azzeze_ fekade.1991. folklore about education amharic..pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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1.0.1.0. mGb>mGb>
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SnlCN [bYT YzC QrB nW## SlTMHRT$ Sl t$ Sl mMHR
wzt. :brsb lWN aStyT btlmT yMRMR SLC$ btlYM
ba>NtR`>W bmuYQ (questionnaire)$ u |C b> kW UT R
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AkL b?tm+hF WSU bTMHRT-uqS gC Y lmjm llt
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kdBrs> lt dr T/b?T qrBklT mM C m\rT mMHR
F ktc ysbsbLON$ A s? ktc byg>z?W gocWN$
ASN bA AJ ygo SnlCN$ bzRF bzR klsFcW## bKLsW
ANdyW lz>H UT m\rT yT SnlC 108 GUC (mNC)$ 39
qLC$ 122 yangR fl>C$ 82 SC cW## b[bYT YzC RAC
SscW dG 99 bTMHRT (bUQl) Y$ 111 bStR
btW Y$ 25 bft Y$ 9 bmR bStR dT Y$ 53
bt Y$ A 54 bTMHRT [YnC Y ytng cW## bANNcW SR
N[N KFlC al## lz>H mUF SL ymrmRcW SnlC BT 351
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td nW gocWN yTMHRTN yStRN s>NSs
ygoTN SnlC$ kyzR UqT Ml?CN B bmUqS$ lmtNtN
AKl## ln= ANr yT lT lTMHRT llW aN
amlkT cW SnlCM aL aL mUqs? aYqRM##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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2.2. MRMN n [b>Y PBl?MMRMN n [b>Y PBl?M
b:brsb WSU$ bL L a$ SlTMHRT yng L L
aStyC al## bkFt dr ytrW mY yycWN aStyT
YsnZl## bhgCN ybzT dG dL Lut cW## yltM wgC
B$ ST MT kg>z? wd g>z? k:brsb ylt$ ya> yL
dC R mlwu aYqRM## ynq yTMHRT tmC SlhgcW
yTMHRT kFt AQD wYM l>s> kWcW bT bL TT
kucW [bYT gC mhL y"ZB aStyT SC YgocL##
aND "ZB Slhg yTMHRT PBl?M lWN aStyT
ymoWN ymL lWU bmuYQ A ba>NtR`>W UT bBz hgC
ytlmd nW## kF B ANdgl+kT Nq tmC ANH YntN MRMR
ktly {zN dGmW k>l## ba>T} WSU YHNN YnT MRMR
ytlmd aYmSLM## YbLU QR ysoW dG b"Zb {l
WYYT WSU l? ykstTN TMHRT-qmS SnlC bTT s>u
almgocW nW## bGUM$ bqLD$ bQ+L SM bangR zYb? A
Anz>HN bmsl QRC ysnz C Bz g>z? kSNs (censorship) n
cW## b &YL& wYM b &tl& ksW sW$ kzmN zmN$ Sltl
lmuYQ la>NtR`>W ksuT MC ytl aN GL+nT A nnT
cW YmSL## YH TKKL kn$ bz>H mLK ysnz C TKKl A
AWnt wdlW aStyT yqrb lmN blt mNgC ksbsbT
aStyC ytl ADL acW lT yL YmSL## Anz>HN SnlC
lrEM mT sSB yyT y:brsB aT SlcW bmhkcW
Slk>T L L KNC byg>z?W aStycWN ANdsnZ$
btlY k1960c jM$ TNV n B StL bmjm nW## TMHRT
k:brs KNC aN MLTM l:b lG LT W
KN Sln bTMHRT-qmS SnlC aYnT yTMHRTN
mktL mmRmR ySgnZbNN qMngR LB lT YuQL##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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SlTMHRT bUQl$ Sl mMHR$ Sl t$ A Sl ft ytngT
SnlC s?L L$ GN dG kFt cW$ MNC yfLq$
auN yTMHRT dT bb> btuW aStyT ygmG cW
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l?lC aStyC yStR ymR dtN lL UrT s>drG aBrW
l> ygcW KBdT yns$ btlY bA AN bmsl hgC dG$
&"Z& l>l yCl GMgC wYM MzC cW## bz>H +F aQb>
aStyT ydmu ytnt AN cL yl MzC aYdlM##
bANd Ynt hgR kl?lC yMz zC kgoW y:b
aStyT mr ns (MLTM ytl) mr ygoW bHl WSU \R
kgoW zll ({lT b{l) "YwT YN YqL@
ysbsBcWN TMHRT-qmS SnlC yMtnTnW YHNN m\r
b>R (framework) baAM Ye nW## YHNNM dRG$ aNND yYwq
ngC b> lmLkT$ bTMHRT lC$ tmC bl|LC
:l> WSU lT mSC aNNcN lmKfT AKR ANdn AN bz>H
wQT dr yw mdMd lmSuT aLM## bz>H mNdRdR
wd Ut bqU Agl##
3.3. SlTMHRT bUQl ytng SnlCSlTMHRT bUQl ytng SnlC
S 01%S 01% lm\rT b?T lTMHRT {WqT (ylM)##
S 02%S 02% Lt aWq$ Lm=wt aY=Dq##
S 03%S 03% Y mtRM$ Ybu gM (ylM% aYLM)
S 04%S 04% s mT kmdNR sT mT mR##
S 05%S 05% kmuMuM mR YQdM##
S 06%S 06% kYM rM ytr ag? YL##
S 07%S 07% Ltr aYMRM$ Ltwqr adQM##
kz>H bY k1-7 ytuqsT SnlC (S)(S) SlTMHRT baNnT
ktngT mhL ytws cW## yT l mcWN kQRcW$ HcW
(kwcW) mgmT YL## btxM yT lT mZgb T bL L
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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yMl? angC SBSC WSU t+fW Ygl## Anz>H AnRsN ymslT
yzmcW yTMHRT &l>s>& tdRgW l> YCl## ANNcWN
lBT mkR g>z? SlfJ bUQl mgRN LMrU yktlWN
LbL## Anz>HN angC TMHRT ysW LCN aStsB ANds$
atcWN ANddRG$ TMHRT y"YwT y{WqT m\rT
ANdn Ygl## btlY ymxrW angR$ TMHRT sC atY
ANcW$ ksB{cW WSU XN (aW XN) qSbqS Aymnxq
wL$ YqNL% R:;?N$ THTN$ mkbRN lsB{cW +L%
y\TN | ya\cWN |RT BL yL Bu? nW## uY
yaStsB ya\R yaR yHRY lWU ANcW kdRgT ngC
aN TMHRT mN ytuqsT Ml?C mlKl## b7W Ml?
ANdtuqsW wF bdNB ktwqr tGN bwg kwN YCL##
dQL$ LL AN gRdF gRdF aDR wYM vRkT vRkT aDR
aYtWM## TMHRT bwg ktM ygoW {WqT b|$ baStsB
bHRY Y ySkTlW {WqT kFt mN UQs YuqL## Anz>H
Az>H LuqScW tmY SnlC SlTMHRT m\r uq
ytsnz aN &l>s>C& cW lT YL## kAnz>H b ymuT
dG knz>H t yn B ST s>Stb Ygl##
S 08%S 08% aH mC tX
AGz> bl TMHRT m
S 09%S 09% TMHRT klT nqR
a?DS klT bV (WN)
S 10%S 10% TMHRTN lfur UYT
bRN go gnT
S 11%S 11% TMHRTM ANd T
V alfbT
S 12%S 12% TMHRT y nW
dBtR ykl> nW
S 13%S 13% TMHRT y nW
NGD nW
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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bnz>H SDST SnlC dG TMHRT al bn mNgD tS_L##
Anz>H wd A zmN yqRb mcW akKRM## a?DS$ bR$ VN
y T almcW YwL## Bzc bNGGR WSU alFRT
ANdLB mGT mlmD yjmT btlY lT 25 mT YN
aYqRM## bnz>H mT lW ytsuW aKBTM AVll yd
YmSL## qUR 08 A 09 TMHRTN kmQsFT knqR kmquR aLfW
mDT kl?lW bV ka?DS R n+L## qUR 10 dG lTMHRT
aC UYTN lbR aC dG gnTN YmL## aND t dN
bMNXnT uQ ANlCW & g>z? T mLbS bBz wC zND
yqRnT wYM kg>z?W R aB almmDN ybSR MLKT L##
ANM TMHRT V lfbT S nW YlL# qUR 11M YHN nW
ygR## bqUR 12 ymjm SNO m\rT dG mR yO (yqL) |
tdR tS_L## bltW SNO dG dBtR Y wdKFLM YN
wdTMHRT mD ANdz> yO ngR Sltur kvKM tmD_L##
(UqT yYl y`RSt tC wY AcWN$ wY dG qX
wrqT kjRcW U aDRgW AKFL s>gb yMyW lz>H YN@)##
{WqT GoT kFt LT albT## TMHRT dG aDK aDK
bq wrT aSgO lT AylmdbT YmSL## lmR yUrW k&k&
(kO) tU ytlW yBz mT W Wr kTRF YN kk>
Sltur nW## lz>H nW wd NGD | ysW sW &a& (BLU)
ytlW## yRs | TRF s>SgO btxX YL$ YLM## bz>H Y
bQRb Aygnn ymW yNGD YnT L &QLUF& (&L WNBD& yNbT
g>z?M b:brsb WSU bBT YwL) SfLgL SlL wd NGD
ygW &a& b>L aSgRMM## bz>H YnT S A KB (social image)
ytrdW TMHRT bktlT ytM m sCytM m sC s>L AglN##
S 14%S 14% t t lMN TC$
ytT l yT s>wDq aC##
S 15%S 15% kzm TMHRT | aU kfW$
YL l>ST yuW##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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S 16%S 16% r TMHRT TMHRT TMHRT MNDnW@
A yMmoW J mDN nW##
S 17%S 17% ASk aN BnGD kmN t$
AN nbR tR yv>H BR ##
S 18%S 18% aS lT xR qX klT
nG aTR mmSrT##
TMHRT bz>H KFL mjm Y ANduqSnW m qR y| aU
F tS_L## ANd yTMHRT aX ytwsdW dG NGD nW##
bSnlc WSU lmngD mR aSfLGM yL B l YmSL##
b:brsb WSU dG$ kFt TMHRT lNGD SfLL yL B ybr
aYdlM## Slz>HM &xR TMHRT b?T aT& ylM YmSL## btlY
bzmn dRG y&ayR yR& NGD mST yscM bFUnT mKbR lTMHRT
yWlWN g>z? ANdkn U zN ytS YmSL## bTMHRT rEM g>z?
(12 mT) klF nG l b?tsB mm|rT SfLL yL BM
alcW## l mR mjmR lTM$ MLT TR mZ$ LC
mWlD$ b?T m|T$ mk> mGT lT l>N YCL## yg>z?W
TkrT YH YmSL## lz>HM YL lTMHRT mrnT ysu
GCN PlCN yNk>k>s SnlC bBT yng##
S 19%S 19% kaSR G
aND Gs
S 20%S 20% klT G
aND
S 21%S 21% kaSR a?M a?
aND a?M N
S 22%S 22% kqVM Pl &AGz?R YSULO& YL##
tM bn kmmrQ NGD WTDR ANd nW Snlc
yuqT## ymruT yNGD YnC dG lkFt yhgR LT
aSt+ dRl ylT Y$ N AJ wd l?W$ mNdR lmNdR
ydrgT yTNV {C LWWC cW## ymrubTM MKNT
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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lv GlsB ySgoT {l ygNzB UQM nW AN lhgR q
mNf LT ydRgT aSt+ S aYdlM## bl? angR$ ax
s XR g>z? tvQl bl l{l ydRS AN lzq "YwT
LT bb RAY(vision) Y nur aYdlM lT nW## YH dG$
b:brsb "YwT WSU by{lt kT AWn ymnx nW##
aND l? tx nUB aNSc bz>H KFL ynWN B##
TMHRT y"YwT alO ANdnbR y UqT SnlCN uQsN aBRtN
nbR## ly Avt bzfnW aND zfN WSU YHN bgL= SNC
ANH tBl nbR#-
tR L! tR L!
zmD wJ ylO hBT ylOM b##
b1967 ka? Yl Ss? mNG|T kFt lSLT mhkL 60c bdRG
s>gdl GU ll? LGUM mfuR QR Yz m\rT n ANH
tl$
S 23%S 23% u L! u L!
gNzB uqM lNM aLbj$
aN bz>H sN 60 sW aSfj##
UqT Y dG%
S 24%S 24% RJ L! RJ L!
zmD wJ gNzB
MNM ylO b! yL tfur##
aT bhgt yTMHRT tS yru YmSL## lBz g>z?
ANdMWqW yaC tGR ycWM yrb?T LC tGtW
ANu mMkR brT nbR## bGU WSU ytuqsW aT GN L
bft wQT ANXbrBR ANsRQ nW ymKrW## YH bTMHRT
asu$ baft$ baStd buQ am AMnT kT ym$
tS yru GylV DM+ nW## RK yvmTbT$ Aytr ft
ylFbT Aygnn Ay s>D YT YL$ LN bl?W ywNjL
mNgD$ lTM bg$ kKFL AKFL lF ytnW aT YHNN YntN
MKR lL s>lGS ysW##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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bQRb dG bz> ly bzFnW zfN GUM Y ytmsrt l? GUM
tfUL##
S 25%S 25% ZfN L! AU L!
mR mmmR lNM aLbj##
yhgt zC s?T tM AyqcW$ U gNzB ANdgo bsW
yngrWN A CN$ btlYM Yl? gBrss?$ lT mT
bgoT VLT mLM gNzB GocW nW lGU mn ynW##
MLTM bacW lfcW zC A C b ylT bTMHRT Bz
LgM Y YL## lz>H nW GU bW ANLFlT yflg sW
MRWN TMHRT kdRG YLQ zfNN b>dRG ANdlW
ANdqblWM yuqmW##
4.4. SlmMHR ytng SnlCSlmMHR ytng SnlC
bSBSb WSU SlStR SlmMHR ytng SnlC bqUR
kFtc ANd bz>H +F mjm Y ktuqsT aC mgNzB
YL## SltlW$ SltqW A KB SlwrdW mMHR ytgT Bz
cW## TR s>$ wJ s>$ ws>B s>$ LJ mWlD s> Nk>k?sL##
kARs R ywdR :brs KBR LnbcW Yq
s>UlT Ygl## bdz ZQtnT YHM bSkTlW N yvnF
TGl YgUbL##
blSnt ywqW$ baqnt baStO gb>W YkbR
lTR YmrU ynbrW mMHR aN k{rg wR nW ytlW##
S 26%S 26% by g uJ YNRR$
b g aUNT YqRqR##
S 27%S 27% aND dL yngrHN ANd aTH$
lT yngrHN ANdfH aKBrW##
S 28%S 28% vW TRNbl? m BR lW$
aMWN sUL aMW g nW$
YxMRLL mcM dG nW##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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Anz>HN bmsl mNC mMH s>wdS Bz zmN YL## ykbR
yAWqT MNX tdR nbR yyW## YT aUq bn ab>M kf
R l bDFrT s>nR YL## bgb>WM b>N yQ aLnbrM##
kTl> (l>b>) ytmls wdC UrW ymuTN gNzB ksbW bY
wu SlnbR mMHNM bgNzB awcW knRs R bwQt Sltmsl$
ANdnRs TRNbl? Aytl Yu nbR## btlY kzmn dRG bT$ bKrMT
wT TMHRT b?C s>zg yguR mMHN aS abN YwRT nbR lT
YL## ktW l? "YwT nbR ygoW## btlY ls?t aC
bkFlT gNzB lnRsM n ldcW ll?lC sC blSnT
bBzT ytn &GNLBS& yL SM wUcW ANdnbR ywq nW##
AWnTM$ AnRs s>mu$ lsq$ lbb?t$ laLb?RW$ l>STW$ &y
Bu?W&(lo) wzt. l nbR yLFlT lT YL## bBT bkt
WSU msxcWN lmGl+M &KrMT aGb>& yL SMM wUcW nbR##
btxM#-
S 29%S 29% aSt ND`R/wN SR/ g>Rg>S b> /yYgbbT ylM##
bl angc Ydnq Ymsg nbR## tfg> SlnbM#-
S 30%S 30% y V k! k!
wsdV aSt!! Aytl YguMcW nbR##
AdR GN btlY k20 A 25 mT wH$ k:brsb yfLq
Ml? NGGC$ LGUC$ qLc SC lStR llW
YsU ynbrW aKBT aDT AVll ANdd mlKl## y1966
aB ANQSs? GB Slnbr Bz UqC kyaQW bGBnT
Ysnz nbR## yANQSs?W mC cWM bnz>H UqC aStyC
bGBnT ym nb## Slz>H bymSk$ LL cW sC
ltWN$ a>WN# TMHRTN btmlkt ytl CN MKCN
bGBnT Aylgs BW ylcN YN go WC tws$
l>s>C trqq aC w## bz>H mkL bz>HM MKNT b:brsb
WSU Bz yAs?T(yvalue) mT mUL## TMHRTM bBz mNgD bGB
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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WC mt yqrlT aYmSLM## Lslu mMHN bmMHRnT
| mmdB$ yTMHRT mC AUrT$ ySt mHFT azgjT
DKmT byg>z?W mlwU$ yTMHRT KFlC mbB ymMHN dZ
A mjmW Y TMHRT b?C ytl ylt bDC m
mcW% bM DW YKtR$ DW mMHR$ DW spRYzR
DW t LkdT yTMHRT b?tsC R Bz g>z? WSU WSuN
mcW Sm% Anz>H l?lC PBl?C tdMrW yTMHRTN
ymMHNN UT yrvcW YmSL##
TMHRT MN HL ANdtNss kz>H bY tmLKtL## kz>H qUlN
ymMHN A fN ANlN## k 111 SnlC WSU Az>H qRB yMClW
AJG UqcN mN aNM SgNzB tgb> YmSlL##
S 31%S 31% m lT m s>w frS$
bm tvu ysW asS##
bzmn dRG ymjm mT TMHRTN lXqC bST bhgt
WSU lrS bL mR" ytmruW aN mNgD &yD mMHN&N
bBT mQuR nbr ## aS lt KFL lxrs$ MNM l? LMD ll?cW
wC y SLu Ysu$ b100 BR dZ Ayqu byguR TMHRT
b?C scW nbR## Anz>H wC GN W yuYqWN G bTKKL
l>l aLlM nbR## btlY kz>H g>z? jM LL SnlC kW R
tYzW bBT mFlQ yjm YmSlL## ymMHRnT M & yO&
YL YjML## ymMH q m| b?TM &UNB aN& mL yjmrW
bz> ab> YmSlL## bS 31 WSU &ysW asS& ytlWM yDW
mMHR m nW##
S 32%S 32% b b>u b$
| b>u D ytlWM YHN Zqt drWN
lgT nW## tqW As N aN m b> ygbT mN nW
ygL=W##
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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&gRL& Al StR ynbrbTN &jRL& Al St ytngrlTM
Y,W yD mMHR nW## qL lT &`REC& (versions) alT## lg>z?W
aNN kz>H bC AuQl##
S 33%S 33% yD mMH ANGl>Z AStr l a>NSpKtR
l>gmGmW YgL##
mMHR#- &jRL!&
tC#- &jRL!& NDnT##
mMHR#- &jRL!&
tC#- &jRL!& NDnT##
yTMHRT KFl g>z?W aL kKFL s>wu a>NSpKt$ &lMN
*jRL* ALK StMlH@& YlL## AWX bmST
yTMHRtN aD Ys ynbr nR mMHR ya>NSpKtN
Uq &D bm BR dmwZ &gRL& Bl l>StMR L@&
Bl tVqD YmLL##
ND bkL dz Sns aW mU TMHRT StML lT l>N
s>CL% bl? bkL dG S MN aW bTKKL StML$ yDW
mMHR AWqt Bt YrW nW* yStMR lTM l>N YCL##
kltM FcC yMNgnzbW m u$ Lslu sCN bZQt dZ
qU ANStM DrG yTMHRTN UT Tj bn mNgD mZqU
ANjMR ymjmWN ARM mWsD mjmN nW## kz>H ab> jM
ngC Aytwsb yTMHRT gYM Aytmsql yd YmSL## ymMHN
SM KBR yql SnlC bBT mFlQ YjMl##
S 34%S 34% aSt CR u
S 35%S 35% yaSt dZ kLd ASk
S 36%S 36% yaSt NBrT T NU nW##
S 37%S 37% bb? b>sU aStC
aWPN kmWsD aYmlsM
S 38%S 38% yaSt TR$ s?T ylT wR ArFt
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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GNLv dg mMHR CR u YL YjML## ydzM AD
ST qN B YL## BDR$ b?$ L mT ysBAW g+C
Aytdrg Ywsl## ADlN go aWPNM ANdbdR tuQ
YgUbL## bSM &S 39%S 39% ANd aSt dZ mD DRGH& yL
ARGN YwbL## ysB ClWN AWqtNM yUl &S 40%S 40%
abKrW mcW kaStCMM qMngR aYuM&N ymsl angC
aL aL YsnzbL## &yAWqT aT& tBl YkbR ynbrW% ANdW
bLG YN kLB &ytr YGdlO!& bL angR AWqt YdnQ ynbrW
mMHR nW YH A ydrsW## Azqzq ydW S KB &S 41%S 41%
mMHR kmN$ YL mlmN& N ASqdm% &S 42%S 42% aSt kGT
mQrT&N% &S 43%S 43% yA V TbL A! wsT aSt&N% A &SS
44%44% lmMHR kmWlD YL SwrDN& ymslTN ASktl b:b
"YwtM ytg ytgll dRgW YgL## bBz qLCM$ aNNc
lMNM B TCT b XMR Aytng sBAWN WN
dqscL## UqcN laBnT uQv? tnG yLQ yYmSlON ymMHR
qmS-SnL Stwq B##
S 45%S 45% uq#-uq#- mMHN ANd hk>M nX N ylBsT
lMNDnW@
mV#-mV#- yscWN q lmvfN##
S 46% S 46% lT dC kaND `Rst$ kaND yTMHRT KFL
tmRqW aN ayR mNgD$ l?W TMHRT StR
Ymdl## klT mT b s>go$ ayR mNgD
ytmdbW TMHRT StR ytmdbWN$ &AN!
MNDnW@ ASN | agoHM AN@& alW YL##
YW$ ayR mNgW ymMHN albS gU mL aStWl
ytgrW m nW## yqL M$ tmY A yMSKR wrqT
cW z?C btl ymNGST mS b?C$ aN kF l?W ZQ l
dZ mqucWN$ yS yKFN almmuN muM mtcT
nW##
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
fd azzfd azz 19911991
13
S 47%S 47% TMHRT b btlFbT g>z? yW mMHR Sl L
L yBR C s>StMR YY$ lKFl mMHR &AK
mMHR! ym BR Wu ltc cW!& YL##
ng G ygW mMHR$ bLb$ &ym BR T@ WM
b28@& YL% ltc dG qLuF YL$ yWN
mMHR angR ASmsl$ &tC! Ab?C STgb
aC ym BR T ANC uYq!& YcL##
aN fN t$ &tcR! y aTM aSt nW A!&
al YL##
LVV s>L AN mvV ANLl$ W ynW ft b:brs
W WSU B ytwsn YN AStMRbT KFL WSUM ANdktlW
ANgnzlN## mMH GN N lT ylWN l s>dRG YL##
yktlW qLD YHNN YuqL##
S 48%S 48% kmMHN sLu tmR AguR mmdB ytlmd nW##
kMQ mMHN mhkL s?CM Sl wNC kAnRs R
lmmdB CN ml## W yltN dZ
aM L l mR nW## D$ QDm WN
lmcT yflg MQ$ qLb rfTN MQ mMHRT
mZ alm_N lrgU$ &mcM x nW$ R RV
(404V) nW@& aT YL##
mMH$ 404 btlW ymk> L SR tvV yTR Sl
Drg nW## kqW ylt dZ DMR 404 (202+202) BR SlN
ytl Yl lT nW## YHNN Ynt UrT adrjT &G bz&M
YL## MKNtM ylt dZ DMR bg>z?W knbrW klG dZ R
SlqrB nW##
L L sC s?T a b?T ldR btl g>z?T dW bR
s>Nk btscW mLSM mMH K s>L YL##
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
fd azzfd azz 19911991
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S 49%S 49% ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !
s?T a#-s?T a#- aNt nH@
ANG#-ANG#- A GBR
s?T a#-s?T a#- G$ y N##
ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !
s?T a#-s?T a#- aNt nH@
ANG#-ANG#- W LT
s?T a#-s?T a#-G$ yA AT##
ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !
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s?T a#-s?T a#-G b##
ANG#-ANG#- ! ! !
s?T a#-s?T a#-aNt nH@
ANG#-ANG#- aSt
s?t a#- s?t a#- R bL kd$ aNT CR u##
lBR$ ng M a##
b:brsB aT aStyT b| uY ytn ZQ tdR
yMTgMtW s?T a UllC## YBS ygRmW Zqt gb> alW
tBl btlM lgmtW$ ll>ST ysuCWN HL KBR STsuW
almgo nW##
S 50%S 50% tW kKFL qR bGSt YmL##
mMHR#-mMHR#- TNt lMN qrH@
t#-t#- s U SLdrq nW tcR
bGSt ANdg qR bqUlW qN YmL##
mMHR#-mMHR#- TNT dG lMN qrH@
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
fd azzfd azz 19911991
15
tt- - wd TMHRT b?T Sm yARS s U
tsQl Sy nW tcR!##
bmjmW qN yqrW tW mlw s Sll?lW s>N$
bltW qN dG yqrW mMH mlw aYrWM Bl m nW##
bz>H YnT$ tW mMHN ydFRbT bmMH yqLDbT l
&yTMHRt UT drS bMN SnSRT YubL@& Bl muyQ SfLL##
ARGU kz>H ys$ ySnSRT gDlTN ySl SnlC al## bngCN Y
ymMHN MGR mT y mcWNM muM tgb> nW##
S 51%S 51% aND mMHR ymBR l>bO yL## Aytzwr
byhWLt Y Slc ytTN +C s>nB%
mjm$ &PsR Agl? btwl baMST mcW
t& yL UmL## ALF ANl dG$ &KtR
Agl? btwl baT mcW t& yL nL## G
YgW$ wduqW $ &aND sW PsR kn
ANT baMST mt t YL@& Bl YuYqL##
CG ygW uqWM$ &yfW* dH ybT
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nO! ng BT MN tBl l>F nW@& YlL## uqWM$
&mMHR Agl? ANdtwl t tBl YL& alW
YL##
kz>H bY SlmMH btngT al SnlC Y tRkT ngR
lnN B$ &A mMHN tbDlL!& llT fLg? aYdlM## NN
mgR Sflg bl? mDrK YngL AN bMRMR g WSU twV
aYDbsbSM## qdM B ANduMkT$ kSBSc aBc bmMHN Y
aTkrW$ ANdg aBc ymMHN mdS mQ yws Sl nW
AnsN akT mUqs?## YN$ ymMHN dZ btxmr g>z? YHN
aSmLK ytng UqT SnlC bSBSb WSU mcWN gL laBnT
HL yktlTN SfR mLM YL##
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
fd azzfd azz 19911991
16
S 52%S 52% Qb? tQb? t
gE#-gE#- ASt kz>HW Sx>O!!!... sL@
X#-X#- aN!... SNT k>l@
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msLkV*N@!
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mV#-mV#- SMNT m sN
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nW blO AN!
5. Slt ft ytng SnlC5. Slt ft ytng SnlC
Sl t ktngT SnlC gLtW yT LL HRY l
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A Sl ft ytsnzT cW## bz>H +F ktM m sC A kft
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S 54%S 54% tMrN nbr ASk aS lt%
nN qrN AN yqN \t##
S 55%S 55% tM nbr ASk SMNt%
ST AMb> alO aR Lt##
S 56%S 56% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%
nN qrN AN ybC Ar##
S 57%S 57% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%
nN qrN AN ymlk> ##
S 58% S 58% tMrN tMrN | goN%
r MN ANN f aND blN##
S 59%S 59% AT at bSNQ aScG
MN AkFL YN S aLZ A
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wY sRtN aLbN wY gR aLRN
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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S 61%S 61% ytr$ lF qr##
S 62%S 62% tMrN nbr ASk aSlT
zO nN qrN byarqW b?T
S 63%S 63% tMrN nbr ASk aSlt%
nN qrN AN ybC Ar##
ybC ArS wM gL$
y mR ANW kl YBL##
kz>H bY sfRcW zuO SnlC tW agl Bl ymoW
(what he aspires) yuBqW | y dr yHLM QeT ANdbT
l## ytr sW ymNG|T b> tq$ vM$ l>KtR$ R$
a>NnR$ YlT$ L wzt. lmN AN yqN \t$ ybC Ar$
ymuU b?T aZ lmN aYmOM## kF BlN buqScW GUC GN
AWnW sbW bM YRL## kaS lt KFL b$ xR | aU
mNglLM ANl SNc Yuql## bz>H ytuW t B YN
:brsbM YHNN aO YtL##
S 64% S 64% aRM ANYb A lsls
nG ANYb gbW rks
ANGH t lqW drs
S 65%S 65% tMrW tMrW kxrs bY
nW Yql ysfR aWdLY
tM A$ AmNgD Y A bAysq dF bfssW wT aNdbT
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D$ qUcW b SBSB WSU Bz YNM aNND mFT'? ysnZ
SnlCM al##
S 66%S 66% AJH YLmD QUq GBR
qlM r aM##
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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YHNN bz>H ANg tW SlTMHRT lWN aStyT Slft
bgrW bkL bUqt ANSlN##
S 67%S 67% TK qbl? yslTN aWQM##
YH aL$ btlY bzmn dRG$ qbl? WSU glgl sC$ Bz g>z?$
Ywql$ s>kM Yksl% agLglcWM tgb>W aYsuWM kL
GMT tnS$ yTK ftM bdNB aUNtW lFtW b>sM ygcWN
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ywQsW ftWN nW## Slz>H ftWN bmlkT tfc Q
ytmbT aStyT ANcW GU YuqL lT YL## ftWN
bDF YtC AN ymt nUb GN MN ANdn bWL aYwQM##
S 68%S 68% lmR KFL mGT$
lmrJ T mBT##
S 69%S 69% lmR KFL mGT$
llF T mBT##
Anz>H lT ytl `REC (versions) aND nUB Y nW
ytkT## m\r zlq {WqT lGoT yfLg TMHRT b?T
dW$ AKFL l? Aytgo AN% ft llF sRtk?T BB
lGoT yv dG lmrJ anU yyT ClcWN lrgU T
ANbl ymK cW##
bmMHRnT Y ytsnW ANdMWqW qUcW UqT
yYL tC m+hF dBtcWN l>u qR bwgM s>Y_cW
aYM## aNND BUSV wrqT As ARcW WSU vguW Am
KFL b?tmHFT s>gbM Yl## lTMHRT cWN FQR bTMHRT
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xrs& ylT wNDcW kWScW aUcW dN yl?V
tS-b>S drcW YmSL## bz>H bl?lC MKNC tgFtW YL
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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tG kmR YLQ tG yft l SLCN AmFuR Y s>tk
ygoT##
YH TkrT#-
S 70%S 70% kzlM UT
ND qN YN UT N
S 71%S 71% mT kUT
uW mQT N
S 72%S 72% bY yts
yLb drs N
S 73%S 73% mftN GCN b>N
mrJ GN Ks> mBCN nW N
S 74%S 74% l?N t AN tft alM N bmslT mfK
cW angC yjb nW##
kz>H bY k351 SBSC 74t XR TNtC R qRbL##
kl?lC$ TMHRT-uqS :brs aStyCN (social attitudes to or perceptions
of education) bl? z(method) ku |C R An= (compare
Adrg) A Al= (contrast Adrg) UtN bR SfLL## bz>H
wrqT MKNT SnL LL :brs KNCN (lT TMHRTN$
u?N$ ARN$ FTHN$ ltN$ "YwTN uY) bywQt ANdgL+$
ANdwDS$ ANdtC aNBN ktgnzb$ wrqt SnL ltmY
UC u MNX mN ltmC ySgNzB GbN ANdm
AUrl## aNb>c$ bytsCbT | yUCN SnlC
yngCN sW$ ysCbTN qN$ ytngrbTN MKNT xMC
uC qUR lmmZgB ywsCM n sC C dG dS
DRB YL## yTMHRT MRMR dC (mNGST$ yGL DRJC
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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mNGS L DRJC) YH PjKT kR dR baR bANGl>Z
T bhgR WSU khgR WX l tmC aNb>C ANrS
b>dRg dG u YmSlL## lg>z?W$ bz>H wrqT WSU kSnlc
ymnX l? mdMd lQrB aLKRM## +N kmdMd bT GN
bVGGR mNGSt yTMHRT ySLu l>s> (1986) Y A &ba>T}
yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd dNB&(1990) WSU StLkTN
aND b>Y KFtT bTHT AgLl##
b auY yTMHRT ySLu l>s>WauY yTMHRT ySLu l>s>W &mGl& WSU
&yTMHRT aN "RY m\r AWqT bSxbU$ bGlsBM n
b:BrtsB yCGR fcnT aQMN$ ClN HLN LbT nW& YL
&yhgCN TMHRT bGT bdT ANM bWu?T s>Y tC
tgb>WN TMHRT qSmW yCGR fcnT HRYN ClN ANlBT /Sic/
aSClacL llT aSdFRM& s>L YtL## X ynbrW yTMHRT
Bz DKmC ANdnbT gL yDKmc MNC |Rt TMHRt$
yTMHRT asU aqrb$ lTMHRT LT ySfLgT LL wx>C
almT l?lC WSBSB CGCN lmFT ySCL l>s> almR
mcWN YzrZL## bA yGL MLkM n$ bsbsBcW TMHRT-qmS
SnlC WSU yWN TMHRTN A yStR N yNSs :brs
aStyCN yDKmT MNC aDR bGL+ bL TkrT asFRMbGL+ bL TkrT asFRM##
b:brsCN WSU lTMHRT$ lt$ lmMHR YsU ynbrW aKBT
lMN AVll m@ bmMHRnT lmsLuN ymuT sC AWqT
uQ Cl wd HKM$ MHNDS$ "G A wdmslT C
kT R s>n=R AMN dr Y YgL@ wdnz>H C bggT
kRT wdTMHRT ynT {WqT uQ Cl ns kn YH
lMN n@ W bz>H kqul Anz>H &sLUnW& dW yStMcW
tC MN YnT Yl@ yUqc sNslT tzRG yLQ YnT
aYdlM## aND aSc azT WSU ygN YmSlL## lTMHRT UT
dr VLL aN [b>Y MKNT TMHRT yTMHRT lW
bmNG|T m| b?C A kz>M b:brsb WSU AytscW ymW
Zqt l bl>s>W WSU YH [b>Y nUB bL TkrT GLULU
Bl s>ngR ymFT'? BM s>uMbT aYYM## yTMHRT N
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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lL y:brsbN$ ytWN$ ymMHN A ykFt lSLTN
atY aN bn mNgD mlwU SfLG YmSlL##
&ba>T} yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd&ba>T} yTMHRT tmC :bR mtd
dNB&dNB& WSU aMST [bYT C sFrL## c &TMHRT kzm
YNS tKl R& ANmD$ &lB'? ADgT GN& TMHRT
lW wO ANukR$ &aNgBb> yTMHRT CGC& Y MRMR
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yaT y {WqT ANB$ kl?lC hgR aqF a>NtRVL y
:bT R LMD mlwU ANR ytlWN UrT ANddRG
ba+NT mlKl## ymtd dNb Anz>H aMST C AWSu
btzrzT 10 tGT ANdkwM bGL+ aSFL## y:b C
tGT s> bM YRl$ YSl## nbcW l btGR tf+mW
lyT YmL B aSl## y:b aT btzrzT C
tGT unT yM l mLN kmmoT yybkcWNM
aStI kDrG l? yubQcW Bz l aYmSlOM##
YN AN$ bmtd dNb &mGb>&$ &C& A b&tGC& WSU
bwWL N bwWL N bGL+ bTlTbGL+ bTlT l>ngR yg ymSlO [b>Y nUB
kF B kTMHRT l>s>W R aYe yuqST nW## btz mNgD
xR aLtnM llT aLdFRM## ngR GN$ nUbN luNkR SL TNV
lyT l N ANDdGmW YfqDLO$ bTMHRT lTM
bmMHRnT$ btnT$ baStdR A bMRMR ytsN sC byg>z?W
SNwY yMnWN yWN SM (a>J) badY mRkS A
ylWNM SM (a>J) y dr mrD kF B ANdgl+kT FNTW
tBl ANND [b>Y PBl?M aLtuqsM## yW tm ( SL
G b>L ngng lt nW!!!!)$ YHNN PBl?M aUN nW "Brtsb
&tgb>WN GNb? ANgO& mR lbT## mNG|TM yubQbTN
aSfg>WN aStd ARM% mg BzNM yWN ylWN
kFt KBR ywQ ARM ANwS bUT Y tm|R
YmSlL dG SrT A mwTwTM lbT## bA aStyT YHNN
-
baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
fd azzfd azz 19911991
22
PBl?M lmFT ASN ktdrgW yq UrT ScY Ltdrg BzcN
y:bN C tGC b| mtRM AJG YkBL## ARGU$
WN lWN aSmLK kz>H bY ytuqsT aSk aZC
Ayts dW$ bg hgCN WSU$ bAWqCN nS B$ zm QO
tgEC C ANNN yyClCNN HL SB mf=M yTMHRT
tmC gY B YN yhgt Nq z?C bl nW##
bmxrM$ YHNN wrqT + yTMHRT tmC "bR zjW
NfrNS qrBkT b$ &Quality Education in Ethiopia- Visions for the 21st century
yL ba NfrNS Y yqrb yUT +C SBSB WSU k UT R
bqU ytgo ngR SfLG goT YHNN +F BT tgb> YmSlL##
bPs>Ng (Proceedings) WSU TMHRTN$ mMHNN$ tN A TMHRT-
qmS PBl?CN bmlkT :brsCN lWN aStyT ba>NtR`>WM
n bmuYQ (questionnaire)$ wYM bltM mNgC u mUF
agoM## YN AN aW NGGR (Keynote speech) drgT sC mhkL
aN$ yaS ab `Rs>t Pz>NT KtR (aN PsR) gs? av$
ktgT kz>H +F R bqU yZ nUB al## yRcW aW NGGR
kTMHRT PBl?C aWWN agL uq$ YH PBl?M Ltdmu
ys CGR WSU ANdMNgM amLKL YHN L bL uQv? abl%
Another issue that is closely linked to the attainment of quality, effectivenessand efficiency is the importance of recognition by all concerned to give theteaching profession its appropriate and respectful plae in the society. It isvery dismaying to notice that the days that the teacher was a respectedmember of a soceity have gone into history. Qualified and experiencedteachers are constantly looking for other better-paying jobs. The bitter fact isthat most are not proud of their profession. We cannot think of improvingeducational quality if most of our teachers are disinterested in their jobs. Ipersonally am very much scared when I notice that graduating students inteacher education program are not keen enough to be teachers and wouldrather get other jobs. In addition to creating good working environments forteachers that gives[sic] them a feeling of satisfaction and that makes[sic] thembelieve that they are somehow contributing to the development of theircountry, making teaching a better-paying profession is a point that should not
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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23
be overlooked. Investing in the future of our country is best achievedby investing in the education of the young generation.
Introducing and maintaining quality, thus, requires a multi-facetedapproach. This will definitely, make education more expensive for the user orthe provider or for both. I remember a poster I read sometimes ago. IFYOU THINK EDUCATION IS EXPENSIVE, TRY IGNORANCE. Iwish we could have other alternatives. (Mogessie,1998:9. Emphasis mine)
________________________
YH mUF$ b Non-formal Education in Ethiopia: An Overview of the CurrentSituation. WSU TL## mzRZW mr yktlW nW## (Proceedings ofthe National Conference on the Situation of Non-Formal Education in Ethiopia, 12-13 March1999, School of Graduate Studies Hall, Addis Ababa.). Edited by Habtamu Wondimu,Habtegiorgis Berhane, and Wanna Leka. Printed by AAU Printing Press, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia, 1999.
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baR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzCbaR yng yTMHRT SnlC bYT YzC
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24
UQS (UQS (Reference) -bzmN QdM tktL) -bzmN QdM tktL
ba>T} yVGGR mNGST yuQY STR I/b?T$ y:b aStdR
gY zRF$ n's? 1985$ auY yTMHRT SLu rqQ l>s>
B$ UZ lT$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##
ya>T} yVGGR mNG|T$ mb>T 1986$ auY yTMHRT y|Lu
l>s>$ aS ab$ bT.m...D. ytm##
Transitional Government of Ethiopia, Septemebr 1994, Education Sector Strategy. Addis
Ababa: EMPDA.
Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 1994, Education and Training Policy. Addis Ababa:
EMPDA.
ba>T} yTMHRT tmC HbR /a>Tt/ mtd dNB$
:| 1990$ aS ab## 15 g+## bStNSL tqR yt##
Mogessie Ashenafi, A University Perspective on Quality Education (a Keynote speech), in
Amare Asgedom et.al. (eds), 1998. Quality of Education in Ethiopia: Visions for the 21st
century. Proceedings of National conference Held in Awassa College of Teacher
Education 12-18 July 1998. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Univeristy Press.