azzeze_ fekade.1991. folklore about education amharic..pdf

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  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz

    1.0.1.0. mGb>mGb>

    yz>H UT $ baR ytng aNM yng yTMHRT qmS

    SnlCN [bYT YzC QrB nW## SlTMHRT$ Sl t$ Sl mMHR

    wzt. :brsb lWN aStyT btlmT yMRMR SLC$ btlYM

    ba>NtR`>W bmuYQ (questionnaire)$ u |C b> kW UT R

    ln=R bsB yMNX as aDRg? nbR## ngR GN bTMHRT UT(MRMR)

    AkL b?tm+hF WSU bTMHRT-uqS gC Y lmjm llt

    G ytdrg LL yaStyT (yattitude) UC b>M$ y:brsbN

    aStyT u aLtgoM## b ya>T} yTMHRT mI'?Tya>T} yTMHRT mI'?T WSUM bz>H

    RAsngR Y ASN ytm mUF ylM## YHNN Lk b wdW UT

    M##

    bmjm YHNN wrqT ANT ANzj LgR## lT 20 GDM

    mT A As? kmSK kL L {l aC ysbsBcWN$

    kdBrs> lt dr T/b?T qrBklT mM C m\rT mMHR

    F ktc ysbsbLON$ A s? ktc byg>z?W gocWN$

    ASN bA AJ ygo SnlCN$ bzRF bzR klsFcW## bKLsW

    ANdyW lz>H UT m\rT yT SnlC 108 GUC (mNC)$ 39

    qLC$ 122 yangR fl>C$ 82 SC cW## b[bYT YzC RAC

    SscW dG 99 bTMHRT (bUQl) Y$ 111 bStR

    btW Y$ 25 bft Y$ 9 bmR bStR dT Y$ 53

    bt Y$ A 54 bTMHRT [YnC Y ytng cW## bANNcW SR

    N[N KFlC al## lz>H mUF SL ymrmRcW SnlC BT 351

    nW## Anz>HN l bZRZR Ayuqs Az>H mtNtN GL## Slz>H [b>Y

    td nW gocWN yTMHRTN yStRN s>NSs

    ygoTN SnlC$ kyzR UqT Ml?CN B bmUqS$ lmtNtN

    AKl## ln= ANr yT lT lTMHRT llW aN

    amlkT cW SnlCM aL aL mUqs? aYqRM##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    2

    2.2. MRMN n [b>Y PBl?MMRMN n [b>Y PBl?M

    b:brsb WSU$ bL L a$ SlTMHRT yng L L

    aStyC al## bkFt dr ytrW mY yycWN aStyT

    YsnZl## bhgCN ybzT dG dL Lut cW## yltM wgC

    B$ ST MT kg>z? wd g>z? k:brsb ylt$ ya> yL

    dC R mlwu aYqRM## ynq yTMHRT tmC SlhgcW

    yTMHRT kFt AQD wYM l>s> kWcW bT bL TT

    kucW [bYT gC mhL y"ZB aStyT SC YgocL##

    aND "ZB Slhg yTMHRT PBl?M lWN aStyT

    ymoWN ymL lWU bmuYQ A ba>NtR`>W UT bBz hgC

    ytlmd nW## kF B ANdgl+kT Nq tmC ANH YntN MRMR

    ktly {zN dGmW k>l## ba>T} WSU YHNN YnT MRMR

    ytlmd aYmSLM## YbLU QR ysoW dG b"Zb {l

    WYYT WSU l? ykstTN TMHRT-qmS SnlC bTT s>u

    almgocW nW## bGUM$ bqLD$ bQ+L SM bangR zYb? A

    Anz>HN bmsl QRC ysnz C Bz g>z? kSNs (censorship) n

    cW## b &YL& wYM b &tl& ksW sW$ kzmN zmN$ Sltl

    lmuYQ la>NtR`>W ksuT MC ytl aN GL+nT A nnT

    cW YmSL## YH TKKL kn$ bz>H mLK ysnz C TKKl A

    AWnt wdlW aStyT yqrb lmN blt mNgC ksbsbT

    aStyC ytl ADL acW lT yL YmSL## Anz>HN SnlC

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    Slk>T L L KNC byg>z?W aStycWN ANdsnZ$

    btlY k1960c jM$ TNV n B StL bmjm nW## TMHRT

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    KN Sln bTMHRT-qmS SnlC aYnT yTMHRTN

    mktL mmRmR ySgnZbNN qMngR LB lT YuQL##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    3

    SlTMHRT bUQl$ Sl mMHR$ Sl t$ A Sl ft ytngT

    SnlC s?L L$ GN dG kFt cW$ MNC yfLq$

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    &"Z& l>l yCl GMgC wYM MzC cW## bz>H +F aQb>

    aStyT ydmu ytnt AN cL yl MzC aYdlM##

    bANd Ynt hgR kl?lC yMz zC kgoW y:b

    aStyT mr ns (MLTM ytl) mr ygoW bHl WSU \R

    kgoW zll ({lT b{l) "YwT YN YqL@

    ysbsBcWN TMHRT-qmS SnlC yMtnTnW YHNN m\r

    b>R (framework) baAM Ye nW## YHNNM dRG$ aNND yYwq

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    wQT dr yw mdMd lmSuT aLM## bz>H mNdRdR

    wd Ut bqU Agl##

    3.3. SlTMHRT bUQl ytng SnlCSlTMHRT bUQl ytng SnlC

    S 01%S 01% lm\rT b?T lTMHRT {WqT (ylM)##

    S 02%S 02% Lt aWq$ Lm=wt aY=Dq##

    S 03%S 03% Y mtRM$ Ybu gM (ylM% aYLM)

    S 04%S 04% s mT kmdNR sT mT mR##

    S 05%S 05% kmuMuM mR YQdM##

    S 06%S 06% kYM rM ytr ag? YL##

    S 07%S 07% Ltr aYMRM$ Ltwqr adQM##

    kz>H bY k1-7 ytuqsT SnlC (S)(S) SlTMHRT baNnT

    ktngT mhL ytws cW## yT l mcWN kQRcW$ HcW

    (kwcW) mgmT YL## btxM yT lT mZgb T bL L

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    4

    yMl? angC SBSC WSU t+fW Ygl## Anz>H AnRsN ymslT

    yzmcW yTMHRT &l>s>& tdRgW l> YCl## ANNcWN

    lBT mkR g>z? SlfJ bUQl mgRN LMrU yktlWN

    LbL## Anz>HN angC TMHRT ysW LCN aStsB ANds$

    atcWN ANddRG$ TMHRT y"YwT y{WqT m\rT

    ANdn Ygl## btlY ymxrW angR$ TMHRT sC atY

    ANcW$ ksB{cW WSU XN (aW XN) qSbqS Aymnxq

    wL$ YqNL% R:;?N$ THTN$ mkbRN lsB{cW +L%

    y\TN | ya\cWN |RT BL yL Bu? nW## uY

    yaStsB ya\R yaR yHRY lWU ANcW kdRgT ngC

    aN TMHRT mN ytuqsT Ml?C mlKl## b7W Ml?

    ANdtuqsW wF bdNB ktwqr tGN bwg kwN YCL##

    dQL$ LL AN gRdF gRdF aDR wYM vRkT vRkT aDR

    aYtWM## TMHRT bwg ktM ygoW {WqT b|$ baStsB

    bHRY Y ySkTlW {WqT kFt mN UQs YuqL## Anz>H

    Az>H LuqScW tmY SnlC SlTMHRT m\r uq

    ytsnz aN &l>s>C& cW lT YL## kAnz>H b ymuT

    dG knz>H t yn B ST s>Stb Ygl##

    S 08%S 08% aH mC tX

    AGz> bl TMHRT m

    S 09%S 09% TMHRT klT nqR

    a?DS klT bV (WN)

    S 10%S 10% TMHRTN lfur UYT

    bRN go gnT

    S 11%S 11% TMHRTM ANd T

    V alfbT

    S 12%S 12% TMHRT y nW

    dBtR ykl> nW

    S 13%S 13% TMHRT y nW

    NGD nW

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    5

    bnz>H SDST SnlC dG TMHRT al bn mNgD tS_L##

    Anz>H wd A zmN yqRb mcW akKRM## a?DS$ bR$ VN

    y T almcW YwL## Bzc bNGGR WSU alFRT

    ANdLB mGT mlmD yjmT btlY lT 25 mT YN

    aYqRM## bnz>H mT lW ytsuW aKBTM AVll yd

    YmSL## qUR 08 A 09 TMHRTN kmQsFT knqR kmquR aLfW

    mDT kl?lW bV ka?DS R n+L## qUR 10 dG lTMHRT

    aC UYTN lbR aC dG gnTN YmL## aND t dN

    bMNXnT uQ ANlCW & g>z? T mLbS bBz wC zND

    yqRnT wYM kg>z?W R aB almmDN ybSR MLKT L##

    ANM TMHRT V lfbT S nW YlL# qUR 11M YHN nW

    ygR## bqUR 12 ymjm SNO m\rT dG mR yO (yqL) |

    tdR tS_L## bltW SNO dG dBtR Y wdKFLM YN

    wdTMHRT mD ANdz> yO ngR Sltur kvKM tmD_L##

    (UqT yYl y`RSt tC wY AcWN$ wY dG qX

    wrqT kjRcW U aDRgW AKFL s>gb yMyW lz>H YN@)##

    {WqT GoT kFt LT albT## TMHRT dG aDK aDK

    bq wrT aSgO lT AylmdbT YmSL## lmR yUrW k&k&

    (kO) tU ytlW yBz mT W Wr kTRF YN kk>

    Sltur nW## lz>H nW wd NGD | ysW sW &a& (BLU)

    ytlW## yRs | TRF s>SgO btxX YL$ YLM## bz>H Y

    bQRb Aygnn ymW yNGD YnT L &QLUF& (&L WNBD& yNbT

    g>z?M b:brsb WSU bBT YwL) SfLgL SlL wd NGD

    ygW &a& b>L aSgRMM## bz>H YnT S A KB (social image)

    ytrdW TMHRT bktlT ytM m sCytM m sC s>L AglN##

    S 14%S 14% t t lMN TC$

    ytT l yT s>wDq aC##

    S 15%S 15% kzm TMHRT | aU kfW$

    YL l>ST yuW##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    6

    S 16%S 16% r TMHRT TMHRT TMHRT MNDnW@

    A yMmoW J mDN nW##

    S 17%S 17% ASk aN BnGD kmN t$

    AN nbR tR yv>H BR ##

    S 18%S 18% aS lT xR qX klT

    nG aTR mmSrT##

    TMHRT bz>H KFL mjm Y ANduqSnW m qR y| aU

    F tS_L## ANd yTMHRT aX ytwsdW dG NGD nW##

    bSnlc WSU lmngD mR aSfLGM yL B l YmSL##

    b:brsb WSU dG$ kFt TMHRT lNGD SfLL yL B ybr

    aYdlM## Slz>HM &xR TMHRT b?T aT& ylM YmSL## btlY

    bzmn dRG y&ayR yR& NGD mST yscM bFUnT mKbR lTMHRT

    yWlWN g>z? ANdkn U zN ytS YmSL## bTMHRT rEM g>z?

    (12 mT) klF nG l b?tsB mm|rT SfLL yL BM

    alcW## l mR mjmR lTM$ MLT TR mZ$ LC

    mWlD$ b?T m|T$ mk> mGT lT l>N YCL## yg>z?W

    TkrT YH YmSL## lz>HM YL lTMHRT mrnT ysu

    GCN PlCN yNk>k>s SnlC bBT yng##

    S 19%S 19% kaSR G

    aND Gs

    S 20%S 20% klT G

    aND

    S 21%S 21% kaSR a?M a?

    aND a?M N

    S 22%S 22% kqVM Pl &AGz?R YSULO& YL##

    tM bn kmmrQ NGD WTDR ANd nW Snlc

    yuqT## ymruT yNGD YnC dG lkFt yhgR LT

    aSt+ dRl ylT Y$ N AJ wd l?W$ mNdR lmNdR

    ydrgT yTNV {C LWWC cW## ymrubTM MKNT

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    7

    lv GlsB ySgoT {l ygNzB UQM nW AN lhgR q

    mNf LT ydRgT aSt+ S aYdlM## bl? angR$ ax

    s XR g>z? tvQl bl l{l ydRS AN lzq "YwT

    LT bb RAY(vision) Y nur aYdlM lT nW## YH dG$

    b:brsb "YwT WSU by{lt kT AWn ymnx nW##

    aND l? tx nUB aNSc bz>H KFL ynWN B##

    TMHRT y"YwT alO ANdnbR y UqT SnlCN uQsN aBRtN

    nbR## ly Avt bzfnW aND zfN WSU YHN bgL= SNC

    ANH tBl nbR#-

    tR L! tR L!

    zmD wJ ylO hBT ylOM b##

    b1967 ka? Yl Ss? mNG|T kFt lSLT mhkL 60c bdRG

    s>gdl GU ll? LGUM mfuR QR Yz m\rT n ANH

    tl$

    S 23%S 23% u L! u L!

    gNzB uqM lNM aLbj$

    aN bz>H sN 60 sW aSfj##

    UqT Y dG%

    S 24%S 24% RJ L! RJ L!

    zmD wJ gNzB

    MNM ylO b! yL tfur##

    aT bhgt yTMHRT tS yru YmSL## lBz g>z?

    ANdMWqW yaC tGR ycWM yrb?T LC tGtW

    ANu mMkR brT nbR## bGU WSU ytuqsW aT GN L

    bft wQT ANXbrBR ANsRQ nW ymKrW## YH bTMHRT

    asu$ baft$ baStd buQ am AMnT kT ym$

    tS yru GylV DM+ nW## RK yvmTbT$ Aytr ft

    ylFbT Aygnn Ay s>D YT YL$ LN bl?W ywNjL

    mNgD$ lTM bg$ kKFL AKFL lF ytnW aT YHNN YntN

    MKR lL s>lGS ysW##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    8

    bQRb dG bz> ly bzFnW zfN GUM Y ytmsrt l? GUM

    tfUL##

    S 25%S 25% ZfN L! AU L!

    mR mmmR lNM aLbj##

    yhgt zC s?T tM AyqcW$ U gNzB ANdgo bsW

    yngrWN A CN$ btlYM Yl? gBrss?$ lT mT

    bgoT VLT mLM gNzB GocW nW lGU mn ynW##

    MLTM bacW lfcW zC A C b ylT bTMHRT Bz

    LgM Y YL## lz>H nW GU bW ANLFlT yflg sW

    MRWN TMHRT kdRG YLQ zfNN b>dRG ANdlW

    ANdqblWM yuqmW##

    4.4. SlmMHR ytng SnlCSlmMHR ytng SnlC

    bSBSb WSU SlStR SlmMHR ytng SnlC bqUR

    kFtc ANd bz>H +F mjm Y ktuqsT aC mgNzB

    YL## SltlW$ SltqW A KB SlwrdW mMHR ytgT Bz

    cW## TR s>$ wJ s>$ ws>B s>$ LJ mWlD s> Nk>k?sL##

    kARs R ywdR :brs KBR LnbcW Yq

    s>UlT Ygl## bdz ZQtnT YHM bSkTlW N yvnF

    TGl YgUbL##

    blSnt ywqW$ baqnt baStO gb>W YkbR

    lTR YmrU ynbrW mMHR aN k{rg wR nW ytlW##

    S 26%S 26% by g uJ YNRR$

    b g aUNT YqRqR##

    S 27%S 27% aND dL yngrHN ANd aTH$

    lT yngrHN ANdfH aKBrW##

    S 28%S 28% vW TRNbl? m BR lW$

    aMWN sUL aMW g nW$

    YxMRLL mcM dG nW##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    9

    Anz>HN bmsl mNC mMH s>wdS Bz zmN YL## ykbR

    yAWqT MNX tdR nbR yyW## YT aUq bn ab>M kf

    R l bDFrT s>nR YL## bgb>WM b>N yQ aLnbrM##

    kTl> (l>b>) ytmls wdC UrW ymuTN gNzB ksbW bY

    wu SlnbR mMHNM bgNzB awcW knRs R bwQt Sltmsl$

    ANdnRs TRNbl? Aytl Yu nbR## btlY kzmn dRG bT$ bKrMT

    wT TMHRT b?C s>zg yguR mMHN aS abN YwRT nbR lT

    YL## ktW l? "YwT nbR ygoW## btlY ls?t aC

    bkFlT gNzB lnRsM n ldcW ll?lC sC blSnT

    bBzT ytn &GNLBS& yL SM wUcW ANdnbR ywq nW##

    AWnTM$ AnRs s>mu$ lsq$ lbb?t$ laLb?RW$ l>STW$ &y

    Bu?W&(lo) wzt. l nbR yLFlT lT YL## bBT bkt

    WSU msxcWN lmGl+M &KrMT aGb>& yL SMM wUcW nbR##

    btxM#-

    S 29%S 29% aSt ND`R/wN SR/ g>Rg>S b> /yYgbbT ylM##

    bl angc Ydnq Ymsg nbR## tfg> SlnbM#-

    S 30%S 30% y V k! k!

    wsdV aSt!! Aytl YguMcW nbR##

    AdR GN btlY k20 A 25 mT wH$ k:brsb yfLq

    Ml? NGGC$ LGUC$ qLc SC lStR llW

    YsU ynbrW aKBT aDT AVll ANdd mlKl## y1966

    aB ANQSs? GB Slnbr Bz UqC kyaQW bGBnT

    Ysnz nbR## yANQSs?W mC cWM bnz>H UqC aStyC

    bGBnT ym nb## Slz>H bymSk$ LL cW sC

    ltWN$ a>WN# TMHRTN btmlkt ytl CN MKCN

    bGBnT Aylgs BW ylcN YN go WC tws$

    l>s>C trqq aC w## bz>H mkL bz>HM MKNT b:brsb

    WSU Bz yAs?T(yvalue) mT mUL## TMHRTM bBz mNgD bGB

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    10

    WC mt yqrlT aYmSLM## Lslu mMHN bmMHRnT

    | mmdB$ yTMHRT mC AUrT$ ySt mHFT azgjT

    DKmT byg>z?W mlwU$ yTMHRT KFlC mbB ymMHN dZ

    A mjmW Y TMHRT b?C ytl ylt bDC m

    mcW% bM DW YKtR$ DW mMHR$ DW spRYzR

    DW t LkdT yTMHRT b?tsC R Bz g>z? WSU WSuN

    mcW Sm% Anz>H l?lC PBl?C tdMrW yTMHRTN

    ymMHNN UT yrvcW YmSL##

    TMHRT MN HL ANdtNss kz>H bY tmLKtL## kz>H qUlN

    ymMHN A fN ANlN## k 111 SnlC WSU Az>H qRB yMClW

    AJG UqcN mN aNM SgNzB tgb> YmSlL##

    S 31%S 31% m lT m s>w frS$

    bm tvu ysW asS##

    bzmn dRG ymjm mT TMHRTN lXqC bST bhgt

    WSU lrS bL mR" ytmruW aN mNgD &yD mMHN&N

    bBT mQuR nbr ## aS lt KFL lxrs$ MNM l? LMD ll?cW

    wC y SLu Ysu$ b100 BR dZ Ayqu byguR TMHRT

    b?C scW nbR## Anz>H wC GN W yuYqWN G bTKKL

    l>l aLlM nbR## btlY kz>H g>z? jM LL SnlC kW R

    tYzW bBT mFlQ yjm YmSlL## ymMHRnT M & yO&

    YL YjML## ymMH q m| b?TM &UNB aN& mL yjmrW

    bz> ab> YmSlL## bS 31 WSU &ysW asS& ytlWM yDW

    mMHR m nW##

    S 32%S 32% b b>u b$

    | b>u D ytlWM YHN Zqt drWN

    lgT nW## tqW As N aN m b> ygbT mN nW

    ygL=W##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    11

    &gRL& Al StR ynbrbTN &jRL& Al St ytngrlTM

    Y,W yD mMHR nW## qL lT &`REC& (versions) alT## lg>z?W

    aNN kz>H bC AuQl##

    S 33%S 33% yD mMH ANGl>Z AStr l a>NSpKtR

    l>gmGmW YgL##

    mMHR#- &jRL!&

    tC#- &jRL!& NDnT##

    mMHR#- &jRL!&

    tC#- &jRL!& NDnT##

    yTMHRT KFl g>z?W aL kKFL s>wu a>NSpKt$ &lMN

    *jRL* ALK StMlH@& YlL## AWX bmST

    yTMHRtN aD Ys ynbr nR mMHR ya>NSpKtN

    Uq &D bm BR dmwZ &gRL& Bl l>StMR L@&

    Bl tVqD YmLL##

    ND bkL dz Sns aW mU TMHRT StML lT l>N

    s>CL% bl? bkL dG S MN aW bTKKL StML$ yDW

    mMHR AWqt Bt YrW nW* yStMR lTM l>N YCL##

    kltM FcC yMNgnzbW m u$ Lslu sCN bZQt dZ

    qU ANStM DrG yTMHRTN UT Tj bn mNgD mZqU

    ANjMR ymjmWN ARM mWsD mjmN nW## kz>H ab> jM

    ngC Aytwsb yTMHRT gYM Aytmsql yd YmSL## ymMHN

    SM KBR yql SnlC bBT mFlQ YjMl##

    S 34%S 34% aSt CR u

    S 35%S 35% yaSt dZ kLd ASk

    S 36%S 36% yaSt NBrT T NU nW##

    S 37%S 37% bb? b>sU aStC

    aWPN kmWsD aYmlsM

    S 38%S 38% yaSt TR$ s?T ylT wR ArFt

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    12

    GNLv dg mMHR CR u YL YjML## ydzM AD

    ST qN B YL## BDR$ b?$ L mT ysBAW g+C

    Aytdrg Ywsl## ADlN go aWPNM ANdbdR tuQ

    YgUbL## bSM &S 39%S 39% ANd aSt dZ mD DRGH& yL

    ARGN YwbL## ysB ClWN AWqtNM yUl &S 40%S 40%

    abKrW mcW kaStCMM qMngR aYuM&N ymsl angC

    aL aL YsnzbL## &yAWqT aT& tBl YkbR ynbrW% ANdW

    bLG YN kLB &ytr YGdlO!& bL angR AWqt YdnQ ynbrW

    mMHR nW YH A ydrsW## Azqzq ydW S KB &S 41%S 41%

    mMHR kmN$ YL mlmN& N ASqdm% &S 42%S 42% aSt kGT

    mQrT&N% &S 43%S 43% yA V TbL A! wsT aSt&N% A &SS

    44%44% lmMHR kmWlD YL SwrDN& ymslTN ASktl b:b

    "YwtM ytg ytgll dRgW YgL## bBz qLCM$ aNNc

    lMNM B TCT b XMR Aytng sBAWN WN

    dqscL## UqcN laBnT uQv? tnG yLQ yYmSlON ymMHR

    qmS-SnL Stwq B##

    S 45%S 45% uq#-uq#- mMHN ANd hk>M nX N ylBsT

    lMNDnW@

    mV#-mV#- yscWN q lmvfN##

    S 46% S 46% lT dC kaND `Rst$ kaND yTMHRT KFL

    tmRqW aN ayR mNgD$ l?W TMHRT StR

    Ymdl## klT mT b s>go$ ayR mNgD

    ytmdbW TMHRT StR ytmdbWN$ &AN!

    MNDnW@ ASN | agoHM AN@& alW YL##

    YW$ ayR mNgW ymMHN albS gU mL aStWl

    ytgrW m nW## yqL M$ tmY A yMSKR wrqT

    cW z?C btl ymNGST mS b?C$ aN kF l?W ZQ l

    dZ mqucWN$ yS yKFN almmuN muM mtcT

    nW##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    13

    S 47%S 47% TMHRT b btlFbT g>z? yW mMHR Sl L

    L yBR C s>StMR YY$ lKFl mMHR &AK

    mMHR! ym BR Wu ltc cW!& YL##

    ng G ygW mMHR$ bLb$ &ym BR T@ WM

    b28@& YL% ltc dG qLuF YL$ yWN

    mMHR angR ASmsl$ &tC! Ab?C STgb

    aC ym BR T ANC uYq!& YcL##

    aN fN t$ &tcR! y aTM aSt nW A!&

    al YL##

    LVV s>L AN mvV ANLl$ W ynW ft b:brs

    W WSU B ytwsn YN AStMRbT KFL WSUM ANdktlW

    ANgnzlN## mMH GN N lT ylWN l s>dRG YL##

    yktlW qLD YHNN YuqL##

    S 48%S 48% kmMHN sLu tmR AguR mmdB ytlmd nW##

    kMQ mMHN mhkL s?CM Sl wNC kAnRs R

    lmmdB CN ml## W yltN dZ

    aM L l mR nW## D$ QDm WN

    lmcT yflg MQ$ qLb rfTN MQ mMHRT

    mZ alm_N lrgU$ &mcM x nW$ R RV

    (404V) nW@& aT YL##

    mMH$ 404 btlW ymk> L SR tvV yTR Sl

    Drg nW## kqW ylt dZ DMR 404 (202+202) BR SlN

    ytl Yl lT nW## YHNN Ynt UrT adrjT &G bz&M

    YL## MKNtM ylt dZ DMR bg>z?W knbrW klG dZ R

    SlqrB nW##

    L L sC s?T a b?T ldR btl g>z?T dW bR

    s>Nk btscW mLSM mMH K s>L YL##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    14

    S 49%S 49% ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !

    s?T a#-s?T a#- aNt nH@

    ANG#-ANG#- A GBR

    s?T a#-s?T a#- G$ y N##

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    ANG#-ANG#- W LT

    s?T a#-s?T a#-G$ yA AT##

    ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !

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    ANG#-ANG#- A l>ST

    s?T a#-s?T a#-G b##

    ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !

    s?T a#-s?T a#-aNt nH@

    ANG#-ANG#- aSt

    s?t a#- s?t a#- R bL kd$ aNT CR u##

    lBR$ ng M a##

    b:brsB aT aStyT b| uY ytn ZQ tdR

    yMTgMtW s?T a UllC## YBS ygRmW Zqt gb> alW

    tBl btlM lgmtW$ ll>ST ysuCWN HL KBR STsuW

    almgo nW##

    S 50%S 50% tW kKFL qR bGSt YmL##

    mMHR#-mMHR#- TNt lMN qrH@

    t#-t#- s U SLdrq nW tcR

    bGSt ANdg qR bqUlW qN YmL##

    mMHR#-mMHR#- TNT dG lMN qrH@

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    15

    tt- - wd TMHRT b?T Sm yARS s U

    tsQl Sy nW tcR!##

    bmjmW qN yqrW tW mlw s Sll?lW s>N$

    bltW qN dG yqrW mMH mlw aYrWM Bl m nW##

    bz>H YnT$ tW mMHN ydFRbT bmMH yqLDbT l

    &yTMHRt UT drS bMN SnSRT YubL@& Bl muyQ SfLL##

    ARGU kz>H ys$ ySnSRT gDlTN ySl SnlC al## bngCN Y

    ymMHN MGR mT y mcWNM muM tgb> nW##

    S 51%S 51% aND mMHR ymBR l>bO yL## Aytzwr

    byhWLt Y Slc ytTN +C s>nB%

    mjm$ &PsR Agl? btwl baMST mcW

    t& yL UmL## ALF ANl dG$ &KtR

    Agl? btwl baT mcW t& yL nL## G

    YgW$ wduqW $ &aND sW PsR kn

    ANT baMST mt t YL@& Bl YuYqL##

    CG ygW uqWM$ &yfW* dH ybT

    zmN AN ktwl jM lW aYdlM& Bl

    YmLSlL## aNM YS YdgR$ &aN A mMHR

    nO! ng BT MN tBl l>F nW@& YlL## uqWM$

    &mMHR Agl? ANdtwl t tBl YL& alW

    YL##

    kz>H bY SlmMH btngT al SnlC Y tRkT ngR

    lnN B$ &A mMHN tbDlL!& llT fLg? aYdlM## NN

    mgR Sflg bl? mDrK YngL AN bMRMR g WSU twV

    aYDbsbSM## qdM B ANduMkT$ kSBSc aBc bmMHN Y

    aTkrW$ ANdg aBc ymMHN mdS mQ yws Sl nW

    AnsN akT mUqs?## YN$ ymMHN dZ btxmr g>z? YHN

    aSmLK ytng UqT SnlC bSBSb WSU mcWN gL laBnT

    HL yktlTN SfR mLM YL##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    16

    S 52%S 52% Qb? tQb? t

    gE#-gE#- ASt kz>HW Sx>O!!!... sL@

    X#-X#- aN!... SNT k>l@

    gE#-gE#- rNv>*t!!!... aND n! ... yaSt ST

    msLkV*N@!

    S 53%S 53% uq#uq#- dmwZ txmr al## SNT nC@

    mV#-mV#- SMNT m sN

    uq#-uq#- YH MN dmwZ nW!@ ...byw AqB AytqbLN

    nW blO AN!

    5. Slt ft ytng SnlC5. Slt ft ytng SnlC

    Sl t ktngT SnlC gLtW yT LL HRY l

    GlsC ytsu SC$ tM MNM yr qMngR Y SLdrsW TWLD

    A Sl ft ytsnzT cW## bz>H +F ktM m sC A kft

    R ktzT UqT ANmlklN##

    S 54%S 54% tMrN nbr ASk aS lt%

    nN qrN AN yqN \t##

    S 55%S 55% tM nbr ASk SMNt%

    ST AMb> alO aR Lt##

    S 56%S 56% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

    nN qrN AN ybC Ar##

    S 57%S 57% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

    nN qrN AN ymlk> ##

    S 58% S 58% tMrN tMrN | goN%

    r MN ANN f aND blN##

    S 59%S 59% AT at bSNQ aScG

    MN AkFL YN S aLZ A

    S 60%S 60% ANdb bmR lFtN

    wY sRtN aLbN wY gR aLRN

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    17

    S 61%S 61% ytr$ lF qr##

    S 62%S 62% tMrN nbr ASk aSlT

    zO nN qrN byarqW b?T

    S 63%S 63% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%

    nN qrN AN ybC Ar##

    ybC ArS wM gL$

    y mR ANW kl YBL##

    kz>H bY sfRcW zuO SnlC tW agl Bl ymoW

    (what he aspires) yuBqW | y dr yHLM QeT ANdbT

    l## ytr sW ymNG|T b> tq$ vM$ l>KtR$ R$

    a>NnR$ YlT$ L wzt. lmN AN yqN \t$ ybC Ar$

    ymuU b?T aZ lmN aYmOM## kF BlN buqScW GUC GN

    AWnW sbW bM YRL## kaS lt KFL b$ xR | aU

    mNglLM ANl SNc Yuql## bz>H ytuW t B YN

    :brsbM YHNN aO YtL##

    S 64% S 64% aRM ANYb A lsls

    nG ANYb gbW rks

    ANGH t lqW drs

    S 65%S 65% tMrW tMrW kxrs bY

    nW Yql ysfR aWdLY

    tM A$ AmNgD Y A bAysq dF bfssW wT aNdbT

    b:brsb aNdbT SltW bz>H YnT yngT SnlC Bz cW##

    D$ qUcW b SBSB WSU Bz YNM aNND mFT'? ysnZ

    SnlCM al##

    S 66%S 66% AJH YLmD QUq GBR

    qlM r aM##

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    18

    YHNN bz>H ANg tW SlTMHRT lWN aStyT Slft

    bgrW bkL bUqt ANSlN##

    S 67%S 67% TK qbl? yslTN aWQM##

    YH aL$ btlY bzmn dRG$ qbl? WSU glgl sC$ Bz g>z?$

    Ywql$ s>kM Yksl% agLglcWM tgb>W aYsuWM kL

    GMT tnS$ yTK ftM bdNB aUNtW lFtW b>sM ygcWN

    Wu?T ltfc aYsUM nW ylW ## tfo lgoW Zqt Wu?T

    ywQsW ftWN nW## Slz>H ftWN bmlkT tfc Q

    ytmbT aStyT ANcW GU YuqL lT YL## ftWN

    bDF YtC AN ymt nUb GN MN ANdn bWL aYwQM##

    S 68%S 68% lmR KFL mGT$

    lmrJ T mBT##

    S 69%S 69% lmR KFL mGT$

    llF T mBT##

    Anz>H lT ytl `REC (versions) aND nUB Y nW

    ytkT## m\r zlq {WqT lGoT yfLg TMHRT b?T

    dW$ AKFL l? Aytgo AN% ft llF sRtk?T BB

    lGoT yv dG lmrJ anU yyT ClcWN lrgU T

    ANbl ymK cW##

    bmMHRnT Y ytsnW ANdMWqW qUcW UqT

    yYL tC m+hF dBtcWN l>u qR bwgM s>Y_cW

    aYM## aNND BUSV wrqT As ARcW WSU vguW Am

    KFL b?tmHFT s>gbM Yl## lTMHRT cWN FQR bTMHRT

    AglN BlW tS ydRgTN ngR l by{lt yT &TMHRT

    xrs& ylT wNDcW kWScW aUcW dN yl?V

    tS-b>S drcW YmSL## bz>H bl?lC MKNC tgFtW YL

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    19

    tG kmR YLQ tG yft l SLCN AmFuR Y s>tk

    ygoT##

    YH TkrT#-

    S 70%S 70% kzlM UT

    ND qN YN UT N

    S 71%S 71% mT kUT

    uW mQT N

    S 72%S 72% bY yts

    yLb drs N

    S 73%S 73% mftN GCN b>N

    mrJ GN Ks> mBCN nW N

    S 74%S 74% l?N t AN tft alM N bmslT mfK

    cW angC yjb nW##

    kz>H bY k351 SBSC 74t XR TNtC R qRbL##

    kl?lC$ TMHRT-uqS :brs aStyCN (social attitudes to or perceptions

    of education) bl? z(method) ku |C R An= (compare

    Adrg) A Al= (contrast Adrg) UtN bR SfLL## bz>H

    wrqT MKNT SnL LL :brs KNCN (lT TMHRTN$

    u?N$ ARN$ FTHN$ ltN$ "YwTN uY) bywQt ANdgL+$

    ANdwDS$ ANdtC aNBN ktgnzb$ wrqt SnL ltmY

    UC u MNX mN ltmC ySgNzB GbN ANdm

    AUrl## aNb>c$ bytsCbT | yUCN SnlC

    yngCN sW$ ysCbTN qN$ ytngrbTN MKNT xMC

    uC qUR lmmZgB ywsCM n sC C dG dS

    DRB YL## yTMHRT MRMR dC (mNGST$ yGL DRJC

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    20

    mNGS L DRJC) YH PjKT kR dR baR bANGl>Z

    T bhgR WSU khgR WX l tmC aNb>C ANrS

    b>dRg dG u YmSlL## lg>z?W$ bz>H wrqT WSU kSnlc

    ymnX l? mdMd lQrB aLKRM## +N kmdMd bT GN

    bVGGR mNGSt yTMHRT ySLu l>s> (1986) Y A &ba>T}

    yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd dNB&(1990) WSU StLkTN

    aND b>Y KFtT bTHT AgLl##

    b auY yTMHRT ySLu l>s>WauY yTMHRT ySLu l>s>W &mGl& WSU

    &yTMHRT aN "RY m\r AWqT bSxbU$ bGlsBM n

    b:BrtsB yCGR fcnT aQMN$ ClN HLN LbT nW& YL

    &yhgCN TMHRT bGT bdT ANM bWu?T s>Y tC

    tgb>WN TMHRT qSmW yCGR fcnT HRYN ClN ANlBT /Sic/

    aSClacL llT aSdFRM& s>L YtL## X ynbrW yTMHRT

    Bz DKmC ANdnbT gL yDKmc MNC |Rt TMHRt$

    yTMHRT asU aqrb$ lTMHRT LT ySfLgT LL wx>C

    almT l?lC WSBSB CGCN lmFT ySCL l>s> almR

    mcWN YzrZL## bA yGL MLkM n$ bsbsBcW TMHRT-qmS

    SnlC WSU yWN TMHRTN A yStR N yNSs :brs

    aStyCN yDKmT MNC aDR bGL+ bL TkrT asFRMbGL+ bL TkrT asFRM##

    b:brsCN WSU lTMHRT$ lt$ lmMHR YsU ynbrW aKBT

    lMN AVll m@ bmMHRnT lmsLuN ymuT sC AWqT

    uQ Cl wd HKM$ MHNDS$ "G A wdmslT C

    kT R s>n=R AMN dr Y YgL@ wdnz>H C bggT

    kRT wdTMHRT ynT {WqT uQ Cl ns kn YH

    lMN n@ W bz>H kqul Anz>H &sLUnW& dW yStMcW

    tC MN YnT Yl@ yUqc sNslT tzRG yLQ YnT

    aYdlM## aND aSc azT WSU ygN YmSlL## lTMHRT UT

    dr VLL aN [b>Y MKNT TMHRT yTMHRT lW

    bmNG|T m| b?C A kz>M b:brsb WSU AytscW ymW

    Zqt l bl>s>W WSU YH [b>Y nUB bL TkrT GLULU

    Bl s>ngR ymFT'? BM s>uMbT aYYM## yTMHRT N

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    21

    lL y:brsbN$ ytWN$ ymMHN A ykFt lSLTN

    atY aN bn mNgD mlwU SfLG YmSlL##

    &ba>T} yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd&ba>T} yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd

    dNB&dNB& WSU aMST [bYT C sFrL## c &TMHRT kzm

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    ba+NT mlKl## ymtd dNb Anz>H aMST C AWSu

    btzrzT 10 tGT ANdkwM bGL+ aSFL## y:b C

    tGT s> bM YRl$ YSl## nbcW l btGR tf+mW

    lyT YmL B aSl## y:b aT btzrzT C

    tGT unT yM l mLN kmmoT yybkcWNM

    aStI kDrG l? yubQcW Bz l aYmSlOM##

    YN AN$ bmtd dNb &mGb>&$ &C& A b&tGC& WSU

    bwWL N bwWL N bGL+ bTlTbGL+ bTlT l>ngR yg ymSlO [b>Y nUB

    kF B kTMHRT l>s>W R aYe yuqST nW## btz mNgD

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    bmMHRnT$ btnT$ baStdR A bMRMR ytsN sC byg>z?W

    SNwY yMnWN yWN SM (a>J) badY mRkS A

    ylWNM SM (a>J) y dr mrD kF B ANdgl+kT FNTW

    tBl ANND [b>Y PBl?M aLtuqsM## yW tm ( SL

    G b>L ngng lt nW!!!!)$ YHNN PBl?M aUN nW "Brtsb

    &tgb>WN GNb? ANgO& mR lbT## mNG|TM yubQbTN

    aSfg>WN aStd ARM% mg BzNM yWN ylWN

    kFt KBR ywQ ARM ANwS bUT Y tm|R

    YmSlL dG SrT A mwTwTM lbT## bA aStyT YHNN

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    22

    PBl?M lmFT ASN ktdrgW yq UrT ScY Ltdrg BzcN

    y:bN C tGC b| mtRM AJG YkBL## ARGU$

    WN lWN aSmLK kz>H bY ytuqsT aSk aZC

    Ayts dW$ bg hgCN WSU$ bAWqCN nS B$ zm QO

    tgEC C ANNN yyClCNN HL SB mf=M yTMHRT

    tmC gY B YN yhgt Nq z?C bl nW##

    bmxrM$ YHNN wrqT + yTMHRT tmC "bR zjW

    NfrNS qrBkT b$ &Quality Education in Ethiopia- Visions for the 21st century

    yL ba NfrNS Y yqrb yUT +C SBSB WSU k UT R

    bqU ytgo ngR SfLG goT YHNN +F BT tgb> YmSlL##

    bPs>Ng (Proceedings) WSU TMHRTN$ mMHNN$ tN A TMHRT-

    qmS PBl?CN bmlkT :brsCN lWN aStyT ba>NtR`>WM

    n bmuYQ (questionnaire)$ wYM bltM mNgC u mUF

    agoM## YN AN aW NGGR (Keynote speech) drgT sC mhkL

    aN$ yaS ab `Rs>t Pz>NT KtR (aN PsR) gs? av$

    ktgT kz>H +F R bqU yZ nUB al## yRcW aW NGGR

    kTMHRT PBl?C aWWN agL uq$ YH PBl?M Ltdmu

    ys CGR WSU ANdMNgM amLKL YHN L bL uQv? abl%

    Another issue that is closely linked to the attainment of quality, effectivenessand efficiency is the importance of recognition by all concerned to give theteaching profession its appropriate and respectful plae in the society. It isvery dismaying to notice that the days that the teacher was a respectedmember of a soceity have gone into history. Qualified and experiencedteachers are constantly looking for other better-paying jobs. The bitter fact isthat most are not proud of their profession. We cannot think of improvingeducational quality if most of our teachers are disinterested in their jobs. Ipersonally am very much scared when I notice that graduating students inteacher education program are not keen enough to be teachers and wouldrather get other jobs. In addition to creating good working environments forteachers that gives[sic] them a feeling of satisfaction and that makes[sic] thembelieve that they are somehow contributing to the development of theircountry, making teaching a better-paying profession is a point that should not

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    23

    be overlooked. Investing in the future of our country is best achievedby investing in the education of the young generation.

    Introducing and maintaining quality, thus, requires a multi-facetedapproach. This will definitely, make education more expensive for the user orthe provider or for both. I remember a poster I read sometimes ago. IFYOU THINK EDUCATION IS EXPENSIVE, TRY IGNORANCE. Iwish we could have other alternatives. (Mogessie,1998:9. Emphasis mine)

    ________________________

    YH mUF$ b Non-formal Education in Ethiopia: An Overview of the CurrentSituation. WSU TL## mzRZW mr yktlW nW## (Proceedings ofthe National Conference on the Situation of Non-Formal Education in Ethiopia, 12-13 March1999, School of Graduate Studies Hall, Addis Ababa.). Edited by Habtamu Wondimu,Habtegiorgis Berhane, and Wanna Leka. Printed by AAU Printing Press, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia, 1999.

  • baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC

    fd azzfd azz 19911991

    24

    UQS (UQS (Reference) -bzmN QdM tktL) -bzmN QdM tktL

    ba>T} yVGGR mNGST yuQY STR I/b?T$ y:b aStdR

    gY zRF$ n's? 1985$ auY yTMHRT SLu rqQ l>s>

    B$ UZ lT$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##

    ya>T} yVGGR mNG|T$ mb>T 1986$ auY yTMHRT y|Lu

    l>s>$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##

    Transitional Government of Ethiopia, Septemebr 1994, Education Sector Strategy. Addis

    Ababa: EMPDA.

    Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 1994, Education and Training Policy. Addis Ababa:

    EMPDA.

    ba>T} yTMHRT tmC HbR /a>Tt/ mtd dNB$

    :| 1990$ aS ab## 15 g+## bStNSL tqR yt##

    Mogessie Ashenafi, A University Perspective on Quality Education (a Keynote speech), in

    Amare Asgedom et.al. (eds), 1998. Quality of Education in Ethiopia: Visions for the 21st

    century. Proceedings of National conference Held in Awassa College of Teacher

    Education 12-18 July 1998. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Univeristy Press.