deficit has remained unclear. The tenability of two rather contrasting hypotheses was tested in

this study of $'? low& income families of whom forty&si" were referred as neglectfulN(a) that

the father contributes directly in income < to household maintenance and indirectly by

bolstering the motherEs morale and functioning (b) that the motherEs character structure



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largely present. A decrement in the physical care of young children was lower than in the

intact family. However fatherlessness had no impact on the child

R=EPNICKI $1>@? ) (recidivism of foster children returned to their own homes Na

review and new directions for research)N 0hild welfare agencies are currently emphasi+ing

restoration ofchildren who are in foster care to the biological family. As a result foster care

discharge rates have increased in thelast few years. 7ational data suggest however that this

trend is being offset by high entry rates . #t is suspected that the problem may be due in part

to foster care reentry. This article reviews what is and is not known about factors associated

with foster care reentry for children who return to their own homes characteristics. According

to a recent national survey foster care entries during fiscal vear $,D did not decline as they

had in recent years but increased by percent over the $,D' figures. #t is likely that foster care

recidivism may be partially responsible. 0urrently there is little data providing an in depth

e"amination of service characteristics and case decision !making processes and how they

affect the stability of the living arrangement after the child is reunited with the biological

family.

VELA#UTHAM $2002 in his paper the ;uvenile ;ustice (0are and :rotection of

children ) Act '%%%N A 0ritically. The paper critically analysis The uvenile ustice (0are and

:rotection of children ) Act '%%%.The Act was passed in the winter session of parliament in

'%%% and gained the assent of the Honorable president of #ndia . #n substance the ;uvenile

;ustice (0are and :rotection of children ) Act '%%% has adopted the scheme and special

features of the uvenile ustice Act $,D@ with some minor changes . This paper deals with

reasons ob ects special future and limitations of Act . The final section incorporates sumesuggestions for effective implementation of the Act. #ndia has a population of about $ %'>

million and of these nearly -?% million are children. Article ,( )of the 0onstitution of

#ndia status hat the state shall in particular direct its policy towards securing that children are

giving opportunities and facilitates to develop in a healthy nanner and in condition of

freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against e"ploitation and

against moral and material abandonment.



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Singh ($,,,) The paper based on empirical study of $?% child ragpickers between @&

$? years and their $%% parents randomly selected from slum dwelling units in kurukshetra

town attempts to e"amine the socioeconomic conditions of the problems confronting

children engaged in rag picking. Their physical outlook factors forcing the children to take

up the present ob and behavioral and other changes noticed after taking up the present work

are the ma or areas of the study. The sub ects (parents and children) in the present study have

been interviewed with the help of separately designed pre&tested structured schedule.

#nformations gathered in $,,@ from the field have been analy+ed with the help of statistical

techni*ues and presented in tabular forms. 9uch has been said about the problem of child

labour . Several committees sub&committees and committees have been appointed from time

to time by the government to find out ways and means to prevent child labour . Similarly

more than '% Acts in this regard passed by the government are making provision for

safeguarding of the rights of working children. #ncome generation programmes to raise the

economic back ground of these families would be the most pertinent solution to the problem.

9erely passing a legislation to ban the practices of child rag picking may not solve the

problem as poor economic condition may force them to continue in the labour market in one

from or the other like begging and thus will not yield any positive result.

RAVILOCHANAN The present study aims at culling out the various factors

involved in making students from the scheduled caste (s c) and scheduled tribe (s t)

categories to drop out of school. The study found that most of them attend school to have the

noon meal and avail of monetary benefits like waiver on e"am fees free uniforms and books.

As soon as they oin secondary school S0PST student were forced to discontinue their studies

due to various reasons as compared to other caste students. 2ue to this S0PST students find

it difficult to start their own business and get employment only in unskilled obs. Theimperative step at this uncture would be OJducation for AllE and to stress further

Ocompulsory education at any cost for allE and also to provide proper education for school

dropouts.

D % s (% 4&, 3 $2012 ;uvenile ;ustice System n #ndia . #n this article says

0hildren often test the limits and boundaries set by their parent and other authority figures

.Among adolescents some rebelliousness and e"perimentation is common .However a few



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children consistently participate in problematic behaviours that negatively affect their family

academic social and personal functioning . These children parent great concern to parents

and community at large .children thus who repeatedly e"hibit problematic behaviours are

termed as ;uvenile 2elin*uent. A grave problem such as uvenile delin*uency canEt he solved

by means of legislation and government effort alone . As far as #ndia is concerned in many of

the states children acts have not effectively enforced.

N% & $200) #n this article says 0hildren Trafficked for abour and other J"ploitation

. /TFA0 took a comprehensive and holistic view of the trafficking problem and tried to

cover the trafficking of women and children for all types of e"ploitation. #ndeed at the core

of any definition of trafficking should be the recognition of fact it is non consensual and

e"ploitative. And it is this from other from of migration . As mentioned earlier the protocol

to prevent suppress and punish Trafficking in person especially women and children '%%$

says that e"ploitation shall include not only se"ual e"ploitation but also forced labour or

services or slavery or practices similar to slavery. The foregoing analysis uncovering the

brutal e"ploitation and suffering of victimised trafficked children is also a pointer to the

wider and far more intractable problem of child labour in the country.

R%7 + %(%($200?) in this article . The present study aims at culling out the various

factors involved in making students from the Scheduled caste (sc) and Scheduled Tribe (ST)

categories to drop out of school. The study found that most of them attend school to have the

noon meal and avail of monetary benefits like waiver on e"am fees free uniforms and books.

As soon as they oin secondary school S0PST student were forced to discontinue their studies

due to various reasons as compared to other caste students. 2ue to this S0PST students find itdifficult to start their own business and get employment only in unskilled obs. The

imperative step at this uncture would be OJducation for AllE and to street further Ocompulsory

education at any cost for allE and also to provide proper education for school dropout.

K4 %& $2011 in this article says Jncyclopaedia Human right. Sale of 0hildren

0hild :rostitution and 0hild :ornography. orced marriage orced marriage is a term usedto describe a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without hisPher consent



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or against hisPher will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage in which both

parties consent to the assistance of their parent or a third party (such as a matchmaker) in

identifying a spouse.0hild 2omestic Fork 0hild domestic labour refers to situations where

children under $D years old are engaged to perform domestic task in the home of a third party

or employer in a conte"t within which they are e"ploited. 1f the more then '%% million

children working in the word a substantial percent are child domestic worker.

0hild Traffic ictims O ailedE. 9any child victims of trafficking are not getting the help they

need because social workers fail to recognise the signs a charity says. /esearcher from the

charity end 0hild :rostitution and Trafficking (J0:AT) interviewed social workers in

ondon boroughs lack of 0ommunication. However there is no guidance for child protection

workers about what trafficking is or what they should do if they are suspicious 9s Somersetadded. 3Fithout guidance practice manuals and safe accommodation for traffickedchildren

the protection of those children and the prevention of trafficking will continue to be an almost

impossible task 4 she said . The report found that children trafficking from African eastern

Jurope and part of Asia were most likely to end up in ondon.

B7 ears /ising 0hild Se" Trade. The se"ual e"ploitation of children is becoming

increasingly widespread because of the greater reach of the internet the involvement of

organi+ed crime economic pressures and the impact of H# PA#2S a B7&organised

conference on the issue in 8angkok heard yesterday.

0hild abour and #ndia. #ndia has consistently followed a proactive policy to tackle

child labour .and has adopted constitutional statutory and developmental measures with a

view to eliminating it. The overwhelming ma ority of working children in #ndia are rural

children in the unorgani+ed agricultural and allied sectors (the traditional sectors of the

#ndian economy that often provides employment for all members of a family).

C %,4&7') $1> @ %() S& 7%s,%7%$1> 0#n this article says Social Status of The

Girl 0hild. #n patriarchal society gender differences are perpetuated in every walk of life and

most importantly through behaviour e"pectations. A girlEs unwanted birth neglect in infancy

and childhood along with paucity of developmental opportunities reaffirm her low status.

The present study entails probing social status of the girl child vis&Q&vis boys in the family

against the backdrop of patriarchal mindset prevalent in our society. 0ustoms and rituals



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followed in any culture are a potent indicator of the practices prevalent in a society and

reflect the status of the different sections within the society This becomes all the more clear if

seen with reference to the status of men and women in society . 9ost of the facts and rituals

are performed by women for their men folk whether it is for the brother or husband thus

relegating women to subservient position . At the time of birth of a child it is again the se"

of the child which decides the degree of celebration . Fhen a child birth is e"pected every

family member has different e"pectations. amily on the whole also pro ectsP manifests a

kind of reaction or behaviour which leaves a lasting impression on the child that has a bearing

not only in hisPher childhood but even into the adult life. #t was with this conte"t that the girls

were asked to comment on their being born as a girl in their respective family . The reception

of the new born girl into the family can be a reflection on future course of action with regard

to her upbringing.

E( 3 +*%') % +/ , ' S+ % S '( 's (/uth 8enedict) in this article says 0H# 2

9A//#AGJ. 0hild marriage in its narrower sense means pre&pubertal marriage although

it is used also with reference to early marriage in comple" societies where economic rather

than se"ual difficulties are involved. # any discussion of child marriage it is necessarily to

distinguish three aspectsK betrothal se" relations and the establishment of a home as an

independent economic and social unit. #n our own civili+ation these three aspects of marriage

form an intimately associate comple" and we have come unconsciously to regard them as

essential features of child marriage. The only se"ually important feature of child marriage is

of course that of pre&pubertal se" relations which may consist of either se" play of pre !

adolescent age mates or intercourse of mature men with girl children. 1nly in our civili+ation

has this connection between postponement of marriage and the status of women been

emphasi+ed. As with other aspects of child marriage this one is a function not of pre&pubertalmarriage or even of 3early4 marriage per se but o special social conditions which in their

totality in a special culture have made the association inevitable .



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Tabulation is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and rows for further analysis. #n

order to facilitate the application of statistical procedures the data were systematically

tabulated.

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANAL#SIS AND INTERPRETATION

T%5 ' N+ 1: A9' s' %ss / %, +( +/ &'s*+()'(,s

rom the above table it can be interpreted that out of -? respondents are between the

age group of $&-% years $ respondents between '$& % years $D respondents between -$&

?% years four respondents between ?$&@% years and only two respondents belonged to theage group of @% &>% years.

G&%* N+. - 1


S .N+ A9' $I( 3'%&s N+ +/ &'s*+()'(,s P'& '(,

$ '$& % $ $' $&-% -? -?

-$&?% $D $D- ?$&@% %- %-? @$&>% %' %'


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T%5 ' N+ 2: S + (9 E)4 %, +(% S,%,4s +/ &'s*+()'(,s

Sl. 7o Jducational status 7o of /espondents :ercent$ #lliterate ', ',' :rimary $ to > th $% $%

High school D to $%th -> ->- :B0 to BG level $- $-

Total $%% $%%

Above table shows that ', respondents were #lliterates $% respondents were passed

:rimary -> respondents had completed their High school $- respondents had done their

:B0 to 2egree level.

G&%* N+. -2



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T%5 ' N+ : S + (9 , ' E * +3 '(, S,%,4s

Sl 7o Jmployment 7o of /espondents :ercent$ Jmployees > >' Bnemployed '> '>

T1TA $%% $%%

The above table presents the employment status of total $%% respondents. A

ma ority of > respondents were employed and '> respondents were unemployed.

G&%* N+. -



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T%5 ' N+ : S + (9 , ' ) s,& 54, +( +/ ( + ' $#'%& 3

Sl 7o early income (in

/upees)

7o of /espondents :ercent

$ >%%% %? %?

' >%%% & $% %%% D D$% %%% and above $' $'- T1TA $%% $%%

Above table reveals the yearly income of the respondents. 1ut of the total $%%

respondents D percent earn between /s. > %%%P& to $% %%%P& per annum. Fhile $' percent of

them earned above $% %%%P& /upees as yearly income. 1nly five percent of the respondents

earned below > %%%P& /s. This shows that there are very few respondents who come under

low income earned yearly.



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Graph N+. -4

T%5 ' N+ ;: S + (9 T3*' +/ /% 3

#n the above table it is seen that @- respondents belonged to nuclear family and therest @ respondents were from oint family.

G&%* N+. -;


Sl. 7o Types of amily 7o of /espondents :ercent$ 7B0 JA/ @- @-' ;1#7T @ @

T1TA $%% $%%


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T%5 ' N+ : S + (9 M%& ,% S,%,4s +/ , ' &'s*+()'(,s

The above table shows that a ma ority of ,, percent respondents were married and

only one respondents was unmarried.


Sl. 7o 9arital Status 7o of /espondents :ercent$ 9A//#J2 ,, ,,' B79A//#J2 %$ %$

T1TA $%% $%%


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G&%* N+. -

.

T%5 ' N+ ?: S + (9 , ' (4 5'& +/ &'s*+()'(,s ,('ss') /' % ' (/%(, )'.

F' % ' (/%(, )' 7o of /espondents :ercent

JS D, D,

71 $$ $$

The above table shows that D, :ercent of respondents the infanticide and $$ :ercent of

respondents are do not know the infanticide.

G&%* N+. -?



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T%5 ' N+ @: S + (9 , ' A,, ,4)' ,+ %&)s /' % ' (/%(, )'.

The above table and chart shows that DD respondents encourage female infanticide and $'

respondents do not encourage the female infanticide.

G&%* N+. -@


Encouragement of

female infanticide

7o of /espondents Percent

YES 12 12

N 88 88


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T%5 ' N+ 0>: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( /' % ' (/%(, )' A ,.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS @% @%

71 -% -%

The above table shows that @% :ercent of respondents are aware about the female infanticide

Act and -% :ercent of the respondents are not aware of female infanticide.



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G&%* N+. -0>

T%5 ' N+ 10: S + (9 , ' ,& ') ,+ s,+* /' % ' (/%(, )'.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ?- ?-

71 -@ -@

The above table and chart shows that ?- :ercent of the respondents have tried to stop

the infanticide and -@ :ercent respondents does not support to stop the infanticide.

Graph N+. -10



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T%5 ' N+ 11: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( ) %&& %9'.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS $%% $%%

71 %% %%

The above table and chart shows that all respondents that $%% :ercent respondents are

aware of child marriage.

G&%* N+. -11



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T%5 ' N+ 12: S + s , ' s4**+&, ,+ %&)s ) %&& %9'.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS %? %?

71 ,? ,?

The above table shows that ,? :ercent respondents not support child marriage and ?

:ercent of the respondents are supporting on child marriage.

G&%* N+. -12



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T%5 ' N+ 1 : S + (9 , ' ,& ') ,+ s,+* ) %&& %9'.

The above table showing > :ercent respondents are against child marriage and '>

:ercent of respondents have showing interest in supporting child marriage.

G&%* N+. -1


7o of /espondents :ercentJS '> '>

71 > >


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T%5 ' N+ 1 : S + (9 , ' A %&'('ss +/ *4( s '(, %9% (s, ) %&& %9'

7o of /espondents :ercentJS , ,

71 %> %>



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The above table shows that , :ercent of the respondents are know the awareness of

punishment against to the child marriage and > :ercent of the respondents are donEt have the

awareness about the punishment against to the child marriage .

G&%* N+. -1

T%5 ' N+ 1;: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +/ ) %5+4&.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ,' ,'

71 %D %D



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The above table shows the ,' percent of the respondents aware about the child labour

and ' percent of the respondents are donEt know the child labour.

G&%* N+. -1;

T%5 ' N+ 1 : S + (9 , ' I)'(, / ') ) %5+4&.


7o of /espondents :ercentJS ?, ?,

71 -$ -$


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The above table shows ?, percent of the respondents are identified the child labour

and most of -$ percent of the respondents do not identified the child labour.

G&%* N+. -1

T%5 ' N+ 1?: S + (9 ,& ') ,+ *&'7'(, ) %5+4& .

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ?% ?%

71 ?% ?%

The ?% percent of the respondents are tried to prevent child labour and ?% percent of

the respondents not tried to prevent child labour.



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G&%* N+. -1?

T%5 ' N+ 1@: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( + *4 s+&3 ')4 %, +( .


7o of /espondents :ercentJS ,? ,?

71 %? %?


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The above table shows that ,? percent of the respondents are aware about the

compulsory education and ? percent of the respondents are they donEt know the compulsory

education.

G&%* N+. -1@

T%5 ' N+ 1>: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( (s, ,4, +( % + %, +( +/ )&'( .


7o of /espondents :ercentJS -? -?

71 ?? ??


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The above table shows the ?? percent of the respondents they donEt know the institution for

children and -? percent of the respondents are aware about institution for children .

G&%* N+. -1>

T%5 ' N+ 20: S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ ) %5+4& +4&,.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ? ?



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71 @? @?

The above table shows the @? percent of the respondents are they donEt know the

child labour court and ? percent of the respondents are aware about child labour court.

G&%* N+. -20

T%5 ' N+ 21: S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ 5+3s + '.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS '@ '@

71 >- >-



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The above table shows the >- percent of the respondents are they donEt know the boys

home and '@ percent of the respondents are aware about boys home.

G&%* N+.-21

T%5 ' N+ 22: S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ ) ' * (' .

7o of /espondents :ercentJS - -

71 @@ @@



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The above table shows the @@ percent of the respondents are not aware of child help

line and - percent of the respondents are aware about child help line !

G&%* N+. -22

T%5 ' N+. 2 : S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ ss (9 )&'( 54&'%4.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS '? '?

71 >? >?



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The above table shows the >? percent of the respondents are they donEt know the

missing children bureau and '? percents of the respondents are aware about missing children

bureau.

G&%* N+. -2

T%5 ' N+ 2 : S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( s*' % *+ ' /+& ' /+& )&'(.



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7o of /espondents :ercentJS

71 @> @>

The above table shows the @> percent of the respondent are the donEt know the special

police force for children and percent of the respondents are aware about special force for

children .

G&%* N+. -2

T%5 ' N+ 2;: S + (9 , ' % %&'('ss +( ) ' /%&' + ,,''.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS - -



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71 ?> ?>

The above table shows the ?> percent of the respondents are the donEt know the child

welfare committee and - percent af the respondents are aware about child welfarecommittee.

G&%* N+. -2;

T%5 ' N+ 2 : S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ % (+4& s ') )&'(.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ,> ,>

71 % %



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The above table shows the ,> percent of the respondents are aware about malnutrition

children and % percent of the respondents are donEt know the malnutrition children.

G&%* N+. -2

T%5 ' N+ 2?: S + (9 , ' %(9%( %) +(,& 54, +( ( *&+7 ) (9 (4,& , +(

/++).

7o of /espondents PercentJS ,- ,-

71 %@ %@



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The above table shows the ,- percent of the respondents are agree with anganawadi

contribution in providing nutrition food and @ percent of the respondents are disagree with

anganawadi contribution in providing nutrition food.

G&%* N+. -2?

T%5 ' N+ 2@: S + (9 , ' % %&' +/ s' 4% %54s' % +(9 )&'(.

7o of /espondents :ercentJS ,D ,D

71 %' %'

The above table shows the ,D percent of the respondents are aware about se"ual abuseof children and ' percent of the respondents are they donEt know the se"ual abuse of children.



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G&%* N+. -2@

CHAPTRE V

FINDINGS" SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUD# ARE AS FOLLOW:

9a ority of the respondents ? percent of the female between the age group of ?&-%

year.

9a ority of the > percent of respondents are worked home makers.

9a ority of the D percent respondents are dependents.



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9a ority of the @- percent respondents are hailed from nuclear family.

1ut of the $%% respondents ,, present are married.

9a ority of the D, percent respondents have witnessed female infanticide.

1ut of the $%% members @% percent respondents encourages female infanticide.

9a ority of @% percent respondents are aware about the female infanticide Act.

9a ority of the ?- percent of the respondents have tried to stop female infanticide.

All respondents are aware of child marriage.

9a ority of ,? percent respondents do not support child marriage.

About >? percent respondents have not tried to stop child marriage.

9a ority of , percent respondents are aware about the legislation against child

marriage.

,' percent respondents are aware of child labour.

1ut of $%% members ?, percent respondents have identified child labour.

An e*ual members of respondents that is ?% percent tried to prevent child marriage and

?% percent of the respondents were against for on child marriage.

9a ority of ,? percent of the respondents are aware of compulsory education for every

child.

Around ?? percent of the respondents are aware of institution allocation of children.

9a ority of the @? percent of respondents are aware about child labour courts.

9a ority of the >- percent of respondents are aware about boys home. @@ percent of the

respondents are aware about child help line and >? percent of the respondents are aware

about missing children bureau.

9a ority of @> percent of the respondents are aware about the special police force for

children. ?> percent of the respondents are aware about child welfare committee.



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1ut of $%% members ,> percent of the respondents are aware about malnutrition among

children.

9a ority of the ,- percent of respondents are agreed that anganawadi contribution in

providing nutritionEs food.

9a ority of ,D percent of the respondents are aware about se"ual abuse of children.

SUGGESTIONS:

Awareness on the different issues on children has to be provided to the SHG

members.

Special lectures on a particular issue of children can be focussed among SHG

members.

Group discussion on the social problems of the children can be taken up by the 7G1s

to its SHG members.

#mparting awareness programmes on the problems of the children to the community

can be taken up by the 7G1s.

2ifferent legislations and Act enacted with regard to the children can be imparted to

the SHG members.



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CONCLUSION

The socio&economic empowerment of women is also reflected in the development

programme of the country. #n this part of the report an attempt has been made to analy+e the

socio&economic profile of beneficiaries of SHGs of 9ysore district. There is an emerging

need to improve women. Self help groups are potential source to empower and

institutionali+e participatory leadership among the marginali+ed identified the plan and

initiated developmental activities. The small groups also helped women to establish a

common participatory platform to voice and solve their problems. Fomen are organi+ed

through SHG to understand and on front the violence of a realityK a violence based on gendercaste community political corruption and a failure of governance their participation in the

SHGs provided them opportunity to enable and enhance them to raise *uestions against social

issues and evils.

Social activities are carried. Social activities are carried out by SHGMs for people

awareness like emale infanticide child marriage child labour aware of compulsory

education missing child bureau child help line child welfare committee child labour court

and aware of girls and boys home aware se"ual abuse of children family planning awarenessto control population growth and to stop female foeticide.



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9ahadevan =. ('%%D)N 0hild 9ortality #n #ndia :olicies and Strategies or 0hild

Servival pp. '%?&' %

7ath A. :hilip. 2imri :anka . Sekar /. Helen. 0onvergence of Social Security

Schemes for Jlimination of 0hild abour pp.%$&%-

7ath A. :hilip. 2imri :anka . Sekar /. Helen. 0hild labour and egislative

ramework pp.%$&%>.

:JTJ/.S. =.;. /aman. and :. /avilochana. ('%%>)N School 2ropouts of S0 and ST

Students in 0hennai 0orporation Schools The Indian Journal of Social Work K @D (')

pp. '-D ! '?D.

:olansky A. 7orman. 0halmers Ann 9ary. 8uttenwieser Jli+abeth. and

Filliams p. 2avid. ( $,>,)NThe Absent ather in 0hild 7eglect Social Work

Review ? pp. $@-&$,-

/aheem A. Abdul. ('%$$)N Fomen Jmpowerment through Self ! help Groups

(SHGs)K 7ew 0entury :ublications 7ew 2elhi #ndia pp. ,@ ! $$@.

/+epnicki . Tina. ($,D>)N /ecidivism of oster 0hildren /eturned to Their 1wn

Homes A Review and ew !irections for Research", Social service review @$ pp.

?@&@,

Singh San ay =umar. ('%$$)N Sale of children child :rostitution and child

:ornography #nc$clopaedia of %uman Rights K %' pp. $?D&$,$

Singh A.7. ($,,,)N :roblems confronting child ragpickers in slums The Indian

Journal of Social Work K @% (') pp.'@%&'@,.

Singh =. A it. ('%$$)N 0hild abour and Government amily and 0hild Felfare pp.'?,&',%.

Bsha Sharma. et al. ('%%@)N0hild abour #n #ndia 9#TTA :B8 #0AT#17S 7JF

2J H# (#72#A) pp. , &$$?.



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APPENDI!

A STUD# ON THE E!TENT OF AWARENESS ON THE CHILDRELATED ISSUES AMONG SHG WOMEN

$. Age N

'. Jducation N

. Jmployment N

-. #ncome N

?. Types of family N

a) 7uclear b) J"tended c) ;oint family



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@. 9arital status N

a) Bn married b) 9arried c) 2ivorce d)separated

>. 2o you know witnessed female infanticideU

a) es b) 7o

D. Are you encouraged of female infanticideU

a) es b) 7o

,. 2o you know that awareness on female infanticide ActU

a) es b) 7o

$%. Are you tried to stop female infanticideU

a) es b) 7o

$$. 2o you know awareness on child marriageU

a) es b) 7o

$'. Are you support to child marriageU

a) es b) 7o



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a) es b) 7o

$,. 2o you know of institution for childrenU

a) es b) 7o

'%. Are aware about of child labour courtU

a) es b) 7o

'$. Are you aware about boys homeU

a) es b) 7o

''. 2o you know that aware of child help lineU

a) es b) 7o

' . 2o you know aware of missing children bureauU

a) es b) 7o

'-. Are you aware of special police force for childrenU



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a) es b) 7o

'?. Are you aware of child welfare committeeU

a) es b) 7o

'@. Are aware of malnutrition childrenU

a) es b) 7o

'>. Anganawadis contribution in providing nutrition food is you agreeU

a) es b) 7o

'D. Are you aware about se"ual abuse of childrenU

a) es b) 7o

awareness on the knowledge and issues related to children among shg womenct

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