axalgazrda qalta migracia da misi gamomwvevi faqtorebi
TRANSCRIPT
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
maka lobJaniZe
axalgazrda qalTa migracia da misi gamomwvevi
faqtorebi saqarTveloSi
(kaxeTis regionis magaliTze)
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: iago kaWkaWiSvili
sociologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori
2009 weli
2
Sinaarsi
Sesavali 4
Tavi I. SromiTi emigraciis kvlevis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi 9
1.1 saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesis zogadi daxasiaTeba 9
1.2. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi 14
1.3 kvlevis meTodologia 17
1.4 kaxeTis regioni rogorc kvlevis adgili 20
Tavi II. qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebani kaxeTis regionSi 26
2.1 qalTa SromiTi migraciis ekonomikuri mizezebi da motivebi 26
2.1.1 siRarbe 26
2.1.2. dasaqmebis problema 28
2.1.3. Semosavlebi da xarjebi 36
2.2 qalTa SromiTi emigraciis saerTo daxasiaTeba 38
2.2.1 emigraciis miznebi 38
2.2.2 SromiTi emigraciis organizebis Taviseburebani 39
2..2..2.1. emigraciis formebi 39
2..2..2..2. emigraciis xarjebi 43
2..2..2.3. emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi 46
2.2.3 qalTa SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi 51
2.2.4 potenciuri emigrantebi 57
2.2.5 fuladi gzavnilebi da gzavnilebis sixSire 61
2.2.6 SromiTi migrantebis ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis speqtri da
adaptaciis xarisxi 66
2.2.7. SromiTi migrantebis kontaqtebi ojaxTan da maTi ukan dabrunebis
potenciali 74
2.2.8. qalTa emigraciis risk-faqtorebi 84
2.2.9 Sida SromiTi migraciis miznebi da motivebi 89
3
2.2.10. qalTa fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba 91
Tavi III SromiTi migrantebis demografiuli struqturis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi kaxeTis regionSi 93
3.1 zogadi demografiuli suraTi 93
3.2 qalTa emigracia da demografiuli usafrTxoeba 108
3.3. qalTa migraciis Sefaseba saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis Teoriebis
safuZvelze 112
daskvna 120
bibliografia 127
danarTi 1 135
danarTi 2 143
4
Sesavali
saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi migracia bolo wlebSi sul ufro da
ufro masStabur xasiaTs iRebs. winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxavs kaxeTis
regionidan axalgazrda qarTvel qalTa SromiTi migraciuli procesebis
Seswavlas.
saqarTvelo, rogorc erT_erTi postsabWoTa qveyana, totalitarizmidan
demokratiaze gardamaval etapze imyofeba. qveyana Ria, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Seqmnas cdilobs. adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove koncefcia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis axali principebi da
Rirebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis prioritetebi wina planze qalis
TviTrealizaciisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnis uzrunvelyofis problemas ayenebs,
amitom mniSvnelovania qalis adgilisa da rolis gansazRvra Tanamedrove
socialur cxovrebaSi.
tranziciis periodi, rodesac xdeba Zveli totaluri saxelmwifosTvis
damaxasiaTebeli institutebis Secvla axliT, xasiaTdeba mwvave politikur
da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT. moZvelebulia RirebulebaTa Zveli
sistema da arsebobs misi transformirebis aucilebloba, magram axalze
gadasvla sakmaod mtkivneulad mimdinareobs.
gardamavali xana saqarTveloSi krizisiT daiwyo: ekonomikuri
kavSirebi dairRva, sawarmoebi gaCerda, gaCnda energetikuli problemebi,
umuSevroba, inflacia, korufcia da a.S. gardamavalma periodma
sazogadoebis socialuri daucvelobis problema warmoSva. Zveli
ekonomikuri da politikuri struqturebis rRvevam transformaciis mTeli
rigi specifikuri problemebi gaaCina. socialuri uzrunvelyofis Zveli
sistemis cvlileba da axali procesebi SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi, rac
sabazro ekonomikis formirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, pirvel rigSi,
mosaxleobis qalur nawils Seexo.
Zlierad dazianda moRvawobis swored is sferoebi, romelSic ZiriTa-
dad swored qalebi iyvnen Cabmulni. mrewvelobis dacemam, reformebma
ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi kadrebis gamonTavisufleba
gamoiwvia, romelTa umravlesobas qalebi warmoadgendnen. statistikis sa-
5
xelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, qalTa SromiTi resursebi mamakacTa
SromiT resursebs aRemateba da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 53%-s Seadgens.
samuSaosa da xelfasTan erTad qalebma yvela privilegia dakarges, romle-
biTac manamde sargeblobdnen. kerZo seqtors ki iseTi SromiTi resursi ar
awyobs, romelsac sadekreto Svebuleba, mokle samuSao dRe da a.S. unda
SesTavazos. Aam mizezTa gamo gaxSirda qalTa SromiTi migraciis
SemTxvevebi.
qalTa SromiTi migracia Tavisi istoriis manZilze gadaiqca maRali
socialuri riskisa da adamianTa uflebebis uxeSi darRvevis sferod.
adamianTa vaWroba, seqs-eqsploatacia, iZulebiTi Sroma_es da sxva
problemebi, romlebis asocirdeba qalTa migraciasTan, warmoadgenen
adamianTa Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da cxovrebis fundamenturi uflebebis
darRvevebs da maT xSirad uwodeben XXI saukunis monobas.
sxvadasxva mizezebi, (rasac qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT)
ganapirobeben qalTa saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis marginalizacias.
magram vfiqrobT, rom qalTa SromiTi migracia, Tavisi bunebiT ar unda
ganvixiloT rogorc marginaluri. piriqiT, Cveni azriT, qalTa migraciis
marginaluroba socialuradaa konstruirebuli, anu Camoyalibda gansazR-
vruli socialuri procesis Sedegad. Ees ki ganpirobebulia, upirveles
yovlisa socialuri rolebis genderuli asimetriiT da momdinareobs im
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebidan, romlis mixedviTac qali miiCneva, rogorc
meoradi samuSao Zala, erTianobaSi ki im socialuri wesrigidan, romelic
SemosazRvravs qalis rols privatul sferoSi. meore mxriv, qali
migrantebis marginalizaciis mizezebad gvevlineba saxelmwifos uunaroba,
uzrunvelyos Tavisi moqalaqeebis migraciis legitimuri safuZveli. es
ganpirobebulia Cveni qveynis araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareobiT im
ZiriTad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic dResdReobiT msoflio
migraciul scenaze karnaxoben ,,TamaSis wesebs”.
qalTa migracia, rogorc mecnieruli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis
damoukidebeli sfero, evropaSi gamoiyo 80-ini wlebSi. Seiqmna sxvadasxva
donis organizaciebi, fondebi, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi. gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciam Seqmna eqspertTa jgufi saerTaSoriso migraciuli
6
politikisa da qali-migrantebis statusis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels am jgufma
umaRles saerTaSoriso doneze moaxdina imis konstantireba, rom
mamakacebis gverdiT qalebi gvevlinebian saerTaSoriso migraciis mTavar
,,aqtorebad”, (an moqmed pirebad), anu gvevlinebian migraciuli procesebis
damoukidebel da aqtiur monawileebad. saerTaSoriso statistika
adasturebs, rom migraciul procesebSi qalTa monawileoba utoldeba
mamakacebis maCvenebels. ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebis mosaxleobis aRweriT,
migrantebis 48% qalia. (saerTaSoriso... 1998:.2)
qalTa migraciis damoukidebeli kvlevis asparezi xSirad sakamaToa
da iwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. Amitom, Tavidanve unda ganvsazRvroT
sfero, romelic Cveni ganxilvis sagani iqneba. qalTa migraciaze laparakis
dros Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs migraciuli gadaadgilebis iseTi tipebi,
romlis aqtiuri agentebi (moqmedi pirebi) arian qalebi. qali SeiZleba iyos
migraciis iniciatori da ojaxisagan damoukideblad ganaxorcielos
gadaadgileba. anda SeiZleba gayves qmars da mimReb qveyanaSi Tavisi
SromiTi mowyobis aqtiuri organizatori gaxdes. orive SemTxvevaSi qali
migraciul scenaze aqtiur moqmed pirad warmogvidgeba.
migraciul procesebSi qalTa ricxovnoba ufro da ufro izrdeba. qali
migrantebi SromiTi bazris zogierT seqtorSi umravlesobas warmoadgenen,
magaliTad, garTobisa da saojaxo momsaxurebis sferoSi, (maT Soris avad-
myofebis, moxucebisa da bavSvebis movla). aseTi ,,gantotvili” infras-
truqtura mianiSnebs qalTa migraciis sirTuleze, mraval momijnave soci-
alur problemasTan TanakveTaze. ufro metic, specialistebis mier migraci-
uli nakadebis ,,feminizacia” miiCneva saerTaSoriso migraciis ganviTarebis
axali etapis damaxasiaTebel niSnad (kasteli.... 1993:). es ki bevradaa
dakavSirebuli msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturul cvlilebebTan,
romelic globalizaciis procesebis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs.
saqarTveloSi (gansakuTrebiT-regionebSi) umuSevrobis maRali done da
dasaqmebulTa dabali anazRaureba ubiZgebs qalTa did nawils eZios
samsaxuri sazRvargareT da iqidan miRebuli SemosavliT samSobloSi
darCenili ojaxi arCinos. Ffinansuri daxmareba, romelsac qarTveli
emigranti qalebi TavianT ojaxebs ugzavnian, sakmaod seriozul rols
7
TamaSobs am ojaxebisaTvis da maTi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan nawils
Seadgens.
SromiTi migracia ganpirobebulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: mimReb
qveyanaSi arsebuli moTxovniT muSaxelze, romelsac am qveynis mosaxleoba
ver akmayofilebs da emigrantebis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaxelis Warbi
odenobiT da umuSevrobis sakmaod maRali doniT. Sesabamisad dausaqmebeli
an arasrulad dasaqmebuli, dabali anazRaurebis mqone muSaxeli cdilobs
wavides im qveyanaSi, sadac masze aris moTxovna da sadac ukeTesi
anazRaurebaa. Mxolo mimReb qveyanaSi xSir SemTxvevaSi mewarmeebi
upiratesobas aniWeben swored imigrant muSaxels. rogorc wesi imigrantebi
mzad arian Seasrulon im tipis samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac adgilobriv
muSaxels ar surs da Tan Zalian dabali anazRaurebiT. amrigad SromiTi
emigracia akmayofilebs rogorc mimReb, aseve emigraciis qveynebs_pirvel
SemTxvevaSi isini ikmayofileben moTxovnas muSaxelze, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi, qveynebi Tavisufldebian Warbi muSaxelisgan da iReben
mniSvnelovan fulad daxmarebas.
saqarTveloSi SromiTi emigraciis arsebuli kvlevebi ZiriTadad
yuradRebas amaxvileben emigrantTa raodenobis gamoTvlaze, emigraciis
mimarTulebebze, emigrantebis dasaqmebis sferoebze, sazRvargareT da maT
mier gamogzavnil fuladi daxmarebis odenobaze,* magram kvlevis miRma
toveben sakuTriv qarTveli qalebis emigraciis sferos.
winamdebare kvleva, romelic Catarda kaxeTis regionSi, miznad isaxavs
qalTa SromiTi emigraciis xasiaTisa da Taviseburebebis, emigraciis
xelSemwyobi faqtorebis Seswavlas. dResdReobiT sazRvargareT gamgzavreba
sakmaod seriozul finansur xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelTa
akumulireba saqarTveloSi arsebuli dabali xelfasebiTa da umuSevrobis
maRali donis gaTvaliswinebiT sakmaod rTulia. Amavdroulad, mimRebi
qveynebi yvelanairad cdiloben SezRudon SromiTi emigraciis raodenoba.
SromiTi emigracia saqarTvelodan arc Tu ise didi xania rac daiwyo,
magram Tu sawyis etapze migraciul nakadebSi Warbobda mamakacTa ricxvi,
Semdgom etapze mniSvnelovnad imata qalTa ricxvmac da vfiqrobT ufro
moimatebs. swored amitom Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi Cvens mizans
8
warmoadgenda imis dadgena, Tu ra mizezebi da motivebi gansazRvravs qalTa
SromiT emigracias da am procesebis Sedegebi rogor aisaxeba saqarTvelos
mTlian suraTze.
warmodgenili naSromis struqtura Semdegnairia:
pirvel TavSi warmodgenilia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. aRwerilia
da dasabuTebulia kvlevis meTodologia. Mmocemulia kaxeTis regionis,
rogorc kvlevis adgilis daxasiaTeba.
meore TavSi mocemulia kaxeTis regionidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis
saerTo daxasiaTeba. Gganxilulia is ekonomikuri mizezebi, romlebic
ubiZgeben qalebs emigraciisaken; miznebi, romelTa ganxoricielebiskenac
miiswrafian; garkveulia sazRvargareT emigraciis organizebis formebi,
emigraciis mimarTulebebi da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi; gaanalizebulia
emigraciaSi myofi da emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebis roli da
daxmareba emigraciis stimulirebaSi, SromiTi migrantebis ganaTlebis done,
sazRvargareT maTi dasaqmebis speqtri da adaptaciis xarisxi;
Camoyalibebulia daxmarebis tipologia, romelsac emigranti qalebi uweven
potenciur emigrant qalebs. warmodgenilia is meqanizmebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac xdeba sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebis aRmoCena; yuradReba
gavamaxvileT im risk-faqtorebze, rac Tan axlavs qalTa SromiT
emigracias.
mesame TavSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saqarTveloSi demografiuli
usafrTxoebis problemaze, im uaryofiT Sedegebze (mdedrobiTi sqesis
mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis deformacia, eris demografiuli
daberebis daCqareba, mosaxlreobis kvlavwarmoebis gauareseba), rac
sazRvargareT fertiluri asakis qalTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis
emigracias mohyva; kvlevis Sedegebi gaanalizebulia im SromiTi emigraciis
Teoriebis safuZvelze, romlebic dResdReobiT yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs SromiTi migraciuli procesebis Seswavlisas; yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia am Teoriebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze dRevandel
saqarTvelos pirobebSi.
daskvnaSi warmodgenilia da Sejamebulia kvlevis Sedegebi da maTi
mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi migraciis axsnis procesSi.
9
Tavi I SromiTi migraciis kvlevis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi
1.1. saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesis zogadi daxasiaTeba
gare migracia msoflio sazogadoebis yuradRebas ipyrobs da erT-
erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. sakmarisia aRiniSnos,
rom 2001 wels gare saerTaSoriso migrantTa raodenobam 175 milions
miaRwia, rac msoflio mosaxleobis 3% Seadgens. saqarTvelo im qveynebis
ricxvs miekuTvneba romlebsac emigraciulad moixsenieben. saqme isaa, rom
saqarTvelosaTvis 1960 wlidan damaxasiaTebelia gare migraciis uaryofiTi
saldo. specialur literaturaSi, statistikis departamentis monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos sawyis wlad zogjer 1957
wels uTiTeben (gaCeCilaZe 1984:196).
1990-ian wlebamde SedarebiT maRali bunebrivi matebis pirobebSi, gare
migraciis saldo ,,faravda” bunebrivi mateba da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
raodenoba zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda.
mdgomareoba Seicvala 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac wina periodTan
SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gare migraciis masStabi da manamde
arnaxul dones miaRwia. am periodSi Sobadobis arsebiT Semcirebas Tan
mohyva bunebrivi matebis sagrZnobi kleba. gazrdili gare migraciis
pirobebSi dabali bunebrivi mateba veRar axerxebda saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis dabalansebas dabal donezec ki, rasac 1993 wlidan mohyva
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba.
sadReisod gare migracia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis formirebis wamyvan
komponents warmoadgens. demograf-eqspertTa varaudiT gare migracia,
rogorc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis formirebis faqtori, wamyvani iqneba 2020
wlamde mainc (wulaZe... 2003:83) 1989 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mosaxleobas
gare migraciis Sedegad daaklda daaxloebiT 1 milioni adamiani
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gare migracia saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc
sadReisod, ise uaxloesi momavlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan problemas
warmoadgens.
amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom gare migraciis aRricxva praqtikulad
ar warmoebs, samwuxarod, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, 2002 wlis mosaxleobis
10
sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi gare migraciis Sesaxeb arasrulfasovani
aRmoCnda, vinaidan isini sruliad ver moicavdnen saqarTvelodan
emigrirebuli mosaxleobis raodenobas. Tumca 2002 wlis mosaxleobis
aRweram garkveul WrilSi daafiqsira 114 aTasamde emigranti da maT Sesaxeb
monacemebi.
warsulSi emigracia saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad politikur xasiaTs
atarebda. amave dros, XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi
mimdinareobda aTeul aTasobiT araqarTuli erovnebis mosaxleobis
Camosaxleba. es ki iwvevda maSindeli saqarTvelos demografiuli
ganviTarebisa da gare migraciuli procesebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. 1990-
ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur da socialur-ekonomikur
cvlilebebs, Seqmnili mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas, mohyva emigraciis
aqamde arnaxuli nakadebi. amave dros sagrZnoblad gauaresda migraciis
aRricxva.
saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis im monacemebiT, romelic gare
migraciis registracias efuZneba 1990-2000 wlebSi gare migraciis uaryofiTi
saldo 217 aTasia (migraciis... 2002:7). amave dros eqspertTa umravlesobis
azriT, gare migracia gacilebiT didi iyo. magaliTad, r. gaCeCilaZis
SefasebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTma saldom 1990-1996 wlebSi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobisTvis daaxloebiT 620 aTasi Seadgina (gaCeCilaZe
1997:36). T guguSvilis SefasebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-1997
wlebSi 820 aTass utoldeboda. (guguSvili 1998:52) misive bolo
gaangariSebiT, gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-2000 wlebSi erT
milions Seadgina. g. wulaZisa da n. maRlaferiZis bolo gaangariSebiT,
gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 1990-2000 wlebSi milion oTxmoci aTass
Seadgenda (wulaZe... 2003:161).
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva erovnebebs Soris SedarebiT gare
migraciis maRali intensivoba axasiaTebdaT osebs, berZnebsa da rusebs.
xolo gare migraciis saldos fardobiTi dabali sidide–azerbaijanelebsa
da somxebs, da yvelaze dabali-qarTvelebs. swored aseT viTarebis Sedegad
gaizarda saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi qarTvelebis wili 70%-dan 84%-mde
(wulaZe 2005:13).
11
2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris SedegebiT meti mamakacia
emigrirebuli, vidre qali. saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom gare migraciaSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi SeiniSneba feminizacia, mainc
mamakacebis wili Warbobs qalebisas.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad
SeiZleba Seesabamebodes aRweriT miRebuli sqesobrivi Tanafardoba
SesaZlebel realur viTarebas. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris
mixedviT emigranti mamakacebis wili 58,7% iyo, xolo qalebisa-41,3%
(migraciis... 2002:34).
SromiTi migracia Tanamedrove globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi
elementi da saerTaSoriso integraciuli procesebis gamoxatulebaa. igi
kidev ufro ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. amis mizezi, erTi
mxriv, msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi, qveynebs
Soris urTierTobaTa normalizacia, ucxoelTa politikuri, SromiTi da
socialuri uflebebis TandaTanobiTi ganmtkiceba, meore mxriv, ki
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris mimosvlis gaadvileba, transportis
gaiafeba, mosaxleobis informirebulobis arnaxuli zrda iyo.
globalizaciis gavlena gansakuTrebiT migraciis socialur-ekonomikur
fenomenze gamoixata. amave dros, migracias Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs
Tanamedrove socialur da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa transformaciaSi.
migraciis bunebas mravali xelSemwyobi Tu Semaferxebeli faqtorebi
ganapirobeben – maT Soris umTavresia ekonomikuri ganviTareba da
uTanabrobis gaRrmaveba, mosaxleobis raodenobrivi zrda, migraciis
organizebis gzebi, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, mgzavrobis gamartiveba,
garemo pirobebis gauareseba da adamianTa uflebebis darRveva.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu ra did rols asrulebs SromiTi migracia
msoflios mravali qveynis ganviTarebaSi. SromiTi migracia obieqturi
realobaa da garegnulad xSirad uaryofiTi fonis miuxedavad, ufro meti
dadebiTi momentebis Semcvelia, vidre uaryofiTisa.
msoflio migraciul viTarebaze didi zegavlena moaxdina
socialisturi sistemis politikurma daSlam. postsabWoTa qveynebSi
ganviTarebulma sayovelTao krizisma, cxovrebis donis mkveTrma
12
gauaresebam, politikuri viTarebis damZimebam migraciis axali talRebi
warmoSva, rogorc am qveynebs Soris, ise evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis
mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic migraciuli viTareba
ekonomikurma kolafsma da Siga da gare Sromis bazrebze Seqmnilma samuSao
Zalis miwodeba-moTxovnis kanonzomierebam gansazRvra. ganviTarda
qveynisaTvis arnaxuli intensiurobis mqone SromiTi migraciuli procesebi.
sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, Cven qveyanaSi intensiuri
migraciis ganmapirobebel mTavar faqtors socialur-ekonomikuri
pirobebisa da aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mosaxlebis cxovrebis
donis gauareseba warmoadgens.
SromiTi migracia iqca saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri yofis
umniSvnelovanes movlenad, romelsac bunebrivad mohyva sazogadoebis
mxridan didi SeSfoTeba misi Sedegebis gamo. aranakleb SemaSfoTebelia
isic, rom dRemde am saWirboroto problemis mecnieruli kvleva epizodur
xasiaTs atarebs da xorcieldeba mwiri resursebiT, rac adeqvaturad
vlindeba SromiTi migraciis ama Tu im aspeqtis arasrul SefasebaSi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ucxoeTSi samuSao mizniT migracia, umetesad
am qveynebSi migrantebis aralegaluri dasaqmebiT mTavrdeba, saeWvo xdeba
maTi adamianuri uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacvis sakiTxi.
SromiTi migraciis Seswavlisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es movlena
sruliad ucnobi ar gaxlavT saqarTvelosaTvis. jer kidev Zvel qarTul
istoriul wyaroebSia aRwerili samuSaos saSovnelad ucxo qveyanaSi
wasvlis mravali SemTxveva.
XX saukuneSi SromiTi migracia ufro meti intensiurobiT ganviTarda.
saukunis ocian wlebSi saqarTvelos soflebSi SromiTi resursebis
bunebrivi mateba maRali iyo da adgilobrivi SromiTi bazrebi ver
uzrunvelyofdnen samuSao Zalis miwodebis moTxovniT dabalansebas. amitom
mosaxleobam e.w. `gare sarewavze” daiwyo gasvla, ramac imdroindeli
xelisuflebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da misi mowesrigebis mizniT aRricxva
da anketuri Seswavlac daiwyo (SromiTi...2003:3).
amrigad, SromiTi migraciis Seswavlisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mis calkeul regionebSi gansakuTrebiT didi
13
iyo gare migracia miwiT naklebad uzrunvelyofili mTiani mazrebidan
(duSeTis, raWis) da saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad
dasaxlebuli mazrebidan (axalqalaqis). umuSevari mosaxleoba ZiriTadad
ruseTSi gadioda samuSaod, SromiTi migraciuli procesebi xangrZlivi
istoriuli periodis manZilze mimdinareobda da am mxriv garkveul
tradiciulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom am mizeziT
kaxeTis regioni, warsulSi arasodes qceula didi emigraciis arealad,
radgan aq ganviTarebuli soflis meurneoba da msubuqi mrewvelobis
dargebi srulad Tu ara, umetesad mainc uzrunvelyofda Sromisunarian
qalTa Zalis dasaqmebas.
Tumca, is masStabi da yovlilsmomcveli xasiaTi, rac migraciam bolo
TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRo, sruliad axal epoqas qmnis qveynis
SromiTi resursebis teritoriul mobilurobaSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi
qveynidan SromiTi migraciis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, igi
mainc Seuswavlelia. amis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migraciuli statistikis,
gansakuTrebiT ki emigraciis Sesaxeb arasrulyofili monacemebia, rasac
Tan erTvis SromiTi migraciis umTavresad aralegaluri xasiaTi.
bolo periodSi, statistikurma organoebma saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis daxmarebiT scades gare migraciis aRricxva sasazRvro
gamSveb punqtebSi sazRvris gadamkveTTa SerCeviTi gamokvlevis gziT, magram
garkveuli meToduri naklovanebis gamo xelSesaxeb Sedegs ver miaRwies. am
gamokvleviT yvela sazRvris gadamkveTi migrantad iwodeba da Zneli xdeba
imis dadgena, vinaa stacionaruli Tu SromiTi migranti. am masalis
gamoyeneba gare teritoriuli mobilurobis intensiurobis zogadad
dasadgenad nawilobriv gamodgeba, Tumca realuri indikatorebis
gansazRvra Znelia.
aseT viTarebaSi, roca oficialuri statistika ar arsebobs, SromiTi
migraciis Sesaswavlad aucilebeli xdeba SerCeviTi gamokvlevebis Catareba,
informaciis miReba gamokiTxvis gziT.
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegad migveRo kaxeTis regionSi qarTvel
qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebebis srulyofili suraTi, SevecadeT
14
gagveTvaliswinebina am regionis eTnodemografiuli da ekonomikuri
ganviTarebiT gamowveuli specifikuri pirobebi. kvlevis regionebad
avirCieT kaxeTis mxaris yvela raioni, raionuli centrebi da TiToeuli
raionis ramdenime sofeli. kaxeTis regionSi gamokiTxvis punqtebi da
konkretuli mikrozonebi ganisazRvra im mizniT, rom SeZlebisamebr,
maqsimalurad asaxuliyo generaluri erToblioba.
1.2. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi
winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgens imis dadgena, Tu rogoria
qalTa migracia kaxeTis regionSi, ra faqtorebi axdenen mTavar rols
SromiTi emigraciis stimulirebaSi, rogor Sesabamisobaa qalTa fsiqo-
emociur mdgomareobasa da migraciul ganwyobas Soris. cxadia, rom am
miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda imis gareSe, Tu Tavdapirvelad ar
SeviswavlidiT, rogori iyo am regionidan SromiTi emigraciis done,
romeli qveynebisken iyo mimarTuli, rogori iyo am regionis macxovrebeli
qalebis, kerZod dabrunebuli Tu potenciuri emigrantebis demografiuli
da socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi.
migraciis mecnieruli Seswavla emsaxureba praqtikul
mizans_dadgindes mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis mizezebi, mimarTuleba,
intensivoba, da a.S. da am gadaadglebis Sedegebi, anu gavlena adamianebis
gasvlisa da Semosvlis adgilebSi sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur,
politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebaze, mosaxleobis demografiul
struqturaze da bunebriv garemoze. Tumca, mosaxleobis migracia kvlavac
rCeba upiratesad demografiisa da mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis sagnad,
migracia, rogorc kvlevis sagani, TandaTan integrirdeba ekonomkur da
socialur TeoriebSi, sivrcobriv analizsa da bihevioristul TeoriebSi.
Mmiuxedavad migraciis mravalmxrivi Seswavlisa, iTvleba, rom
migraciis raime mwyobri Teoria jer ver Camoyalibda (gaCeCilaZe 1997:6).
Cveni azriT aRniSvnis Rirsia sakmaod warmatebuli cda, Seqmniliyo
metnaklebad universaluri axsna mosaxleobis migraciisadmi. Me-19 saukunis
miwurulSi amerikelma mecnierma e. ravenstainma Camoayaliba debulebebi,
15
romelTac igi ,,migraciis kanonebs” uwodebda. ,,miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
Semdeg mTeli saukune gavida, ravenstainis ,,kanonebis” umravlesoba kvlavac
inarCunebs aqtualobas da Semdegdroindeli mecnierebebi maT
modificirebas ufro axerxeben, anda avseben maT, vidre arsebiTad
uaryofdnen an cvlidnen” (gaCeCilaZe 1997:7). ravenstainis ,,kanonebs”, ra Tqma
unda, ara aqvT universaluri xasiaTi, magram mravali maTgani savsebiT
Seesabameba qalTa migraciis dRevandel suraTs da zogadad Cvens realobas.
MCveni sakvlev sakiTxTan yvelaze Sesabamisia Semdegi ,,migraciis
kanonebi”:
_ migracia xdeba nabij-nabij;
_ migrantebi, romlebic Sor manZilze midian, amjobineben msxvil
samrewvelo da komerciul centrebSi wasvlas;
_ qalebi ufro metad monawileoben migraciaSi im qveynis SigniT, sadac
daibadnen, vidre mamakacebi; magram Tavisi qveynis gare migraciaSi qalebze
ufro metad mamakacebi monawileoben;
_ migrantebis umravlesoba srulwlovania;
_migraciis sidide matulobs, rodesac viTardeba mrewveloba, komercia
da umjobesdeba transporti;
_migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa sasoflo_sameurneo regionebidan
samrewvelo da komerciul centrebSi gadaadgileba;
_migraciis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuria.
Cvens realobasTan Sesabamisobis gamo saWirod miviCnieT maTi mimarTeba
kaxeTis regionSi gabatonebul qalebis migraciul tendenciebTan
Segvemowmebina.
winamdebare gamokvlevas ara aqvs pretenzia amomwuravad gaaSuqos
qalTa migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi. Mmisi mizani ufro viwroa:
arsebuli da unda aRvniSnoT, rom sakmaod SezRuduli informaciis
analizis fonze gamovkveTod qarTvel qalTa emigraciis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi. cnobilia, rom arsebobs garkveuli ganwyoba, mxolod
negatiurad Sefasdes mosaxleobis migracia, gansakuTrebiT gare, agreTve
soflidan qalaqad migraciac; arsebobs alarmistuli ganwyobebic-
emigraciis Sedegad eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis dramatuli klebis
16
Sesaxeb. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am ganwyobebs gaaCniaT realuri safuZveli. mis
Sesaxeb damajerebeli informacia sakmaod mwiria, amitom Cven SevecadeT
Cagvetarebina sociologiuri gamokvleva, raTa, SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo
qalTa migraciis procesis garkveuli tendenciebis gansazRvra.
analizi gavakeTeT statistikuri, dokumenturi masalebis mixedviT da
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxviT. gvainteresebda dagvedgina axalgazrda
qalTa migraciuli tendenciebis masStabebi da maTi ganmapirobebeli
mizezebi, potenciuri migrantebis ZiriTadi parametrebi da kulturul da
sulier RirebulebaTa zemoqmedeba migraciul tendenciebze.
am kvleviTi miznis misaRwevad saWiro iyo Semdegi kvleviTi amocanebis
amoxsna:
1. Segveswavla am regionidan qalTa emigraciis done, emigraciis
mimarTulebebi (mimRebi qveynebi), dabrunebuli da potenciuri
emigrantebis socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi.
2. dagvedgina is mizezebi, romlebic xels uwyoben qalTa
emigaraciis zrdas.
3. gagverkvia qalTa SromiTi emigraciis masStabebis zrdiT
gamowveuli is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac gavlenas axdens
dRevandeli saqarTvelos demografiul suraTze.
kvlevis hipoTeza SegviZlia Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: kaxeTis
regionis magaliTi cxadyofs, rom saqarTveloSi mimdinare rTuli
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben potenciuri
emigrantebis sazRvargareT gamgzavrebaSi. savaraudoa, rom emigraciis done
saqarTvelodan ufro gaizrdeba, radgan msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da
saqarTveloSi mimdinare rTuli politikuri viTareba ufro amwvavebs
mdgomareobas. Ffertiluri asakis qalebis qveynidan masStaburi gasvla
iwvevs, rogorc Tavad qalis statusis cvlilebas, aseve eris demografiuli
mdgomareobis damZimebas. winamdebare hipoTezebi Semowmda kaxeTis regionSi
Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze.
17
1.3. kvlevis meTodologia
saqarTveloSi arsebuli emigraciis amsaxveli monacemebi nakleb
sandoobiiT gamorCeva. es garkveulwilad gamowveulia statistikuri
aRricxvianobis dabali xarisxiT da gare migraciis xasiaTiT, rac uaRresad
rTul, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebelsac ki xdis migraciuli procesebis
zust aRricxvas. amasTan erTad, rodesac vsaubrobT saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa gare migraciis aRricxvanobis Sesaxeb, Tavs iCens sxva
problemac: mosaxleobis didi nawili undoblobiT ekideba interviuerTa
kiTxvebs, romelic migracias exeba. rogorc 2002 wlis sayovelTao
aRricxvam cxadyo, specialurad am aRwerisaTvis momzadebulma
momzadebulma kiTxvarma ar ,,imuSava”. aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT
saqarTvelodan mxolod 113726 adamiania wasuli sazRvargareT (vadaWkoria
2004:46). rogorc cnobilia amave aRweris Sedegad dadginda, rom
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba 1989-2002 wlebSi 5400. aTasidan 4371.5
aTasamde Semcirda, anu 1029.3 aTasi adamianiT. es sxvaoba mxolod
mokvdavobiT ar aixsneba. Sesabamisad, aRweris Sedegad miRebuli
emigrantebis raodenoba naklebad sarwmunod unda miviCnioT. amitom,
rodesac saqarTveloSi migraciis statistiaze saubroben, TiTqmis
yovelTvis oficialur statistikur monacemebTan erTad iSvelieben
saeqsperto gaangarSebebs, romlebic zog SemTxvevaSi sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba oficialuri monacemebisagan.
1989-2001 wlebSi saqarTvelodan gare migraciis saldos dasadgenad a.
vadaWkoria irib meTods iyenebs da adgens, rom ,,gare migraciis uaryofiTma
saldom aRweraTSoris periodSi (1989-2001) sul 928.6 aTasi Seadgina”
(vadaWkoria 2004:52). g. wulaZisa da g. mgelaZis SefasebiT, 1990-1996 wlebSi
gare migraciis saldom 1006 aTass miaRwia (vadaWkoria 2004:52). r.
gaCeCilaZis azriT, amave periodisaTvis saqarTvelodan 620 aTasi adamiani
gavida, xolo T. guguSvilis SefasebiT, 1990-1997 wlebSi gare migraciis
uaryofiTi saldo 829 aTass utoldeba (vadaWkoria 2004:42). rogorc
vxedavT, gansxvavebebi saeqsperto Sefasebebs Soris sakmaod didia, magram
yvela miuTiTebs imaze, rom saqarTvelodan gacilebiT meti adamiania
gasuli, vidre es aRweris Sedegad dadginda. cxadia, rom imis gageba, Tu
18
realurad ramdeni adamianma datova saqarTvelo am wlebis manZilze,
faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli xdeba. amavdroulad faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli
xdeba gare migraciuli procesebis Seswavlis mizniT reprezentatuli
SerCevis ageba, radgan ar arsebobs monacemebi generaluri erTobliobis
Sesaxeb, rac garkveulwilad, eWvqveS ayenebs saqarTveloSi Catarebuli gare
migraciis raodenobrivi kvlevebis Sedegebis sandoobas.
aseTi viTarebidan gamomdinare, Cven SevecadeT kvleva Cagvetarebina
saqarTvelos yvelaze did regionSi, sadac, ise rogorc mTel
saqarTveloSi, emigraciis maRali donea.
kvlevis meTodologiuri SemuSavebisas gamoyenebulia kvlevis rogorc
raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi meTodebi, ramac saSualeba momca
gadamemowmebina da Semedarebina Sedegebi, rac ufro damajerebeli
daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas momcemda.
Tvisebrivi kvleva_siRrmiseuli intervius ZiriTadi nawili Catarda
2008 welis 20 ivnisidan 5 ivlisis CaTvliT.*
ufro srulyofili informaciis misaRebad gadavwyvite interviu
Cametarebina rogorc potenciur, aseve dabrunebul emigrant qalebTan.
siRrmiseul interviu Catarda 20 respondentTan. Aaqedan 10 iyo potenciuri
emigranti, xolo 10-dabrunebuli emigranti.
pirvelive interviuebidan cxadi gaxda, rom emigrantebi Tavs ikavebdnen
im sakiTxebSi, romlebic Cveni kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
warmoadgenda. Tumca dabrunebuli emigrantebi detalurad pasuxobdnen im
kiTxvebs, romlebic maT saemigracio gamocdilebas exeboda. amasTan
aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi dabrunebuli emigranti mokle xanSi isev apirebda
sazRvargareT wasvlas. maTTan Catarebuli intervius saSualebiT me
SevZeli mimeRo informacia emigraciis mosamzadebeli etapebis Sesaxeb.
respondentebis moZieba SesaZlebeli gaxda kaxeTis macxovreblebis
daxmarebiT.* mas Semdeg, rac kvlevis obieqti sabolood ganisazRvra, me ar
SemizRudavs respondentebis SerCevis kriteriumebi_respondenti SeiZleba
yofiliyo yvela srulwlovani potenciuri emigranti da sazRvargareTidan
dabrunebuli emigranti.
raodenobrivi kvleva_kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis aRwerisas Cven
19
ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT 2004 wlis kaxeTis socialur-ekonomikuri kvlevis
Sedegebs. radgan Cven ar gvqonda informacia arc kaxeTidan qalTa
emigraciis donis, arc SromiTi emigrantebis da arc dabrunebuli, Tu
potenciuri emigrantebis socialur_demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb,
Sinameurneobebis SerCeviTi kvlevis Catareba ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli.
aRweris SedegebiT ki Cven ar vdgebiT reprezentatiuli problemebis winaSe,
radgan grovdeba informacia mTeli generaluri erTobliobis Sesaxeb. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 2004 wlis kvleviT kaxeTis regionSi
Sinameurneobebis ricxvi 126,2 aTass Seadgenda, Cveni gamokvleva ki moicavs
regionis yvela raions, es gvaZlevs safuZvels CavTvaloT, rom miRebuli
monacemebi srulad asaxavs kaxeTSi Seqmnil viTarebas. kvlevisaTvis
SemuSavebul iqna anketa.** intervius atarebdnen nebismier qalTan.
kvlevisas Cven veyrdnobiT genderul statistikas, rogorc
umniSvnelovanes instruments, ramac saSualeba mogvca gagveTvaliswinebina
qalis, rogorc specifikuri socialur-demografiuli jgufis
Taviseburebani.
gamokvlevis procesSi ar migvimarTavs kvlevis e.w. anamnestikuri
meTodisTvis, rac gulisxmobs SromiT migrantTa aq darCenili ojaxis
wevrebisa da sxva axloblebis gamokiTxvas. am meTods Tavisi nakli gaaCnia,
radgan axlobelTa didi nawili ar flobs im informacias sakmao
sizustiT, romelic kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare gvainteresebda, aseT
SemTxvevaSi interviu praqtikulad gauqmdeboda da saWiro gaxdeboda axali
respondentebis moZebna. cxadia, SromiTi migrantis ojaxis wevris
informaciuloba xarisxiT ver gautoldeba uSualod SromiTi
migrantisagan aRebul intervius, swored amitom, Cven SevecadeT
gamogvekiTxa uSualod potenciuri, Tu ukve dabrunebuli migranti qalebi.
CavTvaleT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis da pasuxebis gulwrfelobis
xarisxi ufro maRali iqneboda.
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom Znelia erTi kvlevis Sedegebis ganzogadeba mTel
generalur erTobliobaze, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kaxeTi
saqarTvelos yvelaze didi regionia, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qalTa
SromiTi emigraciis procesis gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebi, emigraciis
20
gamomwvevi mizezebi, emigraciis mastimulirebeli faqtorebi,
damaxasiaTebeli iqneba saqarTvelos sxva regionebisTvisac.
1.4. kaxeTis regioni rogorc kvlevis adgili
kaxeTis regioni mdebareobs saqarTvelos ukidures aRmosavleT
nawilSi. igi teritoriis farTobis mixedviT udidesia qveynis regionebs
Soris. kaxeTis regionSi absolutur umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi
nawili qarTvelia. mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris SedegebiT kaxeTis
regionSi sul aRiricxeboda 441045 aTasi adamiani, maT Soris qarTveli
mosaxleoba Seadgenda 360245 aTass. xolo mosaxleobis 2002 wlisTvis
ricxovnobam 407182 aTasamde iklo, qarTveli mosaxleobis ricxvi ki, 341503
aTasamde Semcirda (saqarTvelos... 2002:).
Mmosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, qarTvelebi regonis
macxovrebelTa saerTo raodenobis 84% Seadgenden. (saqarTvelos... 2002:).
xolo, 2004 wlis maisSi, kaxeTis regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamokvleviT, qarTvelTa
raodenoba_91,5%. (mosaxleobis...2004:10) gansxvavebuli monacemebis miuxedavad
naTelia, rom regionis absolutur umravlesobas qarTvelebi Seadgenen.
mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis erovnulobis mixedviT aseTi mdgomareoba
gvaqvs: azerbajaneli_7%, somexi_6%, rusi_2%, osi_1,7%, qisti_1,7%
(saqarTvelos... 2002:). amave aRweris monacemebiT, Sinameurneobebis ricxvi
126,2 aTass Seadgenda. regionis mosaxleobis 20,8 procenti qalaqSi
cxovrobda, xolo danarCeni 79,2 procenti soflad. qalebi mosaxleobis 52
procents Seadgendnen, xolo mamakacebi 48 procents.
rac Seexeba kaxeTis regionSi qarTveli erovnebis mosaxleobis
ganawilebas raionebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis
aRweriT aseTnairad gamoiyureba:
21
(cxrili 1)*
qarTveli erovnebis mosaxleobis ganawileba raionebis mixedviT
qarTveli
kaci %saqarTvelo
4371535 3661173 84
kaxeTi407182 341503 84
axmeta41641 31237 75
gurjaani72618 71148 98
dedofliswyaro30811 27441 89
Telavi70589 60370 86
lagodexi51066 35376 69
sagarejo59212 39409 67
siRnaRi43587 42226 97
yvareli 37658 34296 91
imisaTvis, rom gamokvlevis Sedegebis ganzogadebisaTvis meti saSualeba
da safuZveli gvqonoda, kvleva mTeli regionis masStabiT ganxorcielda da
moicva rogorc qalaqebi aseve soflebic.
kaxeTis regionis ToToeuli raionuli centris mosaxleobis
socialuri stratifikacia met-naklebad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan,
mTlianobaSi ki iqmneba kaxeTisaTvis zogadi viTareba. TiToeul raionSi
igive principiT SeirCa 4-5 sofeli, sadac SeZlebisamebr srulad gamoikiTxa
SromiTi migranti qalebi. kvlevis procesSi informaciis xarisxisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba hqonda gamokvlevisas SerCevis reprezentatulobis
gansazRvras, kerZod imas, Tu ramdenad SevZlebdiT SerCeuli erTobliobiT
agvesaxa generaluri erToblioba. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevisaTvis
sakmarisad iqna miCneuli 802 interviu, realurad gamoikiTxa 1202
respondenti, magram kiTxvaze: ,,gaqvT Tu ara emigraciaSi wasvlis
22
survili?”, 400 qalma kiTxvas uaryofiTad upasuxa, rac analizisTvis
mniSvnelovani monacemia.
sakvlevi respondentebis raodenoba gadanawilda TiToeuli raionis
centrebsa da soflebze: gurjaanis raioni_q. gurjaani da 5 sofeli:
veliscixe, kardanaxi, gurjaani, Cumlayi, kaWreTi; Telavis raioni_q. Telavi
da 5 sofeli: kurdRelauri, nafareuli, akura, vardisubani, iyalTo;
sagarejos raioni_q. sagarejo da 5 sofeli: lambalo, Tulari,
iormuRanlo, kakabeTi, manavi; lagodexis raioni_q. lagodexi da 5 sofeli:
kabali, afeni, karTubani, codniskari, baisubani; siRnaRis raioni_q. siRnaRi
da 4 sofeli: saqobo, bodbe, bodbisxevi, anaga; axmetis raioni_q. axmeta da 4
sofeli: matani, zemo alvani, duisi, qvemo alvani; yvarlis raioni_q.
yvareli da 4 sofeli axalsofeli, Silda, Wikaani, gavazi; dedofliswyaros
raioni_q. dedofliswyaro da 3 sofeli zemo maCxaani, zemo qedi, wiTeli
wyaro.
kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare Cvens mier SerCeul soflebSi qarTuli
mosaxleoba umetes maTganSi absolutur umravlesobaSia. mxolod ramdenime
sofelia, sadac cxovroben sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebic.
dedofliswyaros raionSi, zemo qedis mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_64%,
rusi_23%; wiTeli wyaros mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_35%, rusi_31%,
somexi_23%; yvarlis raionSi, axalsoflis mosaxleobidan qarTvelia_69%,
avarieli_27%; aseve sofel WikaanSi qarTvelia_65%, xolo avarieli_30%.
anketirebisTvis SerCeuli soflebidan mxolod ramdenimea iseTi, sadac
umciresobaSia qarTveli mosaxleoba. aseTia, lagodexis raionSi sofeli
kabali, sagarejos raionSi soflebi _ iormuRanlo, lambalo da Tulari,
sadac mosaxleobaSi ricxovnobiT Warboben azerbaijaneli erovnebis
warmomdgenlebi. rac Seexeba axmetis raionSi sofel duiss, aq mosaxleobis
35% qarTvelia, xolo 74%_qisti.
amrigad ufro Rrma da mravalmxrivi informaciis miRebis mizniT
SevecadeT Cvens mier SerCeuli gamokiTxvis punqtebiT mTlianad mogvecva
kaxeTis regioni.
23
(cxrili 2)*
SerCeul respondentTa raodenoba raionebis mixedviT
raioni macxovrebeli sul
maT Soris kaci
maT Soris qali18-60w
maT Soris qali%
gamoTxul
respondentTa
raodenoba
gurjaani 72,618 34,482 21,508 18.0% 147
Telavi 70,589 33,307 21,026 17,6% 140
sagarejo 59,212 29,253 16,896 14,1% 115
lagodexi 51,066 24,962 14,722 12,3% 100
siRnaRi 43,587 20,349 13,106 11,0% 90
axmeta 41,641 20,091 12,154 10,0% 80
yvareli 37,658 18,015 11,078 9,3% 70
dedofliswyaro 30,811 14,582 9,153 7,7% 60
sul 407,182 213,056 119,643 100,0% 802
asakobrivi SerCeva Seexo 18-34, 35-54 da 55-60 wlis qalebs. (mesame
asakobriv jgufSi yvelaze cotaa gamokiTxuli, radgan aq asakobrivi
sxvaobac Semcirebulia.)
(cxrili 3)
gamokiTxuli respondentebi procentuli ganawileba asakobrivi jgufis
mixedviT
asakobrivi
jgufi
18-34 35-54 55-60
procentuli
ganawileba
43,6% 48,4% 8%
24
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweriT, kaxeTis regionSi sul
aRiricxeboda 407182 aTasi kaci, maT Soris, rogorc qalaqad, aseve soflad
macxovrebeli qalebis raodenoba Seadgenda 212141 aTass. xolo CvenTvis
saintereso asakis qalTa ricxvi (18-60w.) 11964 aTasi iyo. zogadad, kaxeTis
regionSi (rogorc qalaqad aseve soflad), 18-60 wlis qalTa procentuli
mimarTeba mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan Semdegnairad nawildeba:
(cxrili 4)*
kaxeTis regionSi 18-60 wlis qalTa raodenoba
(procentobiT jamTan)
kaxeTis regioni mosaxleoba procentuli raodenoba
(jamTan)
sul 407,182 100%
qalaqis mosaxleoba 84,827 20,8%
soflis mosaxleoba 322,355 79,2%
qali 212,14 52,1%
qali 18-60w. 119,64 56,4%
kvlevis dros informaciis xarisxisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs
gamokvlevisas SerCevis reprezentatulobis gansazRvras, kerZod imas, Tu
ramdenad asaxavs SerCeuli erToblioba generalur erTobliobas. Cven mier
Catarebuli kvlevisaTvis sakmarisad iqna miCneuli 802 interviu.
SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, roca generalur erTobliobaSi
erTgvarovnobis xarisxi maRalia igi SeiZleba damakmayofilebel
raodenobad CaiTvalos, miTumetes, rom winamdebare kvlevaSi aqcenti
gadatanilia qalTa migraciuli nakadebis Tvisobrivi da struqturuli
maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlaze da naklebad _ migrantTa raodenobrivi
indikatorebis dadgenaze. vfiqrobT, rom aseT dros dispersia dabalia, rac
aseTi didi regionisTvis 802 respondentis Seswavlas misaReb raodenobad
xdis.
25
gamokvleva Catarda or etapad. pirvel etapze SeirCa gamosakiTx qalTa
raodenoba adgilisa da asakobrivi struqturis Sesabamisad, moxda
dabrunebuli emigranti qalebis dadgena, meore etapze ki ganxorcielda
maTi interviureba.
gamokiTxvis dros SedarebiT Wirda dabrunebuli SromiTi
migrantebidan interviuebis aReba, radgan zogierT maTgans ucxo qveyanaSi
cxovrebisa da muSaobis mZime periodis gaxsenebac ki ar undoda. Zneli iyo
Semosavlebisa da saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebis odenobis dadgena.
respondentebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen, Tavi aeridebinaT da Semcirebulad
daesaxelebinaT rogorc emigraciis dros iqauri Semosavali, ise
saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili Tanxis odenobac.
26
II qalTa SromiTi migraciis Taviseburebani kaxeTis regionSi
2..1 kaxeTis regionidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis ekonomikuri mizezebi da
motivebi
2.1..1. siRaribe
siRaribis subieqturi aRqma kaxeTSi macxovrebel qalebs Soris
pirdapir ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis problemas. imas, rom kaxeTis regionSi
mosaxleoba ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobaSia, amtkicebs 2004 wels am
regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri gamokvleva. am
gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, kaxeTis regionSi Sinameurneobebis ricxvi
126,2 aTasia. kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis gamokvlevis mixedviT, regionSi
ojaxis saSualo zoma 3,6 Seadgenda. qalaqebSi es maCvenebeli 3,34-ia, xolo
soflad 3,7-is tolia.
am Sinameurneobebis Seswavlis monacemebiT, medianuri Semosavlis
mixedviT siRaribis zRvars qvemoT Sinameurneobebis naxevari cxovrobs.
ukiduresi siRaribis zRvris (medianuri Semosavlis 60%) miRma ojaxebi 28,9
procentia. am zRvris mixedviT siRaribis siRrmis koeficienti 23,4
utoldeba, simwvavisa ki_14,2-s (mosaxleobis... 2004:14).
qalaq_soflis mixedviT siRaribis monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavebulia. amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom fuladi Semosavlebis
SedarebiT Tanabrobis pirobebSi, soflad arafuladi Semosavali bavrad
aRemateba qalaqSi analogiur maCvenebels. qalaqSi ukiduresad Raribebis
ricxvi 2-jer aRemateba soflad Sesabamis maCvenebels. qalaqis siRaribis
siRrmisa da simwvavis monacemebic bevrad maRalia soflis analogiur
maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. (mosaxleobis... 2004:25).
raionebis mixedviT siRaribis yvelaze maRali doniT, siRrmiTa da
simwvaviT sagarejos raioni xasiaTdeba (61%), siRaribe yvelaze naklebad
siRnaRis raionSia gavrcelebuli (37%), ukiduresad RaribTaA wili ki,
yvelaze dabali lagodexis raionSia (11%) (mosaxleobis... 2004:25).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am gamokvlevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad ar gaumjobesebula, yvela safuZveli
27
gvaqvs imisTvis, rom kaxeTis regioni miviCnioT erT-erT Rarib mxared.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia
ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samwuxarod es ar aisaxeba siRaribis donis
Semcirebaze. 2004 welTan SedarebiT, 2005 wels siRaribis done qalaqad
34,3%-dan 37,1%-mde, xolo soflad 37,1%-dan 41,7%-mde gaizarda. aseve
maRalia Semosavlebisa (0,44) da moxmarebis (0,39) uTanasworebis koeficienti.
(Gini coefficient) (qveynis... 2006:4).
kaxeTis 2004 wlis ekonomikuri gamokvlevaSi miRebuli SefasebiT
saSualod erT ojaxze wliuri mTliani Semosavlis odenoba 3102 lars
Seadgena. qalaqebSi ojaxis saSualo Semosavali ufro dabalia_1942 lari,
xolo soflebSi maRali_3387 lari. es gamowveulia soflad arafuladi
(naturiT) Semosavlebis SedarebiT didi moculobiT. gamokvlevis Sedegebis
mixedviT, ojaxis fuladi Semosavali regionSi 1424 lari Seadgens
weliwadSi. es sidide qalaqSi 1414, xolo soflad 1427 laris tolia.
mosaxleobis fenebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawileba sakmaod
araTanabaria: ojaxebis yvelaze SeZlebuli 20% regionis Sinameurneobebis
mTliani Semosavlis 44%-ze modis, xolo yvelaze dabalSemosavlian 20%-ze
mTlini Semosavlis mxolod 5%. (mosaxleobis... 2004:14).
kaxeTis regionSi siRaribe sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa.
Semosavlebis saerTo dabali donidan gamomdinare, yvela is ojaxi, romlis
Semosavalic medianurze dabalia, marTebulia CaiTvalos Raribad. Aam
midgomis gamoyenebiT kaxeTis Sinameurneobebis naxevarze meti Raribia.
siRaribe qalaqebSi ufro gavrcelebulia, vidre soflebSi. (mosaxleobis...
2004:25).
regionis aseTi socialur-ekonomikuri Sefaseba Cveni gamokvleviTac
dasturdeba. Cvens mier gamokixuli respondentebis umravlesoba TavianTi
ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas afasebs rogorc ,,dabals”.
28
(cxrili 5)
sakuTari ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba
respondenti qalebis mier
(procentobiT jamTan)
materialuri mdgomareoba qalaqi sofeli sul
Zalian dabali,
Semosavali kvebazec ar gvyofnis
34.13 22,20 24,69
dabali, Semosavali kvebaze da
Casacmelze Zlivs gvyofnis
37,72 49,45 47,01
saSualo, ojaxis ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas
vaxerxebT
28,14 27,24 27,43
maRali, SegviZlia garTobisa da
dasvenebis xarjebsac gavwvdeT
___ 1,10 0,87
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dResdReobiT regionSi
SromiTi Semosavlebi arasakmaris safuZvels qmnis ojaxis keTildReobis
uzrunvelsayofad da sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebidan miRebuli produqcia
kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis keTildReobis ganmsazRvrelia. is, rom regionis
mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi sasoflo sameurneo warmoebidan naturaluri
saxiT miRebul Semosavls maRali wili uWiravs, kaxeTis regionSi ojaxebis
cxovrebis saerTo dabal doneze miuTiTebs.
2.1..2 dasaqmebis problema
dasaqmeba siRaribis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebis
mixedviT qalTa dasaqmebis masStabebi maRali iyo, rogorc materialuri
warmoebis, ise arasawarmoo sferos dargebSi. imave monacemebis mixedviT
qalebi materialuri warmoebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 46,1%-s, xolo
arasawarmoo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 61,7%-s Seadgendnen. qalebi ara marto
29
dasaqmebis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeodnen, aramed qarTveli qalebi
liderobdnen ganaTlebis profesionalizmisa da kvalifikaciis saerTo
doniT (SioSvili 1998:4). 80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi qalTa SromiTi
aqtivobis arnaxulma zrdam didad ganapiroba maTi profesiul-
kvalifikaciuri potencialis amaRleba. magram Semdeg aTwleulSi qveyanaSi
ganxorcielebuli sistemuri cvlilebebis, ekonomikuri krizisisa da sxva
mravali mizezis gamo, mkveTrad Semcirda qalTa dasaqmebis sfero, ramac
maTi socialuri cxovrebis arnaxuli gamwvaveba gamoiwvia. qveyanaSi qalis
saxiT arsebuli uaRresad mravalricxovani da maRalkvalificiuri
kontigenti, efeqturi gamoyenebis gareSe darCa.
ekonomikuri krizisi TiTqmis yvela dargsa da sferos Seexo, magram
gansakuTrebiT dazaralda e. w. ,,qaluri profilis” dargebi_msubuqi da
kvebis mrewveloba. garda amisa qveyanaSi gaCenili biznesic ,,mamakacuri”
profiliT gamoirCeva, xolo momsaxurebis zogierT iseT sferoSi, sadac
adre mxolod qalebi iyvnen dasaqmebulni aSkarad SeimCneva mamakacTa
dasaqmebis zrda (SioSvili 1998:4). amgvarad, qalTa dasaqmebis areali
Semcirda rogorc obieqturi ise subieqturi faqtorebisa da mizezebis
gamo.
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, 2000
wlisaTvis qveyanaSi umuSevrobis done Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis
kriteriumiT Seadgenda 10,3%, xolo e.w. `Serbilebuli”
kriteriumiT_15,2%-s. 2001 wlisaTvis umuSevrobis done Sesabamisad 11,1 da
15,8%-mde gaizarda. specialistTa SefasebiT ki umuSevrobis realuri done
saqarTveloSi 30-35%-s Seadgens
mTlianad regionSi droebiT umoqmedo ekonomikuri subieqtis
raodenoba Seadgens 1124 erTeuls, mudmivad umoqmedo 5304 erTeuls.
mTlianad regionSi droebiT umoqmedo ekonomikuri subieqti-17,5%-ia,
mudmivad umoqmedo_82,5% (regionis... 2004:14).
SinameurneobaSi umuSevari wevrebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad
mkveTrad izrdeba Sinameurneobis siRaribis zRvars qvemoT moxvedris riski.
aqedan gamomdinare dasaqmeba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc siRaribidan
Tavis daRwevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba.
30
im sawarmoebidan, romlebic kaxeTis regionSi sabWoTa periodSi
funqcionirebda, sadac kaxeTis mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili, maT Soris
qalTa sakmaod didi nawili iyo dasaqmebuli, dRes maTi umravlesoba
gauqmebulia. zogadad, mosaxleobis dasaqmeba regionis yvela raionSi erT-
erT mTavar problema warmoadgens.
(cxrili 6)
mosaxleobis ganawileba dasaqmebis mixedviT raionul WrilSi*
procenti
sul
kaxeT
i
axmeta
gurjaani
ded
oflis
wyaro
Tel
avi
lag
odex
i
sag
arej
o
siR
naRi
yvar
eli
diax
ara
sul
60,3
39,7
100
72,4
27,6
100
58,3
41,7
100
56,9
43,1
100
47,1
52,9
100
67,4
32,6
100
67,4
32,6
100
57,5
42,5
100
63,7
36,3
100
unda aRiniSnos, rom Telavis raionSi dadebiTi pasuxebis SedarebiT
dabali maCvenebeli gamowveulia sxva raionebTan SedarebiT qalaqSi
mcxovrebi mosaxleobis ufro maRali wiliT.
regionSi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi 15 welze ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40% ar aris dasaqmebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom
Sinameurneobis TiTqmis naxevarSi erT momuSaves saSualod 2 an meti suli
hyavs sarCeni (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT).
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi momuSave
mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80% TviTdasaqmebulia. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba
sasoflo sameurneo seqtorSia dasaqmebuli, xolo maTgan udidesi nawilis
dasaqmebis sfero sakuTari glexuri meurneobaa.
2004 wlis maisSi kaxeTis regionSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis social-
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamokvlevebiT regionSi umuSevrobis done 6,3
procentis tolia, qalaqebSi 18,5 procenti, xolo soflad es maCvenebeli 5
procenti. ekonomikurad aqtiuria mosaxleobis 71 procenti. qalaqebsa da
soflebSi es maCvenebeli Sesabamisad 62 da 73 procentia. regionSi
31
dasaqmebulia 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis 66 procenti. qalaqebSi
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 50 procentia, soflad ki_70 procenti. mTlianad
regionSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulia momuSave mosaxleobis 13
procenti. qalaqad es maCvenebeli 34 procentia, xolo soflad gacilebiT
dabali_9 procenti. regionSi gadaqmebulTa 80 procenti TviTdasaqmebulia.
qalaqis momuSaveTa 50 procentia TviTdasaqmebuli, xolo soflad
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia_84 procenti (regionis... 2004:30).
saqmianobis seqtorebis mixedviT regionSi dasaqmebulTa ganawileba
Semdegia: sasoflo sameurneo seqtori_74%; samewarmeo seqtori_11%,
ganaTleba da jandacvis momsaxureba_7%, saqmianobis sxva seqtorebi_5 %
dasaqmebulTa ganawileba dasaqmebis seqtorebis mixedviT, soflad da
qalaqad mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
(cxrili 7)
dasaqmebulTa procentuli ganawileba maTi saqmianobis saxeebis
mixedviT*
sul
kaxeTSi
qalaqad soflad qali kaci
soflis
meurneoba
76,9 38,0 83,2 71,1 77,7
samewarmeo
saqme
11,4 30,7 8,1 7,2 14,9
ganaTleba/
jandacva
6,9 16,2 5,5 12,4 1,9
sxva 4,8 15,1 3,2 4,3 5,5
sul 100 100 100 100 100
am Sefasebebidan Cans, rom kaxeTis yvela raionSi momuSaveTa da maT
Soris qalTa absoluturi umravlesobis dasaqmebis sfero soflis
meurneobaa. ojaxebis keTildReoba ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli mcire SemosavlebiT ganisazRvreba.
32
bolo wlebSi qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebma garkveulwilad Secvala
mosaxleobis SromiTi aqtivobis mimarTulebebi. mcirdeba dasaqmebis
moculoba saxelmwifo seqtorSi. regionSi momuSaveTa absoluturi
umravlesoba (87,3%) dasaqmebulia arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. xolo
momuSaveTa umravlesoba (TiTqmis 80%) TviTdasaqmebulia. absoluturi
umravlesobis dasaqmebis sfero ki, yvela raionSi, soflis meurneobaa.
(cxrili 8)
dasaqmebulTaA ganawileba maTi saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT*
procenti
sul kax
eTi
qalaqi
sofel
i
axmeta
gurjaani
ded
oflil
swyaroooo
Tel
avi
lag
odex
i
sag
arej
o
siR
naRi
yvar
el;i
saxelmwifo 12,7 33,9 9,3 12.2 11,0 16,0 17,1 11,6 11,0 13,3 10,0
arasaxelmwifo 87,3 66,1 90,7 87,8 89,0 84,0 82,9 88,4 89,0 86,7 90,0
sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
moyvanili monacemebi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan qalTa
migraciuli procesebis mdgomareobis analizisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi
indikatoria umuSevrobis done. es maCvenebeli mTlianad regionSi 6,3
procentia. qalaqebSi umuSevrobis done 18,5 procentia, rac mkveTrad
sWarbobs sasoflo dasaxlebebis analogiur maCvenebels.
kaxeTis regionSi umuSevrobis done Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis
standartebis Sesabamisad sul 6,3 procentia, aqedan qalaqad_18,5%, soflad
4,0%, umuSevari qalebis umuSevrobis done 6,4 procentia, kacebis 4
procentis naklebi (mosaxleobis...2004:19).
qalaqebSi umuSevrobis maRali done (18,5 %) da soflad sasoflo-
33
sameurneo saqmianobis naklebi efeqturoba, bunebrivia, araxelsayrel
socialur fons qmnis regionis ganviTarebisaTvis da emigraciis did
stimulatorad gvevlineba.
kaxeTis regionSi 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxle qalTa ganawileba
ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT wlebis ganmavlobaSi garkveul cvlilebebs
ganicdis.
(cxrili 10)
kaxeTis regionSi 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalTa ganawileba
ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT (2000-2005w.w.)*
(aTasi kaci)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
sul 15 welze ufrosi asakis qalTa raodenoba
170,18 167,92 172,97 161,76 156,53 153,70
sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba(samuSao Zala)
89,71 92,83 108,87 100,83 156,53 153,70
momuSave 83,37 89,15 104,28 95,23 99,19 101,40
daqiravebuli 21,29 23,08 24,08 20,83 23,46 23,84
TviTdasaqmebuli 45,32 52,94 80,12 74,34 75,73 77,56
gaurkveveli 16,77 13,13 0,08 0,07 0,00 0,00
umuSevari 6,34 3,68 4,59 5,60 4,54 4,24
umuSevrobis done (procentebSi)
7,06 3,97 4,22 5,56 4,38 4,01
aqtiurobis done(procentebSi)
52,72 55,29 62,94 62,34 66,27 68,73
dasaqmebis done(procentebSi)
48,99 53,09 60,29 58,87 63,37 65,97
statistikuri monacemebs Tu davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom qalTa
umuSevrobis done procentulad icvleba, is 2000 wlidan 2005 wlamde
SesamCnevad mcirdeba. dasaqmebis done ki izrdeba.
Tu 2000 wels kaxeTSi umuSevrobis done qalebSi Seadgenda 7,06%,
(mamakacebSi _ 6,32%), dasaqmebis done_48,99%, 2005 wlisTvis umuSevrobis
maCvenebeli 4,01% ecema. (mamakacebSi_4,93%), xolo dasaqmebis done izrdeba
34
65,97%-mde.
2006-2007 wlebSi orive sqesisTvis umuSevrobis procentuli maCvenebeli
Seadgenda Sesabamisad 2006 wels_6,46% da 2007 wels_6.9%, xolo dasaqmebis
done 2006 wels_65,8%, 2007 wels_68,7% (samwuxarod am wlebSi sakuTriv
qalTa umuSevrobis done statistikuri monacemebiT ver moviZieT).
2000 wels kaxeTis regionSi samuSao Zalis mqone qalTa ricxvi
Seadgenda 170,18 aTass, 2005 wlisTvis es ricxvi mcirdeba 153,70 aTasamde,
2007 wlisTvis ki, orive sqesis samuSao Zala 286,7 aTasia, am monacemebze
dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom umuSevrobis procentuli
maCveneblebis kleba gamowveulia, ara imdenad dasaqmebis donis, an samuSao
adgilebis zrdiT, (radgan am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT
TviTdasaqmebul qalTa ricxvic), aramed samuSao Zali SemcirebiT, rac
gamoiwvia regionidan sazRvargareT qalebis intensiurma migraciam.
aSkaraa, rom dasaqmebulTa ricxvi xelovnurad izrdeba soflad
momuSave TviTdasaqmebulTa xarjze. soflad umuSevroba faqtobrivad ar
aRiricxeba, vinaidan soflad mcxovrebni, romlebic sakuTar, an ijariT
aRebul miwis nakveTze ewevian sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas, aRiricxebian
TviTdasaqmebulebad, Tumca es saqmianoba umeteswilad aris iZulebiTi
xasiaTis (sxva samuSao ubralod ar arsebobs), dabalmwarmoebluri,
araefeqtiani da arasruli. soflad dasaqmeba umTavresad orientirebulia
naturalur Semosavalze da, Sesabamisad, sakuTar moxmarebaze. amrigad,
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba kaxeTis regionis, rogorc
zogadad saqarTvelos Sromis bazris funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesi
xelis SemSleli faqtoria.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba umuSevaria. dasaqmebulTa
meti wili qalaqad mcxovreb qalebze modis, xolo soflad mcxovrebi
qalebis umravlesoba TviTdasaqmebulia. ZiriTadi saqmianobebis mixedviT
respondent qalTa procentuli gadanawileba aseTia:
35
(cxrili 11)
saqmianoba qalaqi
%
sofeli
%
sul
daqiravebuli piri xangrZlivi
vadiT
19,16 11,81 13,34
moklevdani kontraqtiT periodulad
momuSave
18,56 15, 59 16,21
mewarme, romelsac hyavs
daqiravebuli muSebi
___ 0,31 0,25
individualuri SromiTi saqmianobiT
dakavebuli
2,99 2,83 2,87
saojaxo sasoflo meurneobaSi
momuSave
5,99 12,91 11,47
kolejis studenti ___ 0.94 0,75
umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti 8,38 5,83 6,36
asakobrivi/ invalidobis pensioneri 1,80 0,47 0,75
saojaxo meurneobaSi dakavebuli 5,99 5,51 5,61
umuSevari 35,93 42,83 41,40
pasuxis gacema gauWirda 1,20 0,79 0,87
qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebis dasaqmebis upiratesi sferoa
ganaTleba_16,77% da jandacva_10,78%, soflad analogiur sferoSi
dasaqmebulia: ganaTleba_14,02%, jandacva_10,7%.
36
mocemuli monacemebiT da respondentebTan uSualo saubrebis dros
gamoikveTa, rom moklevadiani kontraqtebiT, periodulad momuSave qalTa
dasaqmebis sfero upiratesad soflis meurneobaa, sadac sezonuri saqmeebis
(sagazafxulo-saSemodgomo) saWiroebisamebr xdeba maTi daqiraveba. amgvarad
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalTa umravlesoba TviTdasaqmebulia da
dakavebulia sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobiT.
2.1..3. Semosavlebi da xarjebi
Semosavlebis struqturis mixedviT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebidan
miRebuli produqcia kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis keTildReobis
ganmsazRvrelia. es daskvna met damajereblobas iZens im fonze, rom kaxeTis
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 80% soflis tipis dasaxlebaze modis.
Semosavlebis struqtura qalaq-soflis mixedviT aseTia. soflad
Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros Semosavlebi soflis meurneobis produqciis
gayidvidan da arafuladi Semosavlebi, anu sakuTari warmoebis kvebis
produqtebis moxmareba warmoadgens. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom soflad
mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis socialur_ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ZiriTadad
mosavalzea damokidebuli da mTlianobaSi is faqti, rom kaxeTis
mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi arafuladi, ZiriTadad sasoflo_sameurneo
warmoebidan miRebul Semosavals maRali wili uWiravs, kaxeTis regionSi
ojaxebis cxovrebis saerTo dabal doneze miuTiTebs.
qalTa ojaxebis xarjebis 98% modis pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis
(produqtebi, tansacmeli, piradi higienuri sagnebi) SeZenaze. sixSiris
mixedviT meore kategorias Seadgenen janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebi (50%), rasac mosdevs soflis meurneobasTan da ojaxis valebis
dafarvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi ( 20% -18%) (mosaxleobis...2004:108).
dabali Semosavlebi aiZulebs qalebs aiRon valebi, rom daexmaron
ojaxebs, gamokvebon Svilebi, gadaixadon maTi ganaTlebis xarjebi. magram
valebis dafarvis resursebis ararseboba, xSir SemTxvevaSi maT ubiZgebT
emigraciisaken.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom kaxeTidan qalTa emigraciis maRali done
37
ar aixsneba mxolod kaxeTSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. am
procesSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kaxeTis emigraciuli qselebis mier
SemoTavazebuli resursebi, romlebic iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac
mosaxleobas naklebad miuwvdeba xeli formalur sabanko momsaxurebaze da
emigraciaTan dakavSirebul informaciaze, saSualebas aZleven kaxeTis
macxovrebel qalebs Seamciron emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ufro
usafrTxo da mimzidveli gaxadon emigraciis procesi.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebis 84% potenciuri emigrantia,
romelTagan 13,3% ukve iyo emigraciaSi da isev apirebda wasvlas.
emigraciis qveynebis umravlesoba dasavleT evropis qveynebia.
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs saberZneTi da italia, rac
aixsneba emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli SedarebiT dabali xarjebiT,
saberZneTSi legaluri statusis miRebis SesaZleblobebiT da emigraciuli
qselebis ganviTarebiT.
kaxeTSi macxovrebel qalebTan da sxvadasxa araformaluri
Sexvedrebidan Segveqmna STabeWdileba, rom qalebis umravlesobas surs
wasvla sazRvargareT, magram zogs amis saSualeba ar gaaCnia. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom emigrantebis saSualo asaki 38 welia, yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi maTi sazRvargareT gamgzavreba SesaZloa aRviqvaT rogorc
qalTa garkveuli ,,gaqceva”.
rogorc wesi, yvela qalisTvis saerTo ekonomikuri gaWirvebas, rac
maTi intensiuri migraciis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens, TiToeul
konkretul SemTxvevaSi emateba specifikuri detalebi. es SeiZleba iyos im
finansuri resursebis ararseboba, romelic saWiroa sacxovrebeli
pirobebis gaumjobesebisTvis, SvilebisTvis kargi ganaTlebis misacema, da
sxva.
dabrunebul emigrantTa umravlesoba, romlebic gamovkiTxeT,
aRniSnavda, rom sazRvargareT gamgzavreba gamowveuli iyo maTi ojaxebis
umZimesi ekonomikuri gaWirvebiT, romlis daZlevac umuSevrobis, an dabali
anazRaurebis gamo ar SeeZloT.
Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom emigracia
gamowveuli iyo SefardebiTi deprivaciiT*, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi
38
qali sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT muSaobda, sofelSi hqonda patara meurneobac,
es sakmarisi ar iyo ojaxis moTxovnilebis dasamayofileblad.
kaxeTis regionis zogierT qalze emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, is faqti, rom maTi megobrebi,
naTesavebi wavidnen sazRvargareT da iqidan gaweuli daxmarebis saSualebiT
maTi ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. unda
vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSic emigracia gamowveulia SefardebiTi
deprivaciiT. im qalebma, romlebic ar yofilan emigraciaSi, Tavi
deprivirebulebad igrZnes im qalebTan SedarebiT, romlebic sazRvargareT
imyofebian da materialurad exmarebian TavianTi ojaxis wevrebs, Tanac ise,
rom wlebis manZilze sagrZnoblad gaiumjobeses mdgomareoba.
rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTadad, qalebi sazRvargareT kaxeTSi arsebuli
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da misi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobis
gamo midian. Tumca SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom sul ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba SefardebiTi deprivaciis gavlenac emigraciaSi wasvlis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
2.2. qalTa SromiTi migraciis saerTo daxasiaTeba
2.2.1. emigraciis miznebi
qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs umTavres im mizeziT, rom ojaxs daexmaros da cxovrebis
normaluri pirobebi Seuqmnas ojaxis wevrebs. magram rogorc ki xdeba
pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, umravlesoba iwyebs fiqrs,
daagrovos gansazRvruli Tanxa, raTa ukan dabrunebisas SeZlos
SeiZinos bina, an Tavisive raiionSi, an TbilisSi, gaiumjobesos
sacxovrebeli pirobebi, wamoiwyos sakuTari biznesi, iyidos manqana da
a. S.
Tumca kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa emigraciis sxa mizezebic,
romlebic qalebis subieqtur motivebTanaa dakavSirebuli. unda aRiniSnos,
rom qalebi aseT motivebze gaxsnilad ar saubroben.
39
SromiTi migraciis mizezTa ganxilvisas aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis sazRvargareT saSovarze yofnis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri
xasiaTisaa da umetesad aq darCenili ojaxis saarsebo uzrunvelyofas
emsaxureba.
rogorc Cveni gamokvlevis dros dabrunebul emigrantebTan saubrebma
gviCvena, maTi umravlesoba sxvadasxva regularobiT da sxvadasxva formiT,
magram mainc, exmareboda Tavis ojaxs. maT mier gamogzavnili daxmarebebi
ojaxebis Semosavlebisa da mcire keTildReobis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.
ra Tqma unda emigrantebi yovelTvis ver axerxeben ganaxorcielon
yvela Canafiqri, Tumca aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca emigranti qalebis
daxmarebiT misi ojaxis wevrebi yiduloben manqanas da ara erT, aramed or
binasac, erT-erTs aucileblad dedaqalaqSi. cxadia, rom is materialuri
warmatebebi, rasac zogierTi emigranti qali aRwevs sazRvargareT,
garkveul stimuls aZlevs darCenilebs, rom isinic wavidnen emgracaSi.
amisTvis qalebi ukavSirdebian emigrant axloblebs, nacnobebs da maTi
daxmarebiT (finansuri, informaciuli) cdiloben sazRvargareT
gamgzavrebas. amisTvis ki, qalebi aralegalur da zog SemTxvevaSi saSiS
gzebsac ar eridebian.
2.2.2. SromiTi migraciis organizebis Taviseburebani
2.2.2.1.) emigraciis formebi
SromiT migrantTa adaptaciis procesi da maTi socialur-ekonomikuri
da uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli migraciis
xasiaTze da mis organizaciul formebze.
Cven gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gavamaxvileT im situaciaze, Tu rogoria
migraciis survilsa da am survilis realizacias Soris korelacia. es
korelacia aCvenebs, rom wasvlis msurvelTa umravlesoba emigraciaSi ver
wavida. qveynis SigniT migracia ver SeZlo qalTa 75,6% -ma, xolo qveynis
gareT_84%-ma. qveynis SigniT migracia moaxerxa mxolod 15,9%-ma, xolo
qveynis gareT_13.3%-ma.
40
Cveni kvleviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kaxeTis regionidan qalTa
SromiTi migraciis formebis dadgena da calkeuli formis efeqtianobis
Sefaseba. kvlevis SedegebiT miviReT, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiT
migrantebs sazRvargareT wasvlaSi exmarebian naTesavebi, megobrebi da
nacnobebi. aseve didia wili Suamavlebis daxmarebisa, xolo yvelaze mcirea
studentTa gacvliTi programebiT migracia.
migraciisas yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi organizaciuli formebi,
rogorebicaa naTesavebisa da nacnob-megobrebis daxmareba da `bedis
anabarad” wasvla. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli potenciuri emigrantebidan
emigraciaSi wasvlis msurvelebidan 34,7%-s mimReb qveyanaSi aravin hyavs,
22,2%-s hyavs naTesavi, 16,2%_nacnobi.
ucxoeTSi yofnis xangrZlivobisa da migraciis organizaciul
formebTan korelaciiT dadginda, rom ucxoeTSi xangrZlivad (5 welze meti
vadiT) myofTagan umravlesoba saqarTvelodan gavida naTesavebisa da
nacnob-megobrebis daxmarebiT (57,1%), xolo dasaqmebis samsaxurebisa da
turistuli firmebis meSveobiT maTi mxolod 6,0% gayvanili.
ucxoeTSi xangrZlivad myofTa Soris sakmaod maRalia `bedis anabarad”
wasul SromiT migrantTa wili (25,5%). calkeuli organizaciuli formis
gamoyenebiT ucxoeTSi wasulTa ganawileba migraciis xangrZlivobis
mixedviT gviCvenebs, rom `bedis anabarad wasulebi yvelaze xSirad rCebian
sazRvargareT 5 welze meti vadiT. maT Soris maRalia aseve 1-dan 5 wlamde
vadiT myofTa wili (44,8%). es ganpirobebulia mimReb qveyanaSi
aralegalurad yofniTa da muSaobiT, rac samSobloSi dabrunebasa da re-
emigracias aZnelebs (SromTi... 2003:26).
ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi axloblebisa da iqauri diasporis an dasaqmebis
saxelmwifo samsaxuris xelSewyobiT wasulTa danaxarjebi gacilebiT
ufro naklebia, vidre dasaqmebis kerZo saagentoebisa Tu Suamavlebis mier
organizebuli migraciisas. Cveni gamokiTxviT, ucxoeTSi vizis misaRebad
qalebis 39,3% mzad aris gadaixados araoficialuri gadasaxadi, xolo
45,4% acxadebs, rom aseT safasurs ar gadaixdis. Tumca unda vivaraudoT,
rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi am qalTa mniSvnelovani nawili Seecdeba
mooiZios saxsrebi da main gadaixados araoficialuri gadasaxadi,oRon
41
SeZlon saqarTvelodan wasvla.
migraciis formebis efeqturoba garkveulwilad SeiZleba Sefasdes ama
Tu im formiT wasulTa dasaqmebisa da SromiT urTierTobebis
legalizaciis doniT. Cveni monacemi ki aCvenebs, rom qalebSi
migraciisaTvis saWiro procedurebis legaluroba ufro misaRebia, vidre
aralegaluri gzebi.
migraciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis sakiTxSi qalebis
legalurobis sasargeblod gakeTebul arCevans emateba isic, rom maTi 40%
kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba ucxo qveyanaSi aralegalur cxovrebas da
26,8%_ufro araa Tanaxma, vidre ki. sazRvargareT dasaqmebis legalizacias,
ra Tqma unda, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs SromiT migrantTa uflebrivi
mdgomareobisa da socialuri dacvisaTvis. Tumca pauxebis miuxedavad
qalTa umravlesoba mxolod aralegaluri gzebiT axerxrebs sazRvargareT
gamgzavrebas.
rogorc Catarebuli kvlevidan Cans, saqarTveloSi warmatebiT
funqcionirebs naxevradlegaluri da zog SemTxvevaSi ki, aralegaluri
biznesi, romelic dakavebulia adamianebis im qveynebSi gadayvaniT, romlebic
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs emigrantebs Soris.
saqarTveloSi emigarciis ramdenime sqema arsebobs. is, Tu romeli
sqemis gamoyenebiT migrirebs qali, TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi
damokidebulia rogorc mimReb qveyanaze, aseve potenciuri emigrantis
finansur SesaZleblobaze. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan
davadgineT, Tu romeli saxis saemigracio marSrutebia kaxeTis regionis
qalTa migraciaSi gavrcelebuli. regionidan migrirebuli qalebi yvelaze
metad sargebloben turistuli viziT, aralegaluri gadasvlis e. w.
,,gadaparvis” sqemiT, AU-Pair-is programiT da iSviaTad tranzitiT.
,,gadaparva” yvelaze saxifaTo da garkveulwilad xelaRebuli
variantia, romelsac mimarTaven, rodesac emigraciis arcerTma variantma ar
gaamarTla. yvelaze xSirad sazRvris aralegalur da saxifaTo gadakveTas
saberZneTis SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven. imisaTvis, rom potenciuri emigrantebi
moxvdnen saberZneTSi, umetesad aTenSi, isini miemgzavrebian bulgareTSi, an
rumineTSi, iqidan fexiT kveTen sazRvars mTebisa da tyeebis gavliT. meore
42
gza saberZneTisken TurqeTze gadis. am SemTxvevaSi emigrantebi gadayavT
specialuri avtobusebiT, specialur samalavSi damalulebi gadakveTen
sazRvars. zogjer emigrantebs vizac ki ara aqvT, romliTac mimReb qveyanaSi
legaluri Sesvlis uflebas moipovebdnen, xSirad ki isini yalbi
pasportebiT gadadian.
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli migraciuli sqemaa turistuli viza.
qalebi iReben moklevadian turistul vizas. satransporto saSualebad
aseT SemTxvevaSi iyeneben an TviTmfrinavs, an avtobuss. isini umetes
SemTxvevaSi marTlac gadian im turistul marSruts da sazRvris
gadakveTisas legalurad Sedian sxva qveyanaSi, Tumca zogjer emigrantebi
miemgzavrebian ara sakuTari, aramed sxvisi, gayalbebuli pasportebiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi emigraciisTvis saWiroa damatebiTi xarjebi yalbi pasportis
dasamzadeblad.
axalgazrda gogonebs Soris metad gavrcelebulia Au-pair-is programa.
am programiT rogorc wesi sargebloben germaniaSi wasvlis msurvelebi.
germaniaSi Casvlis Semdeg gogonebi cxovroben ojaxebSi, uvlian bavSvebs
da swavloben enis kursebze. maTi xelfasi saSualod 300 evroa da amitom
isini faqtobrivad ver exmarebian ojaxebs. zog SemTxvevaSi isini abareben
universitetebSi, Souloben damatebiT samuSaos, magram rogorc wesi maTi
statusi legaluri rCeba. am programis farglebSi wasuli qalebi
gansxvavdebian sxva emigrantebisagan, radgan maTi mizani albaT ufro
swavla da enis Seswavlaa, vidre muSaoba da ojaxis daxmareba. Tumca, arc
Tu iSviaTad emigraciis damTavrebis Semdeg, an zogjer damTavrebamdec
emigrantebi samuSaod gadadian sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad italiaSi,
saberZneTSi da iq aralegalurad rCebian.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca emigrantebi daniSnulebis qveyanaSi tranzitiT
xvdebian. magaliTad, amerikis romelime qveynis vizis mqone potenciuri
emigranti SeiZleba darCes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi TviTmfrinavis
gamocvlisas da moiTxovos politikuri TavSesafari. es gza aqtiurad
moqmedebs evropis qveynebSi mosaxvedrad. Tumca aseTi marSrutebi maleve
xdeba cnobili mimRebi qveynebis saemigracio samsaxurebisTvis da maleve
xdeba maTi aRkveTa.
43
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, kaxeTis regionSi qalebis umravlesoba
sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis araralegalur saSualebebs mimarTavs, rac
aixsneba samuSao vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebiT da
saqarTvelosa da mimReb qveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis eqsportis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis ararsebobiT. swored amitom, potenciuri emigrantebi
iZulebuli arian rom didi Tanxebi gadauxadon ,,Suamavlebs”, romlebic maT
xSirad aranair garantiebsac ar aZleven, rom isini namdvilad SeZleben
sazRvris gadakveTas da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom maT sicocxles
safrTxe ar daemuqreba. ufro metic, ucxo qveyanaSi aralegaluri yofna
seriozul fsiqologiur problemebs uqmniT emigrantebs, radgan maT
mudmivad eSiniaT dakavebisa da deportaciis.
2.2.2.2. emigraciis xarjebi
gamokvlevis procesSi davinteresdiT Tu ra jdeba sazRvargareT
emigracia da rogor axerxeben qalebi gamgzavrebisTvis saWiro Tanxebis
moZiebas. kaxeTis macxovrebeli qalebisTvis yvelaze Zvir qveyanas amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgens. aSS-s vizis gakeTeba yvelaze Zviri jdeba,
rac gamowveulia imiT, rom aSS-Si emigrantebis Semosavlebi gacilebiT
maRalia, vidre saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi. amasTanave, aSS-s mimzidveloba
emigrantebisaTvis imiT aixsneba, rom sxva mimReb qveynebTan SedarebiT bolo
dromde aSS-Si emigrantebisadmi damokidebuleba sakmaod loialuri iyo.
imisaTvis rom sazRvargareT wavidnen, qalebi iZulebuli arian aiRon
valebi, gayidon an daagiravon bina.
profesiiT filologi var, skolaSi vaswavlidi, magram imis gamo rom
Cemi meuRle darCa umuSevari da mec 4-5 Tve xelfass ver viRebdi,
gadavwyvite wavsuliyavi sazRvargareT samuSaod. Cemi axloblebi iyvnen
italiaSi da mec iq wavedi. aviRe procentiani vali 4000$, gadavuxade qals,
romelmac gamikeTa sabuTebi da 2004 wels wavedi italiaSi...
l. 49 wlis italia*
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan, romlebic ukve namyofebi
iyvnen emigraciaSi, umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom gamgzavrebisTvis maT
44
procentiani vali aiRes. Aseve, bevri potenciuri emigrantic iZulebulia
aiRos vali, xSirad sakmaod maRali procentiT 10-20%-TveSi, ris gamoc
isini valebis gadaxdas ramodenime Tves da zogjer welsac ki andomeben,
radgan valis gadaxdasTan erTad maT ojaxebis rCenac uwevT.
bevri wvalebiT da tanjviT gadavixade es procentiani vali,
weliwadnaxevari an ori welia saWiro rom es valebi ixado, ...kidev kargi
rom xelfasi cota normaluri mqonda imdens vaxerxebdi, rom procentsac
vgzavnidi da balRebsac xan as dolars xan ormocdaaTs vugzavnidi xolme
yovelTve.
m. 43 wlis italia
<...> vambobdi erTi–ori weli davrCebi da Camoval-meTi. Aar mifiqria da
verc warmovidgendi, rom bavSvebis datoveba 5 wliT momixdeboda, magram ise
moxda, rom vali, romliTac wavedi, procentiani iyo da faqtiurad or
welze meti vimuSave marto am valis gasastumreblad, mere daviwye ojaxSi
fulis gamogzavna
m. 37w. saberZneTi
im respondentebis gamocdilebiT, romlebic dabrundnen samSobloSi
da romlebic wasulebi iyvnen valiT, maT saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi erTi weli
dasWirdaT imisaTvis, rom valebi daefaraT da es SesaZlebeli iqneboda
mxolod maSin, Tu isini maleve moaxerxebdnen samsaxuris Sovnas.
weliwadnaxevari ki ara ori sami welic araferia, roca valiT midixar,
mec ase wavedi, magram saqme ar amewyo, isev procentiT valis Ziri
gadavixade, magram procenti ar mimicia, veRar mTxovs, imitom rom
deportacia gamikeTes da saxlSi damabrunes. Segnebulad ar mTxovs, <...>
guli mwydeba, rom veraferi gavakeTe, albaT gamarTlebacaa. zogma saxli,
kari, qoneba iSova, RmerTma meti misceT, sazRvargareT or weliwadSi fuls
ver iSovi. Didxans vinc cxovrobs da muSobs, iman SeiZleba daagrovos
raime.
a. 38 w. saberZneTi
im SemTxvevaSi Tu axlad Casul emigrantebs ,,pirveli talRis”
emigrantebi finansur daxmarebas uweven da exmarebian saqarTveloSi
45
aRebuli valebis dafarvaSi, maTi sazRvargareT yofna gacilebiT ufro
warmatebuli xdeba, isini valebs gacilebiT swrafad ixdian da saSualeba
eZlevaT, rom ojaxsac ufro mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmareba aRmouCinon
da Tan danazogic gaakeTon. magram xSiria isic, rom sazRvargareT wasul
qalebs saqme sxvagvarad ewyobaT. ver Souloben samuSaos, an Souloben
Zalian dabali anazRaurebiT, ise, rom Tavadac ar yofniT.
saberZneTSi aralegaluri gziT movxvdi. TurqeTis turistuli
qalaqidan patara gemiT saberZneTis kunZul rodosze, 6saaTi vimgzavreT.
iqidan gemiT wavediT aTenSi. gzaSi mainc bevrs vnerviulobdi. ucxo qveynis
SiSi ar maZlevda mosvenebas. RvTis wyalobiT mSvidobiT vimgzavre da
axlobeli damxvda, magram gancda da Sinagani tkivili didia, radgan 2
arasrulwlovani Svili davtove. ekonomikuri da gausaZlisi mdgomareobis
gamo gadavdgi es nabiji. roca mxolod vals iReb da amis xarjze cxovrob,
Znelia ase cxovreba. valdebuli var Svilebis winaSe rom saarsebo
pirobebi Sevuqmna. CemTvis yvelaze damTrgunveli is iyo, rodesac meuRle
gamosavals ver poulobda da Tavis mokvlaze fiqrobda. yovelive aman da
sxva mravalma mizezma mafiqrebina bina gameyida da wavsuliyavi. es
erTaderTi gadasarCeni gza iyo CemTvis da Cemi SvilebisTvis... mTel Cems
xelfass, romelic 600-700 evros ar aRemateboda, ojaxs vugzavnidi. CemTvis
mcire Tanxas vitovebdi. saqarTveloSi es didi Tanxa Cans, magram
samwuxarod araferia, roca valebi unda gaistumro, binis qira, komunaluri
gadasaxadebi, saskolo nivTebi... Znelia martom ojaxi Seinaxo. binis yidvas
rogor movaxerxeb ar vici. 6000 dolarad gavyide Cemi bina da axla 20000 ar
meyofa rom rame viyido. yvelaze mtkivneuli xelaxla ojaxTan ganSorebaa,
magram me sxva gza ar maqvs. isev inda davtovo Cemi Svilebi, cxovrebis
kvelaze mniSvnelovan periodSi. am wlebs vin dagvibrunebs ukan?.....
q. 36 w. saberZneTi
emigrantebis warumatebloba arTulebs maT fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
isini veRar uZleben ucxo garemos, nostalgias da brundebian samSobloSi
yovelgvari finansuri danazogis gareSe, ise, rom veRar axerxeben gayiduli
binis samagiero axali binis yidva, an valebis gastumrebas. dabrunebuli
46
emigrantebi vardebian ra ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi xelaxla ,,bedis
sacdelad” kvlav fiqroben gamgzavrebaze.
2.2.2.3. emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi
saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur_ekonomikuri viTareba
gansakuTrebiT mwaved aisaxa qalis statusze, romelic upirveles yovlisa,
gamowveulia socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis dacvis
meqanizmebis radikaluri moSliT, umuSevrobiT, qalTa arasaTanado
monawileobiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis sferoSi da sxva mravali
faqtorebiT.
qalis, rogorc individis saqmianoba dakavSirebulia mis sam funqciasTan:
reproduqciuli funqcia _ bavSvebis aRzrda da ojaxuri saqmis gaZRola,
mwarmoebluri anu ekonomikuri funqcia da sazogadoebrivi funqcia.
reproduqciuli funqcia iTvleba qalis ZiriTad saqmianobad, romlis
ekonomikuri Rirebulebis asaxva ar xdeba sazogadoebaSi. am saqmianobis
mniSvnelovani nawili `uCinari~ rCeba. saojaxo samuSaos Semsrulebeli
qalebi ar iReben Sesabamis ekonomikur anazRaurebas. xolo qalis
mwarmoebluri anu produqtiuli Sroma, romelic miCneulia qalis
damatebiT saqmianobad, ekonomikuri Rirebulebis matarebelia.Qqalis
wvlilis arasaTanado Sefaseba airekleba mis statusze sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. cnobilia, rom individis saqmianoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
aris ekonomikurad Sefasebuli, Tu mas aqvs sabazro Rirebuleba. amitomac,
qalis reproduqciuli saqmianobis arasaTanado Sefasebam da qalis Sromis
araxelsayrelma pirobebma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa misi mwarmoebluri
Sromis efeqtianoba sazogadoebaSi. ekonomikuri procesebis realizaciis
dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa: sakuTrebis
floba da gankargva, qveyanaSi arsebuli resursebis xelmisawvdomoba da
masze kontroli, rac xSirad uTanabrdeba individis unars fulis
gamomuSavebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT qalebi aSkarad iCagrebian TavianTi
ekonomikuri statusis Seufaseblobis gamo.
qalis statusi sazogadoebaSi, misi socialur_ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
47
ZiriTadSi misi mwarmoebluri, ekonomikuri saqmianobiT ganisazRvreba.
Osazogadoebrivi mentalitetis xelSewyobiT, arsebuli
socialur_ekonomikuri uTanabrobis Sedegad sazogadoebis did nawils
SemoqmedebiTi, inteleqtualuri, produqtiuli potenciali ararealizebuli
da Seufasebeli rCeba, rac aferxebs mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
tradiciulad, mamakaci ojaxis marCenalad da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebis
mimRebad iyo miCneuli, Tumca, qalis roli mniSvnelovanwilad izrdeboda
imis mixedviT, Tu rogori ekonomikuri potenciali gaaCnda mas. amis
damadasturebelia saqarTveloSi mziTvis institutis arseboba, romelic
garkveul gavlenas axdenda qalis statusze sazogadoebaSi da ojaxSi.
globalizaciis procesma da sabazro ekonomikam realuri koreqtivebi
Seitana funqciaTa aseT gadanawilebaSi, rac, ZiriTadad, adaptirebis im
unaris Sedegia, romelic qalebs mamakacebze metad gaaCniaT.Qqalebi ufro
mobilurni aRmoCndnen, sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebTan Seguebis ufro
meti SesaZleblobebi gamoavlines, Tumca, am procesSi Sesaferisi,
Rirseuli adgili ver daikaves. bolo wlebis socialur_ekonomikurma
kataklizmebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mosaxleobis socialur
statusze, gansakuTrebiT qalebze. E
qalTa socialur_ekonomikuri statusis gauaresebasa da siRaribis
arsebul dones xels uwyobs ekonomikuri genderuli disbalansi, romelic
damkvidrebulia sazogadoebaSi. qalis reproduqciuli, mwarmoebluri da
ekonomikuri funqciis Serwyma gansakuTrebiT garTulda ekonomikuri
globalizaciis pirobebSi. socialuri dacvis garantiebis gauqmebam,
meurneobis im dargebis likvidaciam, sadac qalTa udidesi nawili iyo
dasaqmebuli, gamoiwvia maTi umuSevrobis masobrivi xasiaTi.
bolo wlebSi biujetis sferoSi dasaqmebul qalTa saerTo raodenoba
Semcirda 40%_iT, roca analogiuri monacemebi mamakacebisaTvis 29%_ia.
(jaSi 2001:2). resursebisa da Semosavlebis ganawilebis genderuli
araTanabroba ganpirobebulia ara arsebuli sakanonmdeblo baziT, aramed
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli midgomebiT da tradiciebiT. qalis ekonomikuri
aqtiuroba saTanadod ar aris aRqmuli sazogadoebis mier. Semosavlebis
mxriv, Aarsebuli gansxvavebis safuZvelis ganmsazRvrelia is ierarqiuli
48
mdgomareoba, romelic mamakacs uWiravs sazogadoebaSi.
qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikurma cvlilebebma Rrma kvali
daamCnia Cveni cxovrebis wess_moxda garkveuli pirovnebebisa da socialuri
jgufebis marginalizacia, mniSvnelovan wilad moiSala aqamde
oficialurad aRiarebuli normatiuli modelebi da RirebulebaTa
sistemebi, mkveTrad gaizarda qalebis socialuri da ekonomikuri aqtivoba,
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca ucxoeTSi savaWrod Tu xangrZlivad samuSaod
wasvla da Sesabamisad am qveynebis kulturis gacnoba.
qarTuli ojaxis tradiciul kulturul-RirebulebiT ierarqiaSi
qalisa da mamakacis funqciebis realuri mniSvneloba gacilebiT axlos
idga erTmaneTTan, vidre maTive socialuri statusebi. status–roluri
TvalsazrisiT mamakacis upiratesoba mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli, magram
saqarTveloSi qali socialurad pasiuri arasodes yofila. maT xSirad
uwevdaT mamakacis funqciebis Sesruleba_ daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis
ufrosis movaleobis Sesruleba. amasTan ,,erisaTvis, romlis winaSec
xangrZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis idga biologiuri
arsebobisa da kulturuli TavisTavadobis SenarCunebis amocana,
Sesabamisad qalis-dedis da aRmzrdelis, kulturis ZiriTadi gadamcemis
movaleobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZens, vidre ojaxis ufrosisa.
mamakacis, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis avtoritetis gverdiT arsebobda qalis,
rogorc ojaxis burjis, avtoriteti. Aam azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
obieqturad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebis Rirebuleba
TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo, magram sazogadoebis aRqmaSi mamakacs mainc ufro
maRali statusi hqonda. amasTan es winaaRmdegoba arasodes gamxdara
qarTul ojaxSi status-roluri ganawilebis gadasinjvis safuZveli.”
(durgliSvili 1997:11)
tradiciulad miRebuli socialur_kulturuli normebis Tanaxmad
dResac miCneulia, rom ojaxSi mamakaci unda dominirebdes, igi unda iyos
ojaxis xelmZRvaneli da strategiul gadawyvetilebaTa meqanizmebis
ganmkargulebeli. Qqalis umTavres funqciad kvlav Svilebis aRzrda da
saojaxo meurneobis warmarTva iTvleba. aqedan gamomdinare faqtobrivad
SenarCunebul iqna ojaxuri urTierTobebis tradiciuli wesebiT
49
regulireba. M gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebamde ar arsebobs empiriuli
kvlevebiT mopovebuli informacia qalebis wilze ojaxis biujetSi.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs uSualo
dakvirveba da garkveuli zogadi mosazrebebi. sabWoTa wyobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xisti struqtura, romelic socialur mobilobas
aferxebda, ganapirobebda imas, rom pirovnebis TviTrealizacia sazogadod
gvian xdeboda, maSin rodesac, postkomunisturi epoqis swraf cvlilebebs
qali ufro advilad Seegua ufro metad gamoiyena axali SesaZleblobebi.
meore mxriv, Zveli socialuri struqturis damsxvreva, bunebrivia ufro
wvaved mamakacebs Seexo da kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena maTi sazogadoebrivi
statusi maSin, rodesac qalebma SedarebiT iolad gamoiyenes axali
SesaZleblobebi wvril vaWrobasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi. Cvens mier
Catarebulma gamokvlevam cxadyo iseTi ojaxebis arseboba, romelSic
ZiriTad, an erT-erT ZiriTad ekonomikur Semomtans swored qalebi
warmoadgenen. unda aRiniSnos, rom OTu adre ojaxis ekonomikuri
uzRunvelyofis saqmeSi mamakacs meti moTxovnebi waeyeneboda da mamakacis,
rogorc ojaxSi gadawyvetilebaTa mTavari mimRebisa da ZiriTadi
Semomtanis funqciebi faqtobrivad erTmaneTs emTxveoda, vfiqrobT, rom
axla es Tanafardoba dairRva.
Cveni gamokvlevis procesSi marTalia es mkveTrad ar gamovlenila,
radgan gadawyvetlebas emigraciis Sesaxeb qalebi iSviaTad iReben
individualurad_ rogorc wesi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mTeli
ojaxi monawileobs, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca ojaxis winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad emigranti mainc miemgzavreba sazRvargareT.
kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa ojaxis wevrebis CarTuloba aseTi
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. aRmoCnda, rom qveynis SigniT
qalTa migraciSi wasvlas eTanxmeba 31,8%, qveynis gareT wasvlas_29,6%.
ojaxis wevrTa Tanxmobis maCvenebeli adasturebs, rom migraciuli
ganwyobebis ZiriTadi motivi gamomdinareobs ojaxis saerTo miznebidan da
warmoadgens ojaxis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofas. Tumca, sakmaod maRalia
maCvenebeli imisa, roca ojaxis wevrebi ufro ar eTanxmebian, vidre
eTanxmebian Sida migracias_19,9%, xolo gare migracias_24,35%. gvaqvs
50
safuZveli vifiqroT, rom es monacemi ganpirobebulia migraciasTan
dakavSirebuli riskfaqtorebis simravliT da migraciebis (ZiriTadad gare
migraciis) umetesad aralegaluri bunebiT. amasTan, umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs qalebis kulturulad ganpirobebuli roli (ojaxis movla da
saojaxo meurneobebis gaZRola), romelsac misi migraciis SemTxvevaSi
,,safrTxe” emuqreba.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebidan ufro qveynis gareT wasvlis
mcdeloba hqondaT (18,7%) vidre qveynis SigniT (7,5%). Mmagram wasvlis
survilsa da mis realizacias Soris korelaciam gviCvena, rom wasvlis
msurvelTagan umravlesoba emigraciaSi ver wavida. qveynis SigniT migracia
ver ganaxorciela 75,6%-ma, xolo qveynis gareT 84%-ma. Qqveynis SigniT
migracia moaxerxa mxolod 15,9%-ma, xolo qveynis gareT-13,3%-ma.
qalebi migraciis realzaciis xelisSemSlel faqtorebad sxvadasxva
mizezebs asaxeleben. Qqveynis SigniT migraciaSi xelisSemSlel
faqtorTagan isini ZiriTadad ojaxur pirobebs asaxeleben, xolo
sazRvargareT migraciis ralizaciisas gamoyofen Semdeg xelisSemSlel
faqtorebs:
(cxrili 12)
gare migraciaSi xelisSemSleli faqtorebi
migraciaSi xelisSemSleli
faqtorebi
%
qveyanaSi Sesasvleli viza ar misces
ojaxuri pirobebi
saWiro dokumentacia ver Seagrova
34,7%
28,7%
22%
Kkvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom ojaxuri
pirobebi, rogorc xelisSemSleli faqtori sakmaod aqtualuria rogorc
51
Sida, aseve gare migraciis dros, rac adasturebs qalis saojaxo rolTan
dakavSirebuli kulturuli normebis simyares regionSi.
2.2.3. qalTa SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
migraciis mraval sakiTxTa Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze did
interess gare migraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iwvevs. misi
zemoqmedebiT icvleba respublikis mosaxleobis rocxovnoba da
demografiuli struqtura, SromiTi potenciali.
Cveni gamokvlevis erT-erT mTavar mizans SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebis, recipienti qveynebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda
rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, SromiTi migraciis umTavresi mizezi
Rrma ekonomikuri krizisia, romelic saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi
ganviTarda. migraciis intensiurobaze zemoqmedeba moaxdines, agreTve,
politikurma faqtorebma, eTnokonfliqtebma, SinaaSlilobam da
kriminogenuli situaciis damZimebam. Seiqmna viTareba, roca mosaxleoba
socialurad sruliad daucveli aRmoCnda da moicva SimSiliT fizikuri
ganadgurebis SiSma. bevrma maTganma Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali
sazRvargareT dasaqmebaSi, SromiT migraciaSi dainaxa.
Sida Sromis bazris tevadobis katastrofuli Sekvecisa da cxovrebis
pirobebis radikaluri gauaresebis adeqvaturia is pasuxebi, romelic
respondentebma migraciis mizezebad daasaxeles.
zogadad kiTxvaze: gaqvT Tu ara emigraciaSi wasvlis survili?
gamokiTxulTa 74%-ze meti pasuxobs, rom ara aqvs qveynis SigniT migrirebis
survili, mxolod 25% gamoTqvams wasvlis survils. gare migraciis
survili ki 85%-ma gamoTqva da mxolod 14.7% ara aqvs ucxo qveyanaSi
wasvlis survili.
gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metma ucxoeTSi samuSaod wasvlis mizezad
materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis survili daasaxela. aqve unda iTqvas,
romPkiTxvebi nawilobriv erTmaneTs faravs da migracia erTdroulad
ramdenime konkretul mizezTanaa dakavSirebuli. ZiriTad motivad,
ekonomikuri gaWirvebisagan Tavis daRweva da materialuri pirobebis
52
gaumjobeseba rCeba.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebidan emigraciis msurvelTagan
13,3% ukve namyofi iyo qveynis gareT, xolo 1,9%_qveynis SigniT. am
SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens is Semosavali, romelic am migracias mohyva.
zogadad ki, es monacemi aCvenebs, rom migraciuli ganwyobebis mTavari
mamoZravebeli motivi qalebisaTvis aris ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa
da ara dasaqmeba an profesiuli ganviTareba.
gamokvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
moxda sagrZnobi cvlilebebi kaxeTis regionis migrantebis da maT Soris
qalTa SromiTi migraciis geografiaSi. Mmosaxlwobis 2002 wlis aRweris
monacemebiT kaxeTidan, ise rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelodan, migracii
mTavari mimarTuleba ruseTis federacia iyo. zogadad, aRweris monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, kaxeTis regionidan emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT emigrantebis
nakadi Semdegnairad nawildeba:
(cxrili 13)
emigrantTa ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT
(procentobiT jamTan)*
emigrantebi
qveyana
ruseT
isfed
erac
ia
sab
erZneT
i
ger
mania
aSS
TurqeTi
saf
rangeT
i
espaneTi
bel
gia
ukr
ana
sxva
qveynebi
sul
kaxeTis
regionidan
69,1 16,0 1,6 2,3 1,2 04 1,0 0,4 1,4 3,6 100
saqarTvelodan 64,1 16,2 4,3 3,8 1,3 0,6 0,8 0,5 1,8 6,6 100
Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qalTa
SromiTi migraciis sawyiss etapze, SromiTi migraciuli nakadebi
ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo ruseTis federaciis, saberZneTisa da
TurqeTisaken. Akvlevis es monacemebi emTxveva aRweris monacemebs, sadac
emigraciis umTavresi mimarTulebebi analogiuri iyo.
53
(cxrili 14)
SromiTi emigrantebis ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT
qveyana procentuli ganawileba
ruseTi
saberZneTi
TurqeTi
germania
italia
37%
16,5%
9,3%
7,2%
5,2%
am etapze migraciaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba maqsimum 2 weli da minimum,
erTi Tvea. es xangrZlivoba aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo
migracia, anu ramdenad amarTlebda migraciis mizans.
rogorc sabWoTa periodSi aseve postsabWoTa saqarTvelos sawyis
etapze kaxeTis regionidan qalTa migraciaSi mimReb qveynebs Soris ruseTis
federaciis lideroba ra Tqma unada ganpirobebuli iyo mTeli rigi
faqtorebiT. upirvelesad amas ganapirobebda Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis
moTxovnis specifika, istoriulad formirebuli SromiTi urTierTobani,
rusuli enis SedarebiT ukeTesi codna, Sromis bazris Sesaxeb meti
informirebuloba. xolo rac Seexeba sxva qveynebs, am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovani iyo didi gansxvaveba samuSao Zalis fasSi, saqarTvelos
Sromis bazarTan SedarebiT.
saberZneTisaken mimarTuli nakadis sidide, nawilobriv, am qveyanaSi
Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis moTxovnis specifikamac ganapiroba. aq
Sromis meoradi bazari did moTxovnas gamoxatavs momvlel qalebze,
sakmaod maRali anazRaurebis pirobiT.
sayovelTao ekonomikuri krizisis pirvel wlebSi SromiTi migraciis
intensiuroba agreTve maRali iyo TurqeTisken, radgan am periodSi
arCevanis naklebi saSualeba iyo da TurqeTTan mimosvla SedarebiT iafi
da organizaciulad advilad mosaxerxebeli gaxldaT. magram evropis
qveynebTan SedarebiT, TurqeTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done,
Sesabamisad, Sromis dabali anazRaureba TurqeTis swrafi demografiuli
54
matebisa da Sromis bazris gajerebis pirobebSi, Cveni qveynis SromiTi
resursebis am qveynisaken SromiT migrantTa nakads mkveTrad asustebda.
Tu saqarTvelodan ruseTSi momuSave migrantebis wili zogadad
yvelaze maRali iyo, SemdegSi mdgomareoba icvleba. vfiqrobT, rom
migraciis pirvel etapze dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si SromiT migracias
xels uSlida ucxo enis susti codna da naklebi informirebuloba.
Cvens mier gamokiTxul respondentTa 40.3% gasuli iyo saqarTvelos
farglebs gareT, magram ara rogorc SromiTi emigranti, aramed rogorc
mogzauri. am mimarTebiT gamoikveTa Semdegi mimRebi qveynebi:
(cxrili 15)
turistuli mizniT emigrantebis mimRebi qveynebi:
mimRebi qveyana %
ruseTi
TurqeTi
azerbaijani
somxeTi
ukraina
rumineTi
45,3%
7.7%
7,5%
7%
6,6%
4%
am monacemebis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom:
_ turistuli mizniT emigracia moicavs sabWoTa periodsac;
_ postsabWoTa periodis migracia garkveulwilad provocirebulia
sabWoTa turistuli gamocdilebiT. gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi,
somxeTsa da ukrainaSi;
_ am qveynebSi migraciis maRali maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia rusuli
enis xelmisawvdomobiTac migrantebs Soris;
_ postsabWoTa migraciis mizani albaT umetesad komerciulia;
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu 1990-iani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis
pirveli wlebidan gansakuTrebiT didi iyo ruseTis mimarTulebiT SromiTi
migraciis intensiuroba. bolo wlebSi ruseTis wili saqarTvelos SromiT
migrantTa nakadSi TandaTan mcirdeba. amas adasturebs gamokvleviT
55
miRebuli Sedegic.
Tu krizisis pirvel wlebSi kaxeTidan ruseTSi wasul SromiT
migrantTa didi nawili warmoadgenda e.w. rusulenovan mosaxleobas,
romlebic mudmivad dasaxldnen iq da Seerwynen ruseTis mosaxleobas,
SemdegSi SromiTi migracia TandaTan saqarTvelos mkvidri mosaxleobiT
gajerda, mkveTrad moimata qarTvel qalTa wilma am qveynisaken gamaval
nakadSi. Tumca ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis daZabvisa da savizo
reJimis SemoRebis Semdgom gaizarda barierebi ruseTSi samuSao Zalis
mimosvlis mxrivac.*
amJamad emigraciis qveynebis areali ufro metad gafarTovda da didad
gascda postsabWoTa sivrces. dasaqmebis ukeTesi pirobebis gamo qveynis
gareT wasvlis survili gamoTqva respondentTa 85%-ma, maTTvis sasurveli
mimRebi qveynebis reitingSi upirvelesad saxeldeba aSS da evropis qveynebi.
(cxrili 16)
potenciur emigrantTa ganawileba emigraciis qveynebis mixedviT
emigraciisaTvis sasurveli
qveyana
%
aSS
italia
saberZneTi
ruseTi
germania
espaneTi
24,9%
16,9%
11,6%
8,4%
7,2%
6,6%
sainteresoa, rom emigraciis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde potenciuri emigrantebi Taviseburad ,,swavloben bazars”,
cdiloben moagrovon rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTi informacia imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra tipis samuSaozea moTxovna ama Tu im qveyanaSi, ra jdeba gamgzavreba,
vizis ,,gakeTeba”, ramdeni dro dasWirdeba amas. cdiloben ipovon nacnobebi,
56
megobrebi da naTesavebi am qveyanaSi da uzrunvelyon maTgan daxmarebis
miReba. zog SemTxvevaSi emigrantebi midian im qveynebSi, sadac moxerxdeba
vizis ,,gakeTeba”, an sadac mas e. w. ,,Suamavlebi” urCeven wasvlas.
is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ucxo qveyanaSi nacnobis, an megobris, an
naTesavis yola emigraciis qveynis SerCevisas, Cans migraciis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis mier Catarebuli potenciuri emigrantebis kvlevidanac,
romlis Sedegebis mixedviTac potenciuri emigrantebi emigraciis SerCevisas
did mniSvnelobas aniWeben imas, arian Tu ara mimReb qveynebSi maTi
megobrebi, ojaxis wevrebi, da nacnobebi, romlebic maT daxmarebas gauweven.
2006 wlis ivlisidan 2007 wlis martis CaTvliT migraciis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis migraciis saresurso centrebSi gamokiTxuli 770
respondentidan 46%-ma qveynis SerCevis mTavar kriteriumad swored es
mizezi daasaxela. (profili 2006:6)
(cxrili 17)
ratom airCieT es qveyana?
sixSire %
imitom, rom myavs iq megobrebi, vinc damexmarebian
imitom, rom meubnebian, rom iq advilia samuSaos Sovna
imitom, rom minda saqarTvelodan wasvla
imitom, rom vici ena
imitom, rom sazRvargareT maRalia sacxovrebeli
pirobebi
imitom, rom vnaxe gancxadeba da minda masze reagireba
imitom, rom ukve maqvs iq kavSirebi damsaqmebelTan
imitom, rom var iq namyofi da vicnob situacias
354
221
167
165
111
109
68
33
45,97%
28,70%
21,69%
21,69%
14,42%
14,16%
8,83%
4,29%
rogorc vxedavT, emigraciis erT-erTi xelisSemwyobi faqtoria farTod
ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebi, romelsac qmnian saqarTvelos yvela
kuTxidan, maT Soris kaxeTis regionidan wasuli emigrantebi, romlebic
daxmarebas uweven potenciur emigrantebs. rogorc emigraciis qveynis
SerCevisas iq nacnobebis da axloblebis yolasTan erTad zogierTi
57
emigranti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mimReb qveyanaSi
anazRaurebis odenobas da iq arsebul moTxovnas muSaxelis garkveul
tipze.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondenti l. (49 wlis) italiidan dabrunebis
Semdeg isev apirebs wasvlas, radgan iq anazRaureba maRalia, Tan ukve
italieli nacnobebis daxmarebis imedic aqvs.
xelfasi mqonda 1300 evro. vcxovrobdi imave ojaxSi, rogorc imaTi
ojaxis wevri. 800 evros ojaxs vugzavnidi saqarTveloSi. 100 evros me
vxarjavdi da danarCens vinaxavdi...… iZulebuli var isev wavide, radgan 4
Tvea aq var da iq mogrovili fuliT vcxovrob, aq rom viyo sad vimuSao.
l. 49 wlis, italia
xSir SemTxvevaSi, emigraciis qveynis SerCeva ganpirobebulia ara marto
imiT, rom iq emigrantis axloblebi arian, aramed imiTac, rom maTi
daxmarebiT samuSaos male iSovis da ufro met Semosavals aiRebs.
dabrunebuli emigrantebis monacemebiT sakmaod didi anazRaurebaa aSS-Si.
erT-erTi Cveni respondenti qali, romelic imyofeboda am qveyanaSi
samuSaod da kidev apirebda wasvlas, ojaxs yovelTviurad ugzavnida 1000
dolars. SedarebiT dabali anazRaurebaa saberZneTSi _600-700 evro.
amasTan erTad is, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi ukve wasulia naTesavi an
megobari, respondentebis azriT, arcTu iSviaTad gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. ucxo
qveyanaSi axloblebisa da megobrebis yola, visi daxmarebis imedic aqvs
potenciur emigrantebs, mniSvnelovan stimuls aZlevs maT, rom emigraciaSi
swored im qveyanaSi wavidnen, radgan gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis
mimqcevi eyolebaT.
2.2.4. Ppotenciuri emigrantebi
is, rom sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis msurvelTa raodenoba ar mcirdeba,
Cans iqidan, rom Cvens mier gamokiTxuli respondentebis sakmaod didi
nawili apirebs sazRvargareT wasvlas, potenciuri emigrantebis saSualo
asaki 38 welia. sainteresoa, rom maTgan 13,3% ukve namyofia sazRvargareT,
58
aqvs emigraciis gamocdileba da maT SemTxvevaSi saubaria ganmeorebiT
emigraciaze. irkveva, rom potenciuri emigrantiebis mqone Sinameurneobebis
TiTqmis naxevari ukve aqtiuradaa CarTuli emigraciul qselebSi. CvenTvi
sakmaod Zneli iyo potenciuri emigrantebis ojaxebis Semosavlebis
gansazRvra, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi TviTdasaqmebuli, an SinameurneobaSi
dakavebuli qalebi ar gavZlevdnen zust monacemebs, magram unda aRiniSnos,
rom isini ar miekuTvnebian yvelaze Rarib ojaxebs. maTi saarsebo minimumi
TiTqmis utoldeba saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis mier dadgenil
saarsebo minimums:
(cxrili 18)
im ojaxebis saSualo Tviuri Semosavali, sadac arian potenciuri
emigrantebi
Semosavali erT
sulze (lari)
Sinameurneobis
Semosavali (lari)
Sinameurneobebi
potenciuri emigrantebiT
90 400
Kkvlevis Sedegebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, vivaraudoT, rom potenciuri
emigrantebis sazRvargareT wasvlis survili erTi mxriv gamowveulia am
ojaxebis SefardebiTi deprivaciiT, xolo meores mxriv, saqarTveloSi da
kerZod regionSi kargad ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebis gavleniT.*
Aaseve naTelia, rom emigraciuli gamocdileba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
Semdgomi emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. dabrunebulma
emigrantma, romelic kidev erTxel apirebs sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas,
icis, Tu ra elodeba iq, rogor unda moiqces da amitom naklebad dgas
fsiqologiuri problemebis winaSe. amasTanave, dabrunebuli emigranti
gavlenas axdens rogorc ojaxis wevrebis, aseve axloblebis, megobrebisa
Tu mezoblebis survilze, rom isinic wavidnen sazRvargareT.
potenciur emigrantebs mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uweven sazRvargareT
myofi axloblebi, megobrebi, nacnobebi.
Cemi biZaSvili saberZneTSia ukve karga xania, ise awyo iq cxovreba, rom
59
Camosvlaze arc fiqrobs. roca mirekavda sul meubneboda wamodi, samuSaos
gaSovnineb da cota fuls iSovnio. icoda Cemi ojaxis mdgomareoba, saxli
ara gvaqvs, Cemi qmari ufrosi biWia ojaxSi, Cemi mazli dasaqorwinebelia,
xom ici aseT dros ramdeni problemaa xolme ojaxSi, calke gvinda
cxovreba, magram mec da Cemi qmaric umuSevrebi varT, sad vimuSaoT, amitom
qiriTac ver gavdivarT, riTi vixadoT. amitom vriskav, bavSvs dedamTilTan
vtoveb da mivdivar saberZneTSi Cem qmarTan erTad, rom iqneba binis
sayideli fuli davagrovoT.... Mmadloba RmerTs, Cemi biZaSvili orives
gvigzavnis vizas, saberZneTSi rom, CavalT avtobuss daxvdeba da iqamde
Casvlis fuls is gadaixdis. aba Cven sad unda viSovoT amdeni, orives 4000
dolari gvWirdeba. iq rom CavalT samuSaos male gviSovian da valsac iq
gavistumrebT.
l. 33 wlis
Cveni interviudan or kviraSi l. Tavis qmarTan erTad gaemgzavra
saberZneTSi biZaSvilis daxmarebiT.
Uunda aRvniSnoT, rom potenciuri emigrantebis saubrebidan sakmaod
rTulia imis interpretacia, Tu ras gulisxmoben isini ,,vizaSi”, radgan es
SeiZleba iyos rogorc mowveva, ris safuZvelzec potenciuri emigranti
iRebs vizas, aseve fuli vizis ,,SesaZenad”.
zogjer emigraciis qveynis SerCeva ganpirobebulia ara marto imiT, rom
iq potenciuri emigrantis axloblebi arian, aramed imiTac, rom im qveyanaSi
gamgzavreba gacilebiT gacilebiT iafi ,,jdeba”, vidre sxva qveyanaSi.
potenciuri emigrantebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is
finansuri da instrumentuli daxmareba, romelsac isini emigranti
axloblebisa da megobrebisgan iReben.
potenciuri emigranti qalebis gamokiTxvisas gamovarCieT ramdenime
tipis daxmareba, romelsac sazRvargareT myofi emigrantebi darCenil
potenciur emigrantebs sTavazoben. Eesenia: finansuri, sainformacio,
instrumentuli da fsiqologiuri daxmareba.
finansuri daxmareba erT-erTi yvelaze niSvnelovan rols asrulebs
emigraciis stimulirebaSi. Ffinansuri daxmareba SeiZleba gaweuli iyos,
rogorc sazRvargareT gamgzavrebamde, aseve mimReb qveyanaSi Casvlis Semdeg.
60
gamgzavrebamde gaweuli daxmareba rogorc wesi, gamoixateba
emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri xarjebis an srul, an nawilobriv
dafarvaSi. Aamgvari daxmareba uaRresad mniSvnelovania qalebisaTvis,
radgan potenciur emigrantTa umravlesobas naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli
oficialur sakredito saSualebebze da misi saSualebiT isini aRar arian
iZulebulni, rom aiRon maRalprocentiani valebi, daagiravon an gayidon
saxlebi. F
finansuri daxmareba emigraciis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba imaSi,
rom axlad Casul emigrantebs exmarebian valebis gadaxdaSi. Uukve
dafuZnebuli emigrantebi aZleven maT an uprocento, an dabalprocentian
sesxebs.
Emigrantebis daxmarebiT potenciuri emigrantebi iReben informacias
mimReb qveyanaSi cxovrebisa da muSaobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, ,,samuSao
bazris” mdgomareobas. Qq. l-s biZaSvili saberZneTSia, swored misi
daJinebuli TxovniTa da daxmarebiT apirebs q.-l. samuSaod wasvlas. wored
ucxoeTSi myofma biZaSvilma aRmouCina mas rogorc materialuri, aseve
sainformacio daxmareba, raTa is saberZneTSi wavides, ufro metic, l.-s
qmris emigraciasac is afinansebs.
Amgvarad, kargad ganviTarebuli emigraciuli qselebis daxmarebiT
swafad vrceldeba informacia, riTac sargebloben potenciuri emigrantebi.
sazRvargareT wasuli emigrantebi cdiloben, rom rogorc ki gamoCndeba
raime samuSao TavianTi ojaxis wevrebi, megobrebi, naTesavebi waiyvanon da
daasaqmon, es ki xels uwyobs emigraciis stimulirebas. (voldingeri....
2003:12)
emigrantebis instrumentuli daxmareba gamoixateba SemdegSi: isini
exmarebian sazRvargareT wasvlis msurvelebs vizis aRebaSi, ugzavnian
oficialuri miwvevebs, rekomendacias uweven sando SuamavlebTan, aswavlian,
ra da rogor unda uTxran saemigracio samsaxuris warmomadgenlebs
politikuri Tu sxva TavSesafris moTxovnisas da sxva.
migrantebi exmarebian axladCasul emigrantebs mimReb qveyanaSic.
xvdebian sadgurze Tu aeroportSi da TavisTan acxovreben manam, sanam
samuSaos ar iSovian. amasTan erTad samuSaos SovnaSic exmarebian.
61
saberZneTSi yvela axlobels vexmarebiT, rom Camovidnen, imitom, rom iq
Tu aravin daexmara, valebis gastumrebas ver moaxerxebs, erTmaneTs
SeRavaTi Tu ar gavuwieT, araferi gamodis...
q. 41w. saberZneTi
amgvarad, potenciuri emigranti, romelsac sazRvargareT hyavs
axlobeli an megobari, darwmunebulia, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
garantirebulad miiRebs maTgan sxvadasxva saxis daxmarebas.
axlad Casul emigrantebs bevri yofiTi problemebis mogvarebis garda,
rac dakavSirebulia samsaxuris SovnasTan, axal garemosTan SeguebasTan,
emateba ojaxisa da Cveuli garemosadmi nostalgiiT gamowveuli
problemebic. amitom axlad Casul emigrantebs iq myofi qarTvelebi
fsiqologiur daxmarebasac uweven, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania ucxo
garemoSi advilad adaptaciisaTvis. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom sazRvargareT
myofi qarTveli qalebi erTmaneTTan ar wyveten kavSirebs, erTmaneTs
xvdebian dasvenebis dReebSi, axerxeben erTmaneTTan urTierTobas da
problemebis erToblivad mogvarebas, fsiqologiurad amxneveben erTmaneTs
da erTad yofniT umklavdebian nostalgias. Amgvarad ucxoeTSi myofi
qalebi SeZlebisdagvarad maTTvis Cveuli kulturuli praqtikebis
reproducirebas axdenen.
2.2.5.Ffuladi gzavnilebi da gzavnilebis sixSire
SromiT migraciaSi wasuli qalebis daxmareba aqauri ojaxebisadmi
metad mniSvnelovania. saerTod emigrantebis mier gamogzavnili fuladi
gzavnilebi saqarTvelos mTeli Sida produqtis mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens da aumjobesebs emigrantebis ojaxebis ekonomikur
mdgomareobas.
saqarTveloSi sabanko sistemis gavliT fuladi gzavnilebis odenoba
wlidan wlamde izrdeba. 2000 wels fuladi gzavnilebis oficialurad
registrirebuli odenoba 53 milion aSS dolars aWarbebda (saqarTvelos
erovnuli... 2006:132), anu saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis 7%. (Tumca
oficialuri arxebiT gamogzavnili fuladi gzavnilebis odenobis zrda
62
nawilobriv aixsneba imiTac, rom bolo wlebis manZilze saqarTveloSi
sakmaod ganviTarda sabanko sistema da amavdroulad, Semcirda fuladi
gzavnilebis operatorebis mier dawesebuli tarifebi). es rogorc aRvniSneT
oficialuri monacemebia, xolo realurad ramdens Seadgens fuladi
gzavnilebis odenoba araoficialuri arxebis CaTvliT, spekulaciebis
sferos miekuTvneba da rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva saxis SefasebebTan gvaqvs
saqme. magaliTad, msoflio bankis monacemebiT 2006 wels saqarTveloSi
gamogzavnilma fuladma gzavnilebma saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis
10%-mde Seadgina. (msoflio bankis... 2006:5-6). bunebrivia, rom
sazRvargareTidan gamogzavniuli fuladi gzavnilebis wilSi sakmaod
maRali iqneba emigranti qalebis mier gamogzavnili fuladi daxmarebebi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT
imisaTvis midis, rom imuSaos da materialuri daxmareba aRmouCinos TavianT
ojaxebs, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom isini sxvadasxva periodulobiT,
sxvadasxva odenobiT da sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis mainc ugzavnian
materialur daxmarebas Tavis ojaxis wevrebs.
SeuZlebelia im azris uaryofa, rom fuladi gzavnilebi sagrZnoblad
aumjobeseben emigrantebis ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, ris
Sedegadac ojaxebs saSualeba eZlevaT gazardon xarjebi da ara marto
kvebis produqtebze, aramed ganaTlebaze da jandacvaze. Sesabamisad
fuladi gzavnilebi warmoadgenen siRaribesTan brZolis mniSvnelovan
faqtorebs.
amerikaSi wavedi 1998 wels, turistuli viziT finansuri problemebis
gamo. saocrad gamiWirda, Cven saqarTveloSi sxva mentalitetiT vizrdebiT,
aqedan gamomdinare, amerikuli da qarTuli cxovrebis tempi Zalian
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. Cemi pirveli samsaxuri ojaxSi ZiZis funqcia
iyo, warmoudgenel sircxvils vgrZnobdi roca viRacis moaxleoba miwevda,
magram Tavs zemoT Zala ar iyo, amis mere vmuSaobdi momakvdav moxucebTan,
mowyvetili gare samyaros, Tanatolebs, amas erTvoda nostalgia, SiSi
momakvdavi adamianebis mimarT, sakuTari Tavis sibraluli, magram rogorc
ityvian, rac ar mogklavs is gagaZlierebso, droTa ganmavlobaSi gadavlaxe
finansuri da fsiqologiuri problemebi, dResdReobiT aranairi Sroma aRar
63
meTakileba, gansxvavebiT pirveli wlebisagan, patiosnad mopovebuli
xelfasi ergvarad makmayofilebs, finansuri siZliere bevr problemas Wris,
Tumca saqarTveloSic vinatrebdi, rom xalxs hkondes damakmayofilebeli
Semosavali. 1000$ vagzavnidi yovel Tve da bednieri viyavi Cemi ojaxis
wevrebs rom vexmarebodi da ara mxolod maT, naTesavebsac gavumarTe xeli
elementaruli yofiTi problemebis gadasaWrelad.
T. 36 w. aSS
qalebi fuladi gzavnilebiT ojaxis daxmarebas sakmaod regularulad
akeTebdnen_TveSi erTxel an or TveSi erTxel.
xelfasi mqonda 1300 evro. vcxovrobdi imave ojaxSi rogorc imaTi
ojaxis wevri. Yyovel Tve 800 evros ojaxs vugzavnidi saqarTveloSi. 100
evros me vxarjavdi da danarCens vinaxavdi.
l. 49 w. italia
regularuli gzavnilebis garda, emigrantebi axerxeben sakmaod
mniSvnelovani Tanxebis dagrovebas, rom samSobloSi Camosvlis Semdeg
SeiZinon bina an manqana, an dafaron Svilebis swavlasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebi.
daxmarebis gamogzavnas emigrantebi sxvadasxva gziT axerxebdnen.
saberZneTis SemTxvevaSi, sadac imyofeba emigrantebis umravlesoba
damyarebulia regularuli da sakmaod efeqturi satransporto kavSiri
saqarTvelosTan. Tbilisidan aTenSi aris pirdapiri reisi salonikis
gavliT. aris agreTve avtobusiT yoveldRiuri momsaxureba Tbilissa da
saberZneTs Soris. Aamitom qalebs SeeZloT yovelkvireulad gamoegzavnaT
ojaxisTvis werlebi, amanaTebi da fuladi gzavnilebi.
<...> Zalian bevria ofisebi iq [aTenSi], saidanac manqana modis
saqarTveloSi. iq imdeni qarTvelia, Tavi saqarTveloSi gegoneba. avtobusi
yovel 3-4 dReSi midi-modis, Tanac ramdenime.
c. 48 w. saberZneTi
<...> me samjer gamovgzavne amanaTi, im ojaxSi sadac viyavi raRac-
raRaceebs mCuqnidnen, zogsac me TviTon vyidulobdi, ufro iseT rames rac
64
Svilebs undodaT da sWirdebodaT. magaliTad video, dividi, TeTreuli...
n. 33 w. saberZneTi
sxva qveynebis SemTxvevaSi (aSS, italia, germania) romlebTnac ar aris
damyarebuli aseTi kavSiri, ufro xSirad oficialuri arxebiT xdeba
fuladi daxmarebis gamogzavna.
germaniaSi wasuli emigrantebi, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian TavianT
ojaxebs, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom maTi umravlesoba germaniaSi Au-Pair
programiT saswavlebladaa wasuli. Aam programiT gaTvaliswinebuli
anazRaureba TveSi daaxloebiT 300 evros Seadgens, rac miuxedavad imisa,
rom kvebaze da sacxovrebelze ar exarjebaT, mainc ar yofniT, es maTi
mxolod ,,jibis fulia” da araferi rCebaT, rom ojaxebs daexmaron.
Cveni gamokvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom emigranti qalebis mier
ojaxebisTvis yovel Tves gamogzavnili daxmarebis maqsimaluri odenoba
iyo 1000 dolari, minimaluri 50-100 dolari. Dyvelaze did fulad
daxmarebas uwevdnen aSS-Si myofi emigrantebi, daxmarebis yvelaze dabali
wili ki modioda saberZneTze.
Qqalebis mier gamogzavnili daxmarebebi ZiriTadad e. w.
,,araproduqtiul” moxmarebaze ixarjeboda: piradi moxmarebis saqonelze,
tansacmelze, produqtebis SeZenaze, mkurnalobaze, valebis gastumrebaze,
soflis meurneobasTan dakavSirebul problemebze. uZravi qonebis SeZena
emigrantebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli investiciaa. warmatebuli
emigraciis SemTxvevaSi isini rogorc wesi yiduloben binas, Semdeg
aqiraveben da iyeneben rogorc damatebTi Semosavlis wyaros.
q. l. (46 wlis)UruseTSi (moskovSi) wavida 15 wlis win, misi axloblebi
iq cxovrobdnen da amitom mas araferi gaWirvebia. Tavdapirvelad maTTan
cxovrobda. male samuSaoc uSoves erT-erT qarTul restoranSi, romelic
maT qarTvel nacnobs ekuTvnoda. muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg sxva qarTvel
emigrant qalTan erTad biniT sxvagan gadavida. iq mravali wlis cxovrebisa
da muSaobis Sedegad q. Ll-m SeZlo mniSvnelovani Tanxis dagroveba.
saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdeg TbilisSi iyida bina da patara biznesic
wamoiwyo. Abina gaaqirava da amiT yovelTviuri garantirebuli Semosavlis
wyaroc gaiCina. Qq. l.-s sakuTari ojaxi ara aqvs. igi mzrunvelobs moxuc
65
ded-mamaze da amasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad exmareba Zmis ojaxs. Tumca
ekonomiurad ar uWirs, mas kvlav surs gamgzavreba, da isev ruseTSi, radgan
mas iq myofi axloblebis gverdSi dgomis imedi aqvs, Tan fiqrobs, rom is
did gamocdileba rac man ruseTSi adrindeli emigraciis dros daagrova,
ufro gauadvilebs am qveyanaSi xelaxal emigracias.
q. T. (43 wli) ojaxTan erTad wlebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda ruseTSi.
Qqmarsac hqonda samuSao da TviTonac muSaobda. wamosvlas jer ar
apirebdnen,Mmagram ruseTSi qarTvelebis mimarT agresiis gazrdis Semdeg
mis erT-erT Svils, biWs quCaSi incidenti SeemTxva, Svilebis gamo
SeeSindaT da saqarTveloSi dabrundnen. Ddagrovili fuli ojaxis
meurneobaSi daabandes, magram mniSvnelovani mogeba ver naxes. Aaxla q. T.
isev fiqrobs sazRvargareT wasvlaze, oRond ara ruseTSi. Aam qveyanasTan
garTulebuli mdgomareobis gamo iq emigracia arasaimedod miaCnia.
Ggadawyvetili aqvs wavides italiaSi, sadac misi ori megobari qalia
wasuli. Pproblema isaa, rom amjerad is qmarTa erTad ver wava, radgan
rogorc megobrebma uTxres mamakacisaTvi samuSos Sovna Zalian Wirs,
mamakacis muSaxrelze moTxovna araa, momvleli da damlagebeli qalebi ki
sWirdebaT. Aamitom qali ufro iSovis samuSaos. Svilebis datoveba Zalin
ki uZneldeba, magram fiqrobs rom ukve mozrdilebi arian da Tavsac
mixedaven, Tanac maTi swavlisTvis imdeni Tanxaa saWiro, rom jobia ucxo
qveyanaSi imuSaos da swavlis fuli gamougzavnos. axla maTTvis is ufro
mniSvnelovania, rom ganaTlebis misaRebad saSualeba hqondeT.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, faqtiurad ar xdeba qalebis
mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxis investireba warmoebaSi. Ffuladi gzavnilebis
da dazogili saxsrebis umetesi nawili ixarjeba moxmarebaze, radgan am
etapze qalebis ojaxebisTvis pirvelxarisxovania elemantaruli
sayofacxovrebo bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom qalis mier Seqmnili kapitalis
makroekonomikuri Sedegebi ar aris mniSvnelovani, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom am araproduqtiul moxmarebas Tavisi dadebiTi efeqti aqvs,
upirvelesad amaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos moxmarebis odenobis zrda, uZrav
qonebaSi investiciebis dabandeba, ganaTlebasTan da janmrTelobasTan
66
dakavSirebuli xarjebi da a. S. Y
amgvarad kaxeTis regionidan emigrirebuli qalebis fuladi daxmarebebi
uaRresad mniSvnelovania bevri ojaxis cxovrebaSi. daxmarebis sakmaod didi
nawili ixarjeba pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, anu
,,araproduqtiul moxmarebaze”, rac gamowveulia mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dabali doniT. Tumca, unda vTqvaT, rom regionSi sainvesticio
SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia sameurneo saqmianobaSi
investireba.
2.2.6. SromiT migrantTa ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis speqtri da adaptaciis
xarisxi
XX saukunis meore naxevridan, xangrZlivi drois manZilze SromiTi
migracia mimRebi qveynebis Sromis bazrebze moTxovnis specifikur
formirebas axdenda. TandaTan gamoikveTa segmentebi, sadac imigrantebi
iyvnen upiratesad dasaqmebulni. pirvel rigSi es is samuSao adgilebi iyo,
romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi didi popularobiT ar sargeblobda
dabali kvalifikaciis, araxelsayreli samuSao pirobebisa da Sromis
dabali anazRaurebis gamo.
recipienti qveynebisaken migracias xels uwyobda is garemoebac, rom am
qveynebis ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba demografiuli zrdis
stagnaciis gamo TiTqmis ar izrdeboda da damatebiT moTxovnas samuSao
adgilebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT ar qmnida. migraciis saerTaSoriso
organizacii monacemebiT, evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi 2000w-dan 2015w-mde
mosalodnelia adgilobrivi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani Semcireba. magaliTad, italiaSi igi Seikveceba 10%-iT; aseve
mcirdeba igi germaniaSi, belgiaSi, did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi (SromiTi...
2003:46).
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri qveyana aRar warmoadgens samuSao
Zalis mxolod mimReb, an mxolod gamcems. isini iReben SromiT migrantebs
da sakuTar mosaxleobas gzavnian kidev ufro maRali anazRaurebis mqone
qveynebis Sromis bazrebze. amas imitom eqceva yuradReba, rom saqarTvelos
67
mosaxleobis SromiTi migraciis mniSvnelovani nawili swored aseTi
qveynebiskenaa mimarTuli (ruseTi, saberZneTi da a.S.).
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi ufro
farTovdeba momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmeba. evrogaerTianebaSi 2001
wlis monacemebiT, momsaxurebis seqtorSi Cabmuli iyo mTlianad
dasaqmebulTa 67,1%, maT Soris, niderlandebSi_77%, luqsemburgSi_75,3%,
did britaneTSi_73,7%, SveciaSi_72,7%, belgiaSi_73,1% da a.S. (SromiTi...
2003:46)
mimdinareobs momsaxurebis sferos segmentacia pirvelad da meorad
Sromis bazrebad. adgilobriv samuSao Zalas saSualeba eZleva, Tavi
aaridos dabalkvalificiur samuSaoebze dasaqmebas da Caebas ufro
maRalkvalificiur, Sromis ukeTesi pirobebis mqone saqmianobaSi.
damqiravebelTaTvis metad xelsayreli xdeba iafi samuSao Zalis mizidva,
xandaxan aralegalurisac, radgan samuSao Zalis fasi bevrad ufro mcirea
adgilobriv samuSao Zalis fasTan SedarebiT.
SromiTi da gansakuTrebiT aralegaluri migrantebi yvela qveyanaSi
ganicdian met-nakleb diskriminacias. isini kargaven TavianT adrindel
socialur statuss da Tavisi unaris da specialobis mixedviT dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobas.
amJamindeli saqarTvelos SromiTi migraciis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi da arsebiTi niSania SromiT migrantTa nakadis ganaTlebis
maRali done da kvalificiuri Sedgeniloba. amas Tavisi axsna aqvs. pirvel
rigSi SevniSnavT, rom mokle droSi SromiTi migraciis ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebelia garkveuli informirebuloba, ucxo enis raRac doneze codna
da maRali teritoriuli mobiluroba. es axasiaTebT meti ganaTlebis mqone
fenas, romelsac ucxo garemoSi kontaqtis da adaptaciis meti unari aqvs.
meore mxriv, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ganaTlebis potenciali metad
maRalia. Sida Sromis bazarze pirvel rigSi aseT samuSao Zalaze moTxovna
Seikveca. umuSevarTa Soris ganaTlebis maRali statusis mqone kontingenti
dominirebs da amitom misi migraciuli potenciali maRalia.
Cveni gamokvleviT dadginda, rom potenciur SromiT migrantTa
umravlesobas_41,6%-s, umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, 27,2%_ saSualo
68
ganaTleba, 21,5% _ saSualo-teqnikuri ganaTleba.
Emigraciisas qalebi ar fiqroben, rom sazRvargareT TavianTi
ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis samsaxurs gamonaxaven. maTTvis mTavaria
iSovon metnaklebad sasurveli samuSao, maRali anazraurebiT.
Cveni gamokvleviT kaxeTis regionidan SromiTi migranti qalebisTvis
yvelaze xelsayreli saqmianoba ZiZobaa. bunebrivi, rom es ara mxolod
dedobrivi grZnobiTaa gamowveuli, aramed imiTac, rom am tipis
samuSaosTvis musaxelz sazRvargareT (gansakuTrebiT saberZneTSi) did
moTxovnilebaa. Cveni respondentebis gamokiTxviT, maTTvis xelsayreli da
araxelsayreli saqmianobebis tipebi procentulad ase gadanawilda:
(cxrili 19)
sasurveli saqmianoba %
bavSvis movla
damlagebeli (saxlis/ maRaziis)
momvleli (avadmyofis/ moxucis)
40,1%
28,4%
14,7%
(cxrili 20)
arasasurveli saqmianoba %
mSenebloba da remonti
mimtani-mzareuli
fabrika-qarxnis muSa
60,2%
24,8%
15,0%
saerTaSoriso migraciis 2003 wlis monacemebiT ruseTSi ufro metad
xdeboda pirovnuli SromiTi potencialis realizacia, vidre sxva qveynebSi,
radgan ruseTis Sromis bazars sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT metad sWirdeboda
avtoservisSi dasaqmebulni, eqimebi da eqTnebi, vaWrobis dargis muSakebi,
umaRlesi ganaTlebis specialistebi. germaniaSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT
yvelaze meti im SromiT migrantTa wili iyo, romlebic erTdroulad
swavloben da muSaoben. aSS-Si ki qarTvel SromiT migrantTagan yoveli
mexuTe damxmare muSaa. (SromiTi... 2003:47)
savaraudoa, rom amJamad emigranti qalebis (da ara mxolod qalebis)
69
pirovnuli potencialis realizebis imedi ucxo qveyanaSi Zalian mcirea.
Cveni gamokvleviT miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebis
umravlesoba dabalkvalificirebul Sromas irCevs. magram es xdeba ara
imitom, rom maT am Sromaze aqvT moTxovnileba, aramed mimRebi qveynebis
Sromis bazris organizebis gamo. am qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi postsabWoTa
qveynebidan migrirebulebisaTvis mxolod momsaxurebis sferoSi moiZebneba
samuSao. Tan es Sroma bevrad dabalanazRaurebadia CasulebisTvis, vidre
adgilobrivebisTvis (am qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis). amis mizezi ki aris
migraciis aralegaluroba, rac samuSaos mimcems saSualebas aZlevs
gadaixados ara Sromis realuri (Sromis bazarze fiqsirebuli) safasuri,
aramed bevrad mcire.
kiTxvaze: ,,kidev ra tipis Sroma iqneboda TqvenTvis yvelaze
xelsayreli?” respondentTa 79,9% gauWirda pasuxis gacema, rac niSnavs, rom
migraciul ganwyobebs ZiriTadad ganapirobebs sxvebis mier mowodebuli
informacia da gamocdileba. amitom savaraudod migrantebSi dasaqmebis
alternatiuli saSualebebis codna da informirebulobis done Zalin
dabalia.
sainteresoa, rom migraciis formaTagan qalebi yvelaze realurad
SromiT migracias miiCneven, Semdeg modis ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT
emigracia_13,8%, xolo Semdeg ucxoeTSi cxovrebis gamo emigracia_5,6%.
emigraciis ararealur formad qalebs politikuri da biznes emigracia
miaCniaT_65-61%, aseve maRalia ucxoeTSi sacxovreblad da ganaTlebis
misaRebad emigraciis ararealurobis maCvenebeli_54-52%.
es monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebisaTvis saqmiani, kvalifikaciis
amaRlebasTan dakavSirebuli emigracia yvelaze nakleb savaraudoa. maTi
asparezi ojaxis, an ojaxis sxva wevrebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT
amoiwureba.
kvalifikaciuri gansxvaveba aqaur da iqaur saqmianobas Soris imdenad
didia, rom mosalodnelia saqarTvelodan samuSaod gasuli kontingentis
mkveTri diskvalifikacia. maSin roca, bevri qveyana, piriqiT, SromiTi
migraciiT zrdida adamianur kapitals, formirdeboda maRalkvalificiuri
muSaTa socialuri jgufebi, romlebic samSobloSi dabrunebisas did
70
zegavlenas axdendnen qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze.
saqarTvelodan wasulTa mxolod nawili Tu imaRlebs kvalifikacias,
ZiriTadi masis adamianuri kapitali ufasurdeba.
sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri
TvalsazrisiT sazRvargareT saqarTvelos SromiT migrantTa dasaqmeba
ukiduresad diskriminaciulia. xdeba maTi SromiTi potencialis daqveiTeba,
adamianuri kapitalis devalvacia. amitom SromiTi migraciis regulirebis
erT-erTi amocana unda gaxdes sazRvargareT Cveni Tanamemamuleebis Tavisi
profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamisi dasaqmebis miRweva, sakuTari
SromiTi potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia, profesiul-SromiTi
adaptaciis procesis mowesrigeba da adaptaciis drois daCqareba.
sxva faqtorebTan erTad profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Seusabamo
dasaqmeba ar aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migrantTa axal SromiT
garemosadmi Seguebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa. SromiTi migranti
Znelad egueba misTvi ucxo kulturul garemos.
migraciis sawyis etapze ruseTSi migrirebuli qarTveli mosaxleoba
xasiaTdeboda adaptaciis maRali xarisxiT. amis ZiriTadi mizezi albaT iyo
is, rom ruseTi socialuri garemos TanxvdomiT yvelaze axlo dgas
saqarTvelosTan istoriulad Camoyalibebuli mentalitetis, erTiani
kulturuli sivrcis, socialuri wyobis da Tundac, konfesiuri
TvalsazrisiTac. Tumca saqarTvelos provinciebidan wasuli
mosaxleobisaTvis enis barieri aqac seriozul problemas warmoadgenda
umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesabamisi samuSao adgilebis dakavebisaTvis. Zalian
uWirT samuSao garemosTan Segueba saberZneTSi wasul SromiT migrantebs
(ZiriTadad momvlel qalebs), axal SromiT garemosTan Seguebis ukeTesi
maCveneblebi aqvT germaniasa da aSS-Si migrirebulebs, (axalgazrdobis
wili aq metia)
SromiT migrantebs sazRvargareT yofnisas uxdebaT ara marto axal
warmoebiT da SromiT garemosTan adaptacia, aramed gansxvavebuli
socialur-sayofacxovrebo garemosTan Seguebac.
kaxeTis SromiT migrantTa recipienti oTxi mTavari qveynidan
saberZneTSi momuSaveni yvelaze metad amJRavneben socialur-
71
sayofacxovrebo garemosadmi Seugueblobas.
Znelia gaiTaviso mosamsaxuris statusi, fizikuri da sulieri
datvirTvac didia. erTi, ramac cota Semimsubuqa problemebi, axloblebis
gverdze yofna iyo. 5 dRis Casuli viyavi muSaoba rom daviwye bavSvebTan,
ver SevZeli, depresiaSi Cavvardi, gadavwyvite bavSvebTan arasdros memuSava.
erTi moxuci vnaxe mosavleli, magram sastik dReSi magdebda. cdilobda
yvelanairad davemcirebine da Wamis uflebas ar maZlevda. 2 kviraSi
davanebe iq muSaobas Tavi. imis Semdeg ramdenime samsaxuri Sevicvale.
gamiWirda axal pirobebTan Segueba. ena rom viswavle urTierToba cota
gamiadvilda, magram aralegalurad cxovreba Znelia. quCaSi yoveli
formianis danaxvaze SiSi mipyrobda, rom ar davekavebine, isev ukapikod ar
mimatrialon-Tqo, ganvicdidi.
q. 36 wlis saberZneTi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs sayovelTao integraciuli
procesebi, rac socialur-yofiT garemoTa daaxloebas uwyobs xels. Tumca,
saerTo faseulobaTa TandaTan zrdis miuxedavad, Zlieria erovnuli da
yofiTi faseulobanic, tradiciebi da socialuri garemosadmi
gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebuleba. amiTaa gamowveuli is
siZneleebi, rac migranti qalebis erTi qveynidan meoreSi gadaadgilebisas
warmoiSveba. igi xandaxan iseTi siZlierisaa, rom viTardeba fsiqikuri
SeuTavsebloba axal garemosTan, nostalgiis mZafri gamoxatulebiT.
gansakuTrebiT mZime da gausaZlisi xdeba sazRvargareT cxovreba im
emigrantebisTvis, romlebisTvisac ucxo qveyana ukavSirdeba maT
ocnebas_odesme enaxaT da ecxovraT iq. Aamis gamo isini xSirad midian
winaswari momzadebis gareSe, rac gulisxmobs im qveynis samuSao bazris
,,Seswavlas”. maTi ocnebebi da imedebi ra Tqma unda maleve ingreva da maTi
emigracia xSir SemTxvevaSi warumateblad mTavrdeba. vfiqrobT aseT
SemTxvevaSi emigranti qalebis emigraciis mizezi ara imdenad ekonomikuri
gaWirvebaa, aramed rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT, SefardebiTi deprivacia.
zogjer emigraciaSi wasvlis msurvels hgonia, rom ucxo qveyanaSi advilad
iSovis samuSaos da saerTod advilad gamouva yvelaferi. Eemigraciisadmi
aseTi midgoma ukeTesad aixsneba erTi qarTuli gamonaTqvamiT ,,sadac Cven
72
ar varT, iq yvelaferi kargi gvgonia”. Cveni erT-erTi interviueri, yofili
emigranti sakmaod mZimed aRwers uxcoeTSi gatarebul wlebs.
Zalian gamiWirdeba albaT im ambis gaxseneba rac, ori wis win Cems
italiaSi uazroT wasvlas da Camosvlas ukavSirdeba. albaT yvelas hqonia
bavSvobis ocneba romelic ucxoeTis romelime qalaqis naxvas da iq
cxovrebas ukavSirdeba. aq Camosulebma ramodenimejer iseT lamaz samyarod
damixates, iseT iol da vardisfrad iq cxovreba, rom me eWvi ar gamCenia
raime siZneleze.
erT mSvenierso ver davarqmev, erT koSmaris dasawyis dRes Cemi
gamzadebuli sabuTebiT Sevedi saelCoSi da Tan es yvelaferi ise xdeboda
Cems Tavs, TiTqos sizmarSi viyavi da amas yvelafers realurad ver
aRviqvamdi. dadebiTi pasuxebiT davbrundi saxlSi, sul raRac or dReSi
mivemgzavrebodi kidec. ar vici vis imedad vtovebdi Cems ojaxs, Svils,
romelic Cems gareSe dRemde arsad uZinia da ar darCenila papa-bebiebTan.
<....> iq Cems mezobel qalTan erTad wavedi, aseve mezoblebTan erTad viyavi
binaze. didi da damRleli mgzavrobis Semdeg CavediT am monaTa qalaqSi,
sadac, pirdapir vxmarob am sityvas, monebi arian Cveni sacodavi, zogic
TavzexelaRebuli qalebi. im qalaqSi sami Tve viyavi, veranairi samuSao ver
gamoCnda da arc mqonda imedi. rac dro gadioda miT ufro kargad
verkveodi iqaur situaciaSi. imdeni umuSevari qarTvelebis yureba, saxlSi,
sadac me viyavi, Tu eklesiebSi sadac kviraSi orjer mivdiodiT, viTomda
samuSaos saZieblad, Zalian moqmedebda yvelaze da ara marto Cemze. iq
(eklesiebSi) misulebs ki erTi da igive pasuxi gvxvdeboda: ar aris samuSao.
am dros dagiravebuli maqvs bina. gadis dro da saqarTveloSi darekvisas
ver vuxsnidi ojaxs Tu ra situaci iyo. bavSvi Zalian ganicdida Cem
wasvlas. meuRlec rogorc SeSlili ise melaparakeboda telefonze. aRar
vicodi ra meqna arc imis gamocdileba mqonda qalaqi damoukideblad
gamomecvala, an sad mivdiodi egec ar vicodi, an iq vin damxvdeboda, es
yvelaferi maTTvis, vinc amas mirCevda Zalian ioli iyo, radgan kaci sxvis
rCevaSi brZeniao, rogorc ityvian. ver gadamewyvita romeli gza amerCia,
gameriska Cemi Tavi da sxva qalaqSi gadavsuliyavi, magram ar vici iqac
rogor gamimarTlebda, vinme saerTod Tu damxvdeboda CemTvis mTlad ucxo
73
qalaqSi, Tu isev amxela valiT ukan davbrunebuliyavi. RmerTma isev Cem
SvilTan wamosasvleli gza marCevina da mec davbrundi. es swori
gadawyvetileba iyo da sinanuli mxolod imaze maqvs, rom arasdros ar
mefiqra netav wasvla. xan vfiqrob, albaT, me is adamiani ar viyavi, romelic
iq gaZlebda uSvilod, uojaxod. <....> iq wasul qalbatonebze ki vityvi:
iSviaTni arian patiosnad momuSaveni da adamianebi. umetesoba
qmargacilebulia da iq bedis saZieblad ufroa wasuli, an yvelaferze
wamsvlelebi. SuriT da boRmiT arian erTmaneTze aRvsilebi. umetesi
maTgani metad gulgrilia, maTTvis ukve ucnobia yvelaferi rac
grZnobebTan da emociebTan asocirdeba. maT erT dges sisxli SeeyinaT da
zombebiviT marto fulis ynosva amoZravebT.
e. 28 w. italia
vfiqrobT, rom msgavsi tipis SemTxvevebi erTeuli ar unda iyos, radgan,
emigracia did riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli da xSirad qalebi ar
iTvaliswineben am risk-faqtorebs.
amasTanave unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sazrvargareT sadac
adamianebi garkveulwilad eqstremalur viTarebaSi xvdebian, xSirad
vlindeba adamianis is Tvisebebi, romelic Cveulebriv ar Cans xolme- Suri,
gautanloba, dabezReba. samwuxarod aris SemTxvevebi, roca am Tvisebebs
avlenen qarTveli emigranti qalebi sazRvargareT Tavis Tanamemamuleebis
mimarT.
moxucs vuvlidi, arc ise bevri saqme mqonda, magram Cemi Zalian SurdaT,
raRa Sen gvxvdeba aseTi kargi xalxio. Mme aravisi araferi mSurda, yvelas
vexmarebodi rac SemeZlo, qarTvelebi saxlSic momyavda, vaWmevdi da
vexmarebodi sanam samuSaos iSovidnen, magram umadurebi varT, iq RvarZli
yvelam gamoamJRvna. aravin iseT borotebas ar gagikeTebs, rogorc Seniani.
i. 52w. saberZneTi
pirvelad qarTvelebSi kargi urTierToba, urTierTgageba da Tanadgoma
iyo, rogorc gCvevia. Tu vinme umuSevari iyo mec da sxvebic erTimeores
74
vexmarebodiT da angariSs vuwevdiT. Eexla eg aRar arsebobs, yvela cal-
calkea, ukve Zalian gaWirda cxovrebis pirobebi. AaqeT Tavisi ojaxis
sarCenadac aRar yofniT is Semosavlebi, yvelgan gaWirda. Aaxali
Camosulebi ambobdnen, rom is Tanadgoma da urTierTgageba aRaraa aqvT
qarTvlebso.
n. 55w. saberZneTi
siRrmiseulma interviuebma gviCvena, rom socialur-sayofacxovrebo
garemosadmi adaptaciisas migrant qalebs seriozuli problemebi ar
gasCeniaT, magram maT gansakuTrebiT uWirdaT ojaxTan, SvilebTan da
naTesavebTan daSoreba. dabrunebul emigrantebs Soris aris is mcire
nawilic romlebic axali garemosadmi srul SeuTavsebadobas afiqsirebda.
maT sxva faqtorebTan erTad adaptaciisas problemebs uqmnidnen is
adamianebic visac uvlidnen, an vis saxlSic msaxurobdnen. saerTo
SefasebiT, saqarTvelodan wasul SromiT migrantebs aqauri naTesaur-
megobruli garemos datoveba uWirT.
2.2.7. SromiTi migrantebis kontaqtebi ojaxTan da maTi ukan dabrunebis
potenciali
SromiTi migracia droebiTi xasiaTisaa, magram adgilobriv garemosTan
SeCveva, Sromis meti anazRaureba da cxovrebis maRali done, qorwineba,
samSobloSi Seqmnili metad araxelsayreli socialur-SromiTi,
politikuri, kriminogenuli da a.S. viTareba, SromiT migracias
stacionarul emigraciad aqcevs da, nawilobriv xdeba droebiT wasulTa
Serwyma imigraciuli qveynebis mosaxleobasTan. es procesi Cqardeba im
qveynebSi, sadac saqarTvelodan wasuli SromiTi migrantebi erovnul-
konfesiurad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawils warmoadgenen. magaliTad,
swrafad moxda saqarTvelodan wasuli rusi SromiTi migrantebis
damkvidreba ruseTSi, berZnebisa_saberZneTSi. qarTveli SromiTi migrantebis
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan asimilirebis procesic met-naklebad yvela
qveyanaSi mimdinareobs. marTalia, mas jerjerobiT didi masStabi ar miuRia,
75
magram SromiTi migraciis Seswavlis procesSi sayuradRebo movlenaa.
aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eZleva SromiT migrantTa
samSobloSi ukan dabrunebis potencialis zogad Sefasebas, romlis
saSualebasac nawilobriv Cveni gamokvleva iZleva. emigraciis msurveli
respondentebidan (84%) 13,3% ukve iyo qveynis gareT, migraciaSi yofnis
maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba 10 welia, minimaluri_2. unda aRvniSnoT, rom
migraciis warumatebloba, anu migraciis miznis gamarTleba pirdapir
korelaciaSi ar aris emigraciis xangrZlivobasTan. migraciis neoklasikuri
Teoriis mixedviT, emigracia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba
warmatebulad, Tu emigranti samudamod damkvidrdeba emigraciis qveyanaSi,
aseTi midgomiT, samSobloSi dabruneba yovelTvis warumateblad aRiqmeba.
Tumca SromiTi migraciis axali ekonomikuri Teoria sapirispiros
amtkicebs, rom dabruneba emigraciis procesis iseTive nawilia, rogorc
gamgzavreba da misi gamomwvevi mizezebic sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos.
Cveni gamokvleviT emigrantebis didi nawili arcTu moklevadian
emigraciaSi imyofeboda, emigraciis xangrZlivobis saSualo mniSvneloba
yvela dabrunebuli emigrantisTvis sami welia. dabrunebuli emigrantebis
TiTqmis naxevari sazRvargareT sami da meti weli muSaobda. respondentebis
azriT, rogorc wesi mokle droiT gamgzavreba araa sakmarisi imisaTvis,
rom gadaixado emigraciisTvis daxarjuli valad aRebuli fuli da
amavdroulad dazogo da moagrovo garkveuli Tanxa, rom samSobloSi
dabrunebulma SeZlo binis an manqanis yidva, sayofacxovrebo piobebis
gaumjobeseba. emigraciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sedegad binis SeZena
aRiqmeba.
ise rogorc sazRvargareT wasvlis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs, aseve
emigraciidan dabrunebis mizezebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. zog
SemTxvevaSi dabruneba warumatebeli emigraciis Sedegia, magram zog
SemTxvevaSi im gadawyvetilebis Sedegi, romelsac emigranti
gacnobierebulad iRebs da sakuTari nebis Tanaxmad brundeba samSobloSi.
emigraciidan dabrunebuli qalebis gamokiTxvidan gamoikveTa dabrunebulTa
ori ZiriTadi kategoria: erT kategorias miekuTvnebian iZulebiT
dabrunebuli emigrantebi, anu isini, vinc, ojaxuri problemebis,
76
janmrTelobis gauaresebis, an deportaciis gamo gaxdnen iZuleulni
dabrunebuliyvnen, Tumca maT dagegmili hqondaT sazRvargareT kidev
darCeniliyvnen garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. meore kategorias
miekuTvnebian nabayoflobiT dabrunebuli emigrantebi, romlebmac miaRwies
,,emigarciis mizans”, ris gamoc wavidnen sazRvargareT da TavianTi
surviliT dabrundnen samSobloSi.
q. b. 44 wlisaa, aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba. man maswavleblobas Tavi
daaneba da 1998 wlis gazafxulze megobris rCeviT salonikSi wavida
moxuci, 78 wlis, avadmyofi qalis momvlelad. igi turistuli viziT
gaemgzavra, romelic 500$ daujda. iq axlobelma samsaxuri daaxvedra. mas
TveSi hqonda 600$-is farglebSi anazRaureba. aseve xSirad saCuqrebi da
danamatebi. q.-b. ojaxs saqarTveloSi yovel Tve 400-500 aSS dolars
ugzavnida. Qq.-b-s saberZneTSi wasvlamde ojaxi (meuRle da sami Svili)
cxovrobda TelavSi. gzavnilebis saSualebiT maT TbilisSi SeiZines bina
da avtomanqana orive vaJiSvilisTvis. samive Svili swavlobs universitetSi,
umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone misi qmari muSaobs profesiiT. Qq.-b. am xnis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi erTxel Camovida. Cveni Sexvedris dros q.-b
meored iyo Camosuli, isic Zalian mokle droiT. Zalian male isevAukan
gabrunebas apirebda, Tan isev kanonis gverdze avliT, turistuli vizis
saSualebiT.
ojaxi Zalian ganicdis dedisa da meuRlis moSorebas, magram, q.-b-s
TqmiT rasac ojaxma am gadawyvetilebiT daaRwia Tavi, amad Rirs.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba iZulebiTaa dabrunebuli
da dabrunebis umTavresi mizezi (TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesobis
SemTxvevaSi) nostalgiaa, qalebi veRar uZleben ojaxTan da SvilebTan
ganSorebas. gansakuTrebiT mZimea im martoxela, qvrivi qalebis mdgomareoba,
romlebmac samSobloSi datoves mcirewlovani Svilebi.
…italiaSi wasvla imitom gadavwyvite, rom aqauri xelfasi araferSi ar
myofnida. bavSvebi sanaxevrod mSivrebi myavdnen, qmari avariaSi dameRupa.
imis Semdeg vwvalob, xan sacxobSi vmuSaobdi, xan kalbasis cexSi, Tan
Salebsac vqsovdi da vyididi, magram Zalian mcire Semosavali mqonda, ori
Svili myavs, orive cerebraluri dambliT daavadebuli, orives SeuZlia
77
gadaadgileba, Wama da Tavisi Tavis mixedva, deda ki asakiani myavs, magram
bavSvebis mixedva SeuZlia. xoda, dedaCemi davtove bavSvebis misaxedad.
italiaSi rom Cavedi Cveni wasuli qarTvelebi damexmarnen samuSaos
SovnaSi. madloba RmerTs rom samuSao maleve viSovne, erTi moxuci
skleroziani qalis movla daviwye, ar megona Tu ase gamiWirdeboda, Zalian
Zneli yofila aqauri cxovreba. Cem sklerozian bebers aRar axsovda qmari
rom moukvda, Camiyvanda dabla da velodebodiT mis qmars sanam samuSaodan
dabrundeba, lodiniT rom daviRlebodiT, mere Zlivs amyavs saxlSi,
erTxel gamaswro, Sevarda saxlSi da karebi damiketa, aRar miSvebda,
videqi karebTan da vtirodi ramdenime saaTi, sanam Tavisi axloblebi ar
movidnen da karebi ar gaaRebines, xan ra oins mikeTebda, xan ras. gamiskda
nervebi. calke Cemi bavSvebis dardi ar masvenebda calke es Serekili qali,
xan ise gasula mTeli Rame tirilSi gamitarebia. yvelaferTan erTad
vnerviulobdi imaze, Tu rogor moviSoro meTqi procentiani vali riTac
wavedi, rac dro gadioda miT ufro miWirda iq gaCereba ise menatrebodnen
Svilebi. lamis gavgiJebuliyavi, yoveldRe velaparakebodi bavSvebs. imaT
xmas rom gavigebdi, cota davwynardebodi xolme, imdeni xani Cemi Svilebis
unaxaobiT da iqauri yofiT nevrozi avikide, ramdenic ginda
davlaparakebodi bavSvebs megona cudad arian da mimalaven meTqi. ise
amivarda TavSi es fiqreb, rom veRar vicilebdi Tavidan. yovel Rame
velaparakebodi bavSvebs da veubnebodi, rom nu mimalavdnen cudad rom
iyvnen, roca meubnebodnen kargada varTo ar vijerebdi, ise gamijda Zvalsa
da rbilSi es Cemi Svilebis cudad yofna, rom mTeli kvira nerviulobisgan
pirSi aRarafers vuSvebdi, veRar gavuZeli amden nerviulobas, davkari fexi
da Camovedi. Cemi sacodavi Svilebi, rom vnaxe davwynardi, dawynarebiT ki
davwynardi, magram es xom ver gvaWmevs da gvaarsebebs? bedi ara mqonia
qmari, rom ar momkvdomoda vegdebodi Cems qmarSvilTan erTad da avad Tu
kargad SevinaxavdiT ojaxs. Camovedi da davinaxe isev Cemi ojaxis gaWirveba,
Svilebis SimSili. gana ramden xans meyofoda wamoyolili erTi-ori kapiki.
Zalian vnanob ukan dabrunebas, unda momeTmina. meti gza ar aris, isev
daviwye wasvlaze wvaleba. isev waval, roca Cemi Svilebi Zalian
momenatrebian isev Camoval da ase gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam ufali mec
78
Cems qmarTan ar wamiyvans, eseTi yofila Cemi bediswera.
m. 43 wlis, italia
zogierTi emigranti brundeba janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo. Cveni
kvlevis procesSi dafiqsirda SromiTi migrantebis janmrTelobis
gauaresebis erTeuli faqtebi. radgan migrantebi aralegalurad muSaoben,
maT ara aqvT gaformebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba damqiravebelTan da ar
gaaCniaT samedicino dazRveva, amitom janmrTelobis gauaresebis
SemTxvevaSi sakuTari danazogiT cdiloben janmrTelobis dacvisaTvis
saWiro danaxarjebis anazRaurebas, maT exmarebian iq myofi
nacnob_megobrebic. ukidures SemTxvevaSi isini brundebian samSobloSi.
samedicino dazRvevis ar qona metyvelebs qalebis janmrTelobis
ukiduresad dabal daculobaze, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia SromiTi
migraciis uaryofiTi mxareebis Sefasebis dros.
vmuSaobdi moxuc qalTan mosamsaxured. megona gaWirveba da nerviuloba
ukan movitove-meTqi. dResac rom maxsendeba ra sadisturad meqceoda is
moxuci visac vuvlidi, guli miwuxdeba. DdRe ar gavidoda rom ar
vetirebine, ra sityvebs aRar meZaxda, rom ityvian, jojoxeTis cecxlSi
gamatara. ramdenime xnis mere sxvagan gadavedi. samsaxuri viSove isev moxuc
qalTan da Tanac misi gogosTvisac saqme unda mekeTebina. aqac gamiWirda,
moxuci xSirad vardeboda, Tanac 100 kilomde iyo da wamoyeneba miWirda.
welis tkivilebi damewyo, Tirkmelebic amtkivda da sanam mosavleli me
TviTon gavxdebodi davanebe Tavi.
l. 40 w. saberZneTi
amave emigrantma qalma, romelic veranairad ver Seegua Wirveul
moxucebs, romlebsac uvlida, gadawyvita bavSvisTvis moevlo, radgan
fiqrobda, rom TviTonac deda, SeZlebda sxvisi bavSvis gazrdas. rogorc
gamokTxvam aCvena, qalTa umravlesobas (40,1%) swored bavSvis movla
urCevnia, rac maTi dedobrivi Zalis gamovleniT aixsneba.
erTi Tve samsaxuri ver viSove, Zalian vnerviulobdi <...> rogorc iqna
vnaxe erTi samsaxuri. fexmZime qali iyo, erT TveSi bavSvs elodeboda.
vifiqre bavSvis movla ukeTesi iyo CemTvis, radgan 9 wlis bavSvi mivatove
da is siTbo, rac mas movakeli isev ucxo, magram ucodveli bavSvisTvis
79
mimeca. erT TveSi gaCnda bavSvi. mis gazrdaSi cota Sveba vnaxe, Tumca
Zalian viRlebodi fizikurad, sulierad cota dasvenebuli viyavi. Cemi
Svili karebTan cremlmoreuli da gaognebuli davtove, es rom
maxsendeboda Cem Tavs dasvenebis nebas ar vaZlevdi. unda memuSava. amasobaSi
sabuTebi gavakeTe da droebiTi moqalaqe gavxdi. rogorc ki raRac Tanxa
daviWire xelSi Camovedi TbilisSi.
l. 40 w. saberZneTi
rogorc bevri dabrunebuli emigranti qali aRniSnavs, sazRvargareT
isini sakmaod did ekonomias ewevian, yvelanairad cdiloben, dazogon
xelfasi, TviTon moiklon Cacma, Wama, dasvenebis dReebic ki. maT mier
saqarTveloSi Camotanili danazogiT cota xans maTi ojaxebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba gamosworda, Tumca am danazogis daxarjvis Semdeg dabrunebul
qalTagan umravlesobas isev SeeqmnaT problemebi: qalTa umravlesobam ver
iSova samuSao, ver SeZlo sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizacia, amitom
isini sazRvargareT xelaxla wasvlaze fiqroben.
nel-nela, rac dro gadis, isev SiSi mipyrobs. ar gveSvela araferi.
erTi suli mqonda aq Camosvlis, magram axla wasvlas vCqarob. ara
samsaxurebi, ara xelfasi. es mdgomareoba Cemi da Cemi ojaxisTvis daRupvis
tolfasia. 700 evroTi ver varCen Cems ojaxs da 60-100 lariT ra unda
vqnaT. miTumetes 40 wlis adamianisTvi samsaxuris Sovna ufro Znelia.
amitom gadevwyvite rom isev wasvla jobia. iq ufro saWiro da SedarebiT
ukve Zlierad vgrZnob Tavs. marTalia isev unda davtovo Cemi Svili, magram
mSier da gaubedurebul mdgomareobas aRar avitan. faqti is aris, rom
saqarTveloSi cxovreba da arseboba Zalian rTulia. piradad CemTvis asea.
l. 40 w. saberZneTi
dabrunebuli emigrantebis umravlesobas aqvs survili, rom kidev
erTxel wavidnen sazRvargareT, raTa kidev ramdenime wlis manZilze
daexmaron TavianT ojaxebs, Svilebs, romlebic swavloben. Mmagram zogier
maTgans aferxebs emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri resursebis
arqona. amasTanave maT ukve aqvT gamocdileba da kargad ician ra moeliT,
ra problemebi SeeqmnebaT ucxoeTSi, amitom isini ufro kargad
momzadebulebi arian emigraciisTvis. Tumca, bevrs isev aferxebs valis
80
aRebasTan da deportaciasTan dakavSirebuli SiSi. Bbevrs ucxo qveyanaSi
SeZenili megobrebis imedi aqvT da ufro gabedulad iReben aseT
gadawyvetilebas.
iZulebuli var isev wavide, radgan 4 Tvea aq var da iq mogrovili
fuliT vcxovrob Cemi SvilebiT. Svils rom gavagzavni zafxulSi
saswavleblad, me isev unda wavide italiaSi, aba rogor gadavuxdi swavlis
fuls, binis qiras, Wamac xom unda, Cacmac.. Cems Svilebs sWirdebaT Cemi
daxmareba. aq rom viyo sad vimuSao, me vaWroba ar SemiZlia, adre
maswavlebeli viyavi, axla skolaSi rogorRa daviwyeb muSaobas, mirCevnia
moxucebuls movuaro, binis qira ar mWirdeba da Wamaze fiqri. erTaderTi
rac Zalian Znelia tkivilamde monatrebaa. iq saqarTvelos nagavic ki
menatrebod. aq rom 500 lari mqondes xelfasi da Cems Svilebs Cemi
daxmareba ar sWirdebodeT, araviTar SemTxvevaSi aRar wavidodi, magram
samwuxarod sxva gza ar maqvs.
l. 49 w. italia
zogierTi emigranti ise Camovida samSobloSi, rom man ver SeZlo
Tanxis dagroveba, valebis dafarva, zogierTi deportaciis Sedegad
Camovida, magram maTi umravlesoba mainc apirebs xelaxla gamgzavrebas.
zogierTi dabrunebuli emigranti qali kategoriulad gamoricxavs
sazRvargareT wasvlis SesaZleblobas, rac Cveni azriT gamowveulia erTi
mxriv imiT, rom maT emigraciis Sedegad SeZles sakmarisi resursebis
dagroveba, daabandes danazogebi uZrav Tu moZrav qonebaSi da SeZles
ojaxisaTvis SeeqmnaT Semosavlebis damatebiTi wyaro. Mmagram Cveni kvlevis
procesSi aseTi mxolod erTeuli Segvxvda. im dabrunebuli emigrantebidan
romlebsac ar surT xelaxla emigracia, umravlesoba imdenad Zlieri
fsiqologiuri travmiT dabrunda, rom ara Tu xelaxla wasvla, aramed
emigraciis wlebis gaxsenebac ki ar surs.
Ddabrunebuli emigrantebis damokidebuleba emigraciisadmi
mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo maTi
emigracia da ramdenad moaxerxes maT dasaxuli miznebis miRweva. Aarian
emigrantebi, romlebic nanoben imas, rom saerTod wavidnen sazRvargareT,
radgan ara Tu ver moaxerxes TavianTi ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
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aramed valebis gadaxdac ver SeZles. Mmeores mxriv, maSinac rodesac
emigranti axerxebs ojaxis daxmarebas, garkveuli Tanxis mobilizebas,
sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebas, saxlSi dabrunebuls SeiZleba sxva
saxis problemebi daxvdes, magaliTad ojaxis wevrebis gaucxoeba, rasac
SeiZleba zogjer ojaxis dangrevac moyves.
4 weli da 6 Tve viyavi wasuli da Camovedi, radgan gavige rom Cemi
qmari sxva qalTan cxovrobda, umcrosi Svili saswavleblad unda
gavagzavno ukrainaSi da amitom mindoda Cemi ojaxis problemebi
momegvarebina, magram saubedurod qmari davkarge.
l. 49 w. italia
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom emigraciis msgavsi Sedegebi aucileblad unda
gaxdes damatebiTi kvlevis sagani.
miuxedavad amisa, Cvens mier gamokiTxuli TiTqmis yvela dabrunebuli
emigranti qali erT rameSi erTsulovania_emigraciam maT didi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba SesZina. Aamitom bevr uaryofiT movlenebTan
erTad, romelic Tan sdevs emigracias, bevri mas mainc dadebiT movlenad
afasebs da siTboTi ixsenebs emigraciis qveynebSi gatarebul wlebs, im
adamianebs romlebic iq gaicnes.
sabednierod movxvdi Zalian karg ojaxSi, vuvlidi alcaimeriT
daavadebul 68 wlis qals loginad Cavardnils, saxlSi iyo am qalis qmari
da 27 wlis qaliSvili. pirveli 6 Tve Zalian gamiWirda, mTeli Rame ver
viZinebdi sul qmarze da Svilebze vfiqrobdi, menatrebodnen, yvelaze metad
umcros Svilze vnerviulobdi, 15 wlis iyo da meSinoda cud gzas ar
dasdgomoda, <...> 6 Tvis mere nel-nela SeveCvie mdgomareobas, SeviZine
italieli megobrebi, ori ojaxi, romlebic Zalian mexmarebodnen yvela
problemis daZlevaSi, enac Seviswavle. amJamad Zalian kargad vlaparakob
italiurad. weliwad naxevris mere is qali visac vuvlidi gardaicvala da
gadavedi florenciaSi. iq vuvlidi or moxuc col-qmars, xelfasi mqonda
1300 evro. vcxovrobdi ojaxSi, rogorc imaTi ojaxis wevri.
l. 49 w. italia
saerTod cnobili faqtia, rom ojaxis wevris ucxoeTSi yofna, misi
adaptaciis xarisxi, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens samSobloSi darCenili
82
ojaxis wevrebis migraciul ganwyobaze.
dabrunebuli qalebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom maTi ojaxebis
mdgomareoba uaRresad mZime iqneboda isini rom samuSaod ar wasuliyvnen
sazRvargareT. rogorc aRvniSneT yvela qali ver axerxebs dasaxuli
miznebis miRwevas da ojaxebis daxmarebas. Mmiuxedavad amisa naTelia, rom
emigrantebis mier gaweuli daxmareba da is investiciebi rac maT daabandes
uZrav/moZrav qonebaSi, ganaTlebaSi da a.S. garkveulwilad ubiZgebT sxva
qalebs, rom maTac sazRvargareT eZion bedi.
rogorc gamokvlevam gviCvena, SromiTi migracia sakmaod myaria da
SromiTi migrantebis samSobloSi samuSaod gadmosvla mxolod garkveuli
winapirobebis Sesrulebis Semdgom moxdeba. Ddabrunebuli emigrantebis re-
emigraciuli ganwyoba sakmaod maRalia.
rogorc ukan dabrunebis pirobebidan Cans, sakmaod farToa misi
speqtri. yoveli mexuTe migranti, savaraudod, maRali anazRaurebis
samuSaos Sovnis Semdeg dabrundeba. aseve didia saqarTveloSi cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebis mniSvneloba. SedarebiT didi Semosavlis mqone
migrantebi cdiloben, ucxoeTSi daagrovon imdeni Tanxa, rom dabrunebis
Semdgom SeZlon saqarTveloSi sakuTari biznesis ganviTareba. amitom maTi
samSobloSi dabrunebis pirobaa amisaTvis Tanxis dagroveba. am mxriv ufro
metad aSS da saberZneTisken mimarTuli SromiTi migracia gamoirCeva, sadac
Semosavalsa da adgilobriv danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba SedarebiT didia.
sabolood, Cveni gamokvlevisas dabrunebuli emigrantebis siRrmiseuli
interviuebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom dabrunebis umTavresi pirobebi
ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa. misi potenciali saqarTveloSi ekonomikis dabali
donis gamo jerjerobiT sustia. SromiTi migracia myaria da axlo
momavalSi misi intensiurobis klebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ar unda
velodoT.
amrigad, rogorc faqtobrivi, iseve potenciuri SromiTi migracia
saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa da es iZuleba
dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi arsebul mZime ekonomikur pirobebTan, dasaqmebis
problemebTan da cxovrebis donis gauaresebasTan. socialur-ekonomikur
faqtorebTan erTad saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri situacia,
83
mosaxleobis did nawils ganawyobs qveynidan droebiT wasvlaze, magram
aseTi viTarebis xangrZlivad SenarCunebis pirobebSi sul ufro gaizrdeba
saqarTvelodan samudamod wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi.
amasTan, maTi umravlesobisaTvis saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba
imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu rogor Seicvleba socialur-ekonomikuri da
politikuri situacia saqarTveloSi.
aRniSnuli kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri viTarebis gajansaReba, ganviTarebis daCqareba da swori
socialuri politikis SemuSaveba-realizacia gadaudebeli amocanebia. amis
paralelurad saWiroa ganisazRvros saqarTvelos migraciuli politikis
strategia, romelic unda emyarebodes qveynis ganviTarebisa da misi
mosaxleobis SromiTi potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis moTxovnebs.
strategiuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT droulad unda SemuSavdes da
ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi saxelmwifo programebi.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelodan aralegaluri SromiTi
migraciis masStabebi kidev ufro gaizrdeba da igi seriozul safrTxes
Seuqmnis ara marto migrantebis Tavisuflebas, aramed qveynis ganviTarebisa
da usafrTxoebis interesebs.
SromiTi migraciisas erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave socialuri momenti
ojaxTan da axloblebTan daSorebaa. Cven amaze mivuTiTeT, roca SromiT
migrantTa ucxo garemoSi adaptacias vexebodiT. vinc qarTul tradiciul
ojaxur yofas icnobs, misTvis Zneli warmosadgeni ar unda iyos, ramdenad
Znelad gadasatania ojaxidan qalis xangrZlivad sxvagan yofna, rogorc
misTvis aseve ojaxis sxva wevrebisaTvisac. amas, nawilobriv amsubuqebs
bolo xans kavSirgabmulobis swrafi ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso
satelefono kavSirebis mowesrigeba. Tumca, ojaxebis faqtobrivad
iZulebiTi teritoriuli gayofa xSirad tragikulad aRiqmeba. es
dafiqsirda emigraciidan dabrunebul qalebTan kontaqtebis dros.
samwuxarod, SromiTi migraciis qveynebTan mimosvla arc ise iafia, rom
SromiTi migrantis mimosvlis sixSire maRali iyos. miTumetes, rom SromiTi
migracia aralegaluri xasiaTisaa da sazRvris gadakveTa (vizis aReba,
samgzavro bileTis yidva da a.S.) yovelTvis xelSemSlel faqtorebTanaa
84
dakavSirebuli. amitom saSovarze wasuli qalebis ori mesamedi Tavis
samSobloSi ver Camodis regularulad imis gamo, rom didia mgzavrobis
xarji da ufro metad imitomac, rom migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTis gamo
metad mcirea albaToba sazRvargareT xelmeored moxvedrisa. saqarTvelos
migrantTaTvis SromiTi migraciis oTxi mTavari qveynidan yvelaze
Seferxebulia mimosvla aSS-sTan. aRmoCnda, rom germaniaSi momuSaveTa
nawili erTwliani programiT (savaraudod saswavlo programiT) iyo
wasuli. amitomac germaniasTan mimosvla ufro regularuli Cans.
xSir Camosvlas yvelaze metad mainc ruseTSi myofi migranti qalebi
axerxebdnen, magram savizo politikis SemoRebam ruseTis mxridan da
politikuri viTarebis gamwvavebam garkveulwilad Seaferxa Camosvlis
procesi.
mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalebs ufro uWirT samSoblosa da
naTesavebTan daSoreba. umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiTi migraciis dros xdeba
ojaxis faqtobrivad gayofa, xSiria SemTxveva, roca migranti qalebi sxvis
Svilebs zrdian, TavianTi ki aq hyavT axlo naTesavebis mzrunvelobis qveS.
qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT ufro xSiri kavSiri aqvT aq darCenil
ojaxis wevrebTan.
amrigad, SromiTi migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTi, da mgzavrobis
maRali xarjebi mniSvnelovnad aferxebs sazRvargareT myofTa kavSirebs
sakuTar ojaxebTan.
2.2.8. qalTaEemigraciis risk-faqtorebi
qalTa ukanono migracia mravali riskis Semcvelia. Ddabrunebul
emigrantebTan pirad saubrebSi gamoikveTa, rom maT kargad esmodaT, Tu
ra didi saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebdnen sakuTar Tavs, roca isini
aralegalurad da zogjer ,,bedis anabarad” miemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT.
radgan aravinaa daculi trefikingisgan, zogjer ucxo qveyanaSi axloblis
an megobris yolis SemTxvevaSic ki. ucnauri is aris, rom trefikingis
maxeSi umetesad ebmebian diasaxlisebi, umuSevrad darCenilebi, axalgazrda
qalebi. maT ician, rom aralegaluri migranti _ trefikingis potenciuri
85
msxverplia, magram sjeraT, rom maT veravin moatyuebs. ,,sinamdvileSi,
yoveli msxverpli _ mdumare, uflebawarTmeuli mowmea, xolo arcerTi
saxelmwifo dazRveuli ar aris am problemisgan. piriqiT, kacobriobis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, viTardeba trefikingic, izrdeba misi masStabebi,
sisastike da moTxovnilebebi” (mamiaSvili 2005:1).
saqarTvelo ukanono migrantebis ara marto satranzito, aramed mimRebi
da gamgzavni qveyanaa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ukve miRebulia Sesabamisi
kanonmdebloba trefikingis winaaRmdeg, mainc ar arsebobs realobasTan
miaxlovebuli informacia, Cveni qveynis ramdeni moqalaqea amerikis,
evropisa da aziis saxelmwifoebSi monur mdgomareobaSi. Sesabamisad, ar
arsebobs perspeqtiva da imedi, rom Seiqmneba samuSao adgilebi da
gaumjobesdeba ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. arada, Tundac Cveni
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, qarTveli qalebis 84% gamoTqvams
survils, samuSaod wavides ucxoeTSi. Mmizezi_gaWirvebaa, mizani ki_fuli
gamogzavnon ojaxisa da Svilebis gamosakvebad.
trefikingi globaluri problema da transnacionaluri danaSaulia.
martivad _ es aris adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRveva, realurad _
adamianisTvis yvela uflebis CamorTmeva.
tregikinfTan brZola araefeqturia, radgan masze gavlenas axdens
Semdegi faqtorebi: siRaribe da ukeTesi cxovrebis survili, trefikingis
Sedegebis ignorireba, sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis devalvacia,
politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, iafi muSaxelis moTxovna,
didi mogeba dabali riski.
Tavad trefikingis fesvebi kacobriobis warsulidan modis.
istoriulad, saqarTvelo iyo islamuri saxelmwifoebis "mkvebavi" monebiTa
da iafi muSaxeliT. Tanamedrove monaTmovaWre qvenebi sam kategoriad iyofa:
1. gamgzavni, anu Raribi, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (azia, afrika, LlaTinuri
amerika, aRmosavleT evropa, postsabWouri sivrce);
2. mimRebi, anu ekonomikurad Zlieri, ganviTarebuli qveynebi (aSS, iaponia,
dasavleT evropa);
3. satranzito qveyanebi, anu nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelTa gavliT
xorcieldeba ukanono migracia.
86
saqarTvelo samive kategoriis qyeyanaa. Ggaeros konvenciis "qalis
diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb Sefasebis xelsawyos"
2003 wlis angariSis Tanaxmad, saberZneTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da
TurqeTi is qveynebia, sadac xdeba saqarTvelodan xalxis trefikireba.
adamianebi turistuli firmebis saSualebiT eZeben sazRvargareT wasvlis
SesaZleblobas, arRveven savizo reJims da iReben yalb dokumentebs
samTavrobo struqturebis warmomadgenelTa daxmarebiT.
saqarTvelo aseve aris tranzituli qveyana ruseTidan da ukrainidan
trefikirebuli xalxisTvis, romlebic samxreT oseTis gavliT xvdebian
TurqeTSi. agreTve, trefikerebi somxeTidan saqarTvelos gavliT midian
TurqeTSi. saqarTveloSi, rogorc mimReb qveyanaSi, ukve fexi moikida
trefikingma aralegaluri prostituciis saxiT. (mamiaSvili 2005:2).
saqrTveloSi trefikingisTvis yvela winapiroba arsebobs. es aris,
pirvel rigSi, mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRaribeba da am safuZvelze
gaCenili ekonomikuri migracia. trefikingis msxverplni xdebian ojaxuri
Zaladobis Sedegad dazaralebulebi, socialurad daucveli, siRatakis
ukidures zRvarze da zRvars miRma myofi adamianebi, romelTa Sorisac
umravlesoba qalia.
qali yvelaze xSirad xdeba trefikingis mxverpli. gaeros 1980 wlis
angariSis mixedviT, qalebi warmoadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis naxevars,
magram asruleben mTeli samuSaos or mesameds, xolo Rebuloben msoflio
Semosavlis meaTeds da floben msoflio qonebis erT mesameds. (mamiaSvili
2005:3).
qalTa trefikingi gulisxmobs muSaobis nebismier tips, rac aqcevs
qalebs sakuTrebis obieqtad, daqorwinebisa da seqs_turizmis CaTvliT.
aseTi ganmarteba moicavs migrant qalTa yovelnair eqspluatacias da ara
mxolod eqspluatacias prostituciis gziT.
qalTa eqspluatacia dauSreteli seqsualuri fantaziebis
dakmayofilebis saSualebas aZlevs yvelas, visac saamiso materialuri
saSualeba aqvs. Mkomerciuli seqs_industria momxmarebels SeuzRudavad
sTavazobs sxvadasxva asakis, garegnobis, erovnebis qalebs. eqspertebi qalis
seqsualur obieqtad gadaqcevis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven uZveles
87
stereotips, romlis Tanaxmad, qalis sxeuli mamakacis sakuTrebadaa
aRiarebuli.F fsiqologebi imasac amboben, rom am tendencias Tavad qalic
uwyobs xels. garda amisa, qali _ dRes ojaxis marCenalia da mas dedis
rolic avaldebulebs, izrunos da yvela gza mosinjos Svilebis
rCenisTvis. Raribi qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, "yvela gza" swored sazRvargareT
midis. amitomac, saqarTvelos tovebs yvela, visac aqvs finansuri
SesaZlebloba. TurqeTsa da saberZneTSi aralegaluri gamgzavreba
(garantirebuli samsaxuriT) saSualod, 2000_2500 aSS dolari jdeba,
israelSi _ 5000 aTasi aSS dolari, aSS_Si _ 10 aTasi dolari da a.S.
Sesabamisad, yovelTviuri anazRaureba saSualod 200_800 aSS dolaria
(TurqeTi, saberZneTi) an ufro meti _ 1000_2000 aSS dolari (aSS, israeli).
yovelTviurad ojaxebisTvis gamogzavnili Tanxebi 1000 dan 500 evros
farglebSi meryeobs. magram es fuli mopovebulia aralegalurad, ukanonod,
18_20 saaTiani SromiTi grafikiT, Seryeuli janmrTelobisa da
fsiqologiuri stresis fasad.
CvenTvis Tavidanve naTeli iyo, rom ver dadgendiT dabrunebul
emigrantebidan iyo Tu ara romelime e.w. seqs-momsaxurebis seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli, radgan amis Taobaze respondentebi arafers gaamxeldnen
sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis prostituciis miuReblobis gamo. Tumca sxva
gamokvlevebiT naTlad Cans, rom qarTveli qali xSirad xdeba trefikingis
msxverpli da misdauneburad ebmeba seqs-biznesSic. amas xels uwyobs
saqarTvelodan dasavleTis qveynebSi SromiTi migraciis qveyanaSi
umTavresad aralegalurad muSaoba. amitomacaa, rom migrant qalTa
umetesoba rac wavida, aRar Camosula, radgan Camosvlis xarji didia da
aseve migraciis aralegalurobis gamo, Camosvlis SemTxvevaSi ukan
gabruneba gauWirdeba.
saqarTvelodan migrirebul qalTa umravlesobas Seadgenen axalgazrda,
gauTxovari an qmars gacilebuli qalebi, romelTac ara aqvT sazRvargareT
cxovrebis gamocdileba, ar ician ucxo ena. sqema martivia: isini midian
damlageblebad, ZiZebad, modelebad, momvlelebad, Sinamosamsaxureebad,
mzareulebad. Zalian xSirad, maT arTmeven pasports, motyuebiT mihyavT
bordelebsa da barebSi, fizikuri zewolis, SantaJiTa da narkotikebis
88
zemoqmedebiT, aiZuleben imuSaon meZavebad. amgvari mdgomareobidan qalTa
ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevebi Zalian mcirea, xolo msxverplTa
fsiqologiuri reabilitaciisTvis ar arsebobs yvelaze mTavari _
sazogadoebis mxardaWera da Tanadgoma. amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, Cveni
saxelmwifo ver axerxebs Tavisi moqalaqeebis dacvas qveynis farglebs
gareT.
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis informaciiT, saqarTvelodan
sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa 90% Sromisunariania, maT Soris, eTnikur
qarTvelTa wili 57%_ia, migrirebulTa 53,2% umaRlesi ganaTlebisaa
(ZiriTadi profesiebi _ inJineri, pedagogi, ekonomisti, komersanti,
xelosani). amaTgan, 22%_s aqvs garantirebuli an winaswar SerCeuli
samsaxuri, 8% ki midis samuSaos Sovnis imedad. migrirebulTa Soris
sWarboben qorwinebaSi myofi pirebi (70, 4%).
cnobilia, rom trefikingi ganixileba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi,
socialuri problema, magram misi gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi siRaribe da
umuSevrobaa, anu mTavari risk_faqtori qveynis arastabiluri ekonomikuri
mdgomareobaa. C. jaSi trefikings "socialur_ekonomikur problemas"
uwodebs. misi informaciiT, SromiTi migraciisas yoveli meore _ qalia.
qalebi toveben TavianT Svilebs sxvebis mosavlelad, midian ucxoeTSi da
zrdian sxvis Svilebs. jaSis azriT, raSic absoluturad veTanxmebiT,
trefikingis amosavali qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa. adamians ara aqvs
samuSaos Sovnis perspeqtiva. aseTi adamiani ki uufleboa. ar arsebobs
trefikingis msxverpli, romelic ityvis, rom surs iyos Zaladobis obieqti.
sazRvargareT yvela ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobebsebis surviliT
midis. magram midian iseTebic, visac gamomuSavebuli ara aqvs samuSao
unar_Cvevebi, ar aqvs gamocdileba. aseTebi, bunebrivia, ufro iolad
Tanxmdebian nebismier samuSaos.
saqarTveloSi SromiTi bazari isea gajerebuli, rom qalebi dakavebulni
arianUyvelaze naklebad momgebian seqtorebSi _ es aris jandacva,
momsaxurebis sfero, ganaTleba. maTi Semosavlebi imdenad dabalia, rom
iZulebulni arian, damatebiT, meoradi saqmianobiT irCinon Tavi. maT,
faqtiurad, ojaxisTvis dro naklebad rCebaT. saqarTvelo legaluri da
89
aralegaluri SromiTi migraciis Sedegad kargavs Zalian bevrs. pirvel
rigSi, gaedineba jansaRi samuSao Zala, axalgazrdoba. qveyanaSi rCebian
xandazmulebi. meorec, SromiTi migracia gavlenas axdens qveynis
generaciul funqciaze.
sinamdvileSi, is samuSao, rasac iafi muSaxeli, anu aralegaluri
emigrantebi asruleben, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT Zviria. dasavleT evropis
moqalaqe ar Seasrulebs im samuSaos im anazRaurebiT, rasac iaf muSa_xels
sTavazoben. magaliTad, germaniaSi enis kursebze saswavleblad iwveven
18_dan 27 wlamde asakis gogonebs, maT swavlasTan erTad sTavazoben
samsaxurs ojaxebSi, ZiZebad, TveSi 350 markis saxelfaso anazRaurebiT. ra
Tqma unda, germaneli ZiZis daqiraveba ufro Zviria _ is am samuSaosTvis,
daaxloebiT, 10_jer mets moiTxovs. amdenad, iafi muSa_xelze moTxovna
yovelTvis didia.
Samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs ara marto zusti, aramed
miaxloebiTi statistika, aralegaluri SromiTi migraciisa da trefikingis
SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb.
2.2.9. Sida migraciis mizezebi da motivebi
marTalia, Cven umTavres mizans garemigraciuli procesebis kvleva
warmoadgenda, Tumca gamokvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa is ZiriTadi
Taviseburebani, romliTac xasiTdeba qalTa Sidamigraciuli procesebi.
mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT kaxeTis mxareSi
migrirebulTa ricxovnobam 105,9 aTasi kaci Seadgina, rac mxaris
mosaxleobis 24%-ia. maTgan mxaris administraciul sazRvrebSi
gadaadgilda 35,3 aTasi kaci anu 33%, danarCeni gavida qveynis regionebSi.
statistikiT, kaxeTis mxaridan mosaxleobis Sida migraciul moZraobaSi
gamoikveTa ori regioni: q Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli. kaxeTis mxaridan
gasulia da amJamad am regionebSi cxovrobs Sesabamisad 48,6 da 16,0 aTasi
kaci, anu sul gasulTa 45,9% da 15,1%. xolo Camosulebidan q. Tbilisze
modis 27,9%, qvemo qarTlze_6,4%. wasulTa ricxovnoba mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba Camosulebs, rac sabolood ganapirobebs uaryofiT migraciul
90
saldos. qveynis danarCen regionebTan ki, kaxeTis mxares dadebiTi saldo
aqvs SenarCunebuli. sul Sida migraciiT kaxeTs aRniSnul periodSi 29,670
aTasi kaci daaklda.
regionSi umuSevrad darCenili qalTa nawilisTvis, romelTac ara aqvT
iseTi finansuri saSualebebi, rom SromiT emigraciaSi sazRvargareT
wavidnen, erTaderTi gamosavlad qveynis did qalaqebSi SromiTi migracia.
migraciis pirveli cda binebrivia, saqarTvelos did qalaqSi xorcieldeba.
iq SeiZleba marTlac dasaqmebis meti saSualebaa, vidre vTqvaT kaxeTis
romelime patara qalaqSi, magram naklebkvalificiuri Sromis bazarze
yvela niSa ukve dakavebulia adgilobrivi muSa-xeliT, an afxazeTidan
devnilebiT. MmagaliTad, wvrili sacalo vaWroba mTel rig bazrobaze,
metadre TbilisSi, am ukanasknelTa mieraa monopolizebuli. maT ki, Tundac
arasakmarisi efeqtianobiTa da TanmimdevrulobiT, magram mainc uwevs
mfarvelobas saxelmwifo (gaCeCilaZe 1997:52).
migrant qalebs TbilisSic uWirT dasaqmebis monaxva, rCeba
sazRvargareT SromiTi emigraciis Sansi, romelic did riskTanaa
dakavSirebuli da amave dros bevrisTvis finansurad SeuZlebelicaa.
mdgomareobis normalizaciis Semdeg, raSic upirveles yovlisa igulisxmeba
ekonomikis gaZliereba, Sida migraciuli suraTi SeiZleba Seicvalos,
magram Tbilisi mainc SeinarCunebs migrantebis mTavar mimzidvel rols.
Cvens mier kaxeTis mxaris mosaxleobis Sida da gare migraciul
procesebis kvlevisas gamoikveTa, rom qveynis SigniT migraciisas qalebi
upiratesobas dedaqalaqs aniWeben–74,6%. soflidan qalaqad mosaxleobis
gadaadglebas, rac gamoixata kaxeTis mxaridan TbilisSi qalTa migraciis
intensivobiT xSirad mTeli ojaxebis formiT, iwvevs soflad arsebuli
socialur-ekonomkuri problemebi: dasaqmebis SeuZlebloba, cudi
sayofacxovrebo pirobebi, cxovrebis donis mkveTri sxvaoba qalaqTan
SeadarebiT da a.S. am sakiTxebis gadaWra, materaluri da kulturuli donis
gaTanabreba sofelsa da qalaqs Soris, Seamcirebs qalaqad migracias da
xels Seuwyobs sofelSi mosaxleobis dabrunebas.
Sida migraciis survilis SemTxvevaSi qalebis umravlesobas_43,3% im
qalaqSi/sofelSi hyavs naTesavi an megobari_12,9%, an ojaxis wevri_12,4%.
91
naTelia, rom Sida migraciuli procesebi da ganwyobebi ZiriTadad
naTesauri qselebiT ikvebeba.
Sida migraciis samizne qalaqSi/sofelSi saxlis, nakveTis, samsaxuris
qonis an sazogadoebriv_politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SenarCunebis
Sansebis SefasebaSi respondentTa umravlesoba_50-56% fiqrobs, rom qveynis
SigniT migraciis SemTxvevaSi mas saxli da nakveTi ar eqneba, xolo maTi
44,3% fiqrobs, rom samsaxuri eqneba.
qalebis 23,4% realurad miiCnevs Sida migraciis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sida migraciuli
procesis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas (iseve rogorc garemigraciis
SemTxvevaSi) dasaqmeba da ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens
da ara sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla.
Q2.2.10. migrant qalTa fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba
saerTaSoriso migrantebis saerTo ricxvSi qalebis xvedriTi wili
TandaTan izrdeba Tu 1960 wels is Seadgenda 47%, 2005 wlisTvis gaizarda
50%-mde. qali migrantebis ricxi swrafad izrdeba saqarTvelodanac., rac
umTavrasad gamowveulia qveyanaSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri
mizezebiT. Cveni gamokvlevi Sedegebmac gviCvena rom qalebis umTavresi
nakadi swored am mizeziT tovebs saqarTvelos. magram sayuradReboa is
faqti, rom qalebis gare migraciuli ganwyobebi korelaciaSi ar aris maT
fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobasTan.
cxovrebiseuli siZneleebis miuxedavad qalebis 31.3% fiqrobs, rom jer
kidev SesaZlebelia maTi gadalaxva. 28,7% ki Tvlis, rom amgvari
mdgomareobis moTmena ukve SeuZlebelia. Mxolod 3% miaCnia, rom yvelaferi
kargad midis. Aaqedan gamomdinare qalebis fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareoba
ufro pesimisturia, vidre optimisturi. maTi gare migraciuli ganwyoba ki
ar Seesabameba maT fsiqo-emociur mdgomareobas. ucxoeTSi wasvlis survili
pesimistebsa da optimistebSi Tanabrad Zlieria.
rac Seexeba qveynis SigniT migraciis survilis korelacias maT
92
samomavlo ganwyobebTan, qveynis SigniT migraciis msurvel qalTa 81,7%
qveynis momavals imedianad uyurebs. maTgan, vinc qveynis SigniT migracias
ar gegmavs, qveynis momavals imedianad uyurebs 42,4%, qveynis momavalTan
dakavSirebiT, qalebis mxolod 3-5%-ia pesimisturad ganwyobili.
optimisturad ganwyobil qalTa Soris 89%-s mainc qveynis gareT wasvlis
survili aqvs. es monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom samomavlo optimizmi qalebSi
ukavSirdeba ara maT pirad keTildReobas Aaramed ufro ideologiur-
politikur Sexedulebebs, vidre realur yofas.
rogorc vTqviT, migraciis mTavari mizezi ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa.
qalTa umravlesoba maTTvis mniSvnelovan pirvel da meore rigis
problemebad finansur gaWirvebasa (35,7%) da umuSevrobas (20,1%) asaxelebs.
sxva tipis socialuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli sakiTxebi maTTvis
naklebad aqtualuria.
meore rigis problemebSic qalebi yvelaze xSirad finansur gaWirvebasa
da umuSevrobas asaxeleben. Ees monacemebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom
qalebisaTvis ojaxi da ojaxis wevrebis materialuri uzrunvelyofa
yvelaze aqtualuria.
sakuTari mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebuli
imedebi yvelaze metad emigraciaSi wasvlas ukavSirdeba (35,8%). danarCeni
faqtorebi ki Semdegnairad nawildeba:
(cxrili 21)
sakuTari unar-SesaZleblobebi da Sroma 33,9%
eklesiis, RvTis Sewevna 26,7%
ojaxis wevrebis/naTesavebis daxmareba 23,4%
saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis saqmianoba 11,3%
monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebisaTvis sakuTari mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva ufro sakuTar unarebs, ojaxis wevrebisa da
naTesavebis Tanadgomas ukavSirdeba, vidre gare faqtorebs. Eeklesiis,
RvTis Sewevnisadmi maRali ndoba zogadad am institutisadmi
sazogadoebriv ganwyobas ufro asaxavs, vidre realuri daxmarebis
molodinebs.
93
III SromiT migrantTa demografiuli struqturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
kaxeTis regionSi
3.1 zogadi demografiuli mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi
dasawyisSi unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi
migraciac xasiaTdeba iseTive TaviseburebiT, romliTac met-naklebad
xasiaTdeba postkomunisturi aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebi. amJamad
saqarTveloSi SromiTi migracia mimdinareobs intensiuri depopulaciis,
mosaxleobis mudmivi migraciuli klebisa da Sobadobis kritikul donemde
vardnis fonze. rogorc stacionaruli, ise SromiTi migraciis gavlena
saqarTvelos demografiul potencialze ukiduresad uaryofiTia. amis
ZiriTadi mizezebia:
a) saxeze myofi mosaxleobis pirdapiri kleba;
b) migrantTa kvlavwarmoebiTi, generaciuli funqciis praqtikulad Sewyveta;
g) struqturul-demografiuli faqtorebis uaryofiTi gavlena SromiT
migrantTa ukeTesi demostruqturis gamo;
d) droebiTi SromiTi migraciis mudmivSi gadazrdis maRali albaToba da
nawilobriv gadasvla.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis klebis problema imitomacaa sagangaSo, rom
is mimdinareobs mosaxleobisaTvis rTulad aRsaqmel garemoSi: qveyanaSi
umuSevrobis maRali donisa da ucxoeTSi samuSaod masobrivi migraciis
dros mosaxleobis `nakleboba~ saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri (muSaxelis)
TvalsazrisiT ar igrZnoba. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis kleba exeba Cvens
qveyanaSi mcxovreb TiTqmis yvela xalxs, magram yvelaze metad_qarTvelebs.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli politika
mimarTuli unda iyos mTel qveyanaSi mosaxleobis zrdisaken, Tumca mTavari
orientiri unda iqnes aRebuli qarTvelebze, radganac fizikuri gadarCenis
problema realurad swored maT udgaT. rodesac qveyanaSi mosaxleobis
didi danakargia (mosaxleobis raodenoba klebulobs), gansakuTrebul
aqtualurobas iZens demografiuli politika. saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qarTul saxelmwifoSi ramdenjerme iyo
94
mcdeloba demografiuli politikis SemuSavebisa, magram, samwuxarod,
jerjerobiT uSedegod, arada, sxvadasxva faqtoris gamo, swored
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg gauaresda katastrofulad saqarTvelos
demografiuli mdgomareoba. Tanamedrove gamowvevebis fonze, rodesac
qarTulma sazogadoebriobam axal sabazro socialur-ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi bolomde ver SeiZina gadarCena-gamravlebis imuniteti,
axali realobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ,,demografiuli qceva”, aucilebelia
saxelmwifom SeimuSaos swori xedva saqarTvelos demografiul
ganviTarebasa da misi zrdis saxelmwifo mxardaWeraze.
sakiTxis uSualod ganxilvamde mizanSewonlad migvaCnia zogadad
saqarTveloSi gare migraciuli procesebi warmovadginoT migraciuli
gadasvlis koncefciis konteqstSi.
qarTul demografiul literaturaSi sxvadasxva avtorTan vxvdebiT
demografiuli gadasvlis TeoriasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. Mmisgan
gansxvavebiT specialur literaturaSi naklebad ganixileba da SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom gamonakliss warmoadgens saqarTvelos gare migraciis
warmodgena migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciis mixedviT.
migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciis Tanaxmad, migraciuli procesebis
ganviTareba gadis rig fazas, stadias, romelic daaxloebiT Seesabameba
demografiuli gadasvlis fazebs. Mmigraciuli gadasvlis koncefcia,
demografiuli gadasvlis safuZvelze, 1971 wels SemoTavazebul iqna
amerikeli mecnieris v. zelinskis mier.* SemdgomSi is sxva mecnierebmac
ganaviTares da sadReisod mocemulma koncefciam farTo gamoyeneba hpova.
migraciuli gadasvlis koncefciaSi, demografiuli gadasvlis
mimdinareobasTan erTad, yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikur ganviTarebas,
modernizacias da am ukanasknelTan kavSirSi ganixileba.
qveyanaSi, romelic demografiuli gadasvlis pirvel fazaSi imyofeba,
maRalia mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba. amasTan dabalia ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis done. aseTi mdgomareoba iwvevs mosaxleobis emigracias_mudmiv
sacxovreblad, ,,tvinTa gadinebas, SromiT migracias, _ ekonomikurad ufro
ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Emigraciis done Zalian maRalia, xolo imigracias
praqtikulad ara aqvs adgili (epliardi 1992:15-26)
95
demografiuli gadasvlis meore fazaSi myofi qveynis mosaxleobis
bunebrivi mateba TandaTan neldeba. Amave dros ucxouri investiciebi,
daxmarebebi da sazRvargareTidan fuladi gzavnilebi ramdenadme xels
uwyobs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Aamas emateba ucxouri
kvalificiuri specialistebis Camosvla da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna.
mTlianobaSi, pirvel fazasTan SedarebiT klebulobs emigracia da iwyeba
imigraciis procesi, romelic TandaTan ikrebs Zalas. (wulaZe.... 1998:55-59)
demografiuli gadasvlis mesame fazaSi myofi qveynis mosaxleobis
Sobadobis done dabalia, izrdeba mokvdavoba, bunebrivi mateba
Semcirebulia, mimdinareobs demografiuli dabereba. ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba wina fazasTan SedarebiT ukeTesi unda iyos. Emigraciis done
kidev ufro klebulobs, xolo imigraciis_matulobs da mesame fazis
bolosTvis aWarbebs emigracias. amasTan, SeiZleba daiwyos im yofil
moqalaqeTa dabrunebis procesi, romlebic qveynidan pirveli fazis dros
wavidnen, ,,tvinTa gadinebis” saxiT (wulaZe.... 1997:55-56).
demografiuli gadasvlis meoTxe fazis dros mokvdavoba izrdeba da
aRwevs Sobadobis dones. Amis Semdeg mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda wydeba
(bunebrivi matebis saxiT). Aam droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos qveynis
maRali ekonomikuri ganviTareba da Sesabamisad maRali Semosavlebis done.
Ees ki iwvevs imigraciis Semdgom zrdas (gamsakuTrebiT kvalificiuri
samuSao Zalis), xolo emigracia Zalian dabal doneze dadis. (wulaZe....
1998:55-56)
aRniSnuli konceptualuri sqema zogadi xasiaTisaa. Qqveynis
adgilobrivi specifika gansazRvravs garkveulwilad misgan gansxvavebul
migraciuli procesebis realur mimdinareobas.
saqarTvelo swored iseTi qveyanaa, romelic moyvanil sqemaSi ara
marto saerTod ver Tavsdeba, aramed romelSic gare migraciuli procesebi
mis sawinaaRmdegod mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs.
Ddemografiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli gadasvlis I
faza saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi iwyeba da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde
grZeldeba. II faza 20-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iwyeba da 1960-ian
wlebamde grZeldeba; III faza_1960-iani wlebis Sua xanamde grZeldeba, IV
96
faza_1990-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iRebs dasawyiss (melaZe.... 1997:7-9, 78-
81)
saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tavi rom davaneboT, isedac
naTelia, rom demografiuli da ekonomikuri ganviTareba aSkara
winaaRmdegobaSi modis. kerZod, demografiuli gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT (IV
faza), saqarTvelo ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynis doneze
imyofeba, xolo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad
CamorCeba maT.
demografiuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo sadReisod IV
fazaSi imyofeba, xolo migraciuli gadasvlidan gamomdinare I fazis
bolosa da II fazis dasawyisSi.A amrigad, saqarTveloSi demografiuli
gadasvla da gare migraciuli procesebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegod
mimdinareobs.
erTi SexedviT saqarTvelos demografiuli safrTxe 1990-iani wlebSi
Seqmnili kritikuli demografiuli viTarebidan iwyeba, magram Tu am
movlenebis ganviTarebis analizs Tundac oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze
ganvixilavT, sakiTxi sxvagvarad warmogvidgeba. marTalia, TviT termini
,,demografuli usafrTxoeba” kvlevis procesSi qarTvel demografTa mier
naklebad gamoiyeneboda, magram maTi mecnieruli gamokvlevebis Sinaarsi
met-naklebad miuTiTebda aRniSnul sakiTxze.
warsulSi emigracia saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad politikur xasiaTs
atarebda, zogjer iZulebiTs. Amave dros XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
saqarTveloSi iwyeba aTeul aTasobiT araqarTveli mosaxleobis
Camosaxleba, rac ruseTis imperiis, romelSic maSin saqarTvelo Sedioda,
centraluri xelisuflebis interesebidan gamomdinareobda. Ees ki iwvevda
maSindeli saqarTvelos demografiuli ganviTarebisa da gare migraciuli
procesebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas.
1914-1921 wlebSi mimdinare emigraciuli procesi saqarTveloSi ufro
politikur xasiaTs atarebda da qarTvelebis wili masSi didi ar iyo. 1920-
iani wlebis bolodan jer industrializaciasTan, xolo 1930-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi ruseTSi SimSilobasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi aseulobiT
aTasi adamiani Camosaxlda. Yyovelive es demografiuli gadasvlis meore
97
fazis dros xdeba, rodesac bunebrivi mateba sakmaod maRalia. wesiT, aseT
dros emigracia unda Warbobdes imigracias. mocemul SemTxvevaSic
saqarTveloSi mimdinare demografiuli gadasvla da migraciuli gadasvla
winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeba.
1950-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi imigracia klebulobs, xolo 1957 wlidan
ukve emigracia Warbobs imigracias. rogorc mocemul periodSi, ise
SdemdgomSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare demografiuli gadasvlisa da
migraciuli gadasvlis procesebi isev winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeba.
1990-ian wlebSi mimdinare politikur da socialur-ekonomikur
cvlilebebs, Seqmnil mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas, mohyva emigraciis
aqamde arnaxuli nakadebi. AaseTi viTareba isev ewinaaRmdegeba
demografiuli gadasvlis mocemul fazas saqarTveloSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom demografiuli gadasvlisa da migraciuli
gadasvlidan gamomdinare procesebi ara marto erTmaneTTan zogad kavSirSi
imyofeba, aramed erTmaneT avsebs kidec. maRal bunebriv matebas emigracia
Seesabameba, xolo dabali bunebrivi mateba imigraciiT kompensirdeba.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo demografiuli da
migraciuli gadasvlis mimdinareoba erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
viTardeboda. yovelive es ki, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, uaryofiTad aisaxeba
saqarTvelos mosaxleobaze, rogorc erTian sistemaze, iwvevda da iwvevs
ra misi demografiuli sistemis deformacias. (wulaZe.... 1997:57-58)
saqarTvelo amJamad praqtikulad ver atarebs demografiul politikas.
uaryofiTi demografiuli foni warmoSobs araracionalur migraciul
mobilurobas, Tavis mxriv, SromiTi migracia kidev ufro auaresebs isedac
kritikul demografiul viTarebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom SromiT migrantTa nakadSi yoveli mesame
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom SromiT
migrantTa didi nawili daojaxebulia.
SromiT migrantTa asakobrivi struqturis ganxilvisas unda gamovyoT
maTi asakobrivi ganawilebis SedarebiTi siTanabre, rac, sazogadod,
teritoriul mobilobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTia. Cveulebriv, maRali
mobilobis xarisxiT gamoirCeva axalgazrdoba, magram saqarTveloSi
98
Seqmnili araordinaruli viTarebis gamo asakobrivi seleqcia SromiT
migrantTa nakadSi ar ikveTeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebi, bevr sxva erisgan gansxvavebiT,
gamoirCeodnen sakuTar qveyanaSi kompaqturi cxovrebiT. 1989 wlis aRweriT
sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa 95,1% sakuTar samSobloSi
cxovrobda. 1990-iani wlebSi viTareba Seicvala. qarTvelTa gare migraciis
maRali uaryofiTi saldo, qveynis demografiuli usafrTxoebis
TvalsazrisiT erTob aqtualuri gaxda da igi ramdenime mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
globalizaciis procesebSi mcirericxovani eris saxelmwifoebze
Zlieri saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri korporaciebis gavlena metad Zlierdeba.
am ukanasknelTa ZiriTadi interesi ki, aseTi saxelmwifoebisagan iafi
SromiTi resursebis da zemogebis miRebaa. maTTvis sulerTia saxelmwifoSi
avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis demografiuli bedi.
meore mxriv saqarTvelos CarTva globalizaciis procesSi, Tavisi
geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, gardauvalia, rac
demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod arasaxarbielo perspeqtivas gviqadis.
erTi variantiT, migraciis kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad, gasuli
mosaxleobis adgils Semosuli ikavebs, uwinaresad mezobeli qveynidan. Tu
mravalerovnul saxelmwifoSi avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba
sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT dabalia, xolo emigracia maRali, maTi wili
mTel mosaxleobaSi moiklebs da, sabolood, SesaZloa, umciresobaSic ki
darCes.
,,saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri depresia, depopulacia,
emigraciis maRali done, calkeuli religiuri seqtebis momravleba
migvaniSnebs sxvadasxva rasis, erisa da religiis asimilirebuli
,,egzotikuri mosaxleobis” warmoqmnis safrTxeze.” (sulaberiZe 2005:16)
komunisturi sistemis daSlam, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan da
yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan, 1990-ian wlebSi Tvisobrivad axali saxis
emigrantebi warmoSva. adrindelisagan gansxvavebiT ,,axal emigrantTa” did
nawils umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs, zogierT maTgans samecniero xarisxic ki
gaaCnia: eseni arian specifikuri migrantebi, romelTa ,,tvini”, rogorc Tavis
99
qveyanaSi, ise ucxoeTSi naklebad sWirdebaT, amitom araspecialobiT,
SemTxveviT samuSaos jerdebian da mxolod mcire nawili Tu axerxebs
profesiiT dasaqmebas.
orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba ,,tvinebis” gadineba, rasac emigraciis wyaros
qveynebisTvis ara mxolod droebiTi, aramed xangrZlivi periodiT
mravalmxrivi uaryofiTi Sedegi moaqvs.
intensiuri emigraciisa da depopulaciis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi
demografiuli perspeqtiva sanugeSod ar gamoiyureba da dRis wesrigSi,
sxva problemaTa gverdiT, demografiuli usafrTxoebac dgas. demografiul
safrTxes garkveulwilad aZlierebs mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis
zrdis maRali tempi (azerbaijani, TurqeTi da sxva).
qarTvel mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis sistemuri Semcirebis Sedegad
qarTvelebis wili mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba samxreT kavkasiis mTel
mosaxleobaSi. Tu istoriulad samxreT da saerTod kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi
raodenobrivad yvelaze mravalricxovani eri iyo sxva mkvidr erebTan
SedarebiT, Semdeg mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala.
Mmosaxleobis 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT qarTvelebs somxebi
aRematebodnen 107 aTasiT, xolo azerbaijanelebi_2394 aTasi kaciT.
mosaxleobis bolo aRweris monacemebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi
azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebs ukve 3751 aTasi kaciT Warboben, amasTan
azerbaijanSi 1989-1999 wlebSi azerbaijanelebi 1400 aTasi kaciT gaizarda
(lorTqifaniZeE2007:161).
Tu 1926 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiaSi mTeli
mosaxleobis 45,5%-s Seadgenda, azerbaijanisa_39,5%, xolo somxeTi_15,0%.
2005 wlisaTvis viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala-samxreT kavkasiis mTel
mosaxleobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda da
igi 281% gaxda. Aazerbaijanis mosaxleobam Seadgina samxreT kavkasiis
mTeli mosaxleobis naxevarze meti_52,0%, amaRlda somxeTis mosaxleobis
wilic-20,0%-mde (lorTqifaniZe 2007:161).
,,qveyanaSi mkvidri mosaxleobis permanentul Semcirebis Sedegad
TandaTanobiT safrTxe eqmneba erovnul interesebs da erovnuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebas, Zneldeba maTi realizacia, saxelmwifo enas uaRresad uWirs
100
Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba, erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi,
tradicia, wes-Cveulebebi kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas. aseT viTarebaSi
gardauvalia erovnuli cnobierebis daqveiTeba, sabolood ki eris
genofondis cvlileba. Mmosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba gansauTrebiT
saSiSia Cveni qveynisaTvis, radgan igi iseT inikalur, mravalganzomilebian
regionSi mdebareobs, sadac msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis interesTa
gadakveTis wertilebi samaod bevria da amdenad sakuTari interesebis dacva
gaZnelebulia” (lorTqifaniZe 2007:161).
Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis udides faseulobas eTnikuri fesvebi
warmoadgens. ,,aq sxva xalxebis warmomadgenelTa ricxobrivi gadameteba
avtoqtonur mosaxleobaze Sesabamisi eTnosis istoriuli arenidan
gaqrobas niSnavs” (sulaberiZe 2005:16).
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gauareseba saqarTveloSi arasasurveli
demografiuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis ganmapirobebel mTavar faqtorad
iqca. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnil demografiul
situacias specialistebi aseT Sefasebas aZleven: `demografiuli krizisi”.
aseTi Sefasebis obieqturobas mowmobs ZiriTad demografiul maCvenebelTa
cvlilebis analizi. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom sruli ufleba gvaqvs,
vilaparakoT sakuTar qveyanaSi sakuTari eris demografiul usafrTxoebaze.
miT ufro, roca saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi
1960-1990 wlebSi 1,46%-dan 0,15%-mde daeca, xolo 1993 wlidan mosaxleobis
absoluturi Semcireba daiwyo (1995 wels man 0,03% Seadgina), raSic
mniSvnelovani wili emigraciamac iTamaSa. (sulaberiZe 2005:16-17).
saqarTveloSi 2000 wels ukve oficialurad dafiqsirda mosaxleobis
bunebrivi depopulacia (mosaxleobis 1000 kacze gaangariSebiT
gardacvlilTa ricxvma 0,2-iT gadaaWarba dabadebulTa raodenobas).
qveynis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisaTvis sxva programebTan
erTad aucilebelia usafrTxo demografiuli ganviTarebis politikis
SemuSaveba da realizacia.
mosaxleobis gare migraciis sididis gaTvaliswinebiT ukve sakmao xania
mimdinareobs misi ricxovnobis absoluturi kleba _ 1990-2000 wlebSi igi
erTi milioniT Semcirda da 2001 wlis dasawyisisTvis 4452,1 aTasi kaci
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Seadgina.
mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobisa da masSi mimdinare
cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (izrdeba mokvdavobis koeficientebi
mosaxleobis dabal asakobriv jgufebSic, savaraudod SenarCunebuli iqneba
gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldo, xolo SromiT migrantTa absoluturi
umravlesoba, rogorc cnobilia, Sromisunariani asakisaa.) ukve uaxloes
momavalSi (2010 wlidan) mosalodnelia Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis
raodenobis absoluturi kleba da sapensio asakis mosaxleobis wilis
mkveTri gadideba. amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba mosaxleobis
ekonomikuri datvirTva (gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis sferoSi arsebuli
viTarebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi) da demografiuli datvirTvac (ZiriTadad
maRali asakobrivi jgufis mosaxleobis wilis zrdis xarjze), rac kidev
ufro gaauaresebs mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas.
demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT saqarTvelo
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis, xolo ekonomikuri parametrebis mixedviT _
dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis rigSi dgas. mosaxleobis, pirvel rigSi
qalebis demografiuli ganwyobis kvlevebiT dgindeba, rom saqarTveloSi
jer kidev arsebobs Sobadobis gazrdis rezervi Svilebis sasurvel da
realur raodenobas Soris sxvaobis saxiT, daaxloebiT 1,2 bavSvi, magram am
rezervis realobad qcevis faqtori ZiriTadad ekonomikuri bunebisaa
(materialuri gaWirveba, mZime sabinao pirobebi, momavlisadmi rwmenis
uqonloba da a.S.) da qveyanaSi arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikuri
viTarebis daZlevasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli socialur-
ekonomikuri krizisi qveynidan mosaxleobis migraciis ganmapirobebel
ZiriTad faqtorad iqca. emigraciis faqtobrivi xasiaTi da masStabebi
negatiur gavlenas axdens saqarTveloSi arsebul demografiul viTarebaze.
es ki momavalSi kidev ufro gaarTulebs qveynis krizisuli situaciidan
gamoyvanas. (saqarTvelos... 2002:39)
saqarTveloSi genderulma aspeqtma SromiTi migraciis xasiaTi Secvala.
saSovarze wasvla gaxda ara marto mamakacebis, aramed qalebis funqciac.
1990-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis sruliad
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miuRebeli iyo qalTa SromiTi migracia. ekonomikurma siduxWirem qalTa
mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula, raTa gamosavali qveynis gareT dasaqmebaSi
eZebna.
meore mxriv, Sromis saerTaSoriso bazarze gaizarda moTxovna qalTa
samuSao Zalis garkveul kategoriaze (moaxleebi, ZiZebi, momsaxurebis
sfero), ramac xeli Seuwyo CvenSi ukiduresad gaiafebuli mdedrobiTi
sqesis samuSao Zalis qveynis farglebs gareT gasvlas. ara marto CvenSi,
aramed mTel msoflioSi icvleba Sexeduleba migraciaSi qalis rolis
Sesaxeb. migraciis feminizacias miiCneven SromiTi migraciis ganviTarebis
axal etapad da did progresad Tvlian genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis
gzaze. magram faqti, rom qals mamakacis Tanasworad SeuZlia gaiziaros
saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze arsebuli diskriminacia, waawydes
ganviTarebuli trefikingis uamrav mankier mxares, sruliad Crdilavs mis
uflebriv warmatebebs. es, miTumetes, saqarTvelodan samuSaod wasulebze
iTqmis, romelTa udidesi masis yofiTi samyaro, tradiciebi, ojaxisadmi
damokidebuleba, genderuli movaleobani daupirispirda am TvalsazrisiT
kontrastul garemos. maTTvis ucnobi Sromis bazris segmentis_seqs-
momsaxurebaSi CabmiT saukuneobrivad formirebuli maRali faseulobani,
romelic ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi qalis generaciuli funqciis
ganxorcielebis formas ukavSirdeba, arabunebrivad swrafad daangria.
qarTveli qalis gasvla saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebaa
da winaaRmdegobaSia qalis mTavar generaciul funqciasTan, axali Taobis
aRzrdasa da kvlavwarmoebasTan. Sesabamisad, rodesac vafasebT SromiTi
migraciis feminizacias, dadebiTi, qalis emansipaciis kuTxiT, misi meore,
uaryofiTi mxarec ar unda dagvaviwydes.
gaeros SefasebiT, arsebuli demografiuli tendenciebi Tu kidev
gagrZelda, 2000-2050 wlebisTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2 mln-iT
Semcirdeba da igi demografiulad `momakvdav qveyanad gadaiqceva”, rac
amJamindeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40%-s Seadgens. aseT viTarebaSi qalTa
intensiuri SromiTi migracia Cveni qveynidan sxva kuTxiT dainaxeba da
sxvagvaradac fasdeba, vidre, vTqvaT, demografiulad swrafad mzardi
filipinebidan, sadac mosaxleobis matebiT gamowveuli umuSevroba metad
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maRalia (SromiTi... 2003:40).
Cven sakvlev arealSi, sabWoTa periodSi ar SeiniSneboda qarTvel
qalTa SromiTi migraciuli aqtiuroba. vfiqrobT, sxva regionebisagan
gansxvavebiT, axal pirobebs aq Camouyalibebeli formebis gareSe daxvdnen,
da qalTa migraciis intensiuri mateba ergvarad arabunebrivi naxtomis
saxiT gamovlinda.
SromiTi migraciis mizezTa ganxilvisas aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis sazRvargareT saSovarze yofnis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikuri
xasiaTisaa da umetesad aq darCenili ojaxis saarsebo uzrunvelyofas
emsaxureba. sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis detaluri analizi kidev
erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi Seqmnili ukiduresad mZime
ekonomikuri viTareba_roca oficialuri statistikiTa da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis SefasebiT mosaxleobis naxevarze meti siRaribis zRvars
dabla cxovrob, Zalze maRalia umuSevrobis done, garTulebulia
specialobiT samuSaos Sovna_aSkarad xels uwyobs sakmaod masStabur gare
migraciul procesebs. qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT kidev
ufro sagangaSoa, rom potenciur migrantTa mniSvnelovani nawili
axalgazrdaa, romlebic yvelaze aqtiur, Sromisunarian da reproduqciul
asakSi imyofeba. faqtiurad saqarTvelodan gaedineba fertiluri asakis
qalTa didi nawili.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, kaxeTis regionis dasaxlebebi umetesad sofluri
tipisaa. amitom sainteresoa ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba dRevandeli sofleli
qalis socialur-demografiuli portreti da gansxvavdeba Tu ara is
qalaqSi macxovrebeli qalis saxisgan.
saqarTveloSi, rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad erT-erTi umwvavesi
socialuri problemaa qalis generaciuli da SromiTi funqciebis
SeTavseba. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi TiTqos miaRwies qalTa SromiTi
funqciis maqsimalur realizacias. magram es moxda socialurad
moumzadebel garemoSi, ramac qalis generaciuli funqciis degradacia
gamoiwvia. Sobadoba Semcirda gacilebiT adre da metad vidre mas
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done karnaxobda.
XX saukunis bolos Cvens qveyanaSi datrialebulma molenebma,
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sayovelTao krizisma xelovnurad daaCqara e. w. ,,demografiuli gadasvlis“
damTavrebis procesi. Tavisi demografiuli ganviTarebiT saqarTvelo
evropasTan axlomdgomi qveyanaa, xolo ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT
CamorCenil qveyanaTa Sorisaa. (tuxaSvili 1998:4) es paradoqsuli movlenaa.
demografiul kriziss, romelic Sigaregionuli TvalsazrisiT uTanabrod
viTardeba, aqvs mravalmxrivi Taviseburebani, romelTa ASoris Tavisi
gamovlenis specifikiT didi yuradRebis Rirsia soflisa da qalaqis
mosaxleobis populaciis kanonzomierebani. yovelive es qmnis saqarTvelos
qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis, maT Soris qali mosaxleobis
gansxvavebul demografiul portrets.
saqarTvelos sofleli qalis demografiuli portreti mravali
StrixiT xasiaTdeba rasac qmnis Cvens qveyanaSi Seqmnili socialur-
ekonomikuri da ierarqiuli garemo. ise rogorc qalaqad, sofladac qalebi
umravlesobas warmoadgenen, Tumca qveynis mosaxleobaSi maTi xvedriTi
wona urbanizaciasa da soflidan qalaqad mosaxleobis migraciis gamo
sistematurad mcirdeba. soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Sedegad moiklo
sofleli qalebis ricxvmac.
umTavresi niSani, romelmac krizisul wlebSi sofleli qalis
demografiul portretSi aSkara cvlilebebi Seitana, esaa qalis
generaciuli funqciis radikaluri Sesusteba, rac Sobadobis mkveTri
daqveiTebiT gamoixata. Tu 1985 wels Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti
saqarTveloSi 18,7 promile iyo, 1990 wels-17,0; 1995 wlisTvis 11,9-mde
Semcirda, xolo 1996 wlis monacemebiT 12,0 Seadgina. rac Seexeba soflis
qalebs, aq dabadebulTa ricxovnoba kvlavac mcirdeba. 1994 wels daibada
24885 bavSvi, 1995 wels_23333, xolo 1996 wels_22315 (tuxaSvili 1998:6).
1989 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5,4 milioni kaci iyo, xolo 2007
wlisaTvis oficialuri monacemebiT – mxolod 4,4 milioni (SefasebiTi
monacemebiT - kidev ufro naklebi - 3,8 milionis farglebSi). aRniSnul
periodSi gauaresda mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi struqtura. Zalian
maRal dones miaRwia demografiulma daberebam. 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis
mosaxleobis wili 2007 wlisaTvis 15%-is farglebSia (daberebulad
iTvleba mosaxleoba, Tu 65 da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili aRemateba
105
7%-s).
XX saukunis 90-ini wlebis sayovelTao kriziss demografiuli
krizisic Tan daerTo, ramac ukiduresad daqveiTa cxovrebis done da
Seamcira demografiuli zrdisTvis aucilebeli resursebi. rogorc
zogierTi gaangariSeba gviCvenebs, Tu ki Sobadoba aseTi reJimiT
SenarCundeba ,,yoveli 100 fertiluri asakis qali momavalSi iyoliebs 180
bavSvs, romelTagan dedis asaks miaRwevs mxolod 82” (fircxalava 1996:262).
es imas niSnavs, rom ara Tu daCqardeba demografiuli gadasvlis procesi,
veRar moxdeba TaobaTa aRdgena, rac depopulaciis dawyebis momaswavebelia.
es ukve kritikuli demografiuli situaciaa, romelic saWiroebs
saxelmwifo demografiul politikis gaaqtiurebas.
rogorc sayovelTaod miRebuli Sobadobis specialuri koeficientebis
skaliTaa gansazRvruli, yovel 1000 fertiluri asakis qalze 64-ze naklebi
dabadeba iTvleba ,,dabali” donis Sobadobad, 64-100_Sobadobis ,,saSualo”
doned, 101-120_ ,,saSualoze maRal” doned (statistika... 1990:132)
saqarTvelos mxareebidan garda aWaris mosaxleobisa, yvela mxaris da
maT Soris kaxeTis mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis done klasificirdeba, rogorc
,,dabali”. Sobadobis koeficienti kaxeTSi soflad mcxovreb fertiluri
asakis yovel 1000 qalze 1996 wels iyo 39,6. saqarTvelos sxva mxareebis
monacemebs Tu SevadarebT, kaxeTi bolodan meore adgilzea, raWa-leCxum-qv.
svaneTis (20,9) Semdeg da mcired CamorCeba qvemo qarTls (39,7). Sobadobis
specialuri koeficientis mier Sobadobis donis asaxvaze garkveulwilad
fertiluri asakis qalaTa Sigaasakobrivi deformaciac moqmedebs.
magaliTad, 20-34 wlis qalTa xvedriTi wona mdedrobiTi sqesis soflis
mosaxleobaSi qvemo qarTlSi 26,3%-ia, aWaraSi-24,1%, maSin roca kaxeTSi ar
aRemateba 20,3%-s (tuxaSvili 1998:10).
demografiuli ganviTarebis uaxlesi etapebisagan gansxvavebiT, amJamad
mwvaved dgas ara marto mesame da momdevno, aramed meore Svilis gaCenis
problemac. 2006 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi dabadebul bavSvTa 60,5
procenti modis pirvel Svilze, 28 procenti–meore Svilze da mxolod 11,5
procenti–mesame da momdevno Svilebze.
gaizarda mokvdaobis done. gardacvlilTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 1000
106
sulze 10-12-is farglebSia. gaizarda CvilTa mokvdaobac. SefasebiTi
monacemebiT, 2006 wlisaTvis is 1000 cocxlad dabadebulze 25-is farglebSi
imyofeboda. es maCvenebeli ganviTarebul qveynebSi 3-4 promiles ar
aRemateba. (wulaze... 2007:).
amJamad saqarTvelos yvela regioni (garda aWaris, qvemo qarTlisa da
samcxe-javaxeTisa) ganicdis depopulacias. am sakiTxis erovnul WrilSi
ganxilva kidev ufro met safiqrals aCens, ramdenadac bunebrivi matebis
zogadi koeficienti qarTul mosaxleobaSi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba qveynis
saSualo maCvenebels. Sobadobis Semcirebas, mokvdaobis matebasa da
uaryofiT gare migracias mohyva saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis
mniSvnelovani kleba.
gansxvavebulia demografiuli qceva sxvadasxva ganaTlebis donis mqone
qalebisaTvis. es gansxvaveba soflad mcxovrebTa Soris ufro didia, vidre
qalaqad mcxovrebTaTvis. Znelad asaxsnelia, magram faqtia, rom Tu qalaqad
Sobadobis koeficienti ganaTlebis donis mixedviT mcirdeba, soflad
yvelaze dabali koeficienti damaxasiaTebelia ara umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mqone, aramed saSualo specialuri ganaTlebis mqone qalebisaTvis
(tuxaSvili 1998:11). vfiqrobT, es faqti specialur gamokvlevas saWiroebs.
Aaq umaRlesdamTavrebul qalebSi yoveli fertiluri asakis 100 qalze
aRiricxeba 71,1 dabadeba, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skoladamTavrebulTaTvis
111,2 dabadeba (xmalaZe 1994:310). rac dro gadis, sxvaoba Sobadobis doneSi
sxvadasxva ganaTlebis jgufebs Soris erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba. TandaTan
yalibdeba erTnairi demografiuli qceva rogorc soflis da qalaqis, ise
TviT soflis mosaxleobaSi. vuaxlovdebiT e. w. stacionarul mosaxleobas
(tuxaSvili 1998:12).
meore mniSvnelovani Strixi romliTac sofleli qalis demografiuli
portreti ikveTeba, mosaxleobis demografiul daberebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. igi globaluri movlenaa da aris mosaxleobis asakobrivi
struqturis evoluciis arsebiTi niSani. am dros xdeba xandazmuli asakis
mosaxleobis xvedriTi wonis ganuwyveteli momateba mTel mosaxleobaSi.
mosaxleobis demografiuli dabereba damografiuli gasvlis simwifis
maCvenebelia. misi gamomwvevi mizezebia: Sobadobis donis Semcireba,
107
sikvdilianobis SemcirebiT mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis zrda da e. w. Ria mosaxleobis SemTxvevaSi-mosaxleobis
migracia. (tuxaSvili 1998:11-12)
msoflioSi aRiarebuli demografis e. rosetis klasifikaciis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan daberebul
mosaxleobas miekuTvneba, radgan aRniSnuli droidan 60 wels
gadacilebulTa xvedriTi wona mTel mosaxleobaSi 12 procentze metia. rac
Seexeba qalebs, maTi demografiuloi dabereba ufro meti intensivobiT
mimdinareobda gansakuTrebiT soflad mcxovrebTa Soris.
1993 wlis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelos 60 wels gadacilebuli
mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi 15,8 procentia, maT Soris
qalaqad_14,1%, soflad_18,0%. qalebSi dabereba ufro metadaa gamoxatuli
(18,4%), vidre mamakacebSi (12,9%). rac Seexeba sofleli qalebis
demografiuli daberebis maCvenebels, igi 21 procents aRwevs. amJamad
saqarTvelos soflel qalTa daberebis maCvenebeli (21%) e. rosetis
klacifikaciiT gamoxatavs siberis ,,Zlier ganviTarebul dones. (tuxaSvili
1998: gv.13)
saqarTveloSi, rogorc istoriulad, ise bolo xanebSi soflis ojaxi
da socialur-yofiTi garemo gansazRvravda qalis kvlavwarmoebiT qcevis
ufro normalur Sedegs.
kaxeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva regionSi, mdedrobiTi
sqesis mosaxleobis demografiuli struqturis deformacia, rogorc
aRvniSneT mograciulma procesebma ganapiroba. Tu adre qalTaAmigraciis
mTavari mimarTuleba soflidan qalaqad gadasaxleba iyo, magaliTad 1979-
1992 wlebSi qalaqad mimarTul migraciaSi qalebi Sadgendnen 54,6%,
(zubiaSvili 1993:14), ekonomikuri krizisis wlebSi viTareba icvleba.
migraciis Sigarespublikuri intensivoba sagrZnoblad Sesustda, xolo
respublikis gareT mimarTuli migraciis intensivoba gaZlierda (tuxaSvili
1998:6-8)
Tu krizisamde SromiT migraciaSi upiratesad mamakacebi
monawileobdnen, krizisis wlebSi intensiurma SromiTma migraciam moicva
mTeli saqarTvelo. maT Soris mniSvnelovani wili soflad mcxovreb
108
qalebsac ukaviaT. rogorc gamokvlevebiT dasturdeba, saqarTvelos
farglebs gareT samuSaod wasvlas maT aiZulebT mZime socialur-
ekonomikuri pirobebi. maTgan didi umravlesoba ojaxiania da SromiTi
emigracia swyvets ojaxs. migracia krizisiT gamowveuli iZulebaa da
umTavresad calkeuli ojaxebis fizikuri gadarCeniskenaa mimarTuli.
Amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos qalTa (rogorc qalaqad
aseve soflad mcxovrebTa) migraciuli mobiloba sakmaod maRalia.
migracias aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli calmxrivi xasiaTi. is iwvevs
mdedrobiTi sqesis mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis deformacias,
demografiul daberebas aCqarebs, ris gamoc mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis
maCveneblebi uaresdeba.
3.2 qalTa emigracia da demografiuli usafrTxoeba
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma da
politikurma krizisma gaamwvava mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri
pirobebi ramac, rogorc wina TavSi ukve vTqviT, gazarda migraciis
intensivoba, daaCqara saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis
procesi. gansakuTrebiT maRalia qalTa daberebis maCvenebeli. maTi naxevari
36 welze meti xnisaa, rogorc mTlianad, ise soflad da qalaqad. (Selia
1999:43). es miuTiTebs qalTa fertiluri kontingentis daberebaze, ramac
Tavis mxriv, zegavlena iqonia da momavalSic mZimed imoqmedebs Sobadobis
intensivobaze.
gare migraciuli procesebis intensiurobam mniSvnelovnad Secvala
,,saqorwino bazari”, qalebisa da mamakacebis qorwinebis klebis Sedegad
sul ufro izrdeba qorwinebaSi arasodes myofTa wili. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan zrdas hqonda adgili 1990-ian wlebSi. miCneulia, rom
,,saqorwino bazarze” arsebuli viTareba erT-erT im funqciaTagans
warmoadgens, romelzedac damokidebulia qorwineba (wulaZe... 2007:49)
,,saqorwino bazari” terminia, romelic gamoiyeneba demografiaSi
qorwinebis unariani mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufis raodenobaTa
Tanafardobis aRsaniSnavad. viTareba ,,saqorwino bazarze” mniSvnelovnad
109
aris damokidebuli mosaxleobs asakobriv-sqesobriv Semadgenlobaze.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba gauTxovari qalebis raodenoba saSualod
erT dauqorwinebel mamakacze. vinaidan daqorwinebisas mamakacebis asaki
saSualod 4 wliT aRemateba qalebis asaks, amitom ,,saqorwino bazris”
gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneba mamakacebisa da qalebis raodenobaTa
Tanafardoba, romelic mocemuli droisTvis ar imyofebian qorwinebaSi
da amasTan mamakacebis asakobrivi jgufi metia qalebisaze xuTwliani
asakobrivi intervaliT. (beqaia... 1998:52), (demografiis... 2005:245-246).
1989 wels saqarTvelos ,,saqorwino bazari” ganicdis Semdgom
cvlilebebs, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom gauTxovari qalebis raodenoba erT
ucolo mamakacze Semcirda 35 wlamde asakisaTvis (agreTve 45-49 wlis
asakis mamakacebisaTvis) igive darCa 35-39 wlis mamakacebisaTvis da gaizarda
40-44 wlis mamakacebisaTvis. (beqaia...1998:54)
intensiurma gare migraciulma procesebma gavlena iqonia 1990-iani
wlebis saqarTvelos ,,saqorwino bazris” formirebaze. Bbolo dros
Catarebulma gamokvlevebma naTelyo, rom gare migraciisas mamakacebSi
qalebTan SedarebiT Warbobs daqorwinebulebi, xolo qalebSi qorwinebaSi
armyofebi. amasTan qorwinebaSi armyofebis meti wili 39 wlamde asakis
migrantebze modis, xolo daqorwinebulebis 40 welze ufros migrantebze
(migraciis... 2001:16).
eris demografiul situacias amZimebs is garemoeba, rom sazRvargareT
gaedineba swored fertiuri asakis qalTa didi procenti. (maT Soris
dauojaxebeli) maRali migraciuli aqtivobiT gamoirCevian, rogorc
qalaqad aseve soflad mcxovrebi qalebi. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli
respondentebis 79,1%-s soflad mosaxle qalebi Seadgendnen, xolo 20,9%-s
qalaqad macxovreblebi. gamokiTxulTa Soris procentulad metia
fertiluri asakis qali.
110
(cxrili 22)
respondentebis procentuli ganawileba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT
qalaqad da soflad:
asakobrivi
jgufi
qalaqi sofeli sul
18-34 43,71 43,62 43,64
35-54 48,50 48,35 48,38
55-60 7,78 8,03 7,98
gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba potenciuri emigrantia.
xangrZliv migraciaSi wasvlis ganwyoba respondentebs ufro aqvT qveynis
gareT (27,4%), vidre qveynis SigniT, amitom qveynis SigniT migracia ar surs
74,9%-s, xolo qveynis gareT migracias ar isurvebda maTi 15,2%. xanmokle
migraciac ufro qveynis gareT surT (44%), vidre qveynis SigniT (10,2%).
sazRvargareT emigraciaSi wasuli qalebi xSirad qmnian ojaxebs da
samudamod mkvidrdebian ucxo qveyanaSi.
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom daojaxebul qalTa ukan dabrunebis potenciali
gacilebiT maRalia, rac Seexeba dauqorwinebel SromiT migrantebs, aq
qalTa ucxoeTSi darCenis albaToba, respondentTa pasuxebis mixedviT,
metia.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli potenciuri emigranti qalebidan ucxoeTSi
Seqmnis survili gamoTqva 16,3%-ma. 19%-s gauWirda pasuxis gacema, xolo 55%-
s amis survili ara aqvs. sainteresoa am pasuxebis korelacia qalebis
qorwinebis statusTan. ojaxuri mdgomareobis mixedviT gamokiTxulTa
umravlesoba dojaxebulia. qalTa ojaxuri mdgomareobisa da gare
migraciis survils Soris korelaciam aseTi suraTi mogvca.
111
(cxrili 23)
potenciur migrantTa ojaxuri mdgomareoba
(procentobiT jamTan)
ojaxuri mdgomareoba procentuli ganawileba
daojaxebuli 52,4%
dauojaxebeli 29,9%
ganqorwinebuli 9,6%
qvrivi 6,1%
ucxoeTSi ojaxis Seqmnis survilis mqone qalTa 16,3%-Si garkveuli
raodenoba (25%) daojaxebuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac migvaniSnebs imaze,
rom daojaxebul qalTa nawils surs ucxoeTSi samudamod darCena. es
pasuxi gavZlevs imis varaudis saSualebas, rom migraciul ganwyobas
qalebSi ganapirobebs ara mxolod obieqturi pirobebi (siRaribe,
umuSevroba da a. S.) aramed subieqturi faqtorebic, ojaxuri konfliqtebi,
saojaxo cxovrebiT an urTierTobebiT (col-qmars, rZal-dedamTilsa da
sxva) ukmayofileba.
sxvadasxva gamokvlevebSi eqspertebi xSirad saubroben qalTa
migraciasTan dakavSirebul iseT problemebze, rogoricaa, ojaxebis
dangreva. SedarebisaTvis ruseTSi migrirebuli mamakacebis umravlesoba
iCens axal ojaxebs. saberZneTSi, TurqeTSi da evropul qveynebSi migranti
qalebis nawili qmnis ojaxebs am qveynebSi da saqarTveloSi dabrunebas ar
apirebs.
Aaqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalebi saguldagulod
malaven migraciis subieqtur motivebs da rom es sakiTxi seriozul,
siRrmiseul kvlevas saWiroebs.
112
3.3. qalTa migraciis Sefaseba saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis
Teoriebis safuZvelze
saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia da misi Seswavla yovelTvis did
yuradRebas iqcevda, magram bolo xans misadmi interesi sagrZnoblad
gaZlierda, mizezi ki misi masStabebis zrdaa. Mmigraciuli procesebi sul
ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mravali qveynis Sida da sagareo
politikaSi da gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. zogadad
saerTaSariso SromiTi migracia kvlevisa da Seswavlis kompleqsur
midgomas moiTxovs da ara marto sociologebis, aramed demografebis,
ekonomistebisa da kulturologebis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens.
migraciuli procesebis SefasebaSi unda gamovricxoT calmxrivi,
zogjer ki, mxolod emociuri midgoma. migraciaSi mxolod uaryofiTi
mxareebi ar unda davinaxoT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT misi roli saqarTvelos
ekonomikur da kulturul ganviTarebaSi. aseT midgomas, romelic xandaxan
mxolod vizualur analizs eyrdnoba, keTili survilebis miuxedavad,
zianis motanac SeuZliaT. Mmosaxleobis migracia rTuli fenomenia da
sistemur, kompleqsur kvlevas moiTxovs.
migraciis mraval sakiTxTa Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze did
interess gare migraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iwvevs. Mmisi
zemoqmedebiT icvleba respublikis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da
demografiuli struqtura, SromiTi potenciali.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, SromiT migracias aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve
uaryofiT mxareebi. dadebiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom
emigrantebis samSobloSi mcirdeba umuSevrobis done, xolo mimReb
qveyanaSi xdeba muSaxelze arsebuli moTxovnis dakmayofileba. migrantebi
finansurad exmarebian mSobliur qveyanaSi darCenil ojaxebs, danazog
fuls abandeben adgilobriv warmoebaSi, riTac xels uwyoben ekonomikis
ganviTarebas. (SromiTi migracia...2003:62). Cveni azriT, sxva saxelmwifoSi
gasuli muSaxeli ufro ganviTarebul socialur-ekonomikur garemoSi
adaptirdeba, xolo Semdgom maTi nawilis samSobloSi dabruneba sagrZnob
gavlenas moaxdens Tavis qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur, politikur Tu
socialur procesebze.
113
uaryofTi mxareebi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom emigraciis dros adgili
aqvs e. w. ,,tvinebis gadinebis” process, rodesac qveyanas toveben yvelaze
motvirebuli ganaTlebuli, umuSevari, magram saqmes mowyurebuli
adamianebi, rac TavisTavad uaryofT gavlenas axdens qveynis ganviTarebaze.
AamasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom sazRvargareT wasuli SromiTi emigrantebi,
umetes SemTxvevaSi ver axerxeben Tavisi ganaTlebis Sesaferisi samuSos
povnas da iZulebulni arian arakvalificiuri SromiT dakmayofildnen.N
aseve SromiT emigraciaSi wasuli emigrantebi, romlTa umravlesoba
sazRvargareT aralegalurad imyofeba, wlebis manZilze ver axerxeben
saqarTveloSi Camosvlas da ojaxis monaxulebas, aseTi mdgomareoba ki
arasrul ojaxur cxovrebas iwvevs, rac xSirad ojaxebis ngreviT da
ojaxis wevrTa gaucxoebiT mTavrdeba. AamasTan erTad qarTvel emigrantebs
uWirT ucxo qveyanaSi adaptacia, rac xSirad iwvevs imedgacruebas,
sasowarkveTs, depresias, magram iZulebulni arian Seeguon siZneleebs,
darCnen iq da imuSaon, radgan samSobloSi dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, imedi
ara aqvT, rom samsaxurs iSovian da SeZleben ojaxebis rCenas.
emigraciis gazrdis procesi warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis muxruWs. Qqveyana kargavs kvalificiur samuSao Zalas, izrdeba
inflacia, samuSao Zalis eqsportiori qveynebi sul ufro metad xdebian
importiorebze damokidebulni da a. S. (dasavleTi...1990:47)
Cveni kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalTa
SromiTi emigraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi socialur-ekonomikuri faqtoria,
rac saarsebo da sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken swrafvas
gulisxmobs. Kkvlevis sawyis etapze mniSvnelovan mignebebs gvTavazobs
migraciis axali ekonomikuri Teoria, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
kaxeTis regioni soflis meurnebazea damokidebuli.
Aaxali ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic mikri donis Teoriebs
miekuTvneba, miiCnevs, rom migracia ar Aaris ganpirobebuli mxolod da
mxolod adamianis individuluri arCevaniT, romelic efuZneba migraciis
Sedegad miRebuli mogebis racionalur gamoTvlebs, aramed warmoadgens
ojaxur strategias. Qqali erTpirovnulad ki ar iRebs gadawyetilebas
emigraciis Sesaxeb, aramed ojaxi axdens arsebuli resursebis
114
diversifikacias, raTac amcirebs is SesaZlo safrTxes, romelic mis
keTildReobas daemuqreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ojaxis Semosavlebi sxvadsxva
mizezis gamo Semcirdeba. (meisi...1993: 435).
amrigad, axali ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT gadamwyveti aqtori Cveni
kvlevidan gamomdinare qali ki ara, aramed mTeli ojaxia, xolo qali xdeba
ojaxis ,,nebis” Semsrulebeli, radgan misi emigraciis mizans warmoadgens
ara piradi moTxovnilebebis da survilebis dakmayofileba, aramed
samSobloSi darCenili ojaxis wevrebis, upirvelesad ki Svilebis
materialuri uzrunvelyofa.
ojaxis migraciuli strategia, rac Semosavlebis diversifikacias
isaxavs miznad, gvevlineba kaxeTis regionis ojaxebis ,,gadarCenis
strategiad”. Eesaa soflis meurneobebiT dakavebuli Sinameurneobebis
mcdeloba Tavi daizRvion im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cudi bunebrivi pirobebis
gamo ver SeZleben sakmarisi odenobis mosavlis aRebas. Sesabamisad axali
ekonomikuri TeoriiT ukeT aixsneba kaxeTis regionidan, rogorc
tradiciuli agraruli sazogadoebebidan, qalTa migraciis intensiuri
zrda.
amavdroulad, aseT viTarebaSi, roca qalis gadawyvetileba_ datovos
ojaxi da wavides SromiT emigraciaSi, _ ojaxis gadarCenis erT-erT mTavar
strategiad iqca, kaxeTSi emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba SefardebiTi
deprivaciis faqtori, rac aixsneba neoklasikuri ekonomikuri TeoriiT.
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria saerTaSoriso SromiT emigracias
ganixilavs rogorc makro, aseve mikro doneze. makro doneze is amaxvilebs
yuradRebas qveynebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze muSaxelis mowodebasa
da muSaxelis moTxovnas Soris. am Teoriis mixedviT SromiTi emigraciis
gamomwvevi mizezi, rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis araTanabari done
xdeba, romelic ubiZgebs adamianebs miatovon ekonomikurad naklebad
ganviTarebuli samSoblo da wavidnen sazRvargareT, sadac dasaqmebis meti
saSualeba arsebobs da Semosavalic metia.
potenciur emigrantebze moqmedebs saqarTvelos, rogorc ekonomikurad
ganuviTarebeli qveynis ,,ganmzidavi faqtori” (push factor), aseve ganviTarebul
115
qveyanaSi arsebuli muSaxelis deficitisa da Sromis SedarebiT maRali
anazRaurebis ,,mimzidavi faqtori” (pull factor). magram xSirad qalTa emigracia
gamowveulia ara umuSevrobiT, aramed maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao
adgilebis simciriT. Aaq erTgvar paradoqsTanac gvaqvs saqme, rac Cveni
kvlevis Sedegebmac naTelyo. rodesac maRalanazraurebadi da
maRalkvalificiuri samsaxurebis ararsebobis gamo sazRvargareT wasuli
qalebi, rogorc wesi dabalanazRaurebad da araprestiJul adgilebze
iwyeben muSaobas.
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom neoklasikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad SromiTi
emigracia dadebiTi movlenaa, radgan misi saSualebiT xdeba moWarbebuli
muSaxelis odenobis Semcireba muSaxelis eqsportior qveyanaSi (meisi...1993:
433-434).
Mmikrodoneze neoklasikuri Teoria Tvlis, rom gadawyvetilebas
emigraciis Sesaxeb iRebs individi, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da
es gadawyvetileba efuZneba raconalur gamoTvlebs, romelic
iTvaliswinebs migraciasTan dakavSirebiT gaweul xarjebs da im mogebas,
romelsac emigranti ucxo qveyanaSi dasaqmebis Sedegad miiRebs. Sesabamisad,
mimRebi qveynis SerCevac racionaluri gaTvlebis safuZvelze xdeba da
potenciuri emigranti mxedvelobaSi iRebs imas, Tu sad ufro aris moTxovna
im unar-Cvevebze, rac mas gaaCnia, sad aris dasaqmebis ufro didi albaToba,
xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aralegalur emigraciasTan gvaqvs saqme, sad aris
deportaciis ufro naklebi albaToba, anda legalizaciis meti albaToba.
Aam Teoriis mixedviT potenciuri emigranti miemgzavreba im qveyanaSi, sadac
is yvelaze maRal mogebas miiRebs (meisi... 1993: 434-435).
Tu neoklasikur Teorias mivusadagebT saqarTvelos dRevandel
ekonomikur mdgomareobas, saqarTvelodan da Cven SemTxvevaSi kaxeTis
regionidan qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili unda wasuliyo emigraciaSi,
vidre es realurad moxda.
cxadia, rom mxolod ekonomikuri mizezebi ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet
rols qalTa emigraciis procesSi, mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic.
magaliTad, emigrantis piradi Tvisebebi, maT xelT arsebuli materialuri
da socialuri resursebi da sxva.
116
Mmigranti qalebis umravlesobas Seadgenen yvelaze motivirebuli
adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT survili gaiumjobeson sakuTari pirobebi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi maT ufro maRali ganaTlebis done da gansakuTrebuli unar-
Cvevebi aqvT, vidre maT Tanamoqalaqeebs, vinc gaWirvebis miuxedavad,
samSobloSi rCeba. rogorc wesi yvelaze gaWirvebuli da Raribi qalebi
iSviaTad midian emigraciaSi, imitom ki ara rom ara aqvT survili
gaiumjobeson cxovrebis pirobebi, aramed imitom, rom maT ara aqvT
sakmarisi materialuri saSualebebi, daafinanson ZviradRirebuli
mogzauroba da arc socialuri kavSirebi, romlebic daexmarebaT
emigraciaSi. Aamis safuZvelze mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom migracia
xasiaTdeba SerCeviTobiT da emigrantTa Soris SefardebiTi deprivirebuli
pirovnebebi ufro xSirad gvevlinebian vidre absolutur siRaribeSi
myofni.
amrigad, neoklasikuri ekonomikuri TeoriiT SegviZlia avxsnaT is
viTareba, roca emigraciaSi midian ufro ukeTesi ekonomikuri pirobebis
mqone qalebi, vidre uRatakesi mdgomareobisani, radgan isini Tavs grZnoben
SefardebiTad deprivirebulebad.
segmentirebuli Sromis bazris Teoria gvexmareba imis axsnaSi, Tu
ratomaa moTxovna sxvadasxva tipis muSaxelze ama Tu im qveyanaSi da
ratom Tanxmdebian emigranti qalebi Seasrulon sazRvargareT is samuSao,
romelzec samSobloSi uars acxadeben.
segmentirebuli muSaxelis bazris Teoria jon stiuart milis da aSS-
Si XX saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe institucionalist-ekonomistebis
mosazrebebs efuZneba da Tavdapirvelad, Sromis bazarze sxvadasxva
socialuri klasebis mdgomareobas asaxavda. Aam Teoriis misadageba
migraciul procesebTan da migrantebis rolTan muSaxelis bazarze
mxolod gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi moxda. (piore 1979:).
mimReb qveynebSi emigrant qalebTan asocirdeba is dabalanazRaurebadi
samuSao, ris Sesrulebazec adgilobrivi mosaxleoba faqtobrivad uars
acxadebs. Aamrigad, socialuri klasis safuZvelze agebuli segmentizacia
orad hyofs qveynis erovnuli muSaxelis bazars da amis gamo mimReb
qveynebSi arsebobs mudmivi moTxovna imigrant muSaxelze. Mmigrantebis
117
mimReb qveynebSi yovelTvis arsebobs specifikuri xasiaTis muSaxelze
moTxovna, amitom emigrantebi Tanaxma arian Sromis bazarze daikavon is
adgilebi da im fasad, razec adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ar Tanxmdeba. (meisi...
1993:441).
segmentirebuli Sromis bazris mixedviT, struqturuli inflaciis gamo
damqiraveblebi mimReb qveyanaSi nacvlad imisa, rom gazardon xelfasebi,
raTa adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miizidon dabalanazRaurebadi da
dabalprestiJuli Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad, gamosavals ucxouri muSa-
xelis importSi xedaven (meisi 1993:441-442). is, Tu ratom Tanxmdebian
imigranti qalebi iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebaze, razec adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba uars acxadebs, martivi asaxsnelia. rogorc wesi, imigranti
qalebi ar ganixilaven Tavs mimRebi qveynebis sazogadoebis wevrebad. amiT
aixsneba is faqti, Tu ratom SeiZleba emigrantma qalma uari Tqvas
romelime samuSaos Sesrulebaze sakuTar samSobloSi da igive, an SeiZleba
ufro mZime da naklebad prestiJuli samuSaoTi iyos dakavebuli
sazRvargareT. ucxo qveyanaSi migranti qalebi kvlav sakuTari samSoblos
sazogadoebis wevrad aRiqvamen Tavs da maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovania is
faqti, rom isini sazRvargareT muSaoben da finansurad exmarebian sakuTar
ojaxebs.
socialuri kapitalis Teoriis mixedviT,Ggadawyvetileba emigraciis
Sesaxeb ar xdeba mxolod racionaluri gaTvlebis safuZvelze, romelsac
potenciuri emigranti iRebs ojaxis wevrebis azris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
Aamave Teoriis mixedviT eWvqveS dgeba ,,ganmzidavi da mimzidavi faqtorebis”
roli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
migraciis neoklasikuri Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT socialuri kapitalis
Teoriis mixedviT, emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba im
socialuri kavSirebis zemoqmedebiT, romelic akavSirebT sazRvargareT
wasul emigrantebs da maT samSobloSi darCenil ojaxis wevrebs,
naTesavebs da megobrebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
regionSi sakmaod kargad ganviTarebuli migraciuli qselebi.
Cveni gamokvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalTa
migraciis procesis erT-erTi mTavari xelisSemwyobi faqtori migraciuli
118
qselebis arsebobaa, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom emigraciis yvela faqtori
ganpirobebulia emigraciuli qselebis arsebobiT. Tavdapirvelad qalTa
emigracia gamowveulia ekonomikuri, anda socialuri faqtorebiT, magram
socialuri kapitalis Teoriis Tanaxmad, migraciis TiToeuli faqti xels
uwyobs migraciuli qselebis Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciuri procesebis
erT_erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania warmoebis globalizacia, rac Sromis
globalizacias niSnavs. warmoebisa da Sromis globalizaciam masiuri
xasiaTi misca mosaxleobis migraciis uprecendento masStabebs. msoflio
sistemebis Teoria saerTaSoriso migraciis gadamwyvet faqtorad miiCnevs
ara individs, an ojaxs, aramed msoflioSi arsebul ekonomiur sistemas.
saqarTvelo Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobis gamo, CarTulia
globalizaciisa da transnacionalur ekonomikur procesebSi, amitom Cvens
qveyanaSi migraciis masStaburoba aris im movlenebis binebrivi Sedegi,
romelic Tan sdevs kapitalistur ganviTarebas.
Mmsoflion sistemebis Teoriis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom, rodesac
emigracia tradiciuli da naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan miemarTeba
mdidar da ganviTarebul qveynebisken, xolo migrantebi iwyeben samSobloSi
fuladi daxmarebis gagzavnas, migrantebis samSoblo ufro metad erTveba
sabazro urTierTobebSi, rac kidev ufro metad uwyobs xels migraciis
donis zrdas.
Ais faqti, rom saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia saqarTvelodan
dasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis mimarTulebiT arc Tu ise didi
xnis win daiwyo, garkveulwilad aixsneba msoflio sistemebis TeoriiT. Mmas
Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gaixsna da saqarTvelo CaerTo
msoflio ekonomikuri bazris sistemaSi, rac moxda ucxouri kapitalis
Semosvla, qarTuli muSaxeli (qalTa mniSvnelovani wiliT) CaerTo
muSaxelis msoflio bazarSi da emigraciis mimarTuleba Secvala ruseTidan
eropisa da CrdiloeT amerikisken.
sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelo TavisTavad CarTuli iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi. amaze migvaniSnebs is faqti,
romAam dros saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT nawilSi gavrcelebuli iyo
119
sezonuri SromiTi migracia ruseTSi, rac gamowveuli iyo arsebuli
moTxovniT specifikur muSaxelze. am procesebSi kaxeTis regioni naklebad
iyo CarTuli, magram qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma socialur-ekonomikurma
procesebma daaCqara regionis CarTva saerTaSoriso migraciul procesebSi.
is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelom emigraciis mimarTuleba Seicvala,
miuTiTebs ara marto imaze, rom evropisa da amerikis qveynebisken emigracia
gamowveulia ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris ganwvavebuli politikuri viTarebiT
da ruseTis SromiTi bazris ,,daketviT”, aramed imiTac, rom saqarTvelo
aqtiurad CaerTo msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi, ras mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs migraciuli procesebis zrdas da ganviTarebas.
120
daskvna
mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia Tavisi masStabiT, qveynis ganviTarebaze
zegavleniT, mravalmxrivi socialuri SedegiT da marTvis sirTuliT
warmoadgens Tanamedrove saqarTvelos umwvaves socialur-ekonomikur
problemas.
Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda kaxeTis regionis magaliTze
Segveswavla da aRgvewera arsebuli mdgomareoba qalTa SromiT
emigraciasTan dakavSirebiT, im arsebiTi momentebis gamoyofa, romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben kaxeTidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis
stimulirebis procesSi. radgan saqarTveloSi da kerZod, kaxeTis regionSi
msgavsi miznebis mqone kvleva dRemde ar Catarebula, winamdebare kvleva
warmoadgens qalTa migraciis Seswavlis pirvel mcdelobas Cvens qveyanaSi.
Kkvleva Catarebulia rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisobrivi meTodebis
gamoyenebiT. Catarebuli kvleva gvTavazobs mniSvnelovan mignebebs
kaxeTidan qalTa SromiTi emigraciis xasiaTisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic ubiZgeben qalebs sazRvargareT wasvlas.
statistikuri, dokumenturi masalebis analizisa da sazogadoebrivi
azris gamokiTxviT SevecadeT dagvedgina axalgazrda qalTa migraciuli
tendenciebis masStabebi da maTi ganmapirobebeli mizezebi, dabrunebuli da
potenciuri migrantebis ZiriTadi parametrebi da kulturul da sulier
RirebulebaTa zemoqmedeba migraciul tendenciebze.
radgan me ar mqonda saSualeba davyrdnobodi saqarTveloSi da kerZod
kaxeTis regionSi qalTa SromiTi emigraciis ukve arsebul monacemebs,
warmodgenili Sroma garkveulwilad aRweriT xasiaTs atarebs. Mmiuxedavad
amisa, Segrovilia mniSvnelovani masala, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
ukeT CavwvdeT qalTa SromiTi emigraciis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalebs.
kaxeTis regionSi, qalTa SromiTi migraciis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli
gamokvlevis ZiriTad SedegTa ganzogadeba Semdegnairad SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes:
Cven sakvlev arealSi, sabWoTa periodSi ar SeiniSneboda qarTvel
qalTa SromiTi migraciuli aqtiuroba. vfiqrobT, sxva regionebisagan
gansxvavebiT, axal pirobebs aq Camouyalibebeli formebis gareSe daxvdnen,
121
da qalTa migraciis intensiuri mateba ergvarad arabunebrivi naxtomis
saxiT gamovlinda.
saqarTveloSi 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarebuli socialur_
ekonomikuriPkrizisis Sedegad arnaxuli intensiurobiT ganviTarda
mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia. Sromis Siga bazarze samuSao Zalis
moTxovnisa da fasis myisieri Semcireba, umuSevrobis ganviTareba,
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis katastrofuli dacema, ukiduresi siRaribis
zrda da fizikuri gadarCenis sxva gzebis uperspeqtivoba SromiT migranti
qalebis sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis mTavari motivi gaxda, rac maTi
ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis arsebiTi gaumjobesebis aucileblobiT
iyo nakarnaxevi.
ZiriTadad qalebi sazRvargareT midian kaxeTSi arsebuli mZime
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da misi gaumjobesebis uperspeqtivobis gamo.
qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT samuSaod wasvlis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs umTavres im mizeziT, rom ojaxs daexmaros da cxovrebis
normaluri pirobebi Seuqmnas ojaxis wevrebs. Tumca SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
rom sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba SefardebiTi deprivaciis gavlenac
emigraciaSi wasvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
kaxeTidan qalTa emigraciis maRali done ar aixsneba mxolod kaxeTSi
arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs kaxeTis emigraciuli qselebis mier SemoTavazebuli resursebi,
romlebic iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac mosaxleobas naklebad miuwvdeba xeli
formalur sabanko momsaxurebaze da emigraciaTan dakavSirebul
informaciaze, saSualebas aZleven kaxeTis macxovrebel qalebs Seamciron
emigraciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ufro usafrTxo da mimzidveli
gaxadon emigraciis procesi.
kaxeTis regionis zogierT qalze emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, is faqti, rom maTi megobrebi,
naTesavebi imyofebian sazRvargareT da iqidan gaweuli daxmarebis
saSualebiT maTi ojaxebis materialuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad
gaumjobesda. savaraudoa, rom am SemTxvevaSic emigracia gamowveulia
SefardebiTi deprivaciiT.
122
kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa migraciis sxa mizezebic, romlebic
qalebis subieqtur motivebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ra Tqma unda qalebi aseT
motivebze gaxsnilad ar saubroben.
Cveni kvleviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kaxeTis regionidan qalTa
SromiTi migraciis formebis dadgena da calkeuli formis efeqtianobis
Sefaseba. gamovlenilia emigrantebis mimRebi qveynebi, maTi dasaqmebis
sferoebi, aRwerilia dabrunebuli emigrantebis sazRvargareT yofnis
gamocdileba, potenciuri emigrantebis samomavlo perspeqtivebi.
naSromSi Camoyalibebulia im gzebis ,,tipologia”, romelTa
meSveobiTac xdeba qalebis sazRvargareT gamgzavreba. kvlevis SedegebiT
dadginda, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi SromiT migrantebs sazRvargareT
wasvlaSi exmarebian naTesavebi da megobar-nacnobebi, aseve didia wili
Suamavlebis daxmarebisa, xolo yvelaze mcirea studentTa gacvliTi
programebiT migracia.
migraciisas yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi organizaciuli
formebi, rogorebicaa naTesavebisa da nacnob-megobrebis daxmareba da
`bedis anabarad” wasvla.
Cveni gamokvleviT qalebSi migraciisaTvis saWiro procedurebis
legaluroba ufro misaRebia, vidre-aralegaluri gzebi, Tumca rogorc
kvlevam aCvena kaxeTis regionSi qalebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT
gamgzavrebis araralegalur saSualebebs mimarTavs, rac aixsneba samuSao
vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebiT da saqarTvelosa da mimReb
qveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis eqsportis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis
ararsebobiT.
Kkvlevis Sedegad dadginda emigraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi.
miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom ojaxuri pirobebi, rogorc
xelisSemSleli faqtori sakmaod aqtualuria rogorc Sida, aseve gare
migraciis dros, rac adasturebs qalis saojaxo rolTan dakavSirebuli
kulturuli normebis simyares regionSi.
gamokvlevis erT-erT mTavar mizans SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebis, recipienti qveynebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda.
gamokvleviT gamovlinda oTxi ZiriTadi qveyana, saiTac meti
123
intensivobiTaa mimarTuli ZiriTadi migraciuli nakadebi: aSS, italia,
saberZneTi, ruseTi. Tu 1990-iani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisis pirveli
wlebidan gansakuTrebiT didi iyo ruseTis mimarTulebiT SromiTi
migraciis intensiuroba. bolo wlebSi ruseTis wili saqarTvelos SromiT
migrantTa nakadSi TandaTan mcirdeba. amis erT-erTi mtavari mizezi
ruseTis mier saqarTvelosTan mimosvlis e.w. savizo reJimis SemoReba da
garTulebuli politikuri urTerTobaa. amas adasturebs gamokvleviT
miRebuli Sedegic. amJamad emigraciis qveynebis areali ufro metad
gafarTovda da moicva evropisa da amerikis qveynebi.
Cveni gamokvleviT emigrantebis didi nawili arcTu moklevadian
emigraciaSi imyofeboda, emigraciis xangrZlivobis saSualo mniSvneloba
yvela dabrunebuli emigrantisTvis sami welia. dabrunebuli emigrantebis
TiTqmis naxevari sazRvargareT sami da meti weli muSaobda. Cvens mier
gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba iZulebiTaa dabrunebuli da dabrunebis
umTavresi mizezi (TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi)
nostalgiaa, qalebi veRar uZleben ojaxTan da SvilebTan daSorebas.
is, rom SromiT migrantTa nakadSi qalebi umetesobas warmoadgenen, amis
erT-erTi mizezia saerTaSoriso Sromis bazrebze qalTa samuSao Zalaze
moTxovnis specifika.
gamokvleviT dadasturda, rom kaxeTis regionidan qalebis SromiTi
migraciis arsebiTi niSania maRali ganaTlebis done. maRali ganaTlebisa
da profesiuli kvalifikaciis mqone kontingentis qveynidan gasvla
mniSvnelovnad aqveiTebs saqarTvelos SromiT potencials.
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri
TvalsazrisiT migranti qalebis dasaqmeba sazRvargareT maTi kvalifikaciis
Seusabamoa, SesaZloa amaSi erT-erT rols enis arcodnac warmoadgens.
gamokvleviT miRebuli monacemebi naTelyofs, rom qalebis umravlesoba
dabalkvalificirebul Sromas irCevs. magram es xdeba ara imitom, rom maT
am Sromaze aqvT moTxovnileba, aramed mimRebi qveynebis Sromis bazris
organizebis gamo. mimReb qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi postsabWoTa qveynebidan
migrirebulebisaTvis mxolod momsaxurebis sferoSi moiZebneba samuSao. Tan
es Sroma bevrad dabalanazRaurebadia CasulebisTvis, vidre
124
adgilobrivebisTvis. amis mizezi ki aris migraciis aralegaluroba, rac
samuSaos mimcems saSualebas aZlevs gadaixados ara Sromis realuri
safasuri, aramed bevrad mcire.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom profesiul-kvalificiuri TvalsazrisiT
sazRvargareT SromiTi migranti qalebis dasaqmeba ukiduresad
diskriminaciulia. xdeba maTi SromiTi potencialis daqveiTeba, adamianuri
kapitalis devalvacia.
Tumca sxva faqtorebTan erTad profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Seusabamo
dasaqmeba ar aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi migrantTa axal SromiT
garemosadmi Seguebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa. SromiTi migranti qalebi
Znelad eguebian maTTvis ucxo kulturul garemos, amitom SromiTi
migraciis regulirebis erT-erTi umTavresi amocana sazRvargareT
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis Tavisi profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamisi
dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, maTi SromiTi potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia,
profesiul-SromiTi integraciis procesis mowesrigeba da adaptaciis
daCqarebaa.
gamokvleviT dadginda, rom sazRvargareT dasaqmebiT radikalurad
izrdeba SromiT migrantTa Semosavlebi. igi mkveTrad diferencirebulia da
zogadad, recipienti qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da cxovrebis
pirobebis proporciulia. SromiTi migrantis saSualo Semosavali 755 aSS
dolaria. didi gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi dasaqmebiT miRebul
Semosavlebs Soris qmnis did migraciul potencials. ara marto dasavleT
evropisa da aSS-ken.
dadginda, rom fuladi gzavnilebis saSualo sidide pirdapirpro-
porciulia ucxoeTSi SromiT migrantTa Semosavlebisa. qalebi axerxe-
ben, saSualod, ojaxSi gamogzavnon TavianTi Semosavlis mexuTedi.
migraciis aralegaluri xasiaTisa da diskriminaciuli anazRaurebis
gamo, evropasa da aSS-Si myofi SromiTi migrantebis kavSiri ojaxebTan
sustia da upiratesad satelefono saubrebiT xorcieldeba, mimosvla ki
iSviaTia da regularul xasiaTs ar atarebs.
kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlili iqna, Tu konkretulad raze ixarjeba
sazRvargareTidan gamogzavnili fuladi daxmareba. rogorc kvlevam aCvena
125
kaxeTis regionidan emigrirebuli qalebis fuladi daxmarebebi uaRresad
mniSvnelovania bevri ojaxis cxovrebaSi. daxmarebis sakmaod didi nawili
ixarjeba pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, anu
,,araproduqtiul moxmarebaze”, rac gamowveulia mosaxleobis cxovrebis
dabali doniT, Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom regionSi sainvesticio
SesaZleblobebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia sameurneo saqmianobaSi
investireba.
dabrunebul emigrantebTan siRrmiseuli interviuebis analizi
gviCvenebs, rom dabrunebis umTavresi pirobebi ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa.
SromiTi migrantebis samSobloSi samuSaod gadmosvla mxolod garkveuli
winapirobebis Sesrulebis Semdgom moxdeba. saqarTveloSi mZime ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gamo, emigranti qalebis ukan dabrunebis potenciali
jerjerobiT sustia, SromiTi migracia myaria da axlo momavalSi misi
intensiurobis klebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ar unda velodoT.
amrigad, rogorc faqtobrivi, iseve potenciuri SromiTi migracia
saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa da es iZuleba
dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi arsebul mZime ekonomikur pirobebTan, dasaqmebis
problemebTan da cxovrebis donis gauaresebasTan. socialur-ekonomikur
faqtorebTan erTad saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri situacia,
mosaxleobis did nawils ganawyobs qveynidan droebiT wasvlaze, magram
aseTi viTarebis xangrZlivad SenarCunebis pirobebSi sul ufro gaizrdeba
saqarTvelodan samudamod wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi.
kaxeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos yvela sxva regionSi, migraciulma
procesebma ganapiroba mdedrobiTi sqesis mosaxleobis demografiuli
struqturis deformacia. ris gamoc mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis
maCveneblebi gauaresda.
gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom SromiT migraciaSi monawileobs qalebis
TiTqmis yvela socialur-demografiuli jgufi; Tumca kontigenti
gamoirCeva axalgazrda qalTa prioritetiT. SromiT migrantTa umravlesoba
daojaxebulia.
sazRvargareT emigraciaSi wasuli qalebi xSirad qmnian ojaxebs da
samudamod mkvidrdebian ucxo qveyanaSi. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom daojaxebul
126
qalTa ukan dabrunebis potenciali gacilebiT maRalia, rac Seexeba
dauqorwinebel SromiT migrantebs, aq qalTa ucxoeTSi darCenis albaToba,
respondentTa pasuxebis mixedviT, metia.
Tumca pasuxebi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom daojaxebul qalTa nawilsac
surs ucxoeTSi samudamod darCena. es ki gavZlevs imis varaudis
saSualebas, rom migraciul ganwyobas qalebSi ganapirobebs ara mxolod
obieqturi pirobebi (siRaribe, umuSevroba da a. S.) aramed subieqturi
faqtorebic, ojaxuri konfliqtebi, saojaxo cxovrebiT an urTierTobebiT
(col-qmars, rZal-dedamTilsa da sxva) ukmayofileba. aqedan gamomdinare
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalebi saguldagulod malaven migraciis subieqtur
motivebs da rom es sakiTxi seriozul, siRrmiseul kvlevas saWiroebs.
1990-iani wlebis sayovelTao krizisamde saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi
azrisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo qalTa SromiTi migracia. amJamad ki
ekonomikurma siduxWirem qalTa mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula, raTa
gamosavali qveynis gareT dasaqmebaSi eZebnaT qarTveli qalis gasvla
saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebaa da winaaRmdegobaSia
qalis mTavar generaciul funqciasTan, axali Taobis aRzrdasa da
kvlavwarmoebasTan. Sesabamisad, rodesac vafasebT SromiTi migraciis
feminizacias, dadebiTi, qalis emansipaciis kuTxiT, misi meore, uaryofiTi
mxarec ar unda dagvaviwydes.
migraciis feminizacias dasavleTSi miiCneven SromiTi migraciis
ganviTarebis axal etapad da Tvlian genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis
erT-erT progresul niSnad, magram Cvenma gamokvlevam daafiqsira am
movlenis Sedegad saukuneobrivad formirebul WeSmarit faseulobaTa
arabunebrivi ngrevis procesi, amitom amJamindeli formiT
ganxorcielebuli saqarTvelos SromiTi migraciis feminizacia, qarTveli
qalis gasvla saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze SimSilis iZulebiTaa
nakarnaxevi da demografiulad ‘momakvdav qveyanaSi” progresul movlenad
ar SeiZleba miviCnioT.
127
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135
danarTi 1
a n k e t a
gamcxrilavi SekiTxva
A1. gaqvT Tu ara (e)migraciaSi wasvlis survili ...
respondents: Tu Tqven ar gaqvT migraciaSi wasvlis survili arc qveynis SigniT da arc qveynis gareT, SewyviteT anketis Sevseba; Tu Tqven isurvebdiT qveynis SigniT an qveynis gareT migracias, gaagrZeleT anketis Sevseba.
maqvs ar maqvs
miWirs pasuxis gacema
uari pasuxze
A1.1.
qveynis SigniT (Sida migracia)?
1 2 88 99
A1.2.
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT?
1 2 88 99
A2. yofilxarT Tu ara odesme (e)migraciaSi?respondents: aq igulisxmeba qveynis SigniT, an qveynis gareT wasvla, romelic ar ukavSirdeboda turistul miznebs)
1. diax, vyofilvar qveynis SigniT2. diax, vyofilvar qveynis gareT3. ar vyofilvar99. uari pasuxze
SekiTxvebi ## A3, A4 exeba mas, vinc namyofia emigraciaSi qveynis gareT
A3. sad yofilxarT emigraciaSi qveynis gareT?
(CawereT) ------------------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze
A4. ra periodiT yofilxarT emigraciaSi qveynis gareT?
(CawereT wlebis da Tveebis miTiTebiT) --------------------------------------------------
SekiTxvebi ## A5, A6 exeba mas, vinc ar yofila emigraciaSi qveynis gareT
A5. yofilxarT Tu ara odesme saqarTvelos farglebs gareT?
1. diax2. ara99. uari pasuxze
136
Tu pasuxia “diax”...
A6. romel ucxo qveyanaSi yofilxarT?
(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze
A7. Tu (e)migraciaSi waxvidodiT (qveynis SigniT, an qveynis gareT), rogor fiqrobT, es ufro metad iqneboda samudamo, xangrZlivi (mravali wliT) Tu SedarebiT xanmokle (maqsimum 3 wlamde) (e)migracia?
samudamo xangrZlivi xanmokle(3 wlamde)
miWirs pasuxis gacema
uari pasuxze
A7.1.
migracia qveynis SigniT
1 2 3 88 99
A7.2.
emigracia qveynis gareT
1 2 3 88 99
A8. qvemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebidan, romelia ZiriTadi faqtori, racganapirobebs Tqvens survils, waxvideT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?(dasaSvebia pasuxis ramdenime varianti TiToeulisTvis)
A8. 1. qveynis SigniT migracia
A8. 2. qveynis gareT emigracia
Cemi (Cemi ojaxis) ekonomikuri gaWirveba 1 1Ddausaqmebloba 2 2Tavisuflad cxovrebis survili 3 3sxva adgilas (qveyanaSi/regionSi) cxovrebis survili
4 4
kvalificiuri ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba 5 5Qorwineba 6 6(e)migraciaSi myof ojaxis wevrebTan/naTesavebTan yofna
7 7
sakuTari cxovrebis komfortulad mowyoba 8 8biznes saqmianoba 9 9usafrTxoebis survili 10 10sxva (CawereT) -----------------------------
miWirs pasuxis gacema 88 88uari pasuxze 99 99
137
A9. ramdenad eTanxmebian Tqveni ojaxis wevrebi Tqvens ganzraxvas, waxvideT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?
savsebiT eTanxmebian
ufro eTanxmebian, vidre ara
ufro ar eTanxmebian, vidre ki
sruliad ar
eTanxmebian
uari pasuxze
A9. 1. qveynis SigniT (Sida) migracia
1 2 3 4 99
A9.2.
qveynis gareT emigracia
1 2 3 4 99
A10. gqoniaT Tu ara mcdeloba, wasuliyaviT (qveynis Sida an qveynis gare) (e)migraciaSi?
mqonia ar mqonia
uari pasuxze
A10. 1. qveynis SigniT (Sida migracia) 1 2 99
A10. 2. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT 1 2 99
SekiTxva # A11 exeba mas, visac hqonia (e)migraciaSi (Sida an gare) wasvlis mcdeloba
A11. ram SegiSalaT xeli, wasuliyaviT migraciaSi?
A11. 1. qveynis SigniT migracia
A11. 2. qveynis gareT emigracia
sakonsulom ar momca viza qveyanaSi Sesasvlelad 1 1ver Sevagrove saTanado dokumentacia 2 2xeli SemiSala ojaxurma pirobebma 3 3sxva (CawereT) -----------------------------
miWirs pasuxis gacema 88 88uari pasuxze 99 99
SekiTxvebi ## A12, A13 exeba maT, visac surs qveynis gareT emigraciaSi wasvla
A12. Tu gaqvT qveynis gareT emigraciis survili, ufro metad sad isurvebdiT wasvlas?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)
1. ruseTSi2. dsT-s sxva qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)3. evropis romelime qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)4. aziis romelime qveyanaSi (miuTiTeT romelSi ------------------------------)5. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSisxva qveyanaSi (CawereT) ----------------------------------------
138
88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
A13. arsebobs ucxo qveyanaSi emigraciis ramdenime forma, romlebic qvemoTaa CamoTvlili. gTxovT gvipasuxoT, am formaTagan romelia TqvenTvis yvelaze realuri arCevani, romeli _ met-naklebad realuri da romeli _ ararealuri?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)
yvelaze realuri
met-naklebad realuri
ararealuri miWirs pasuxis gacema
A13.1. SromiTi emigracia 1 2 3 88
A13.2. emigracia ganaTlebis misaRebad
1 2 3 88
A13.3. politikuri emigracia (politikuri TavSesafaris miReba)
1 2 3 88
A13.4. biznes emigracia (sakuTari biznesis warmoeba sazRvargareT)
1 2 3 88
A13.5. emigracia sasurvel qveyanaSi cxovrebis (moqalaqeobis) gamo
1 2 3 88
SekiTxvebi ## A14, A15 exeba mas, visTvisac SromiTi emigracia yvelaze realuri, an met-naklebad realuri arCevania
A14. qvemoT CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva SromiTi saqmianoba, romlebsac ucxo qveyanebSi emigrirebul qarTvelTa didi nawili mimarTavs. gTxovT, saqmianobis TiToeul formasTan dakavSirebiT mipasuxoT, romeli maTganis Sesrulebaa TqvenTvis yvelaze xelsayreli, ufro xelsayreli, ufro araxelsayreli da yvelaze araxelsayreli?
yvelaze xelsayre
li
ufro xelsayre
li
ufro araxelsayre
li
yvelaze araxelsayre
li
miWirs pasuxi
s gacema
A14.1.
bavSvis movla 1 2 3 4 88
A14.2.
avadmyofis/moxucis movla
1 2 3 4 88
A14.3.
saxlis/maRaziis da a.S. dalageba
1 2 3 4 88
A14.4.
mimtanoba/mzareuloba
1 2 3 4 88
A14.5.
mSenebloba/remonti
1 2 3 4 88
A14.6.
fabrika/qarxana
139
A15. kidev ra tipis Sroma iqneboda TqvenTvis yvelaze (an ufro) xelsayreli?
(CawereT) ------------------------------------------------------------88. miWirs pasuxis gacema
A16. gyavT Tu ara vinme im qveyanaSi, sadac gsurT emigrciaSi wasvla?
1. diax, myavs ojaxis wevri (wevrebi)2. diax, myavs naTesavi (naTesavebi)3. diax, myavs megobari (megobrebi) 4. diax, myavs nacnobi (nacnobebi)5. aravin ar myavs88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
A17. SesaZlebloba rom gqondeT, gadaixdidiT Tu ara araoficialurad Tanxas imisaTvis, rom TqvenTvis sasurvel qveyanaSi wasvlis viza miiRoT?
1. gadavixdidi2. ar gadavixdidi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
A18. xarT Tu ara Tanaxma, rom aralegalurad icxovroT ucxo qveyanaSi?
1. savsebiT Tanaxma var2. ufro Tanaxma var, vidre ara3. ufro ara var Tanaxma, vidre ki4. sruliad ara var Tanaxma88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
A19. isurvebdiT Tu ara ucxoelTan ojaxis Seqmnas?
1. diax, visurvebdi2. ara, ar visurvebdi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
SekiTxvebi ## A20, A21 exeba mas, visac surs qveynis SigniT migraciaSi wasvla (Sida migracia)
A20. Tu gaqvT qveynis SigniT migraciis ganzraxva, sad isurvebdiT wasvlas?
1. Cemi regionis (sxva) qalaqSi2. Cemi regionis (sxva) sofelSi3. sxva regionis qalaqSi4. sxva regionis sofelSi5. dedaqalaqSi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
140
A21. gyavT Tu ara vinme saqarTvelos im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac gsurT imigrireba?
1. diax, myavs ojaxis wevri (wevrebi)2. diax, myavs naTesavi (naTesavebi)3. diax, myavs megobari (megobrebi) 4. diax, myavs nacnobi (nacnobebi)5. aravin ar myavs88. miWirs pasuxis gacema99. uari pasuxze
A22. geqnebaT Tu ara saqarTvelos im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac gsurT gadasvla...
meqneba ar meqneba ar damWirdeba miWirs pasuxis gacema
A22. 1. sakuTari saxli/bina 1 2 3 88A22. 2.
sakuTari sakarmidamo nakveTi (saojaxo meurneoba)
1 2 3 88
A22. 3.
samsaxuri 1 2 3 88
A22. 4.
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiuri CarTvis SesaZlebloba
1 2 3 88
A23. rogor ggoniaT, qvemoT CamoTvlili gamonaTqvamebidan romeli metad Seesatyviseba Tqvens amJamindel mdgomareobas? (dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)
1. yvelaferi kargad midis2. yvelaferi ise kargad ar midis rogorc visurvebdi, magram siZneleebis gadalaxvas/daZlevas vaxerxeb3. cxovreba Zalian gaZnelebulia, magram kidev SeiZleba moTmena4. amgvari mdgomareobis gaZleba ukve SeuZlebelia88. miWirs pasuxis gacema 99. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas
A24. Cveulebriv, ras ganicdiT pirvel rigSi, rodesac momavalze fiqrobT? (dasaSvebia pasuxis erTi varianti)
1. optimizms, momavlis rwmenas2. imedsH3. simSvides, magram gansakuTrebuli imedebis gareSe4. imedgacruebas5. SfoTvas, safrTxes6. SiSs, sasowarkveTas7. arafers ar ganvicdi88. miWirs pasuxis gacema 99. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas
141
A25. daasaxeleT, am etapze, TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani erTi problema, romlis gadaWrasac ver axerxebT
(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88. uari pasuxze99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
A26. romelia mniSvnelobiT meore problema?
(CawereT) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88. uari pasuxze99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
A27. pirvel rigSi, ras ukavSirebT imedebs Tqveni mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan mimarTebaSi?(dasaSvebia pasuxis erTze meti varianti)
1. saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis saqmianobas2. adgilobrivi, kerZod. regionis xelisuflebis saqmianobas3. adgilobivi, kerZod, qalaqis/raionis/soflis xelisuflebis saqmianobas4. opoziciuri politikuri partiebis saqmianobas5. qveyanaSi xelisuflebis radikalur Secvlas yvela doneze6. msxvili biznesmenebis, mewarmeebis qmedebebs10. sawarmoebis, organizaciebis muSaobas, sadac Tqven msaxurobT11. ojaxis wevrebis/naTesavebis daxmarebas12. megobrebis daxmarebas13. emigraciaSi wasvlas14. eklesiis, RvTis Sewevnas15. daxmarebas sazRvargareTidan (investiciebi, fuladi gzavnilebi da sxv.)16. sakuTar unar-SesaZleblobebsa da Sromas17. sxva (CawereT) ----------------------------------------------------------------77. CamoTvlilTagan arcerTs88. ar msurs vupasuxo am kiTxvas99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
D. demografiuli bloki
D1. respondentis sqesi1. mamrobiTi
2. mdedrobiTi
D2. ramdeni weli SegisruldaT?
(CawereT) ---------------------------------
D3. rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri mdgomareoba?
1. var daojaxebuli2. var gayrili3. var qvrivi4. myavs Svili (Svilebi) qorwinebis
gareSe5. var dauojaxebeli6. sxva (CawereT)99. uari pasuxze
D4. ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli?1. saerTod ar mivlia skolaSi2. dawyebiTi (4 klasis CaTvliT)3. dausrulebeli saSualo (8
klasis CaTvliT)4. saSualo (10-11 klasi)5. saSualo teqnikuri6. arasruli umaRlesi
7. umaRlesi
D5. ra aria Tqveni profesia? D6. ramdeni wevrisagan Sedgeba
142
CawereT) _________________________-Tqveni ojaxi?
(CawereT) ------------------------------------------99. uari pasuxze
D7. rogoria Tqveni ojaxis materialurimdgomareoba?
1. Zalian dabali; Semosavali kvebazedac ar gvyofnis
2. dabali; Semosavali kvebaze da Casacmelze Zlivs gvyofnis
3. saSualo; ojaxis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas vaxerxebT
4. maRali; SegviZlia garTobisa da dasvenebis xarjebsac gavwvdeT
5. Zalian maRali
D8. ra aris Tqveni ZiriTadi saqmianoba? (interviuers: dasaSvebia erTi pasuxi)
1. vmuSaob rogorc daqiravebuli (kontraqtiT) xangrZlivi vadiT2. periodulad vmuSaob moklevadiani kontraqtebiT (erT welze naklebi), erTjeradi
SromiTi SeTanxmebiT, vmuSaob droebiT3. var mewarme, romelsac hyavs daqiravebuli muSebi (fermerebis CaTvliT)4. dakavebuli var individualuri SromiTi saqmianobiT (mcire mesakuTreebi qalaqSi,
ojaxuri ijara da a.S.)5. vmuSaob saojaxo sasoflo meurneobaSi (glexuri meurneobebi, romlebic ar
iyeneben daqiravebul muSebs)6. saswrafo samsaxuris samxedro mosamsaxure (rigiTi da serJantTa Semadgenlobebi)
armiaSi da sxv.7. vswavlob kolejSi8. vswavlob umaRles saswavlebelSi9. var asakobrivi/invalidobis pensioneri10. vuZRvebi saojaxo meurneobas (dekretul SvebulebaSi an bavSvis movlis
SvebulebaSi myof pirTa CaTvliT)11. var droebiT umuSevari/umuSevari
sxva (CawereT) ------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
143
danarTi 2
danarTi 2
1) sadiskusio gegma
saqarTveloSi dabrunebul emigrantebTan intervius Casatareblad
misalmeba, kvlevis miznebis gacnoba
emigraciis mokle biografia: asaki ganaTleba ojaxuri mdgomareoba,
dasaqmeba.
_ rodis wavida sazRvargareT pirvelad, romel qveyanaSi/ qalaqSi
(migraciis istoria)
_ra iyo ia ZiriTadi mizezi/mizezebi, ris gamoc gadawyviteT sazRargareT
wasvla? Tu gaixsenebT rogor miiReT es gadawyvetileba? ra ra motivebi, ra
saubrebi gaxsendebaT am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi? Tu ki_vin? (ojaxis
wevrebi, megobrebi, Tu sxva emigrantebi) Tu am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
mTeli ojaxi iyo CarTuli, visi azri aRmoCnda gadamwyveti, da ratom?
_ra argumentebi gqondaT wasvlis mxardamWeri?
_ra argumentebi gqondaT wasvlis sawinaaRmdego?
_ra iyo emiugraciis ZiriTadi mizani? (ojaxis daxmareba, axali qveynis
naxva, ganaTlebis miReba, enis Seswavla)
_ram ganapiroba saemigracio qveynis arCevani?
_nacnobebi, naTesavebi, megobrebi Tu dagexmarnen? Tu ki-vin?
_ramdernad mniSvnelovani iyo is daxmareba, rac maT aRmouCines?
Konkretulad ra saxis daxmareba iyo?
_Tu misi wasvla ama Tu im qveyanaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am daxmarebiT,
sazRvargareT rom ar yofiliyvnen ukve wasuli naTesavebi, megobrebi, an
nacnobebi, wavidoda Tu ara emigraciaSi? Tu ki _ratom?
migraciis forma_marSruti
_rogor waxvediT? (samgzavro Tanxa, vizis tipi, emigraciis marSruti)
_vizis gaketebasTan dakavSirebiT gqondaT Tu ara raime problema?
_ra Tanxa dagWirdaT gasamgzavreblad?
144
_rogori iyo samgzavro Tanxis warmomavloba? (Tu es vali iyo ra saxis?)
_qveynis SerCeva Tu iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu romel qveynis vizis
,,gakeTeba” ufro iafi jdeboda?
_sazRvargareT Tu dagxvdaT vinme nacnobi, megobari an naTesavi? Tu ki_vin?
_ucxo qveyanaSi raime daxmareba xom ar aRmogiCines? (bina, samsaxuri)
_rogori iyo es daxmareba?
_vin dagexmaraT?
_ramdenad xangrZlivi iyo es daxmareba?
_iyvnen Tu ara im qalaqSi/sofelSi, sadac Tqven cxovrobdiT, sxva
qarTveli emigrantebi?
_adreve icnobdiT maT Tu iq gaicaniT?
_ra urTierTobebi gqondaT iqaur qarTvelebTan, kaxeTidan
emigrirebulebTan?
_rac wasuli iyaviT, daexmareT Tu ara romelime Tqvens ojaxis wevrs
naTesavs, an megobars sazRvargareT wasvlaSi?
Tu ki_vis?
_rogor da ra daxmareba aRmouCineT? (Tu daxmareba scada, magram ar
gamouvida ratom? Mizezebi?)
_visi iniciativiT moxda es?
_ramdenad xSirad ukavSirdebodiT ojaxs? Rogor ukavSirdebodiT?
_axerxebdiT Tu ara ojaxis daxmarebas? Ra saxis daxmareba iyo es?
(yovelTviuri met-naklebad stabiluri Tanxa, nivTieri, investicia)?
_raSi da rogor ixarjeboda es daxmareba?
_iyo Tu ara periodi, rodesac ver axerxebdiT verafris gamogzavnas? Ra
SemTxvevaSi xdeboda es?
_Tqveni SefasebiT, sazRvargareT yofnis periodSi, ra iyo am gamocdilebis
yvelaze ufro dadebiTi mxareebi?
_ra iyo yvelaze ufro uaryofiTi mxareebi?
_Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tqveni gamocdilebis rogorc uaryofiT, aseve
145
dadebiT mxareebs, Tqveni azriT, romeli ,,gadawoni”, ra ufro meti iyo am
gamocdilebaSi?: dadebiTi mxare Tu uaryofiTi mxare? ratom?
_exla rom iRebdeT gadawyvetilebas sazRvargareT wasvlis Sesaxeb, mas
Semdeg rac ukve gaqvT sazRvargareT cxovrebisa da musaobis gamocdileba,
rogor gadawyvetilebas miiRebdiT?
_rogor fiqrobT, saboloo jamSi, Tqveni sazRvargareT wasvla da muSaoba,
piradad TqvenTvis dadebiTi gamocdileba iyo Tu uaryofiTi? ratom?
_rogor fiqrobT Tqveni sazRvargareT yofna rom ara, rogor materialur
mdgomareobaSi iqneboda Tqveni ojaxi im drois manZilze rac wasuli
iyaviT?
_rodis dabrundiT?
_ratom dabrundiT?
_mas Semdeg rac dabrundiT xom ar nanobT? Ratom?
_ras saqmianobT dabrunebis Semdeg?
_kidev xom ar fiqrobT sazRvargareT wasvlaze?
_saSualeba rom gqondeT, kidev waxvidodiT Tu ara? ratom? Tu ki-isev im
qveyanaSi, Tu sadme sxvagan? ratom?
_Tqveni nacnobebidan (kaxeTis regionidan) ramdeni qalia wasuli
saazRvargareT?
_romel qveyanaSi arian isini?
_ra asakis?
146
2) sadiskusio gegma
potenciuri emigrantebi
misalmeba, kvlevis miznebis gacnoba
(potenciuri emigranti)
_asaki, ganaTleba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, saqmianoba
(dasaqmebis istoria, muSaobda/ar muSaobda, Semosavali)
_sad daibadeT?
_xarT Tu ara saqarTvelos farglebs gareT? Tu ki- saqarTvelos farglebs
gareT cxovrebis ramdenad xangrZlivi da mniSvnelovani gamocdileba gaqvT?
_ra aris is ZiriTadi mizezebi ris gamoc Tqven gaqvT survili rom
waxvideT sazRvargareT?
_ZiriTadi mizani risTvisac gindaT wasvla. (ojaxisdaxmareba, axali
qveynaSi cxovreba, swavla).
_ramdeni xania rac gadawyvetili gaqvT, rom sazRvargareT waxvideT?
_rogor miiReT gadawyvetileba sazRvargareT gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb? (es
gadawyvetileba damoukideblad miiReT, Tu mTelma ojaxma gadawyvita?)
_ ra argumentebi iyo wasvlis mxardamWeri?
_ra argumentebi iyo wasvlis sawinaaRmdego?
_Tu am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mTeli ojaxi iyo CarTuli, visi azri
aRmoCnda gadamwyveti da ratom?
_romel qveyanaze SeCerda Tqveni arCevani?ratom? rogor moxda am qveynis
SerCeva?
_sxva ra qveynebs ganixilavdiT?
_ram ganapiroba, rom sabolood maincdamainc am qveyanaSi gadawyviteT
wasvla? (am arCevanze xom ar imoqmeda im qveyanaSi nacnobebis, megobrebis,
naTesavebis yofnam?)
_romel dasaxlebul punqtSi miemgzavrebiT? ratom/rogor moxda
konkretulad am dasaxlebuli punqtis SerCeva?
_rodis gegmavT gamgzavrebas?
_ukve Tu scadeT gamgzavreba, magram ver moaxerxeT? ra mizeziT ver
moaxerxeT?
147
_gexmarebaT Tu ara vinme gamgzavrebaSi? Tu ki_vin?
_konkretulad rogor gexmarebian? ramdenad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis es
daxmareba?
_moaxerxebdiT Tu ara sazRvargareT wasvlas es daxmareba rom ar iyos?
_sazRvargareT rom ar yofiliyvnen Tqveni axloblebi/megobrebi wasulebi,
moaxerxebdiT Tu ara wasvlas Tu gagiWirdebodaT? Tu ki/ara_ratom?
gasamgzavrebeli viza
_ukve scadeT Tu ara vizis miReba? ramdenjer?
_vizis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT Tu gqondaT rame problema? ra saxis
problema iyo? vin dagexmaraT am problemebis mogvarebaSi?
_qveynis SerCeva Tu iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli qveynis vizis
,,gakeTeba” ufro iafi jdeboda?
_ra Tanxaa saWiro gasamgzavreblad? samgzavrod saWiro Tanxis
warmomavloba? (vali?, ra saxis? ramden xanSi gegmavT am valis dabrunebas?)
_sazRvargareT dagxvdebaT Tu ara vinme nacnobi/megobari/naTesavi? Tu
ki_vin?
_rogor fiqrobT, dagexmarebian Tu ara isini binis/samsaxuris povnaSi? vin
dagexmarebaT? kerZod raSi dagexmarebian?
_arian Tu ara im qalaqSi, sadac apirebT wasvlas, qarTveli da kerZod
kaxeTidan Casuli emigrantebi?
_Tu gsmeniaT imis Sesaxeb, rom sazRvargaret wasuli Tqveni regioni, da
konkretlad Tqveni raionis emigrants daxmareba aRmoeCinos Tavisi
axloblisaTvis, megobrisaTvis, ojaxis wevrisaTvis da sxva.
_ra grZnobebi geuflebaT Tqveni emigraciis gadawyvetilebasTan
dakavSirebiT? (imedi, SiSi, dardi...)
_rodesac gamgzavrebaze fiqrobT, yvelaze metad raze dardobT, ra
gafiqrebT?
_da ra gaxarebT gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT?
_Tu SegiZliaT gviTxraT Tqveni raionis nacnobebidan daaxloebiT ramdeni
qalia wasuli sazRvargareT?
148
_romel qveyanaSi arian isini wasulebi?
_ra asakisani arian?
_Tqveni nacnobebidan (Tqvens raionSi) daaxloebiT ramden qals icnobT,
visac gadawyvetili aqvs sazRvargareT wasvla uaxloes perodSi?
_romel qveyanaSi surT wasvla?
_ra asakisani arian?
_zogi axerxebs wasvlas, zogi-vera. isini, vinc ver axerxebs wasvlas, Tqveni
azriT, ZiriTadad ris gamo ver axerxeben? ra aris xelisSemSleli
faqtori?
_rac Seexeba maT, vinc axerxebs wasvlas, Tqveni azriT, ra uwyobT xels maT
amaSi?
_bolo erTi wlis manZilze, ramdeni Tqveni nacnobi qali wavida
sazRvargareT?
_romel qveyanaSi?
_ra asakisani?