{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

H¥$fr yJmoc( yJmoc : EopÀN>H$ nona-3)

~r. E. ^mJ-2

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2009~r. E. (H¥$fr yJmoc) ^mJ - 2gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

àVr : 3,000

n

àH$meH$ :S>m°. Ama. Or. Xm§S>Joà. Hw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

_wÐH$ :lr. Oo. ~r. amOnyVAYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

ISBN- 978-81-8486-281-2

H Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004. (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU n[afX - B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©VrHo$cr Amho.

(ii)

l S>m°. Ho$. gr. a_moÌmàmÜ`mnH$ d yJmoc {d^mJ à_wI, {edmOr {dÚmnrR, H$moëhmnya

l lr. E. Oo. ~aH$S>oAmQ>©g², gm`Ýg A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, cmoU§X, Vm. I§S>mim, {O. gmVmam

l lr_Vr ìhr. Eg. Xoe_wIlr. {ed-emhÿ _hm{dÚmc`, gê$S>, Vm. emhÿdmS>r, {O. H$moëhmnya

l lr. nr. Eg. H$moioH$aEg. E_. S>m°. ~mnyOr gmiw§Io _hm{dÚmc`, {_aO, {O. gm§Jcr

l S>m°. Eg. Eg. H$moR>mdionr.ìhr.nr. _hm{dÚmc`, H$dR>o_hm§H$mi, {O. gm§Jcr

AÜ`j - - - - - lr. E. ~r. nmQ>rclr_Vr Hw$gw_VmB© amOmam_ ~mny nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, Cê$U Bñcm_nya, {O. gm§Jcr.

(iii)

n Aä`mg_§S>i : yJmoc n

l lr. nr. Eg. nmQ>rcH$_©dra {hao AmQ>©g, gm`Ýg A°ÊS> EÁ wHo$eZ H$m°coO, JmaJmoQ>r, {O. H$moëhmnya

l lr. Ama. Eg. H$X_Eg. Ho$. nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, Hw$é§XdmS>, Vm. {eamoi, {O. H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. E. Eg. OmYdàmÜ`mnH$ d {d^mJà_wI, yJmoc {d^mJ, _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>, _w§~B©

l S>m°. ~r. gr. d¡ÚàmÜ`mnH$ d yJmoc {d^mJà_wI, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo

l lr. Ama. ìhr. ndmaOdmha, 2095, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo-30

àm. (S>m°.) E. E. S>m§Joà. Hw$cJwê$,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan VÁk go_Vr n

n gëcmJma go_Vr n

S>m°. Ama. Or. Xm§S>Joà. Hw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

_m. àm. (S>m°.) E. E. S>m§Joà. Hw$cJwê$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. ~r. nmQ>rcg§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z §ÌH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$emñÌo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) ~r. Eg. gmd§VA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmnA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ho$. EZ. gm§JioA{YîR>mVm, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. Xm§S>Joà. Hw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) CÎm_amd ^moB©Q>o^maVr {dÚmnrR>, cmc ~hmÔÿa emñÌr _mJ©, nwUo

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerg§MmcH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

lr. Oo. Ama. OmYdA{YîR>mVm, H$cm {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Eg. E. ~marg§MmcH$, Xya {ejU Hw$d|ny {dÚmnrR>, H$Zm©Q>H$

àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m odco(gXñ` g{Md)g§Mm{cH$m, Xya {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

H¥$fr yJmoc (EopÀN>H$ nona-3)

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$

lr. E. ~r. nmQ>rc 1Hw$gw_VmB© amOmam_~mny nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`,

Bñcm_nya, Vm. dmidm, {O. gm§Jcr.

lr. ~r. Eg. OmYd 2{dO`qgh `mXd AmQ>©g, gm`Ýg H$m°coO, noR> dS>Jm§d

lr. ~r. Ho$. H$g~o 3ehmOramOo _hm{dÚmc`, IQ>md, Vm. IQ>md, {O. gm§Jcr.

S>m°. àgÞHw$_ma ì §H$Q>amd nmQ>rc 4àm. g§ mOramd H$X_ _hm{dÚmc`, XoD$a, Vm. H$moaoJmd, {O. gmVmam

lr. ìhr. Ama. dra 5{H$gZdra _hm{dÚmc`, dmB©, Vm. dmB©, {O. gmVmam

lr. Ho$. EZ. gmoZQ> o${H$gZdra _hm{dÚmc`, dmB©, Vm. dmB©, {O. gmVmam

lr. EM. nr. nmQ>rc 6{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya.

lr. gr. w. _mZo 7~mimgmho~ XogmB© H$m°coO, nmQ>U

lr. S>r. ~r. nmQ>rc 8Ho$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya

S>m°. àgÞHw$_ma ì §H$Q>amd nmQ>rcàm. g§ mOramd H$X_ _hm{dÚmc`, XoD$a,

Vm. H$moaoJmd, {O. gmVmam

(iv)

n g§nmXH$ n

lr. E. ~r. nmQ>rcHw$gw_VmB© amOmam_~mny nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, Bñcm_nya

lr. EM. nr. nmQ>rc{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO,

H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo gZ 2007-08 nmgyZ ~{h…ñW {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Xÿa {ejU àUmcrÛmao

{ejUmMr Xmao Iwcr Ho$cr. Xÿa {ejU àUmcrÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`mM dfu Xÿa {ejUmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r

XO}Xma ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z{_©Vrg àma§ Ho$cm. nma§nm[aH$ {ejU ì`dñWocm hm EH$ n`m©

Iwcm Ho$cm. CÀM {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MVmZm {deofV… ZmoH$ar, CÚmoJ, ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm

_{hcm§Zm, àm¡T>m§Zm à^mdr {ejUmMm _mJ© CncãY Pmcm. `m_wio CÀM {ejUmMo XoIrc

gmd©{ÌH$aU hmoÊ`mg hmV^ma cmJcm. {dÚmnrR>mZo V`ma Ho$coë`m ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË`mVyZ

AÜ``Z à{H«$`m A{YH$ gwc^ Pmcr Amho.

`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ OyZ 2009 nmgyZ ~r. E. ^mJ-2 yJmoc, nona H«$_m§H$ VrZ - H¥$fr yJmoc

Aä`mgH«$_mÀ`m gwYm[aV _gwÚmZwgma ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho. H¥$fr yJmoc

`m nwñVH$mMr ghcoIH$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo n[anyVu hmoV Amho. àË oH$ KQ>H$mMr _m§S>Ur d¡km{ZH$

Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cr Amho. {d^mJ n{hcm `m_Ü o H¥$fr yJmocMo ñdê$n, ì`mßVr _hÎd, H¥$fr

CËH«$m§VrMm AmT>mdm KoVcm Amho. eoVrda n[aUm_ H$aUmao àmH¥${VH$ d AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm d

{d{dY H¥$fr àUmcr_Ü o, CXa{Zdm©hmMr d ì`mnmar eoVr, nrH$ g§JVr, nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU `m§Mm

nam_e© KoÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Va Xþgè`m {d^mJmV ìhm°Z WwZoZ d Amocmo\$ Om°ZgZ `m§Mm y_r

Cn`moOZ {gÕm§V, ^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m Am{U Cnm`, H¥$fr joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna

Am{U àmË`{jH$ `m§Mr AmcoI, AmH¥$Ë`m, ZH$meo `m§À`mÛmao g{dñVa _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho.

ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z{_©VrÀ`m `m à{H«$ oV {dÚmnrR>mMo _mOr Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. _m{UH$amd

gmiw§Io, {dÚ_mZ à^mar Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. E. E. S>m§Jo, Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmÀ`m g§Mm{cH$m S>m°. gr_m

odco, {dkmZ emIm A{YîR>mVm S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmn, yJmoc Aä`mg _§S>imMo gd© gXñ` `m§Mo

àmoËgmhZ d _mJ©Xe©Z cm^co. nXì wÎma {dÚmnrR> yJmoc {d^mJ à_wI S>m°. H$o. gr. a_moÌm Am{U

ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$aUmao gd© ghcoIH$ `m§Mo ~hþ_moc ghH$m © cm^co `m gdmªMo

_Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma!

(v)

Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmVrc gd© godH$m§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~VrV ghH$m © cm^co.

gXa gm{hË` nyU©nUo d¡km{ZH$, XO}Xma {eH$Umè`mg gmhmæ`H$ Am{U Cn`mo{OV H$aÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd § AÜ``Z {ZpíMVM Cn wŠV R>aoc. Aer Anojm Amho.

{dÚmWu, àmÜ`mnH$ `m§À`>m {dYm`H$ gyMZm§Mo ñdmJV hmoB©c. nwT>rc Amd¥ÎmrV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe

hmoB©c.

àm. E. ~r. nmQ>rcAÜ`j, yJmocemñÌ Aä`mg _§S>i,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

(vi)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

{d^mJ n{hcm

1. H¥$fr yJmocMm n[aM` 1

2. H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ 19

3. H¥$fr àUmcr/H¥$fr nÕVr 32

4. H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU 47

{d^mJ Xþgam

5. H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZ {gÕm§V 60

6. ^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m Am{U Cnm` 71

7. AmYw{ZH$ eoVr 96

8. àmË`{jH$ yJmoc 120

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(vii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m © [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm

Amh{.

ñd § _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV Amc{cr

Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM

ñd § AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`)

Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr m{½` oXe{Z{ Aä`mg H$amdm,

`mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ C[ w·V R>aVrc.

(viii)

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 1

H¥$fr ^yJmobemómMm n[aM`

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 H¥$fr yJmobmMr ì`m»`m d ñdê$n

1.2.2 H¥$fr yJmobmMr ì`mßVr d _hÎd

1.2.3 H¥$fr yJmobmVrb Aä`mg nÜXVr / Ñï>rH$moZ

1.2.4 H¥$frÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMm g§{jßV AmT>mdm

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.5 gmam§e

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 joÌr` H$m ©

1.0 C{Ôï>ço …

l `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda AmnUm§g nwT>rb Jmoï>r {eH$Vm oVrb.

l H¥$fr åhUOo H$m` ? H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`m»`m g_Oob.

l H¥$fr yJmobmMo ñdén H$go ~XbV Amho, ho g_Oob.

l H¥$fr yJmobmVrb doJdoJù`m d ~XbË`m Aä`mgnÜXVrMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

l H¥$frMm CJ_, CËH«$m§Vr H$er hmoV Jobr `mMo kmZ hmoB©b.

1.1 àñVmdZm …

`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o AmnU H¥$fr åhUOo H$m` ? H¥$fr ^yJmobemómÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m, ñdén, H¥$fr

yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr, H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd, H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMo Ñï>rH$moZ d

H¥$frMm CJ_ d CËH«$m§Vr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 1

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1.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

H¥$fr hm _mZdmÀ`m Am{W©H$ à{H«$ oVrb gdm©V àmMrZ ì`dgm` Amho. H¥$fr ì`dgm` hmM _mZdmMm gdm©V

àmMrZ ì`dgm` Amho. H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_wioM _mZdmMr AÝZmMr àmW{_H$ JaO ^mJ{dbr OmVo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVyZ

Ádmar, ~mOar, Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi, _H$m, `mgmaIr AÝZYmÝ` {nHo$, _yJ, ha^am, CS>rX, Vya `mgmaIr H$S>YmÝ` {nHo$,

Vri, wB©_yJ, gmo m~rZ, gy ©\y$b `mgmaIr Vob{~`m {nHo$, \$io, ^mOrnmbm, H$mnyg, Mhm, VmJ, D$g, V§~mIy,

H$m°\$s `mgmaIr amoIrMr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. AZoH$ CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm H¥$frVyZ H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo

d Ë`mnmgyZ V`ma hmoUmam nŠH$m _mb OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV nmR>{dbm OmVmo. åhUyZM H¥$fr ì`dgm`mg _mZdr

OrdZmMm nm`m Ago åhUVmV.

H¥$fr `mbmM B§J«OrV Agriculture Ago åhUVmV. Agriculture hr g§km b°Q>rZ ^mfoVrb Agricultura

`m eãXmnmygZ V`ma Pmbr Amho. `mVrb Ager åhUOo area, field (joÌ) d cultura åhUOo to cultivate

(H$aUo) Agm hmoVmo. `m§nmgyZ Agriculture hm eãX V`ma Pmbm. Va bm±J_Z B§p½be eãXH$moemà_mUo H¥$fr

åhUOo, {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r O{_ZrMr _emJV H$aUmao emó hmo .

1.2.1 H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`m»`m Am{U ñdén :

(Definition and Nature of Agriculture Geography)

H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`m»`m :

_mZdr yJmobmVrb Am{W©H$ yJmob `m CnemIoV H¥$fr yJmobmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H¥$frMm Aä`mg

^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrer g§~§{YV Amho. H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m ì`m»`m AZoH$ emókm§Zr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$m§hr

_hÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) {hb_Z Ama. (1911) :

Xoe Am{U I§S>mZwgma eoVrMm Ho$bobm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo .

hr OwZr ì`m»`m Amho. `m ì`m» oMm _w»` CÔoe, OJmVrb {d{dY Xoem§Vrb eoVr ì`dgm`mMm ñWb

Aä`mg H$aUo hm hmoVm. `m ì`m» oVyZ H¥$fr KQ>ZmÑí`m§Vrb A{^joÌr` H$maU_r_m§gm ñnï> hmoV ZmhrV.

2) ~Z©hmS>© EM. (1915) :

H¥$fr_Yrb àmXo{eH$ {d{dYVoMm d Ë`m {d{dYVog O~m~Xma Agboë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó

åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo .

3) arS>g Eb. Or. (1964) :

H¥$fr yJmobemó åhUOo H¥$frÀ`m àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z d {díbofU `m§Mm Aä`mg hmo .

4) H$monoH$ Oo. Q>r. (1969) :

H¥$fr yJmobemómV H¥$fr~m~VÀ`m KQ>Zm ì`dpñWV[aË`m _m§S>boë`m AgVmV.

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5) gm`_Z Eb. (1970) :

_mZdmZo y mJmer g§~§{YV Ho$boë`m eoVrH$m`m©Mm Aä`mg åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo .

6) A±S´>o (1981) :

H¥$fr yJmobemó åhUOo, n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmdarb àmH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y

ñnï> H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo {dVaU ñnï> H$aUo d yn¥ð>mMo eoVr_Ü o n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMo {dkmZ Amho.

7) Om°ÝgZ (1985) :

H¥$fr{df`H$ {H«$`m§_Yrb ñWm{Z` {^ÝZVoMm Aä`mg åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo .

8) Og{~aqgJ (1994) :

^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$bm OmUmam H¥$frMm Aä`mg åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo .

WmoS>Š`mV, H¥$fr yJmobmÀ`m ì`m» o~m~V yJmobVkm§_Ü o {d{dY _Vo AmhoV. H$mimZwgma `m ì`m»`m

~XbV Joë`m AmhoV. _mZdmZo à`ËZmZo Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVr_Ü o n[adV©Z Ho$bo. n¥Ïdrdarb eoVrMo {d{dY àH$ma,

eoVrÀ`m nÜXVr `m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H¥$fr yJmobemómV Ho$bo OmVo.

H¥$fr yJmobemómMo ñdén : (Nature of Agriculture Geography)

H¥$fr yJmobemó hr Am{W©H$ yJmobmMr EH$ _hËdmMr emIm Amho. H¥$fr yJmobmV g_m{dï> Agboë`m

{df`m§Mm Aä`mg doJdoJù`m Aä`mg nÜXVrZo Ho$bm OmVmo. OJmÀ`m doJdoJù`m àXoemV {d{dY àH$maMr eoVr

Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr yJmobemómMo ñdén doJdoJio AmT>iVo. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

1) dU©ZmË_H$ ñdén : (Descriptive Nature)

H¥$fr yJmobemómV g_m{dï>> {df`m§Mo {díbofU dU©ZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. EImÚm {d{eï>

{nH$mMm Aä`mg hm VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ`, Xoe d OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. Ðmjo, D$g, Jhÿ BË`mXr

eoVtMo {ddoMZ ho dU©ZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. `mV Ðmjo qH$dm D$g qH$dm Jhÿ `m {nH$m§da n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m

KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo OmVo.

2) {dVaUmË_H$ ñdén : (Distributional Nature)

H¥${f yJmobemómV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§Mm Aä`mg hm {dVaUmË_H$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bm OmVmo Agm Aä`mg

H$aVmZm Ë`m n«XoemVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. EImÚm {nH$mMm {dVaUmË_H$ Aä`mg hm

VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ`, Xoe d OmJ{VH$ ñdénmVhr Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Ü o Ë`m Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo Ë`m àXoemVrb {dVaU

XmI{dbo OmVo.

3) àmXo{eH$ ñdén : (Regional Nature)

H¥$fr yJmobemómV g_m{dï> {df`m§Mr {d^mJUr àXoemZwgma H$éZ, Ë`m AmYmao Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

Ago {d^mJ àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmamda qH$dm amOH$s` {g_oÀ`m AmYmamda H$aVmV. `m_Ü o àË oH$ àXoem§Vrb

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yn¥ð>aMZm, _¥Xm, hdm_mZ `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mmhr {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU àË oH$ àXoemVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$

n[apñWVrda VoWrb eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. eoVrg AZwHy$b n[apñWVr AgUmè`m àXoemV eoVrMm A{YH$ {dH$mg

hmoVmo. VoWo H¥$fr ~mOmanoR> d H¥$fr _mbmda AmYm[aV CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo. Aem àXoem§V Am{W©H$ {dH$mg

_moR>çm à_mUm§da hmoVmo. Va, eoVrg à{VHy$b n[apñWVr AgUmè`m àXoemVrb eoVrMm H$_r {dH$mg hmoVmo. n[aUm_r

àXoemÀ`m {dH$mgmbm _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

4) VwbZmË_H$ ñdén : (Comparative Nature)

OJmÀ`m àË oH$ ^mJmVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrMm à^md

eoVr{dH$mgmda hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio H$mhr ^mJmV {dH${gV Va H$m§hr ^mJmV A{dH${gV eoVr AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio eoVrMm

{d{dY àXoem§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. ^maVmVrb Vm§Xyi CËnmXZ d OnmZ_Yrb

Vm§Xyi CËnmXZ, ^maVmVrb Jhÿ CËnmXZ d g§ wŠV g§ñWmZmVrb JìhmMo CËnmXZ Aem àH$maÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio H¥$fr

yJmobemómbm VwbZmË_H$ ñdén àmßV Pmbo hmoVo

5) gm§p»`H$s ñdén : (Statistical Nature)

A{bH$S>o, H¥$frMm Aä`mg \$ŠV dU©ZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. `mgmR>r {d{dY nÜXVtMm dmna

H$aVmV. `mV gm§p»`H$s nÜXVrg \$ma _hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho. AmOÀ`m wJmV eoVrg§emoYZ _moR>çm à_mUmV

hmody bmJbo Amho. `m g§emoYZmV gm§p»`H$s nÜXVr \$ma _hËdmMr R>abr Amho. CXm. EImÚm eoVrVrb {nH$mImbrb

joÌ, {nH$m§Mo hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ, IVm§Mo à_mU, {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mo à_mU, ~r-{~`mUm§Mo à_mU, BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm

Aä`mg gm§p»`H$s nÜXVrZo Ho$bm OmVmo.

6) ~hþ{dY ñdén : (Multiplex Nature)

H¥$fr yJmobmV \$ŠV nrH$m§À`m CËnmXZm§MmM Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. Va ObqgMZ, newnmbZ, new§gmR>r

Mmè`mMo CËnmXZ, O{_ZrÀ`m _emJVrMr nÜXV, VgoM eoVrMo {d{dY àH$ma, eoVr nÜXVr, eoVrMo ñdén, eoVrÀ`m

g_ñ`m, eoVrÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm` `mMmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm Amho. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr yJmobmMo

ñdén ~hþ{dY àH$maMo Pmbo Amho.

7) d¡km{ZH$ ñdén : (Scientific Nature)

H¥$fr yJmobmMm g_mdoe hm {dkmZmV Ho$bm OmVmo. H¥$fr H$m`m©V g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

emór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. eoVrda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$, eoVr g_ñ`m, Ë`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm` `m§Mm

Aä`mg emór` nÜXVrZo Ho$bm OmVmo. eoVrÀ`m nÜXVr, eoVrVyZ KoVbr OmUmar {nHo$, {nH$m§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU, eoVrV

Ho$bm OmUmam àJV V§ÌkmZm§Mm dmna, {nH$m§gmR>r ObqgMZmMo {Z`moOZ, ì`dñWmnZ BË`mXr {df`m§Mm Aä`mg

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emór` nÜXVrZo H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr yJmobemómg d¡km{ZH$ ñdén àmßV Pmbo Amho.

1.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr {Xboë`m n`m© mVyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z CÎmao {bhm.

A) H¥$fr yJmob hr H$moUË`m yJmobmMr _hÎdmMr emIm Amho ?

1) àmH¥${VH$ 2) gm_m{OH$ 3) Am{W©H$ 4>) amOH$s`

~) eoVrg AZwHy$b AgUmè`m àXoemV eoVrMm {dH$mg H$gm hmoVmo ?

1) H$_r {dH$mg 2) èhmg 3) {dZme 4) A{YH$ {dH$mg

1.2.2 H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`már d _hËd :

(Scope of Significance of Agriculture Geography)

H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr / joÌ / {df`gm_J«r :

H¥$fr yJmobemó hr 20ì`m eVH$mVrb gdm©V {dH${gV emIm Amho. `m emIoV {d{dY {df`m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr (Aä`mg joÌ) _moR>o Amho. `m {df`mMr ì`mßVr nwT>rbn«_mUo

Amho.

1) H¥$frMm CJ_ d {dH$mg `m§Mm Aä`mg :

H¥$fr yJmobemómMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm OJmVrb eoVrMm CJ_ d {dH$mg H$Yr d H$gm Pmbm `mMm

Aä`mg H$aVmV. eoVrÀ`m àma§ m~amo~a Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV BVa CÚmoJhr gwé Pmbo åhUyZ `m {df`mÀ`m gwédmVrg

eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

2) H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmMm Aä`mg :

eoVrVyZ Iarn d aã~r Ago XmoZ àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. `m_Ü o ImÚ, ~mJm`Vr d amoIrMr {nHo$

KoVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr eoVrVyZ dfm©VyZ EH$ qH$dm XmoZ VgoM {d{dY {nHo$ KoVmV. VgoM EH$M nrH$ H$moaS>dmhÿ

VgoM ObqgMZ nÜXVrZo KoVbo OmVo. H$m§hr àXoemV O{_ZrVyZ \$ŠV OZmdam§gmR>r Mmè`mMo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

doJdoJù`m {nH$m§Imbr Agbobo O{_ZrMo joÌ _hUOoM H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ hmo . WmoS>Š`mV H¥$fr yJmobemómV

H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

3) {nH$m§Mm Aä`mg :

eoVrVyZ {d{dY àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. eoVr yJmobmMm {nHo$ hm _hËdmMm Aä`mg {df` Amho.

Jhÿ, Ádmar, ~mOar, Vm§Xyi, ZmMUr B. ImÚ {nHo$, H$mnyg, Mhm, H$m°\$s, D$g , VmJ, Ho$ir, a~a, {d{dY àH$maMr

ì`mnmar {nHo$, ~mJm`Vr d amoIrMr {nHo$ `m§Mm àm_w»`mZo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§Zm Amdí`H$

AgUmar ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, Ë`m§Mo {dVaU, {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ, CËnmXZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$, `m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm OmVmo.

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4) H¥$fr ObqgMZ :

Á`m àXoem§V nmD$g A{ZpíMV ñdénmMm AgVmo. VoWo ObqgMZ _hËdmMo AgVo. ObqgMZm_wio eoVrg

{ZpíMV ñdénmMm nmUrnwadR>m H$aVm oVmo. ObqgMZm_wio eoVr {dH$mgmg _XV hmoVo. H¥$fr yJmobmV ObqgMZmMr

gmYZo, àH$ma, ObqgMZmImbr Agbobo joÌ, ObqgMZmda oUmam IM©, ObqgMZmÀ`m g_ñ`m, Ë`m g_ñ`m

gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm` `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

5) {nH$m§gmR>r Amdí`H$ n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg :

eoVr ì`dgm`mda ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mm \$ma à^md nS>Vmo. `mV yn¥ð>aMZm, hdm_mZ, _¥Xm `m à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. gwnrH$ àXoe, _¡XmZr n«Xoe, `mo½` Vmn_mZ, nwaogm nmD$g, `mo½` Vmn_mZ, BË`mXr KQ>H$ AZwHy$b

AgUmè`m àXoemV eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§gmR>r doJdoJir n[apñWVr Amdí`H$

AgVo. CXm. JìhmgmR>r g_{eVmoîU àH$maMo hdm_mZ, Mhm d a~am§gmR>r CîU H$Q>r~§Yr` hdm_mZ Amdí`H$

AgVo.

eoVrgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mn«_mUoM Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$hr AZwHy$b Agmdo

bmJVmV. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H¥$fr yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo.

6) eoVrÀ`m nÜXVr d àH$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg :

eoVrÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVr d àH$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg H¥$fr yJmobmV Ho$bm OmVmo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr d

bmoH$g§»`m `mZwgma eoVr nÜXVr {dH${gV Pmë`m AmhoV. OJmÀ`m ~è`mM àXoemV ñWm`r d CXa{Zdm©hH$ nÜXVrMr

eoVr hmoVo. O§Jbì`mßV àXoemV ^Q>H$s qH$dm ñWbm§V[aV nÜXVrMr eoVr hmoVo. VgoM gImob eoVr, {dñV¥V eoVr,

g§{_l eoVr, amoIrÀ`m {nH$m§Mr d ~mJm`Vr eoVr Ago eoVrMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV `m§Mm Aä`mg H¥$fr yJmobmV

Ho$bm OmVmo.

7) H¥$fr _mbmda AmYm[aV d H¥${fg§§~§Yr CÚmoJm§Mm Aä`mg :

gwVr H$mnS>{JaÊ`m, gmIa CÚmoJ, Vob{JaÊ`m, VmJ[JaÊ`m, V§~mIy, {~S>r BË`mXr CÚmoJY§Xo H¥$fr _mbmda

AmYm[aV AmhoV. VgoM {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, IVo, BË`mXr ho H¥$frer g§~§{YV CÚmoJ AmhoV. `m CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg,

{dH$mgm§da n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$, CÚmoJY§ÚmMm n[agamVrb bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ `m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm OmVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV, H¥${f yJmobemómV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV oUmè`m {df`m§Mr ì`mßVr dmTy> bmJbr Amho. Ë`m_wio

`m {df`mMo Aä`mgjoÌ qH$dm ì`mßVr dmTy> bmJbr Amho.

H¥$fr yJmobemómMo _hÎd : (Significance of Agriculture)

AbrH$S>o H¥$fr yJmobemómMo _hËd dmT>V Amho. H¥$fr yJmobemómMo _hËd nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) H¥$fr yJmobemóm_wio OJmVrb {d{dY XoemV H$moUË`m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMo CËnmXZ {_iVo. `mMr

`mo½` _m{hVr {_iVo.

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2) {d{dY {nH$m§Mo OmJ{VH$ {dVaU d CËnmXZ `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.

3) OJmVrb H$moUH$moUË`m àXoem§VyZ H¥$fr CËnÞ {_iVo `m§Mr VwbZm H$aVm oVo.

4) H¥$fràYmZ XoemV H¥$fr~m~V {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mg, {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr yJmobmMr _XV hmoVo.

5) H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmZo eoVr joÌmVrb V§Ìk d OmUH$ma `m§À`m _XVrZo eoVrMr aMZm

gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

6) H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmZo Xoem§Vrb ImÚmÝZmMo CËnmXZ dmT>dVm oVo.

7) eoVrg H¥${Ì_ nmUrnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r àXoemÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$éZ Ob

A{^ §Ë`m§Zm ObqgMZmMo AmamIS>o V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr yJmobmMr _XV hmoVo.

8) àmXo{eH$ {Z`moOZ Vkm§Zm Amnë`m n[agamVrb \$im-\w$bm§Zr ZQ>bobm, {nH$m§Zr ~habobm, {ZgJ©aå`

àXoe H$moR>o {Z_m©U H$aVm oB©b ho R>adyZ Ë`m Ñï>rZo {dH$mg `moOZm AmIVm oVmV. n ©Q>Z d

H$a_UwH$sÀ`m ñWim§gmR>r {RH$mUo {ZdS>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

9) H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmZo H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m dmhVyH$sgmR>r añVo d bmoh_mJm©À`m dmhVyH$sMo

AmamIS>o V`ma H$é eH$VmV.

10) H¥$fr joÌmV ehamÀ`m {R>H$mUr H¥$fr ~mOmanoR>m ñWmnZ hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr ~mOmanoR>m§À`m

Aä`mgmgmR>r H¥$fr yJmobmMr _XV hmoVo.

11) H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmZo XoemVrb eoVrMo VoWrb n[apñWVrZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ godm, gw{dYm,

Cn`moJr Jmoï>tMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

12) {Z`moOZH$V}, eoVH$ar, àemgH$, n`m©daU Vk, ì`dñWmnH$, `m gdmªZm Aä`mgmgmR>r _m{hVr

H¥$fr yJmobemómVyZ {_iVo.

1.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbr {Xboë`m n`m© m§VyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z CÎmao {bhm.

A) doJdoJù`m {nH$m§Imbr Agbobo O{_ZrMo joÌ åhUOo H$m` ?

1) H¥$fr {Z omOZ 2) H¥$fr {dH$mg 3) H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ 4) H¥$fr aMZm

~) Á`m n«XoemV nmD$g A{Z{íMV ñdénmMm AgVmo, VoWo ObqgMZ............

1) _hÎdmMo AgVo 2) _hËdmMo ZgVo 3) H$aVm oV Zmhr 4) {Zén`moJr R>aVo

1.2.3 H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgnÜXVr qH$dm Ñï>rH$moZ :

(Approaches to the study in Agricultural Geography)

eoVrMo àH$ma, {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ, newnmbZ, Hw$aUm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, {d{dY àXoem§Vrb eoVrÀ`m nÜXVr,

{nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ, eoVr n`m©daU, BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H¥$fr yJmobemómV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY n«H$maÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Aä`mg nÜXVtMm dmna H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio `mo½` d AMyH$

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{ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmV. _mZd, _mZdm§Mo Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daU, n`m©daUmMo joÌr` {dVaU, Aem AZoH$ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m

KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H¥$fr yJmobemómV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm `mo½` d nÜXVera Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY

yJmobemómÀ`m H$mhr Aä`mgnÜXVr nwT>rbn«_mUo AmhoV.

H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMo nwT>rb XmoZ à_wI Ñï>rH$moZ AmhoV.

1) n«m`mo{JH$ Ñ¥ï>rH$moZ

2) AZw_m{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZ

darb XmoÝhr Ñï>rH$moZmV \$aH$ Amho. na§Vw ho XmoÝhrhr Ñï>rH$moZ _hËdmMo AmhoV.

na§Vw A{bH$S>o H¥$fr yJmobemómV nwT>rb Ñï>rH$moZ (Aä`mgnÜXVr) _hËdmMo _mZbo OmVmV.

1) n`m©daUr` Ñï>rH$moZ 2) dñVy{df`H$ Ñï>rH$moZ

3) Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 4) àmXo{eH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

5) nÜXVera Ñ{ï>H$moZ 6) aMZm n¥W:H$aU

7) n[apñWVrH$s Ñ{ï>H$moZ 8) dV©UyH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

1) n`m©daUr` Ñï>rH$moZ : (Environmental Approach)

_mZdr {H«$`m-n«{H«$`m§da Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm OmñV n«^md nS>Vmo. eoVr{df`H$ {ZU©` KoUmè`m

eoVH$è`m§À`m H$m`m©da Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm à^md nS>Vmo. `mV àm_w»`mZo _¥Xm, O_rZ, Vmn_mZ, nO©Ý`, ObàUmbr

`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. OJmÀ`m doJdoJù`m ^mJmVrb n`m©daUmV {^ÝZVm AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio eoVr_Ü ohr

{d{dYVm AmT>iVo.

Á`m àXoemV O_rZ d hdm_mZ ho KQ>H$ AZwHy$b AgVmV Ë`m àXoemV eoVr{dH$mg A{YH$ hmoVmo. CXm.

^maVmVrb CÎma ^maVmMo _¡XmZ.

Ë`mMà_mUo doJdoJù`m {nH$m§Zm `mo½` dmT>rgmR>r doJdoJir ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr Amdí`H$ AgVo. CXm.

H$mngmgmR>r H$mir H$gXma O_rZ, _Ü`_ nmD$g d WmoS>o OmñV Vmn_mZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. MhmgmR>r Vm§~S>r d

CVma Agbobr O_rZ OmñV Vmn_mZ d OmñV nO©Ý` Amdí`H$ AgVo. JìhmgmR>r JmimMr O_rZ, _Ü`_ nO©Ý`

d _Ü`_ Vmn_mZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wioM ho KQ>H$ AZwHy$b AgUmè`m àXoemV {nH$m§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbobo

Amho. Ë`m_wioM Vm§Xyi, VmJ d Mhm `m§gmaIr {nHo$ CîU, X_Q> hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV, H$mnyg CîU d H$moaS>çm

hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV, Jhÿ CîU g_{eVmoîU hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbr OmVmV.

A{bH$S>o n`m©daUmÀ`m à^mdm_Ü o H$mhr à_mUmV n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho. Varhr eoVr Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm

`eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daU \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho.

Q>rH$m/Xmof :

n`m©daUr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m Aä`mg nÕVrda nwT>rbà_mUo Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

1) H¥$fr {H«$`m§da gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `mH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo Amho.

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2) H$mhr àXoemV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr g_mZ AgyZhr g_mZ {nHo$ H$m AmT>iV ZmhrV. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU `m

Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ hmoV Zmhr. CXm. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb Ý w B§½b§S> d MrZ_Yrb _m§À w[a`m_Yrb g_mZ hdm_mZmMr,

pñWVr, g_mZ Ajm§emË_H$ ñWmZ AgyZhr VoWo doJdoJir {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

3) _mZdmZo Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm àJVr Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda n`m©daUmV ~Xb H$ê$Z nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo

eoVrVyZ KoVë`m OmUmè`m {nH$m§V ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV. CXm. Vm§XimMo nrH$ OmñV nmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoemV

Vm{_iZmSy>, Am§Y« àXoe, npíM_ ~§Jmb, Amgm_ BË`mXr amÁ`mV hmoVo. na§Vw, AmVm n§Om~ d h[a`mUm

`m amÁ`mV ObqgMZ H$ê$Z Iarn h§Jm_mV Vm§XimMo {nH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmVo.

4) à{VHy$b hdm_mZmVhr eoVH$ar {nH$m§Mo g§dY©Z d g§ajU H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, n`m©daUr` KQ>H$m§Mm OmñV à^md AgUmè`m {dfwdd¥Îmr` d dmid§Q>r

àXoemV n`m©daUmMm eoVrda hmoUmam n[aUm_ OmñVM Amho. _mZdr à`ËZ d àJV V§ÌkmZm_wio {dH${gV XoemV

n`m©daUmMm eoVrda hmoUmam n[aUm_ H$_r Amho.

2) dñVy{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ : (Commodity Approach)

`m nÕVr_Ü o H$moUË`mhr H¥$fr _mbmMm Aä`mg hm {d^mJmVyZ Z H$aVm EH${ÌV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

H$moUË`mhr H¥$fr CËnmXZmMm Aä`mg hm nyU©ËdmZo H$aUo ho `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo à_wI VËd Amho. `m_Ü o H¥$fr CËnmXZmVrb

dñVyMm àXoe, joÌ, CËnmXZ d {dH«$sn ªV gdªH$f Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. Mhm, D$g, Jhÿ, H$mnyg `m§Mo

CËnmXZ. dñVy{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmV `mn¡H$s EH$mM H¥$fr _mbmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM \$º$ Mhm `m

{nH$mMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg, MhmÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm, _¥Xm, BË`mXr, Amdí`H$ n[apñWVr, jo{Ì`

{dVaU, H|$ÐrH$aU, CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm, ~mOmanoR>, à{H«$`m, {dVaU Am{U Cn^moJ `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmV.

nydu {~«Q>re yJmobVÁkm§Zr Ë`m§Mr AÞmMr JaO _hÎdmMr g_OyZ OJmVrb AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m

Xoem§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. eoVrVyZ {_iUmè`m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. npíM_ wamon_Ü o H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo

joÌ H$_r à_mUmV Agë`mZo, Ë`m§Zr OJmVyZ Á`m àXoemVyZ AÞYmÝ o d eoVr CËnmXZo OmñV hmoV hmoVr VoWyZ Vr

Am`mV Ho$br. Ë`mda à{H«$`m H$ê$Z {dH«$s Ho$br.

Q>rH$m/Xmof :

1) dñVy{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmV eoVH$è`m§À`m dV©ZmMm {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr.

2) eoVH$è`m§Mr _yë o, C{ÔîQ>ço, _ZmMm H$b, {dídmgmH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo Amho.

3) dñVy{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmV àË oH$ {nH$m§gmR>r H$em ñdê$nmMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr Amdí`H$ AgVo `mMr

_m{hVr {Xbr OmVo. na§Vw \$º$ {nHo$ hmM H¥$fr yJmobmMm KQ>H$ Zmhr, Va H¥$fr _mb CËnmXH$VoMo BVa

KQ>H$hr _hÎdmMo AmhoV. `m Ñï>rH$moZmV Ë`mH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV hm Ñ{ï>H$moU gdªH$f Zmhr.

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3) Am{W©H$ Ñï>rH$moZ : (Economical Approach)

eoVr H$aUmam eoVmVyZ H$moUË`m h§Jm_mV qH$dm dfm©V H$moUVr {nHo$ ¿`mdrV `m~m~V {ZU© KoVmo. Ë`mbm

àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr, n`m©daUmMr d CnbãY V§ÌkmZmMr nyU© _m{hVr AgVo. AmnU Ho$boë`m H$moUË`m eoVr

CËnmXZmbm OmñV _mJUr Amho `mMo kmZ eoVH$è`mbm AgVo. Am{W©H$ CËnmXZo, ~mOmanoR>, dmhVyH$ d {dVaUmÀ`m

ì`dñWoMm IM© dñVy_wë`mV Yabm OmVmo.

eoVH$è`mÀ`m dV©ZmMm eoVr CËnmXZmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Zâ`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z EH$ {nH$ ~XbyZ Xwgao {nH$

KoVmo. `mgmR>r A{YH$ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ë`mbm A{YH$ Am{W©H$ CËnÞ {_idyZ XoUmao {nH$ KoÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ver eoVr nÕVr

Ë`mbm AmdS>Vo. CXm. _Ü` àXoemVrb _midm nR>mamdarb gmo m~rZ, gVbOJ§Jm _¡XmZmVrb gy ©\w$b, Am§Y«

àXoemVrb Vob§JUm àXoemVrb S>mqi~mMo CËnmXZ, _hmamï´>mVrb gm§Jbr {OëømVrb Ðmjo, CÎma àXoemVrb

_wamXm~mX {OëømV nw{XZm `m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo.

Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU :

Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AZoH$ ~mOy§Zr Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

1) _mZd Zoh_r Am{W©H$ _Zwî` `m ZmË`mZo dmJV Zmhr.

2) eoVH$è`mMo AZoH$ {ZU© _Oya nwadR>m, ^m§S>db `m§À`m CnbãYVoda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

3) gwnrH$ O_rZ Am{U `mo½` hdm_mZmMr pñWVr AgyZhr H$mhr N>moQ>o eoVH$ar, ^mOrnmbm, Vm§Xyi, ~Q>mQ>o

`m§À`m bmJdS>rH$S>o diV ZmhrV.

4) H$mhr doim _mbmMo {dVaU, ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^md, gmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m gmo tMm A^md `m_wio ZdrZ {nH$m§Mr

bmJdS> H$aVmZm AS>Wio oVmV.

5) \$io-^mOrnmbm d BVa eoV_mbmda à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mÀ`m gw{dYm Zgë`mg eoVH$ar amoIrÀ`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ

KoÊ`mH$S>o bj XoV Zmhr.

6) emgH$s` YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ amoIrMr nrHo$ KoÊ`mda hmoVmo.

4) àmXo{eH$ Ñï>rH$moZ (Regional Approach) :

Á`m ^mJmVrb qH$dm joÌmVrb àmH¥${VH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ JwUY_© g_mZ AgVmV Aem {d^mJmg àmXo{eH$

{d^mJ åhUVmV. ~oH$a `m VÁkmZo H¥$fr yJmobemómV àmXo{eH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda ^a {Xbm. dm°Ho$Z ~J©, drQ>bogr,

{dìha, H$monm°H$, H$moñQ´>mo{dH$s BË`mXr Aä`mgH$m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMo g_W©Z Ho$bo Amho.

_moR>çm àXoemMo bhmZ bhmZ {d^mJ Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m gd© bhmZ {d^mJm§nmgyZ _Ü` àXoemMr {Z{_©Vr

homVo. Va _Ü` àXoemnmgyZ ñWb àXoe {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_wio H¥$fr KQ>Zm Ñí`m§Mo gwg§KQ>rV, gwg§~ÜX

Am{U {dídmghm © ñnï>rH$aU {_iVo. CXm. EImÚm àXoemVrb nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU, nrH$ g§ moJ d H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm

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`m§À`m {ZpíMVVo_wio eoVH$è`mg nrH$ CËnmXZ d {H«$`m H$aÊ`mg AMyH$ d h_Img _mhrVr {_iVo. `mMm Cn`moJ

H¥$fr {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z CËnmXZ nmVirVrb àmXo{eH$ Ag_mZVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) H¥$fr gmYZmÀ`m `mo½` {Z`moOZmgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

2) gwg§KQ>rV, gwg§~§ÜX d {dídmgmh© _m{hVr {_iVo.

3) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$boë`m Aä`mgmZo d¡pídH$ nmVirda H¥$fr{df`H$ _mhrVr {_iVo.

4) H$mhr {d{eï> àXoemV {d{eï> àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVm oVmV. Ë`m_wio eoVrMo d¡{eîQ>çH$aU H$aVm oVo.

5) nÕVera Ñ{ï>H$moZ qH$dm H«$_~Õ Ñï>rH$moZ (Systematic Approach) :

`m Ñï>rH$moZmg gd©gm_mÝ` qH$dm "d¡pídH$' Ñ{ï>H$moZ Agohr åhUVmV. ìhoao{Z`g `mZo gm_mÝ` (nÕVera)

d {d{eï> (àmXo{eH$) Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aer XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br. `mVyZM nÕVera Ñï>rH$moZ nwT>o Ambm.

gm_mÝ` {Z`_m§Mo gwgyÌrH$aU, {gÕm§V d gdmªZm bmJy hmoUmè`m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aUmam hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho.

`mV {d{eï> H$ënZoÀ`m AmYmamda Z_yZo Jmoim Ho$bo OmVmV. `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m AmYmao OmJ{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H¥$fr

KQ>ZmÑí`m§Mo ({nHo$) {ZarjU, narjU Am{U ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda H$mhr gm_mÝ`

{dYmZo Ho$br OmVmV. CXm. Vm§Xyi qH$dm Jhÿ `m {nH$m§Mo {d{dY I§S>m_Yrb, A{^joÌr` {dVaU Am{U {d{eï>

joÌm_Yrb {nH$m§Mo Ho$bobo H|$ÐrH$aU.

OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr {d{eï> H¥$fr g§~§YmVrb KQ>H$m§Mo Ë`m§À`m à^mdmÀ`m g§X^m©V àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVoMm

Aä`mg åhUOoM aMZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ hmo . WmoS>Š`mV {d{eï> H¥$fr ~m~tÀ`m àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVoMm Aä`mg `m

Ñ{ï>H$moZmV H$aVmV. `mbmM "{d{eï> Ñï>rH$moZ' Agohr åhUVmV.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZ d àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVm `m§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo.

2) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m Aä`mgmZo gd© Ord OmVrg bmJy hmoUmar g§H$ënZm (d¡pídH$ g§H$ënZm) g_OÊ`mg

_XV hmoVo.

6) aMZm n¥W:H$aU Ñï>rH$moZ/àUmbr {díbofU Ñï>rH$moZ (System Analysis Approach) :

Ordemóm_Ü o bwS>{dJ `m§Zr aMZm n¥W:H$aU Ñï>rH$moZ {dH${gV Ho$bm. EH$ EH$H$ KoD$Z qH$dm EH$

ì`º$s, EH$ CÚmoJY§Xm, EH$ ì`dgm`, EH$ amÁ` qH$dm EH$ H¥$fr `m§Mm gyú_ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m EH$m

KQ>H$mMm BVa AZoH$ KQ>H$m§er g§~§Y oVmo.

H¥$fr yJmobemó ho àmH¥${VH$ n`m©daU, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daU d H¥$fr KQ>ZmÑí`m§À`m {d{dY g§~§YmMm

Aä`mg H$aUmao emó Amho. `m Ñï>rH$moZmV IoS>o, eoVrjoÌ ñWm{ZH$, àmXo{eH$, amï>r` d OmJ{VH$ ñVamda n[aUm_

Am{U ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmamIS>m àmá hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVrMr Jw§VmJw§VrMr Agbobr H$m } g_OÊ`mg _XV

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hmoVo. `m_wioM ~oar Am{U Mmob} `m yJmobH$mam§Zr hm Ñï>rH$moZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$n g_OÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _hÎdmMo

gmYZ Amho Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho.

àË oH$ {d^mJmVrb eoVr aMZoMo doJdoJio KQ>H$ AgVmV. CXm. O{_ZrMr _emJV, IVo, eoVrgmR>r

nm`m yV KQ>H$, ~mOmanoR>m BË`mXr. `m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ eoVrda hmoVmo.

Á`m aMZoV _hÎdmMr EH$ qH$dm XmoZ H$m © H$aUmè`m n[adV©Zr` Jmoï>r AgVmV. Ë`mbm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZm

(Geographical System) Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m àXoemVrb ñWmZ, {R>H$mUm§Mr A§Vao, joÌ, {dñVma, KZVm,

Ë`m_Yrb {d{dY H$m }, AñVmì`ñV àXoe, jo{Ì` n[apñWVr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg yJmob VÁk H$aVmV.

Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU :

1) aMZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm AZw dOÝ` AgyZ g§{X½Y Amho.

2) aMZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {díbofUmV _yë o, {dH$mg, Ñï>rH$moZ, {dídmg, BÀN>m, Amem, ^`, _ZmMr

y{_H$m BË`mXr àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr.

3) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mo A§eV: qH$dm H$_r dmñVd {MÌ C o Ho$bo OmVo.

7) n[apñWVrH$s Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Ecological Approach) :

`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ dZñnVr, _mZd àmUr d BVa AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mm nañnam§er g§~§Y ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV O¡{dH$ d AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mm `mV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.

`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§À`m _Vo g_mZ y-hdm_mZ n[apñWVr AgUmè`m àXoemV g_mZ àH$maÀ`m

H¥$fr {H«$`m AgVmV. y-hdm_mZ d _¥XoÀ`m n[a{_VrV ~Xb Pmë`mg nrH$m§V ~Xb hmoV OmVmo. Vmn_mZ d

AmЩVoÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb Pmbm Va {nH$m§Zm OJÊ`mg g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo. `mV \$ma H$_r dZñnVr à{VHy$b

n[apñWVrVhr VJ Yê$ eH$VmV. Á`m dZñnVr VJ YaVmV Ë`m BVa dZñnVrnojm n`m©daUm§er OmñV à_mUmV

OwidyZ KoVmV. H$_r àVrÀ`m dZñnVr hiyhiy bmon nmdVmV. `mbmM "Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS>' Ago åhUVmV.

hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>Umè`m VÁkm§À`m _Vo, eoVH$ar gÜ`mÀ`m Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý` `m§À`mer OwidyZ KoD$ eH$Umar

H¥$fr H$m } pñdH$maVmo, åhUOoM eoVH$è`m§À`m {ZU© mda n`m©daUmMm à^md nS>Vmo Am{U eoVH$ar H¥$fr H$m`m©Zo

n`m©daUmV ~Xb KS>dVmV. àË`jmV d¡km{ZH$ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio n`m©daUmV ~Xb H$aUmam _mZd hm

gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ ~Zbm Amho.

Q>rH$m/ Xmof :

1) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmV n`m©daUmda OmñV ^a {Xbm Amho.

2) _mZdmH$S>o àJV V§ÌkmZ Amho. Ë`m_wio Vmo H¥$fr joÌmV àJVr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw _mZdmÀ`m H$m`m©g H$_r

_hÎd {Xbo Amho.

3) _mZd hm Ho$di ~Xb KS>dUmam àdV©H$ Zmhr Va Z¸$b H$aUmam d OwidyZ KoUmam Amho.

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8) dV©UyH$ Ñï>rH$moZ (Behavioural Approach) :

gm§p»`H$sH$aUmbm à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ dV©ZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ pñdH$mabm. `m_wio H¥$fr{df`H$ H$m`mªMo d

eoVH$è`mÀ`m {d{dY nmVirda {ZU© j_ à{H«$ oMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo eoVH$ar Á`m n`m©daUmV

amhVmo. Ë`m n`m©daUmVrb OmUrdm§Ûmam ì`dYmZ amIyZ dV©UyH$ H$aVmo. dV©UyH$ yJmobH$mam§À`m _Vo, _mZd hm

Ë`mÀ`m n`m©daUmg AmH$ma XoVmo Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo {H«$`m H$aVmo. Ë`m_wioM _mZd d n`m©daU `m§À`m_Ü o ~XbVo

g§~§Y AmhoV.

dV©ZmË_H$ yJmob VÁkm§À`m _Vo n`m©daUmMr nwT>rb XmoZ à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.

1) dmñVd n`m©daU 2) dV©UyH$ n`m©daU

dmñVd n`m©daUm_Ü o eoVH$ar Ë`mbm AmH$bZ Pmboë`m n`m©daUmÀ`m AmYmao {ZU© KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmo.

dV©UyH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmV ~è`mMXm eoVH$ar H¥$frg§~§{YV {ZU© ho Am{W©H$ \$m`Úmnojm dV©UyH$sda AmYm[aV

hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM ^maVmgma»`m nma§nm[aH$, {dH$gZerb XoemV eoVr hm OrdZmMm _mJ© Amho. gm_m{OH$

Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§_wio erI bmoH$ V§~mIyMr bmJdS> H$aV ZmhrV. damhnmbZ ho _wpñb_m§_Ü o {Z{eÕ Amho.

Q>rH$m/Xmof :

1) dV©UyH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVrb _hÎdmMm Xmof åhUOo à`moJmda AmYm[aV EH${ÌV {ZU© ZgVmo, XiUdiUmMr

H$_Hw$dVnUm d AZmdYmZmZo hmoUmar Z¸$b, {d{dY Am{W©H$ CËnÞ H$aUmar n[a^mfm.

2) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmV {_iUmar ~arMer AmH$S>odmar à`moJemioV àmÊ`m§da à`moJ H$ê$Z {_i{dbr OmVo d Ë`m

AmYmao {_iUmao n[aUm_ ho _mZdmÀ`m dV©ZmÀ`m Cn^moJmda AmUbo OmVmV.

3) dV©UyH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm dU©ZmË_H$ Amho. Ë`mMo ñdê$n ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ qH$dm {ddaUmË_H$ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio

H¥$fr ho {d{dY {df`m§Mr `mXr ~ZVo. d Ë`mMo ñdê$n dU©ZmË_H$ hmoVo.

åhUOoM, `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ EImXr ì`º$s qH$dm ì`º$s g_yh H¥$fr_Ü o `eñdr Pmbm qH$dm A`eñdr

Pmbm `mÀ`m _yë`mMo nwaogo ñnï>rH$aU XoVm oV Zmhr.

1.2.3 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr {Xboë`m n`m© mVyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z CÎmao {bhm.

A) H$moUË`m VÁkmZo H¥$fr yJmobemómV àmXo{eH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda ^a {Xbm ?

1) a°Q>Pob 2) [aQ>a 3) [a wQ>a 4) ~oH$a

~) H$moUË`m Aä`mgH$mZo aMZm n¥W:H$aU Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH${gV Ho$bm ?

1) ~oH$a 2) a°Q>Pob 3) bwS>{dJ 4) [a wQ>a

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1.2.4 H¥$frÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm (Evolution of Agriculture) :

AJXr gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV _mZd nyU©nUo Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ hmoVm. AmYw{ZH$ _mZdmMr CËnÎmr

35-40 hOma dfmªnydu Pmbr. OJmVrb eoVrMm CJ_ hm 12 hOma dfmªnyduMm Amho. àmW{_H$ AdñWoV

Am{X_mZdmbm {ZgJm©V CnbãY Agboë`m KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJV Ago. newnmbZ H$ê$Z, \$io, \w$bo,

H§$X_wio Jmoim H$ê$Z Amnbm CXa{Zdm©h H$amdm bmJo. Z§Va new-njm§Mr {eH$ma H$ê$ bmJbm. Ë`mZ§Va _mUgmZo

{Zê$nÐdr VgoM Cn`moJr AgUmao àmUr nmiÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. newnmbZmÀ`m AdñWoV ^Q>Ho$ OrdZ OJy

bmJbm. Z§Va Ë`mbm noaUr H$aÊ`mMr H$bm AdJV Pmbr. Ë`m_YyZ AÞmMr JaO ^mJVo ho bjmV Ambo. ^Q>Ho$

OrdZ gmoSy>Z H¥$fr `mo½` joÌmV pñWa Pmbm. VÁkm§À`m _Vo 10 Vo 12 hOma dfmªnydu _mZdmZo eoVr H$aÊ`mg

gwê$dmV Ho$br Agmdr.

Ago Agbo Var, OJmVrb eoVrMm {dH$mg doJdoJù`m àXoemV ñdV§ÌnUo Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. hiyhiy

Ë`mV ~Xb Pmbo. eoVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrVhr ~Xb Pmbm. AbrH$S>o eoVrÀ`m V§ÌmV àJVr hmoD$Z AmYw{ZH$

ñdê$nmMr eoVr Ho$br OmV Amho. Aem àH$mao eoVrMr CËH«$m§Vr Pmbr. eoVrÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMo H$mhr _hÎdmMo Q>ßno

nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) Aí_ wJmVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

Aí_ wJmV eoVr d newnmbZ hmoV Agë`mMo nwamdo gmnS>bo AmhoV. gmYmaUnUo 10000 dfmªnydu Z¡F$Ë`

Am{e`mV y_Ü` g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mOdiMo bmoH$ H§$X_wio, \$io, ImÚmÞ Jmoim H$aUo, {eH$ma, _mgo_mar ho H$aV

hmoVo. oWrb bmoH$m§Zr gd© àW_ Jhÿ d ~mbu `m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. _emJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

dH«$mH$ma MmHy$ d H$mo Vo `m§Mm dmna H$aV. YmÝ`mMr gmR>dU IS>çmV H$aV. YmÝ` XJS>mZo XiV. JìhmMo nrH$

ho O§Jbr JdVmgmaIo Agm`Mo. Aí_ wJrZ H$mimV ~hþVoH$ ^mJmV ^Q>Š`m ñdê$nmMr eoVr Mmbm`Mr. eoVr

~amo~a newnmbZhr Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. H$mbm§VamZo bmoH$ EH$m {R>H$mUr pñWa Pmbo d eoVr H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio

`m eoVrg CXa{Zdm©hH$ ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. `m eoVrVyZ _gya d gmo m~rZ `m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> hmoD$ bmJbr.

WmoS>Š`mV Aí_ wJmVrb eoVr hr àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMr hmoVr.

2) B{Vhmgnyd© H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

{¼ñV nyd© 5000 dfmªnydu B{Oá, X{jU a{e`m, S>°Ý yZMo Imoao, BQ>br, ñnoZ, \«$mÝg d MrZ `m XoemV

eoVr {dH$mg Pmbm hmoVm. `mZ§Va hiyhiy CÎma MrZÀ`m _¡XmZr àXoemV VgoM hmo m±Jhmo ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mV eoVrg

gwê$dmV Pmbr. àW_ oWrb eoVr AñWm`r hmoVr. `m eoVrVyZ D$g, nm_, Vm§Xyi, Mhm Aem {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ

KoVbo OmV hmoVo. eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$mdS>o d H$mo Ë`mgma»`m AdOmam§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.

B{Oá d _ogmonmoQ>o{_`mV {¼ñVnyd© 4000 dfmªnydu eoVrMr _emJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm§JamMm d Zm§Ja H$boMm

{dH$mg Pmbm. `mdoir ooWo H$mnyg, Vob{~`m, H$m§Xm, {d{dY \$io, dmQ>mUm, VmJ, Aem {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo

OmV hmoVo. eoù`m d _|T>çm newnmbZmgmR>r nmiV hmoVo.

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`m H$mimV _mZd pñWa dñË`m H$ê$Z amhÿ bmJbm. bhmZ eoVH$ar _¡XmZr àXoemV ñWm{`H$ hmoD$ bmJbo.

gmh{OH$M ImÚ nrHo$ d BVa {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ H$_r Pmbo. IoS>çm§Mo ZmJarH$aUmV ê$nm§Va hmoD$ bmJbo. _moh|OXS>mo

d hS>mßnm `m§gma»`m àJV ZmJar g§ñH¥$VrMm CX` Pmbm. dmhVwH$sgmR>r ZÚm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJbm, Ë`m_wio

BVa àXoemV eoVrMr gwê$dmV hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.

3) B{Vhmg àma§ H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

X{jU a{e`mV {¼ñV nyd© 3000 _Ü o MmH$mMm emoY bmJbm. `m_wio JmS>çm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. H¥$fr

_mbmMr dmhVyH$ H$aUo gmono Pmbo. hiyhiy XJS>r, Vm§~o, {nVirMr AdOmao V`ma H$aÊ`mV oD$ bmJbr. `m

wJmg "Vm_« Aí_ wJ' Ago åhUVmV. eoVrgmR>r H$mbdo H$mTy>Z ObqgMZ H$aÊ`mV oD$ bmJbo. eoVr {dH$mg

H$mnyg, ~mbu, Jhÿ Aem {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV oV Ago. bmoH$m§Zr åh¡er, C§Q>, KmoS>o, eoù`m, _|T>çm, Sw>H$ao,

H$m|~S>çm, Jm`r nmiÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. bmoH$g§»`m dmT> Pmë`mZo eoVrMm {dH$mg _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm.

4) _Ü` wJrZ nyd© H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

J«rH$ d amo_Z bmoH$m§Zr 4 Ï`m d 5 ì`m eVH$mV y_Ü` g_wÐmÀ`m OdiÀ`m àXoemV dgmhVr ñWmnZ

Ho$ë`m. VoWo eoVrMm {dH$mg Hoo$bm. Cngm ObqgMZmg gwê$dmV Ho$br. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§Mm àgma Pmbm.

CÎma wamon_Ü o Zm§Ja V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr _emJV H$aUo gmono Pmbo. eoVr_Ü o ~Xb Pmbo.

H$mhr bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Zr dgmhVr ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Imoao, Hw$Xi, H$mo Vm, Zm§Ja hr AdOmao Agm`Mr.

5) _Ü` wJrZ H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimV AZoH$ àdmgr, emoYH$V} `m§Zr emoYH$m © Ho$bo. ZdZdrZ àXoemVrb eoVrMr _mhrVr

{_iy bmJbr. bmoI§S> Zm§Jambm MH«$ d bmoI§S>r Q>moH$ ~g{dbo. {haì`m IVmMr _m{hVr eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imbr.

H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVrMm {dH$mg d àgma Pmbm. àm_w»`mZo _Ü` wJmÀ`m àma§ mg CÎma MrZ, CÎma ^maV, X{jU wamon,

Z¡F$Ë` Am{e`m_Ü o H¥$fr V§ÌmMr àJVr Pmbr. na§Vw amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg Pmë`mZ§Va eoVr joÌmV _moR>çm

à_mUmV {nN>ohmQ> Pmbr. {nH$m§Mm \$magm àgma Pmbm Zmhr. eoVrgmR>r KmoS>çm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.

`m H$mimV _°JobZ, H$mob§~g, dmñH$mo-{X-Jm_m `m§Zr wamon_YyZ Ho$boë`m gmJar g\$ar_wio OJmÀ`m {d{dY

àXoemV {nH$m§Mm àgma hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.

6) CÎma _Ü` wJrZ H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

`m H$mimV eoVr_Ü o AZoH$ ~Xb Pmbo. 1602 _Ü o noaUr §ÌmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. eoVr_Ü o AZoH$

AdOmam§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoD$ bmJbm. OmñVrV OmñV O_rZ {nH$m§À`m bmJdS>rImbr AmUbr. ZdrZ

AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nÕVr§Mm dmna gwê$ Pmbm. XyY, bmoH$a, _m§g `m§Mo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo Omdy bmJbo.

newnmbZ ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg Pmbm. A_o[aHo$VyZ ~Q>mQ>m d _H$m `m {nH$m§Mm wamonmV àgma Pmbm. ~«m{Pb `m

XoemVyZ wB©_yJmMm BVaÌ àgma Pmbm. B. g. 15 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va A¾o Am{e`mVyZ Mhm, H$m°\$s, a~a `m {nH$m§Mm

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àgma OJmÀ`m {d{dY àXoemV Pmbm.

WmoS>Š`mV _Ü` wJrZ H$mimV Oar eoVr {dH$mg Pmbm Agbm Var OJmVrb ~è`mMem ^mJmV eoVr hr

_mJmgboë`m AdñWoV hmoVr. `m ^mJmV eoVrgmR>r OwZr AdOmao d ~¡bm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago. gmh{OH$M

eoVrVyZ {_iUmao CËnmXZ \$maM H$_r hmoVo.

7) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb eoVr {dH$mg :

B§½b§S>_Ü o B.g. 1779 _Ü o dm\o$À`m B§{OZmMm emoY bmJbm d wamon_Ü o H¥$frH«$m§Vr Pmbr. Am¡Úmo{JH$

H«$m§VrZ§Va OJ^a H¥$fr joÌmV \$ma _moR>r H«$m§Vr Pmbr. `m H$mimV bmoI§S>mÀ`m CËnmXZmg gwédmV Pmbr. bmoI§S>r

AdOmam§Mm eoVr_Ü o dmna dmT>bm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr_wio CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. ehar ^mJmV CÚmoJY§Xo

C^mabo. amoOJmamgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmH$S>o bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$é bmJbo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmV _Oya

Anwao nSy> bmJbo. H$_r _Oyam§da eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVr_Ü o AmYw{ZH$ nÜXVtMm dmna gwé Pmbm. CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm

{dH$mg Pmboë`m ehar ^mJmH$S>o AÝZYmÝ`, ^mOrnmbm `m§Mr _mJUr dmT>br. H¥$fr _mbmda AmYm[aV

CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. `m CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm bmJUmam H$mnyg, D$g Aem H$ÀÀ`m eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ _moR>çm

à_mUmV KoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr.

eoV Zm§JaUo, _emJV H$aUo `mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ AdOmam§Mm emoY bmdbm. {nH$m§Mr _iUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AmYw{ZH$ _iUr §Ìm§Mm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm. gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, amgm`{ZH$ IVo `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr

d dmnamg gwadmV Pmbr. B.g. 1890 _Ü o g§ wŠV g§ñWmZmÀ`m dm`ì` ^mJmV dm\o$da MmbUmè`m Mma MmH$s

Q´>°ŠQ>aMm emoY bmJbm. wamon_Ü o nrH$m§À`m bmJdS>rÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÜXVtMm dmna gwé Pmbm. Am{e`m,

Am{\«$H$m d b°Q>rZ A_o[aHo$V nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwé Pmbo. g§ wŠV g§ñWmZo d

wamon_Ü o g§{_l ñdénmMr eoVr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. 1890 Z§Va eoVrMo {ZamoJrH$aU Pmbo. dmhVyH$sÀ`m

gmYZmVrb àJVr_wio eoV_mb ~mOmanoR>oV bdH$a nmohmoMÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. eoVr ì`mnmar Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ hmody

bmJbr.

WmoS>Š`mV, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmV àJVr Pmbr. ZdrZ eoVr nÜXVtMm {dH$mg Pmbm.

`m§{ÌH$sH$aU, AmYw{ZH$ ~r-{~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Vrb àJVr, `m_wio

eoVr_mb Xoem§V VgoM BVa Xoem§Zm nmR>{dUo ghO eŠ` Pmbo. d¡pídH$sH$aUm_wio eoVr joÌmV àJVr hmodyZ

OJmVrb Xoem§Zr CËH¥$ï> d XO}Xma _mbmÀ`m CËnmXZmH$S>o H$b dmT>bm. Ë`m_wio eoVrMo PnmQ>çmZo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU

Pmbo.

1.2.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r {Xboë`m n`m© mVyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z CÎmao {bhm.

A) X{jU a{e`mV {¼ñV nyd© 3000 _Ü o H$emMm emoY bmJbm ?

1) MmH$mMm 2) {d_mZmMm 3) {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm 4) OhmOmMm

~) Aí_ wJmVrb eoVr hr H$moUË`m ñdénmMr hmoVr ?

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1) àJV 2) A{VàJV 3) _Ü`_ 4) àmW{_H$

H$) OJmV 1980 Z§Va eoVrMo ê$nm§Va H$moUË`m eoVrV Pmbo ?

1) CXa{Zdm©hH$ eoVrV énm§Va 2) ^Q>Š`m ñdénmÀ`m eoVrV énm§Va

3) {deofrH$aU 4) AàJV eoVrV énm§Va

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW© :

ñWm{Z` {^ÝZVm : ñWbH$mb gmnoj {d{dYVm

~hþ{dY : AZoH$ n¡by Agbobo, AZoH$ emIm§er g§~§{YV

gdªH$f : g_J«Vm, g_J«, gd©g_mdoeH$, nyU©V:

KQ>ZmÑí` : Z¡g{J©H$ d _mZd[Z{_©V n[apñWVr

dñVy{df` : dñVy CËnmXZ {df`H$

1.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 1

A - 3 ~ - 4

1.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 2

A - 3 ~ - 1

1.2.3 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 3

A - 4 ~ - 3

1.2.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 4

A - 1 ~ - 4 H$ - 3

1.5 gmam§e :

`m KQ>H$m§V AmnU H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m ì`m»`m, ñdén, H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr, _hËd, H¥$fr

yJmobemóm§À`m Aä`mg nÜXVr (Ñï>rH$moZ), OJmVrb H¥$frMm CJ_ d H¥$fr CËH«$m§Vr `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm.

WmoS>Š`mV, H¥$fr yJmobemó hr Am{W©H$ yJmobmMr _hËdmMr emIm Amho. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$bm

OmUmam H¥$frMm Aä`mg åhUOo H¥$fr yJmobemó hmo . H¥$fr yJmobemómMo ñdén hiyhiy ~Xby bmJbo Amho

d Ë`m§g d¡km{ZH$ ñdén àmßV Pmbo Amho. H$fr {dH$mgm~amo~aM ì`mßVr qH$dm {df`gm_J«r dmTy> bmJbr Amho.

A{bH$S>o {Z`moOZH$V}, eoVH$ar, àemgH$, n`m©daU Vk, ì`dñWmnH$ `m gdmªÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ H¥$fr yJmobemómMo

_hËd dmT>bo Amho. H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mg nÜXVr_Ü o Am_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbm Amho. 10-12 hOma

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 2

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dfm©nydu _mZdmZo eoVr H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. na§Vw gwadmVrg eoVrMo ñdén CXa{Zdm©h hmoVo. AmO Ë`m_Ü o

Am_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbm Amho. eoVrV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ, ~r-{~`mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, IVo `m§Mm dmna H$éZ ì`mnmar

nÜXVrZo eoVr Ho$br Omdy bmJbr Amho.

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {bhm.

A) H¥$fr yJmobemómMo ñdén ñnï> H$am.

~) H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr {bhm.

H$) H¥$fr yJmobemómMo _hËd dU©Z H$am.

S>) H¥$fr yJmobemómVrb X¥{ï>H$moZ {bhm.

B) H¥$fr CËH«$m§VrMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr {bhm.

~) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.

A) H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ ñdén ñnï> H$am.

~) H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`mßVr d _hËd ñnï> H$am.

H$) H¥$fr yJmobemómMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ H¥$fr yJmobmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ dU©Z H$am.

S>) H¥$frÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMm WmoS>Š`mV d¥Îmm§V {bhm.

1.7 joÌr` H$m © …

{dÚmÏ`mªZr Amnë`m n[agamVrb H¥$ftMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z KoVbr OmUmar {nHo$, Ë`m§Mo àH$ma, {dVaU,

CËnmXZ, IVo, eoVrVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, _emJVrÀ`m nÕVr, eoVrVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, _emJVrÀ`m nÕVr,

eoVrVrb AmYw{ZH$ H$m_mV hmoV AgUmao ~Xb `m§Mr _m{hVr ¿`mdr.

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ …

1) S>m°. {dO`m gmiw§Ho$ (2003) … H¥$fr yJmob, eoR> npãbeg©, _w§~B©

2) Og~ra qgJ (1994) … H¥$fr yJmob, {X„r

3) {d. Jmo. d¡Ú (1978) … H¥$fremó àdoe, nwUo

lll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2

H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$

2.0 C{Ôï>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$

2.2.2 H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d BVa KQ>H$

2.3. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

2.4 ñd §AÜ``ZmMo àíZm§Mr CÎmao

2.5 gmam§e

2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

2.7 joÌr` H$m ©

2.0 C{Ôï>ço …

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg

1) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo gmoB©Mo hmoB©b.

2) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo gmoB©Mo hmoB©b.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

AÞ, dó Am{U {Zdmam `m _mZdmÀ`m à_wI VrZ _wb yV JaOm AmhoV. _mZd Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r

Omo ì`dgm` H$aVmo. Ë`m ì`dgm`m§Zm _mZdmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {H«$`m åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmdaVr

VoWrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am{U _mZdr KQ>H$m§À`m AZwf§JmZo {Za{Zamù`m Am{W©H$ {H«$`m MmbVmV. OJmÀ`m nmR>rda

_mZdmMo Oo ì`dgm` MmbVmV Ë`mn¡H$s H¥$fr ì`dgm`mbm AZÝ` gmYmaU Ago _hÎd Amho. H$maU hm ì`dgm`

OJmÀ`m ~hþVm§e XoemV MmbVmo, AZoH$ Xoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um åhUyZ H¥$frg AmoiIbo OmVo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo

_mZdr OrdZmVrb qH$~hþZm AW©ì`dñWoVrb _hÎd nmhVm H¥$fr{dVaU, H¥$frnÕVr, nrH$aMZm, {nH$m§Mo {dVaU

d H¥$fr CËnmXZo BË`mXr H¥$frg§~§Yr KQ>Zm, ñWb d H$mbnaÎdo {^Þ Agë`mMo ñnï>nUo {XgyZ oVo. H¥$fr

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ì`dgm`mVrb hm doJionUm Ë`m - Ë`m ^mJmVrb àmH¥${VH$ d AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m gm§{KH$ à^mdmImbr

AgVmo. åhUyZM ñWbnaÎdo {nHo$, {nH$m§Mr CËnmXZo {df_ ñdénmV {dVarV Pmbobr AmhoV.

àXoemZwgma H¥$frMo ~XbUmao ñdén _w»`Îdo H$éZ àmH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d BVa KQ>H$ `m§À`m

n[aUm_m§_wio AmT>iVo. `mn¡H$s àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ gdm©V _hÎdmMo AgyZ, àmH¥$[VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm gdm©V OmñV n[aUm_

H¥$frdaVr hmoVmo. àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§ImbmoImb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. EImÚm àXoemV

àmH¥${VH$ d AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ H¥$frgmR>r AZwHy$b AgVmV Voìhm H¥$frMr àJVr KSy>Z `oVo. CXm. CÎma ^maVmMm

_¡XmZr àXoe, MrZMm nyd}H$S>rb àXoe, g§ wŠV g§ñWmZmMo _Ü`dVu {dñV¥V _¡XmZ BË`mXr. `mCbQ> hoM KQ>H$ Á`m

àXoemV à{VHw$b AgVmV VoWo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m àJVrV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. CXm. Y«wdr` àXoe, dmid§Q>r

àXoe, nd©Vr` àXoe BË`mXr.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

2.2.1 àmH¥${VH$/Z¡g{J©H$/^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$ …

H¥$fr ì`dgm`mdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmam gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo àmH¥${VH$ qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ hmo .

yn¥ð>^mJmdaVr àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr pñWVr gd©Ì gmaIr Zgë`mZo H¥$fr nÕVr d H¥$fr CËnmXZmV doJionUm {Z_m©U

Pmbm Amho. yn¥îR>aMZm, hdm_mZ d O_rZ ho àmH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmMo _yb yV KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s hdm_mZmMo

Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý`_mZ d Ë`mMo à_mU H¥$fr nÕVr d nrH$aMZm àm_w»`mZo {ZpíMV H$aVmV.

H¥$fr ì`dgm`mdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Amohmnmoh Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

A) yn¥ð>aMZm …

g_wÐ gnmQ>rnmgyZ C§Mr, O{_ZrMm CVma `m AmYmao yaMZoMo à_wI VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Vo åhUOo nd©V,

nR>ma d _¡XmZ hmo . gd©gmYmaUnUo yn¥ð>mMr Oer C§Mr dmT>V OmVo Vgm O{_ZrMm CVma dmT>V OmD$Z _¥XoMr

OmS>r H$_r hmoVo. n[aUm_V… H¥$frjoÌ d nrH$ CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. OmñV C§MrÀ`m àXoemV _`m©{XV H¥$frjoÌ d

Vrd« CVmam_wio H¥$fr H$gÊ`mV AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `mCbQ> H$_r C§MrÀ`m àXoemV {dñV¥V H¥$fr joÌ d gnmQ>

y mJm_wio H¥$frMr àJVr Pmbobr AgVo. nd©V, nR>ma Am{U _¡XmZ `m§Mm H¥$frdaVr hmoUmam n[aUm_ Imbrbà_mUo

gm§JVm oB©b.

1) nd©V … g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ gmYmaUnUo 1200 _rQ>anojm OmñV C§MrÀ`m d {eIamH$S>o {Z_wiVo

AgUmè`m yê$nmbm nd©V åhUVmV. nd©VmMm CVma Vrd« Agë`mZo, CVmamMm àË`j n[aUm_ O{_ZrMr _emJV,

{nH$m§Mr bmJdS> d gwJ_Vm `mda hmoVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo 00 Vo 60 n ªVMm CVma H¥$frgmR>r `mo½` _mZbm OmVmo.

_mÌ AmO OJmV 310 n ªVMm CVma AgUmè`m O{_ZrdaVr H¥$fr H$gbr OmVo. H¥$fremómZwgma 110 O{_ZrÀ`m

CVmamnbrH$S>o H¥$frdaVr IynM _`m©Xm nS>VmV. CVma dmT>V Joë`mZo H¥$fr AmH$ma H$_r hmoVmo. {edm` O{_ZrMr

OmS>rhr H$_r hmoV OmD$Z _¥XoMm H$g H$_r hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Vrd« CVmamMr O_rZ H¥$frg `mo½` AgV Zmhr.

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O{_ZrMm CVma d _¥XoMr Yyn `m§Mm g§~§Y AVyQ> Amho. O{_ZrÀ`m CVmambm AZwgê$Z YynoMo à_mU {ZpíMV

hmoV OmVo. A{YH$ CVma AgUmè`m yàXoemV _¥XoMr Yyn OmñV AgVo. _¥XoMr Yyn A{YH$ Pmë`mZo O{_ZrMm

H$g H$_r hmoD$Z Vr O_rZ ZmnrH$ ~ZVo. `m_wioM nd©V CVmamdarb ^mJmV H¥$frMo à_mU IynM H$_r AgVo.

nd©V CVma d gy ©àH$me H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aVmV. nd©VmMm gy ©àH$memH$S>rb CVmamda {nHo$ Mm§Jbr

dmT>VmV Va {déÕ CVmamdarb {nH$m§Mr dmT> gy ©àH$memA^mdr Iw§Q>Vo. AWm©VM dmOdrnojm OmñV gy ©àH$me

dZñnVtZm KmVH$ R>aVmo. `m{edm` gd© godm d gw{dYm§Zr wŠV àXoe åhUOo gwJ_ àXoe hmo . hr gwJ_Vm CVma

dmT>V Joë`mZo H$_r hmoV OmVo. C§M d CVmamMo àXoe dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmg à{VHy$b AgVmV. `m ì`{V[aŠV

Aem àXoemV ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^mdhr AgVmo.

darb gd© H$maUm§_wio nd©Vr` àXoe H¥$frgmR>r A`mo½` R>aVmV. _mÌ nd©VmÀ`m {d{eï> C§Mrn ªV Am{U

nmÊ`mMm {ZMam `m O{_ZrÀ`m d¡{eï>çmZwgma Mhm, H$m°\$s `mgmaIr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

2) nR>ma … nd©Vr` àXoemÀ`m VwbZoV nR>mar àXoe WmoS>çm \$ma \$aH$mZo H¥$frgmR>r `mo½` AgVmV.

nR>mar yaMZoMm H¥$frdaVr _moR>m à^md nS>bobm {XgyZ oVmo. nR>mamMr aMZm C§MgIb Agë`mZo gnmQ> d ZÚm§À`m

Imoè`m§Mm àXoe H¥$frgmR>r Cn wŠV AgVmo. _mÌ nR>mamÀ`m Xaå`mZ AgUmam S>m|Jami àXoe H¥$frgmR>r à{VHy$b

R>aVmo. gnmQ> _mÏ`mMm àXoe O{_ZrMr OmS>r, H$g d gwJ_Vm `mgma»`m ~m~t_wio H¥$frgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

CXm. ^maVmMo X»IZMo nR>ma, H$mob§~r`mMo nR>ma, BË`mXr.

3) _¡XmZ … H¥$frÀ`m Ñï>rZo _¡XmZr àXoe AmXe©dV AgVmV. _mÌ OJmV gd©M _¡XmZr àXoemV

H¥$fr{dH$mg Pmbobm Amho Ago Zmhr. yn¥ð>aMZo{edm` BVa àmH¥${VH$ d AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m à^mdm_wio VoWo

H¥$fr H$gUo AS>MUrMo AgVo.

_¡XmZr àXoe gnmQ> d AË §V H$_r CVmamMm Agë`mZo ZÚm d Ë`m§À`m CnZÚm§Zr dmhÿZ AmUboë`m JmimMo

àË oH$ dfu g§M`Z hmoD$Z ho àXoe gwnrH$ ~ZVmV. JmimÀ`m g§M`Zm_wio O{_ZrMr OmS>r dmT>V OmVo. AWm©VM

hr _¥Xm H$gXma AgVo. ZÚm d wObnmVir_wio ObqgMZmMm {dH$mg hmoD$Z h_Img {nHo$ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr _¡XmZr

àXoemg bm^bobr AgVo. dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU, ~mOmanoR>m§Mr CnbãYVm, gwb^ gwJ_Vm `mgma»`m H¥$frg

nyaH$ ~m~r _¡XmZr àXoemg bm^ë`mZo Aer yaMZm H¥$fr àJVrg MmbZm XoVo. CXm. ^maVmVrb J§Jm - qgYy -

`_wZoMo _¡XmZ, ZmB©bMm _¡XmZr àXoe, {_{g{gnr d {VÀ`m CnZÚm§nmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm {dñV¥V _¡XmZr àXoe

BË`mXr.

~) hdm_mZ …

H$moUË`mhr àXoemMo H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZ d H¥$fr g§aMZm BVa H$moUË`mhr àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m VwbZoV

A{YH$ à^m{dV hmoVo. hdm_mZmMm H¥$ftda hmoUmam n[aUm_ A{Ve` _hÎdmMm AgVmo. Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý` `m§À`m

à_mUmdéZ hdm_mZmMm àH$ma {ZpíMV hmoVmo d `mbm AZwgéZM {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> d CËnmXZo KoVbr OmVmV.

Á`m XoemV Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý`_mZ H¥$frg AZwHy$b AgVo VoWo H¥$frMr àJVr hmoVo. {~`m§Zm A§Hy$a \w$Q>Uo, amonm§Mr

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`mo½` dmT> d {dH$mg, {nH$m§Mr n[anŠdVm BË`mXr {deofV… hdm_mZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. OJmVrb _mog_r hdm_mZmMo

àXoe, y_Ü`gmJar hdm_mZmMo àXoe, wamonr` hdm_mZmMo àXoe. VoWrb hdm_mZm_wioM H¥$frgmR>r _hÎdmMo ~Zbobo

AmhoV.

Vmn_mZ, gy ©àH$me, nO©Ý`, AmЩVm, dmao, dm y a, G$VwH$mbmdYr, YwHo$, Xd, X{hda, dmXio, {h_-

AmÀN>mXZ Am{U T>J BË`mXr hdm_mZmMo KQ>H$ ñdV§Ì qH$dm EH${ÌVnUo àË`j AWdm AàË`j H¥$frdaVr

n[aUm_ H$aVmV.

1) Vmn_mZ d gy ©àH$me … H¥$fr {H«$`m, {nH$m§Mr dmT>, aMZm `mgma»`m H¥$frg§~§Yr _hÎdnyU©

KQ>Zm VoWrb CnbãY Vmn_mZ d gy ©àH$me `m§À`m à^mdmImbr AgVmV. H¥$fr emókm§À`m _Vo 00 qH$dm 00

gopëgAg nojm H$_r Vmn_mZ H$moUË`mhr {nH$mg `mo½` AgV Zmhr. gd©gmYmaUnUo 60 gopëgAgnojm A{YH$

Vmn_mZ {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. nrH$naÎdo Vmn_mZmMr JaO {^Þ AgVo. gmVy, am`, {hdmir Jhÿ

`mgma»`m {nH$m§gmR>r H$_r Vmn_mZ bmJVo. `mCbQ> H$moH$mo, H$m°\$s, _gmë`mMo nXmW©, ^monim d IOya BË`mXr

{nH$m§Zm df© a OmñV Vmn_mZmMr JaO AgVo. T>mo~i _mZmZo OoWo 180 go 230 gopëgAg Vmn_mZ AmT>iVo.

Ë`m àXoemV {d{dY {nH$m§À`m OmVr AmT>iVmV.

A{VQ>moH$mMo Vmn_mZ (A{V OmñV qH$dm A{V H$_r) {nH$m§À`m dmT>tda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ H$aVo. OmñV

Vmn_mZmV {nHo$ dmiyZ OmVmV. Va H$_r Vmn_mZmV {~`m§Mo éOUo, {nH$m§Mr dmT>, {nH$ n[anŠdVm `m ~amo~aM

H¥$fr CËnmXZmdahr n[aUm_ hmoVmo. åhUyZM Á`m àXoemV {nH$m§À`m dmT>rgmR>r AZwHy$b Vmn_mZ AgVo Aem

àXoemVM H¥$fr {dH$mg KSy>Z oVmo. _mÌ Á`m àXoemV A{YH$V_ H$_mb d {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ {dVarV Pmbobo AgVo

Ago àXoe H¥$frgmR>r A`mo½` AgVmV. CXm. Y«wdr` àXoe, dmid§Q>r àXoe, BË`mXr.

dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r gy ©àH$memMr JaO AgVo. H$maU gy ©àH$memÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo dZñnVr Amnbo AÞ

V`ma H$arV AgVmV. åhUyZM CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb O{_ZrMm X{jU CVma d X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb O{_ZrMm CÎma

CVma gy ©àH$me A{^_wI Agë`mZo dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rg AZwHy$b AmhoV. gy ©àH$memMr Vrd«Vm OmñV AgUo ho

dZñnVtZm KmVH$ R>aVo. AWm©VM `mo½` à_mUmV gy ©àH$me AgUo ho H¥$frg Cn wŠV R>aVo.

2) nO©Ý` … {nH$m§À`m `mo½` dmT>rgmR>r Oer Vmn_mZmMr JaO AgVo. {VVH$sM JaO nmÊ`mMrhr

AgVo. {nH$m§Zm nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m _¥XoVyZ hmoVmo. Va _¥Xog nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m nO©Ý`m_m\©$V hmoVmo. åhUyZM nO©Ý` ho

{nH$m§Zm nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m H$aUmao à_wI òmoV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo. nO©Ý`mMo EHy$U à_mU, nO©Ý`mMo {dVaU

d nO©Ý`mMo ñdén H¥$frdaVr àH$fm©Zo n[aUm_ H$aV AgVmV. OmoamMm nmD$g {nH$m§da {dnarV n[aUmV KS>dyZ

AmUVmo. Aem nmdgm_wio N>moQ>r amono, \w$bmoam, \$io d EHy$U CËnmXZ à^m{dV hmoVo. Jhw, Vm§Xyi, ~mbu, Ádmar

BË`mXr {nH$mÀ`m H$mnUrÀ`m H$mimV OmoamMm nmD$g Pmë`mg _moR>çm à_mUmV ZmgYyg hmoD$Z CËnmXZ KQ>Vo.

n¥ÏdrÀ`m y mJmdaVr nO©Ý`mMo {ZpíMV ñdén AmT>iV Zmhr. qH$~hþZm nO©Ý`mMm H$mbmdYr {ZpíMV

Zgë`mZo H$mhrdoim noaUr hmoV Zmhr. Va H$mhrdoim nmdgmA^mdr {nHo$ dmiyZ OmVmV. nO©Ý`mMo {dVaU nmhVm

Vo IynM {df_ ñdénmV Pmbo Amho. nO©Ý`mÀ`m d¡{eï>çnyU© {df_Vo_wio H¥$frnÕVr, {nH$nÕVr d aMZoV {^ÞVm

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{Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo OJmÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV A{VOmñV Va H$mhr ^mJmV A{VH$_r nO©Ý`d¥ï>r hmoVo.

n[aUm_V… Ago àXoe H¥$frgmR>r A`mo½` R>aVmV. na§Vw Ë`m àXoemV _Ü`_ nO©Ý`d¥ï>r hmoVo. VoWo {Za{Zamù`m

{nH$m§Mr bmJdS> hmoD$Z ~hþ{d{dY H¥$fr CËnmXZo KoVbr OmVmV.

3) AmЩVm … {nH$m§À`m dmT>rgmR>r AmЩVm _hÎdmMr AgVo. dmVmdaUmVrb AmЩVoMm {nH$m§da hmoUmam

n[aUm_ _hÎdmMm Amho. dmVmdaUmVrb AmЩVm {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r nmofH$ AgVo. Ago Oar Agbo Var à_mUmnojm

OmñV qH$dm H$_r AmЩVm {nH$mg Anm`H$maH$ R>aVo. Á`m ^mJmV nO©Ý`mMo à_mU H$_r AgVo Aem ^mJmV

dmVmdaUmV AmЩVm Agë`mg {nH$m§Mr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>rg _XV hmoVo.

4) YwHo$ … hdm_mZmMm YwHo$ hm KQ>H$ {nH$m§g IynM _maH$ R>aVmo. YwŠ`m_wio dZñnVtda {d{dY amoJm§Mm

àmXw m©d hmoD$Z \w$bo, \$io JiyZ nS>VmV. Amoë`m YwŠ`mnojm H$moaS>o YwHo$ {nH$mg OmñV hmZrH$maH$ AgVo. {deofV…

{_aMr, H$mnyg, Vya, Ðmjo BË`mXr {nH$mg YwHo$ Anm`H$maH$ AgVo.

5) Xd … Iarn qH$dm aã~r {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Xd IynM _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. {deofV… _mÝgyZ

hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV nmdgmù`mÀ`m eodQ>r d {hdmù`mÀ`m gwédmVrg Xd nS>ë`mZo Iarn {nHo$ n[anŠd hmoÊ`mg

_XV hmoVo Am{U aã~r {nH$m§Mr Mm§Jbr dmT> hmoVo.

6) X{hda … {nH$m§Mr dmT> d {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo X{hda _maH$ d VmaH$ Aer Xwhoar y{_H$m {Z^mdVo.

H$_r C§MrÀ`m àXoemVrb X{hda {nH$mg VmaH$ AgVo. Va OmñV C§Mrdarb àXoemVrb X{hda {nH$m§Mr _moR>çm

à_mUmV hmZr H$aVo.

7) Jmam … Jmam {nH$mg _maH$ AgVmV. Jmam§À`m _mè`m_wio nmZo, \w$bo, \$io JiyZ Cä`m {nH$m§Mo _moR>o

ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

8) ~\©$d¥ï>r … H¥$fr ì`dgm`mdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmam hdm_mZmMm EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ åhUyZ ~\©$d¥ï>rg

_hÎd Amho. ~\©$d¥ï>rÀ`m H$mimV yn¥ð>r` Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmë`mZo Ë`mMm àË`j n[aUm_ {~`m éOÊ`mda d CJdboë`m

amonm§À`m dmT>rda hmoVmo. CÝhmù`mV {h_AmÀN>mXZ {dVië`mZo nyaOÝ` pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z {dñV¥V joÌmVrb {nHo$

dmhÿZ OmVmV. AemàH$mao ~\©$d¥ï>rda eoVr ì`dgm`mda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

9) T>J … T>Jm§Mmhr {nH$m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo. h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mimV AmH$memV T>J Amë`mg {nH$m§da

H$sS> nS>Vo. {deofV… Ðmjo, Vya, ha^am `mgma»`m {nH$m§Mo {H$S>rÀ`m àmXw^m©dmZo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `m{edm`

Am§ã`mgma»`m {nH$mMm _moha JiyZ CËnmXZmV nyU©V… KQ> hmoVo.

10) dmXi … dmXirdmao àm_w»`mZo {nH$mg hmZrH$maH$ AgVmV. gmJar {H$Zmar, dmid§Q>r àXoe dmXir

dmè`mÀ`m à^mdmImbr {Z`{_VnUo oV Agë`mZo Cä`m {nH$m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Mhm, H$m°\$s,

Ádmar, D$g, Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi BË`mXr {nH$m§Mr dmXim_wio _moR>r hmZr hmoVo.

11) O_rZ … H¥$fr{H«$`m O{_Zrda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo O_rZ `m KQ>H$m§g AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago _hÎd

Amho. yaMZm, hdm_mZ, Ordg¥ï>r d y_r Cn`moOZ `m§À`m {H«$`m-à{H«$ onmgyZ O_rZ V`ma hmoVo. Á`m ^mJmV

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gwnrH$ O_rZ AgVo. Ë`m ^mJmV eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. àm_w»`mZo ZÚm§Mr Imoar {Ì wO àXoe, gIb _¡XmZr àXoe

eoVr {dH$mgmg nyaH$ AgVmV. CXm. CÎma ^maVmVrb J§JmqgYy d `_wZm `m§Mm _¡XmZr àXoe, ZmB©b, Imoao, ñQ>onrO,

àoAar àXoe BË`mXr.

_¥Xm àH$mamZwgma nmÊ`mMr dmhH$Vm, ~mînYmaU j_Vm, {nH$mÀ`m _wimMr nH$S>, Ho$emH$f©U à{H«$`m

`m§Mo à_mU Adb§~yZ AgVo. O{_ZrMr aMZm nrH$ àH$ma {ZpíMV H$aVo. {nH$m§Mr _wio Imobda OmÊ`mgmR>r

O{_ZrMm daMm Wa A{YH$ Imobda Agmdm bmJVmo. O{_ZrMr Imobr OodT>r OmñV VodT>r Vr H$gXma d H¥$frg

Cn wº$ AgVo. _mÌ Á`m O{_Zr H$_r ImobrÀ`m AgVmV Ë`m H¥$frg \$maem Cn wº$ ZgVmV. O{_ZrVrb YZ

d F$U hm`S´>moOZ Am`ZmÀ`m à_mUmdê$Z _¥Xm AëH$Y_u` AWdm AmåbY_u` Amho. ho R>a{dVm oVo. Aem

_¥Xm H¥$frg A`mo½` AgVmV. _mÌ O{_ZrÀ`m gm_y (PH) qH$_VrÀ`m AmYmao `mo½` Ë`m amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna

Ho$ë`mg Ë`m O{_Zr H¥$frbm`H$ ~ZVmV. T>mo~i_mZmZo nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoUmè`m O{_ZrM {nH$m§gmR>r A{YH$

`mo½` AgVmV `mCbQ> nmÊ`mMm {ZMam Z hmoUmè`m O{_Zr, eoVrg A`mo½` AgVmV. CXm. aoJya _¥Xm.

O{_ZrMm nmoV, aMZm, Imobr, a§J, ObemofU j_Vm d gm_y (PH) qH$_V BË`mXr KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao

O{_ZrMr `mo½`Vm d j_Vm R>a{dbr OmVo. `mdê$ZM {nH$m§Mo àH$ma qH$dm H¥$fr CËnmXZo R>a{dVm oVmV. AWm©VM

O{_ZrÀ`m JwUd¡{eîQ>çmZwgma H¥$fr{H«$`m à^m{dV hmoV AgVo.

2.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo Úm.

2) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmam gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ H$moUVm ?

3) nmd©Vr` àXoe H¥$frdaVr H$go à^md Q>mH$VmV ?

~) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$am.

1) H¥$fr daVr n[aUm_ H$aUmam gdm©V à^mdr KQ>H$

A) àmH¥${VH$ ~) gm_m{OH$ H$) O¡{dH$ S>) Am{W©H$

2) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m_Ü o nwT>rb H$moUVo CnKQ>H$ oVmV.

A) yn¥ð>aMZm, hdm_mZ d O{_Z ~) ^m§S>db, V§ÌkmZ d ObqgMZ

H$) O{_Z _mbH$s h¸$ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

2.2.2 AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ (gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d BVa KQ>H$)

AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§VJ©V gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, O¡{dH$ d amOH$s` YmoaUo BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho gd©

KQ>H$ H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV.

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A) gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ :

H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm {deof _hÎd Amho. _Oya, O{_ZrMm

_mbH$s h¸$, eoVrMo VwH$S>rH$aU, OmVr AZwgma bmJdS>rMo joÌ d ê$T>r-na§nam BË`mXr H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_

H$aUmao _hÎdnyU© gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.

1) _Oya : H¥$fr à{H«$`oV {Za{Zamir H$m_o H$amdr bmJVmV. H¥$fr H$m_mH$aVm Hw$eb d AHw$eb

XmoÝhrhr ñdê$nmVrb _Oyam§Mr JaO AgVo. Aem _Oyam§Mr OoWo CnbãYVm hmoVo VgoM H$mhr H¥$fr H$m_o §Ìm§À`m

H$adr H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVmV AWm©V `mgmR>r ^m§S>dbr IM© A{YH$ oVmo. Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {dH${gV XoemV eoVr_Ü o

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUyZM oWo eoVrMr àJVr Pmbr Amho. Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {dH$gZerb d

A{dH${gV XoemV AmOhr _Oyam§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV JaO ^mgVo. {deofV: Vm§Xyi, Mhm, Á yQ>, H$mnyg BË`mXr

{nH$mÀ`m eoVrg ^anya _Oya bmJVmV åhUyZM H¥$frgmR>r OoWo ^anya _Oya CnbãY AgVmV VoWo H¥$fr{dH$mg

hmoVmo.

2) O{_ZrMm _mbH$s h¸$ : Á`mÀ`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ AgVo Vmo Amnë`m eoVrV ZdZ{dZ gwYmaUm

H$ê$Z H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>dVmo. O{_ZrÀ`m _mbH$s AZwgma _mbH$s h¸$mMo gd©gmYmaU VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

Vo åhUOo O{_Z_mbH$, Hw$i_mbH$ d H$amamZwgma _mbH$. ñdV:Mr O{_Z ñdV: H$gZo `mbm O{_Z_mbH$ Ago

åhUVmV. O{_ZrMo joÌ Oa bhmZ Agoob Va Vmo eoVH$ar _`m©{XV joÌmVyZ OmñV CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.

_moR>o H¥$frjoÌ AgUmao O{_Z_mbH$ àË`j O{_Z H$gV Zgë`mZo CËnmXZ H$_r {_iVo. AWm©VM Aem O{_Z

_mbH$m§H$Sy>Z eoVrMr {ZJm `mo½` Z amIë`mZo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H¥$frdaVr hmoVmo.

Hw$i _mbH$s_Ü o eoVr joÌmMm _mbH$ Xwgam AgVmo. eoVr _mbH$mH$adr Hw$imMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z eoVr

H$gbr OmVo. Hw$im§Zm `mo½` Vo g§ajU {_iV Zgë`mZo eoVr_Ü o Aer Hw$io \$maer gwYmaUm H$arV ZmhrV d

Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ KQ>Vo.

O{_ZrMr _mbH$s AgUmam d H$gUmam `m§À`mV H$ama hmoD$Z H$mhr {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r H$gaUmè`mbm

O{_Z {Xbr OmVo. AWm©VM H$amamMm H$mbmdYr OodT>m OmñV VodT>r H¥$fràJVr A{YH$ hmo . H$gUmam O{_ZrV

gwYmaUm H$aVmo d CËnmXZ KoVmo. `mCbQ> H$amamMm H$mbmdYr H$_r Agë`mg H$gUmam O{_ZrV gwYmaUm H$arV

Zmhr. n[aUm_V: CËnmXZ KQ>Vo.

`m{edm` O{_ZrÀ`m _mbH$s h¸$mZwgma d¡ {º$H$ d gm_y{hH$ Aem XmoZ àH$maMr _mbH$s AgVo. d¡ {º$H$

_mbH$s Agë`mg ^m§S>db, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ, ObqgMZ, eoVrAmH$ma `mgma»`m g_ñ`m AgVmV. Aem g_ñ`m§_wio

eoVr H$gÊ`mV Vm§{ÌH$ KQ>H$m§Mm \$magm dmna H$aVm oV Zmhr. gm_y{hH$ eoVrMr _mbH$s Agë`mg _moR>çm

à_mUmV Vm§{ÌH$ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmD$Z H¥$frV {deof àJVr KSy>Z oVo.

3) eoVrMo VwH$S>rH$aU : EH$mM eoVH$è`mÀ`m _mbH$sMr {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr O_rZ AgUo,

qH$~hþZm ^maVmgma»`m XoemV dS>rbm§À`m nmíÀ`mV dmagmh¸$mZo O{_Z _wbm§_Ü o {d^mJbr OmVo Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMo

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VwH$S>o hmoD$Z eoVrMm AmH$ma bhmZ hmoVmo. eoVrMm AmH$ma bhmZ-bhmZ hmoV Joë`m_wio H¥$fr {df`H$ Mm§Jë`m

`moOZm am~{dVm oV ZmhrV. `m~amo~aM CËnmXZ IMm©V dmT> hr hmoVo. EHy$UM O_rZ VwH$S>rH$aUmMm n[aUm_

H¥$frdaVr {XgyZ oVmo.

4) OmVrZwgma bmJdS>rMo joÌ : gm_m{OH$ ñVa aMZoZwgma O{_ZrMo {dVaU Pmbobo Amho. H$mhr

OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§_Ü o bmJdS>rImbrb joÌmMo A{YH$ {dVaU Pmbo Amho. Va H$mhr OmVrV O{_Zr AË §V H$_r

à_mUmV {dVarV Pmboë`m AmhoV.

CXm. ^maVmV _amR>m OmVrVrb nmQ>rb, aOnyV, OhmJraXma, B©Zm_Xma, `m§À`m _mbH$sMo {dñV¥V H¥$frjoÌ

Amho. àË`jmV _mÌ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z O{_Z H$gbr OmV Zmhr. n[aUm_V: H¥$frdaVr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoD$Z CËnmXZmV

KQ> hmoVo.

na§Vw gÜ`m `m n[apñWVrV ~Xb hmoV Amho.

5) ê$T>r d na§nam : OJmVrb Á`m Xoem§Mr AW©ì`dñWm H¥$fràYmZ Amho Aem XoemVrb eoVH$ar

ê$T>r {à` d na§namJV AmhoV. H¥$fr_Yrb {Za{Zamir H$m_o AmOhr OwÝ`m na§naobm AZwgê$Z Ho$br OmVmV. _mÌ

AmO H$mhr à_mUmV `mV ~Xb hmoV AmhoV.

~) Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ :

àmH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§~amo~am H¥$frda Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mMm _moR>m à^md nS>Vmo. Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§V

ObqgMZ dmhVyH$sMr gmYZo, ~mOmanoR>m, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma d ^m§S>db BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Á`m XoemV darb gd© KQ>H$ CnbãY AgVmV Ë`m XoemV eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. CXm. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, OnmZ, MrZ,

BómB©b BË`mXr XoemV Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À`m ghO CnbãYVo_wio H¥$frMr àJVr Pmbr Amho.

1) ObqgMZ : H¥$frVrb A{YH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r nmUr-nwadR>m `mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {nH$m§Zm

{Z`{_V ImÌrMm Amdí`H$ VodT>m nmUr-nwadR>m Ho$bm Va {nH$m§Mr ^aKmog dmT> hmooVo Am{U CËnmXZ hr Mm§Jbo

{_iVo. ObqgMZmMr Amdí`H$Vm OmñV nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV ZgVo. _Ü`_ nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV nmUr CnbãY

hmoD$ eH$Vo. na§Vw Á`m {R>H$mUr nmD$g H$_r nS>Vmo. Aem ^mJmV h_Img H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r H¥${Ì_ nÕVrZo

nmUr-nwadR>m H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZ {nH$m§Zm nm{hOo, Voìhm nm{hOo Ë`m à_mUmV nmUr {_iV Zmhr d

`mMm n[aUm_ {nH$m§da hmoVmo. `mÑï>rZo ObqgMZ H¥$frgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ Amho. ObqgMZmMm H¥$frda g§ajUmË_H$

d y_rCn`mOZmË_H$ Aem XmoZ ñdénmV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

g§ajUmË_H$ n[aUm_ nmhVm O{_ZrMr AmЩVm H$_r AgVo Voìhm Vr ^ê$Z H$mT>UogmR>r, {nH$m§À`m `mo½`

dmT>rgmR>r d {nH$m§Mm h§Jm_ ì`dpñWV d `mo½`doir KoÊ`mgmR>r ObqgMZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. ^y_r

Cn`moOZmË_H$ n[aUm_m_Ü o ObqgMZmA^mdr joÌ nS>rH$ nS>Vo. h§Jm_r eoVrg àmYmÝ` Úmdo bmJVo Am{U H¥$fr

CËnmXH$Vm KQ>Vo. WmoS>Š`mV ObqgMZmV gw{dYm AgUmè`m àXoemV H¥$fr{dH$mg hmoVmo. Á`m àXoemV

ObqgMZm§À`m gmYZm§Mm Am^md (H$mbdo, {dhrar, Vbmd, Q>çw~doëg d Cngm ObqgMZ BË`mXr.) AgVmo VoWo

H¥$fr {dH$mgmdaVr _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

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2) dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo : H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Zm AZÝ` gmYmaU Ago _hÎd Amho.

{nH$ bmJdS>rnmgyZ Vo H¥$fr CËnmXZo Cn^moŠË`mn ªV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r dmhVyH$sMr gmYZo Amdí`H$ AgVmV.

åhUyZM dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg OoWo hmoVmo Aem àXoemV H¥$frMr àJVr hmoVo. H¥$fr àJVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo n o$

añVo, aoëdo d AmO hdmB© _mJmªZm {deof _hÎd Ambo Amho. Zmed§V H$ƒm_mb doioV ~mOmanoR>oV nmohmoMUo H«$_àmá

AgVo Agm _mb ~mOmanoR>oV nmohMUo gd©ñdr dmhVyH$sdaVr Adb§~yZ AgVo. dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mo Xw{ ©ú`

AgUmè`m ^mJmV nrH$ aMZoda _`m©Xm oD$Z H¥$fr _mJmgboë`m AdñWoV AmT>iVo.

3) ~mOmanoR> : eoVr_mbmg ~mOmanoR>m Agë`mg H¥$frMr A{YH$ àJ§Vr hmoVo. ~mOmanoR>oV Á`m

H¥$fr_mbmg _mJUr Amho. Aem {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> eoVH$ar H$arV AgVmV. H¥$fr {nH$m§g ~mOmanoR>m CnbãY

ZgVrb Va H¥$frdaVr _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

4) ^m§S>db : H¥$fr {nH$m§Mr {ZH$mon dmT> d \$m`Xoera CËnmXZ {_idÊ`mgmR>r eoVr gwYmaUm, ZdrZ

~r-{~`mUo, H$sQ>H$ d V¥UZmeHo$, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, ObqgMZ BË`mXrH$arVm àM§S> ^m§S>db bmJVo. ^m§S>db

nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm H¥$fr à{H«$ o_Ü o Ah§_ y{_H$m {Z^mdVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm H$_r ì`mOXamV ^m§S>dbnwadR>m

H$aUmè`m g§ñWm Oa g§~§{YV àXoemV AgVrb Va H¥$fr{dH$mg KSy>Z oVmo. AmO eoVH$è`m§Zm {Za{Zamù`m _mJm©Zo

^m§S>db CnbãY hmoD$ bmJë`m_wio H¥$frjoÌmV ~aoMgo ~Xb hmoV AmhoV.

5) Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma : Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmÀ`m àgmamda eoVrMr àJVr Adb§~yZ AgVo. nmpíM_mË`

XoemV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma Pmbm Agë`mZo H¥$frMr IynM àJVr Pmbr Amho. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, a{e`m, BómB©b

`mgma»`m XoemV H¥$frMr gd©M H$m_o §Ìm_m\©$V Ho$br OmVmV. `m{edm` H¥$fr joÌmVrb ZdZ{dZ g§emoYZ,

amgm`{ZH$ IVo, gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo, ZdZ{dZ eoVr-AdOmao, {H$Q>H$ d V¥UZmeHo$ BË`mXtMr {Z{_©Vr d àgma

Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. AWm©VM Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV g_¥Õ AgUmè`m XoemV H¥$frMr àJVr

Pmbobr Amho. AmO OJmV Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma hiy-hiy hmoD$ bmJë`mZo H¥$frMo EHy$UM {MÌ ~Xby bmJbo

Amho.

H$) BVa KQ>H$ :

H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m BVa KQ>H$m§_Ü o amOH$s` YmoaU d O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ Ago XmoZ CnKQ>H$ _hÎdmMo

_mZbo OmVmV.

1) amOH$s` YmoaU : H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb nrH$ aMZm, bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ d {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm

Ë`m XoemVrb amOH$s` YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ~hþVm§enUo XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrbm AZwgê$ZM amOH$s`

YmoaUo R>a{dbr OmVmV. H¥$frg§~§Yr amOH$s` YmoaUm§Mm AmT>mdm KoV AgVm XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrZwgma OJmMo

VrZ JQ> nS>VmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo-

i) {dH${gV Xoe : {dH${gV XoemV g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, H°$ZS>m, a{e`m, Am°ñQ>o{b`m BË`mXr Xoem§Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo. Aem XoemV bmJdS>r Imbrb joÌmMo à_mU A{YH$, H$_r bmoH$g§»`m ^m§S>dbmMm _w~bH$ nwadR>m,

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Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma, amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>m§Mr CnbãYVm BË`mXr_wio ì`mnmar d gImob H¥$frnÕV

àM{bV Amho. `m_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZmV àM§S> dmT> hmoVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_Vrdê$Z H¥$fr{nH$m§Mr

YmoaUo am~{dbr OmVmV.

ii) {dH$gZ{eb Xoe : {dH$gZ{eb XoemV bmoH$g§»`m dmT> _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVo. `mMmM n[aUm_

H¥$frda hmoVmo. XaS>moB© H¥$frImbrb joÌ H$_r ^aVo. n[aUm_V: gImob eoVr nÕVtMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZo

dmT>dÊ`mH$S>o `m Xoem§Mm H$b AgVmo. `m Zwgma ho Xoe H¥$fr g§~§Yr YmoaUo am~{dV AgVmV.

iii) A{dH${gV Xoe : A{dH${gV XoemV H¥$fr ì`dgm` hm à_wI AgVmo. XoemÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m

hoVyZo H¥$frCËnmXZo dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. A{dH$grV XoemV Anyam ^m§S>db nwadR>m, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm

A^md, nma§nm[aH$ eoVr nÕVr, ObqgMZmMr H$_VaVm BË`mXt_wio eoVrMr \$maer àJVr Pmbobr AmT>iV

Zmhr. _mÌ AbrH$S>rb H$mimV A{dH$grV XoemV H¥$fr nyaH$ YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Aem

XoemV eoVrjoÌmV gwYmaUm hmoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV.

iv) àmXo{eH$ YmoaU : H$moUË`mhr XoemMo amOH$s` YmoaU H¥$frg AZwHy$b Agob VaM H¥$frMm {dH$mg

hmoVmo. amOH$s` YmoaUm_Ü o H¥$fr{df`H$ `moOZm, àmXo{eH$ YmoaUo BË`mXr _hÎdmMr AgVmV. ^maVmgma»`m

XoemV H¥$frg AJ«H«$_ XoD$Z H¥$fr{df`H$ ZdZ{dZ `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV {XK©H$mbrZ `moOZm§_Ü o

H¥$frda ^ard Am{W©H$ VaVyX Pmë`m_wioM `m XoemV H¥$fr{dH$mg KSy> eH$bm.

àmXo{eH$ YmoaUm_Ü o ñWm{ZH$, amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` YmoaUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. àË oH$ ñWm{ZH$ {d^mJmMo

H¥$fr {df`H$ àíZ {^Þ Agë`mZo ñWm{ZH$ YmoaUm§À`m _XVrZo Vo ObX gwQy> eH$VmV. H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>dUo.

y{_gwYmaUm BË`mXr àíZ gd© amÁ`m§Mo gmaIoM AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem àíZm§{df`r amï>r` YmoaUo Cn wº$ R>aVmV.

àË oH$ Xoem§Zwgma ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVr {^Þ AgVo. nrH$aMZm, H¥$frCËnmXZo {^Þ AgVmV. OJmVrb

H$moUVmhr EH$ Xoe gd© H¥$fr CËnmXZm_Ü o n[anyU© Zgë`mZo H¥$fr{df`H$ Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama, Am`mV-{Z`m©V

YmoaUo BË`mXr Am§Vaamï´>r` YmoaUm§Mm EH$ ^mJ ~ZVmV.

2) O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ : eoVr {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rda H¥$_r, {H$Q>H$, amoJO§Vy bhmZ-_moR>o àmUr `m§Mm n[aUm_

hmoVmo. `mn¡H$s H$mhr O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ {nH$m§Zm nmofH$ AgVmV Va H$mhr Anm`H$maH$ AgVmV. Jm§Sy>imgmaIm H¥$_r

nrH$m§g _XV H$aVmo {edm` O{_ZrMm H$g dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. _Y_mer, \w$bnmIao, dZñnVrMo namJrH$aU

H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. `mCbQ> {H$S>o, _w§½`m, dmidr, Amù`m, Q>moi `mgmaIo Ord dZñnVtda h„m H$ê$Z Vr

Zï> H$aVmV. nrH$m§Zm gdm©V _moR>m YmoH$m Vmo Q>moiYmS>rMm AgVmo. Q>moiYmS>r_wio hOmamo hoŠQ>a H¥$frjoÌ AënmdYrV

Zm_eof hmoVo. VgoM njr, C§Xra, Kwer `m_wio eoVrg CnÐd hmoVmo. O{_ZrV H$mhr {d{eï> OmVrMo V¥U Omo_mZo dmT>Vo

d _wi {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rg AQ>H$md H$aVo. H¥$fr {nH$mda ~waer d BVa OrdmUy-{dfmUy§_wio n[aUm_ hmoVmo. {nH$mMr

nmZo, \w$bo, \$io JiyZ nS>VmV. dZñnVtda Aem KQ>H$m§À`m àmXw m©dm_wio namdb§~r O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mr {Z_uVr

hmoD$Z _wi {nH$mÀ`m nmofUmV ~mYm {Z_m©U H$aVmV. _mÌ h„r {H$Q>H$-ZmeHo$ d O§VyZmeHo$ `m§Mm dmna hmoD$

bmJë`mZo Anm`H$maH$ O¡{dH$ KQH$m§da {Z §ÌU {_idUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Aem àH$mao O¡{dH$

KQ>H$m§Mm à^md eoVrda nS>V AgVmo.

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2.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§VJ©V oUmao CnKQ>H$ gm§Jm.

2) H¥$fr{df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMVrÀ`m nmVù`m H$moUË`m ?

3) XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrdê$Z OJmMo H$moUVo JQ> nS>VmV ?

~) Imbrb n¡H$s `mo½` n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$am.

1) {nH$m§À`m dmT>rg gd©gmYmaU H$moUVo Vmn_mZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.

A) 50c ~) 60c H$)80c S>) 90c

2) H$moH$mo {nH$mg df© a H$moUVo Vmn_mZ Amdí`H$ AgVo.

A) H$_r Vmn_mZ ~) _Ü`_ Vmn_mZ

H$) OmñV Vmn_mZ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

1) H¥$fr - eoVr

2) Am{W©H$ {H«$`m - _mZdr ì`dgm`

3) àmH¥${VH$ - Z¡g{J©H$

4) {df_ - Ag_mZ

5) gIb - gnmQ>

6) C§MgIb - H$_r A{YH$ C§MrMm

7) AmЩVm - dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn

8) Q>moH$mMo - A{V H$_r d A{V OmñV (Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý`)

9) àmXw© md - n[aUm_

10) ObqgMZ - eoVrg H¥${Ì_ nmUr nwadR>m

2.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

2.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

A) 1) yn¥ð> aMZm, hdm_mZ d O{_Z BË`mXr H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao à_wI àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.

2) H¥$frdarVr n[aUm_ H$aUmam gdm©V _hÎdmMm àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ hmo .

3) nd©Vr` àXoe C§M Agë`mZo O{_ZrMr OmS>r d H$g VgoM H¥$fr joÌ `mZwgma eoVrdaVr à^md Q>mH$VmV.

~) `mo½` n`m© - 1) àmH¥${VH$ 2) yn¥ð>aMZm, hdm_mZ d O_rZ

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2.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

A) 1) H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§VJ©V ObqgMZ, dmhVyH$sMr gmYZo, ~mOmanoR>m, ^m§S>db

d Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm àgma BË`mXr CnKQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) H¥$fr{df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMVrÀ`m à_wI VrZ nmVù`m AgyZ Ë`m ñWm{ZH$, amï>r` d Am§Vaamï>r` ZmdmZo

AmoiIë`m OmVmV.

~) `mo½` n`m© - 1) 60c 2) OmñV Vmn_mZ

2.5 gmam§e …

_mZd Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r {Za{Zamio ì`dgm` H$aVmo Ë`mn¡H$s H¥$frì`dgm`mbm AZÝ` gmYmaU

Ago _hÎd Amho. OJmVrb A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Mo ~hþVm§e AW©ì`dñWm H¥$fràYmZ Amho. OJmVrb

Odinmg gd©M XoemV WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo H¥$fr ì`dgm` MmbVmo. H¥$frMo {dVaU OJ^amV IynM {df_ ñdénmV

Pmbo Amho. yn¥ð>mdarb H$mhr àXoemV H¥$frMr IynM àJVr Pmbobr Amho. Va H$mhr àXoemV H¥$fr AË §V

_mJgbobr Amho. H¥$frVrb _mJmgbonUm d H¥$fr {dH$mg VoWrb àmH¥${VH$ d AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§À` n[aUm_m_wio

AmT>iyZ oVmo.

yn¥ð>aMZm, hdm_mZ d O_rZ BË`mXr àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aVmV. AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m

VwbZoV H¥$frdaVr gdm©{YH$ n[aUm_ `mM KQ>H$m§Mm hmoVmo. yn¥ð>aMZoZwgma nd©Vr` àXoemV AË §V H$_r à_mUmV

H¥$fr`mo½` joÌ AgVo. nd©VmMr C§Mr, CVma, O{_ZrMo joÌ d _¥XoMm H$g `m§À`m A§VJ©V g§~§YmVyZ H¥$frdaVr

n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `mCbQ> H$_r C§Mr, O{_ZrMr OmS>r, {dñV¥V joÌ d gwnrH$ O_rZ _¡XmZr àXoemV Agë`mZo Ago

àXoe H¥$frg A{YH$ `mo½` R>aVmV. _mÌ OJmÀ`m gd©M _¡XmZr àXoemV H¥$fr{dH$mg AmT>iV Zmhr. A{V Q>moH$mMo

Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý`_mZ H¥$frg AQ>H$md H$aVo. AZwHy$b hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV eoVrMr àJVr hmoVo. O{_ZrMm nmoV.

Imobr, nmUrYmaU j_Vm, nmÊ`mMm {ZMam BË`mXr KQ>H$ H¥$frdaVr à^md Q>mH$VmV.

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` YmoaUo d O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ H¥$frda n[aUm_ H$aVmV. _w~bH$ _Oya nwadR>m

AgUmè`m àXoemV eoVr {dH$mg hmoVmo. O{_ZrMo VwH$S>rH$aU hm _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ H¥$fr CËnmXZmdaVr àË`j

n[aUm_ H$aVmo. A{dH$grV XoemVrb ê$T>r d na§nam H¥$fr àJVr g_moarb _hÎdmÀ`m AS>MUr R>aV AmhoV. eoVr

gwYmaUogmR>r ^m§S>dbmMr JaO AgVo. d `m ^m§S>dbmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ObqgMZ, añVo, H¥$fr Amdí`H$ §Ì

gm_wJ«r, gwYm[aV ~r-[~`mUo BË`mXr ^m§S>dbmÀ`m OmoamdaVr {dH${gV XoemV H¥$fr àJVr Pmbobr Amho. H¥$fr

àJVr_Ü o amOH$s` YmoaUm§Zm {deof _hÎd Amho. amOH$s` YmoaUo H¥$frg nyaH$ AgUmè`m XoemV H¥$fr {dH$mg

hmoVmo. O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ VmaH$ d _maH$ Aer Xwhoar y{_H$m {Z^mdVmV. Jm§Sy>i, _Y_mem, \w$bnmIao BË`mXr

\$bYmaUogmR>r Cn wº$ AgVmV. {Za{Zamù`m amoJm§Mm àmXw m©d {d{eï> O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§_wio hmoD$Z {nH$mMr dmT> d

CËnmXZ KQ>Vo.

darb gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm gd© KQ>H$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo AmhoV. `m gdm©Mm EH${ÌV qH$dm ñdV§Ì n[aUm_

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H¥$frdaVr hmoVmo. H¥$frg Amdí`H$ AgUmao gd© KQ>H$ AZwHy$b AgVrb Va H¥$fr àJVr KSy>Z oVo. `mCbQ>

EImXm KQ>H$ à{VHy$b Agob Va H¥$frda _`m©Xm oD$Z H¥$fr{dH$mgmg {Ii ~gVo.

2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1) H¥$frdaVr H$moUË`m Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>bobm Amho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mMr _m{hVr {bhm.

2) H¥$frda hdm_mZmMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ gm§Jm.

3) eoVrda à^md Q>mH$Umao Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ gm§JyZ Ë`mMr _m{hVr Úm.

4) H¥$frda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.

5) H¥$frda à^md Q>mH$Umao AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ H$moUVo Vo gm§JyZ Ë`mn¡H$s BVa KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$am.

~) `mo½` n`m© mMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z dmŠ o nyU© H$am.

1) ....... `m KQ>H$mMm H¥$frdaVr gdm©{YH$ n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

(àmH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, O¡{dH$)

2) ^yn¥ð>aMZm, ....... d O_rZ ho H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmao àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.

(ObqgMZ, hdm_mZ, V§ÌkmZ)

3) Vmn_mZ d nO©Ý` ....... Mo CnKQ>H$ AmhoV.

( yn¥ð>aMZm, hdm_mZ, O_rZ)

4) {nH$m§À`m dmT>rg gd©gmYmaUnUo .......0c nojm A{YH$ Vmn_mZmMr JaO AgVo.

(6,10,12)

5) H$moH$mo, H$m°\$s _gmë`mMo nXmW© d IOya BË`mXr {nH$m§Zm df© a ....... Vmn_mZmMr JaO AgVo.

(H$_r, _Ü`_, OmñV)

6) ObqgMZ d ^m§S>db ....... àH$maMo H¥$frda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ AmhoV.

(gm_m{OH$, amO{H$`, Am{W©H$)

2.7 joÌr` H$m © …

1) Amnë`m g^modVmbr AgUmè`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr Jmoim H$am.

2) Amnë`m àXoemVrb H¥$frdaVr n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m AàmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr O_m H$am.

3) Amnë`m g^modVmbr AgUmè`m H¥$frg_moarb g_ñ`m emoYyZ Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm emoYm.

lll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3

H¥$fràUmbr / H¥$frnÕVr

3.0 C{Ôï>ço

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 CXa {Zdm©h eoVr

3.2.2 ì`mnmar eoVr

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

3.4 ñd §AÜ``ZmMo àíZm§Mr CÎmao

3.5 gmam§e

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

3.7 joÌr` H$m ©

3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

3.0 C{Ôï>ço …

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg

1) eoVr àUmbr gm§JVm oB©b.

2) eoVrMo {dVaU g_Oob

3) {d{dY {nH$m§Mo {dVaU g_Oob

4) eoVrMo _hÎd g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

5) eoVrMr {d{dY d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

AmnU KQ>H$ H«$. XmoZ_Ü o eoVrda n[aUm_ H$aUmao àmH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bobm Amho. ho gd© KQ>H$ gd©Ì EH$gmaIo Zgë`m_wio OJmV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m eoVr àUmbr AmT>iVmV `m

eoVr àUmbrMm Aä`mg AmnU KQ>H$ H«$. 3 _Ü o H$aUma AmhmoV.

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eoVr hm _mZdmMm àmMrZ d àmW{_H$ ì`dgm` AgyZ OJmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Mm eoVr hm _w»` ì`dgm`

Amho. eoVr hm AZoH$ XoemVrb AW© ì`dñWoMm H$Um Amho. OJmÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§» on¡H$s gw_mao 2/3 bmoH$m§Mo

OrdZ eoVr ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ Amho. OJmVrb EHy$U _Owam§n¡H$s 50% nojm OmñV _Oya eoVr ì`dgm`mV

AmhoV. eoVrVyZ _mZdmg AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m hmoVmo. `m{edm` eoVrVyZ CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>r bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb

CnbãY hmoVmo. OJmV Joë`m {H$Ë oH$ dfm©nmgyZ eoVr hmoV Amho. na§Vw gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV eoVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$di

CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.

OgOer bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V Jobr d _mZdmMm {dH$mg hmoV Jobm VgVer eoVr_Ü o gwYmaUm hmoV Joë`m.

AmO OJmV AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo eoVr Ho$br OmV Amho.

eoVrda àmH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ Pmbobm Agë`m_wio eoVrMo àH$ma nmS>Uo

H$R>rU ñdénmMo Amho. {d{dY àH$maMr {nHo$ d newnmbZ `m§Mo {_lU hmoV Agë`mZo eoVr àUmbr (nÕV)

Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m Pmboë`m AmhoV.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

3.2.1 CXa{Zdm©hmMr eoVr (Subsistence Agriculture) :

`m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$di ñdV:À`m CXa{Zdm©hmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ho$br OmVo. `m eoVr àH$mam_Ü o \$º$ ImÚ {nHo$

KoVbr OmVmV. eoVrVyZ {_iUmè`m YmÝ`mn¡H$s H$mhr YmÝ` ~mOmanoR>oV {dHy$Z OrdZmdí`H$ dñVw§Mr IaoXr Ho$br

OmVo. `m ñdénmÀ`m eoVrbm ""CXa{Zdm©hH$ eoVr'' Ago åhUVmV. CîU H${Q>~§Yr` gIb ^mJmV `m eoVrMo

à_mU OmñV Amho.

1) ñWbm§Va àH$maMr eoVr (shifting cultivation) :

CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb XmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV ñWbm§VarV àH$maMr eoVr Ho$br OmVo. XmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV

nmD$g OmoaXma nS>V Agë`m_wio O{_ZrMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. AaÊ`mVrb EImÚm ^mJmVrb d¥jVmoS>

H$ê$Z _mVrMm H$g Agon ªV 2 Vo 3 df} {nHo$ KoVmV. O{_ZrMm H$g H$_r Pmë`mda eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ hr H$_r

hmoVo. åhUyZ Xwgè`m ^mJmV d¥j VmoSy>Z eoVr Ho$br OmVo. `m nÕVrbm ñWbm§VarV eoVr Ago åhUVmV. ñWbm§Va

eoVr hr CXa{Zdm©hH$ àH$maMr eoVr Amho.

nÕVr : eoVrMr _emJV A{Ve` gmÜ`m nÕVrZo H$aVmV. {nH$m§Mr noaUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~r \$º$ eoVmV

\o$H$bo OmVmV. {nH$m§Mr \$maer XoI^mb Ho$br OmV Zmhr. eoVrMr OmñVrV OmñV H$m_o hmVmZo H$aVmV. `m eoVrg

IVm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

eoVrMr Zmdo : `m eoVrbm doJdoJù`m ^mJmV doJdoJir Zmdo AmhoV. _Ü` A_o[aH$m d Am{\«$Ho$V "{_ënm',

Amgm__Ü o `m eoVrg "Pw_tJ', ~«mPrb_Ü o "amoH$m', _bo{e`mV "bSm§>J', {h_mb`mV "{Ib', npíM_ KmQ>m_Ü o

"Hw$_ar', ìhoZoPwEbm "H$moZwH$', Wm`b§S> "V_amB©' Va B§S>moZo{e`mV "hþ_mh' åhUVmV.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 3

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ñWbm§VarV eoVrMo joÌ

OJ (W

orld

)

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àXoe : CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb XmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV hr eoVr Ho$br OmVo. `m_Ü o _Ü` Am{\«$Ho$Vrb gIb

àXoe d _mbmJgr ~oQ>o, X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb A_oPm°ZMo Imoao, _Ü` A_o[aH$m X{jU _opŠgH$mo Am{U ^maVmVrb

N>moQ>m ZmJnyaMo nR>ma, Amgm_, {h_mb` nd©Vr` ^mJ, nyd© d npíM_ KmQ>, _Ü` àXoemMm H$mhr ^mJ B. Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`m eoVrVyZ àm_w»`mZo Ádmar, ~mOar, _H$m, Vm§Xyi, KodS>m, Ho$ir B. {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) ñWbm§VarV eoVr Ho$di CXa{Zdm©hmnwaVrM Ho$br OmVo.

2) `m eoVrÀ`m àH$mamV O{_ZrMr _emJV gmÜ`m d OwÝ`m nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo.

3) `m eoVrg IVm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

4) `m eoVrVyZ {_iUmao Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ \$maM H$_r AgVo.

5) ñWbm§VarV eoVr XwJ©_ ^mJmV Ho$br OmV Agë`m_wio dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm A^md AgVmo.

6) Xa 2 Vo 3 dfm©Z§Va XwgarH$S>o ñWbm§Va hmoVo.

7) eoVrbm nwaH$ ì`dgm` åhUyZ newnmbZ ì`dgm` H$aVmV.

8) `m eoVrnmgyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

9) {nH$m§Mo emór` nÕVrZo g§dY©Z Ho$bo OmV Zmhr.

2) H$moaS>dmhÿ/{OamB©V eoVr … (Dry Farming) :

OoWo 50 go. _r. nojm H$_r nmD$g nS>Vmo VgoM OoWo {Z_H$moaS>m àXoe Amho Aem ^mJmV hr eoVr Ho$br

OmVo. `m ^mJmVrb O_rZ gwnrH$ AgVo na§Vw ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r Zgë`mZo H$moaS> dmhÿ eoVr Ho$br OmVo. hr eoVr

Á`m ^mJmV Ho$br OmVo VoWo nS>Umam nmD$g hm {nH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Anwam d A{Z`{_V ñdénmMm AgVmo. eoVrMr

_emJV nÕV {deof àH$maMr AgVo. n{hbm nmD$g nS>Ê`mnydu eoVrMr Zm§JaUr Imobda Ho$br OmVo. nmD$g

nS>ë`mZ§Va nmdgmMo nmUr eoV O{_ZrV _waVo. Ë`mZ§Va O{_Z gnmQ> Ho$ë`m_wio O{_ZrVrb nmÊ`mMm Amoobmdm

bJoM {ZKyZ OmV Zmhr. CnbãY Amobmì`mda dfm©VyZ EImXo {nH$ KoVbo OmVo.

nÕVr : gwnrH$ O_rZ d H$_r nO©Ý` Am{U ObqgMZmMr gmYZo CnbãY ZmhrV Aem àXoemV H$moaS>dmhÿ

eoVr Ho$br OmVo. Aem àXoemV nmdgmda AmYmarV eoVr Ho$br OmVo. oWo àm_w»`mZo H$_r nmdgmda oUmar {nHo$

(Ádmar, ~mOar, Vya, Jhÿ, ha^am, H$mnyg B.) KoVbr OmVmV. O{_ZrMr _emJV H$aVmZm O{_ZrV OmñVrV OmñV

Amobmdm {Q>Hy$Z amhrb `mMr H$miOr KoVbr OmVo. `m{edm` O{_ZrV amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.

àXoe : OoWo nO©Ý`mMo à_mU H$_r Amho Aem XoemV H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr Ho$br OmVo. `m_Ü o g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo,

H°$ZS>m, a{e`m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m B. XoemVrb H$_r nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV hr eoVr Ho$br OmVo. `m{edm` ^maVmVrb H$_r

nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV hr H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

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d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr_Ü o H$_r nmdgmda oUmar {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

2) eoV O{_Zrg amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.

3) ObqgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY Zgë`m_wio eoVrVyZ {_iUmao CËnÞ Aën AgVo.

4) nS>Umè`m nmdgmda AmYm[aV {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

3) gImob eoVr (Intensive farming) :

hm eoVrMm àH$ma OoWo bmoH$g§»`m OmñV d bmJdS>rImbrb O{_ZrMo à_mU H$_r Aem XoemV àm_w»`mZo

AmT>iVmo. Mm§Jë`m eoV O{_ZrVyZ ^anya _Zwî` ~imÀ`m _XVrZo, _`m©{XV ^m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z, nma§nm[aH$

AdOmamÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Xa hoŠQ>ar OmñVrV OmñV CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m eoVrg gImob eoVr

Ago åhUVmV.

nÕVr : `m eoVr àH$mamV O{_ZrMo à_mU H$_r d eoVm§Mm AmH$ma bhmZ Agë`mZo O{_ZrÀ`m WmoS>çm

joÌmV OmñV ^m§S>db d H$îQ> H$ê$Z CËnmXZ H$mT>bo OmVo. `m eoVrMr ~hþVm§e H$m_o _OwamÛmao hmVmZo Ho$br

OmVmV. O{_Zrbm H¥$Ìr_ ObqgMZmMm nwadR>m d IVm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. `m eoVr_YyZ EH$mnojm OmñV

{nHo$ KoVbro OmVmV. ~hþVoH$ ^mJmV nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo eoVr Hoo$br OmV Agbr Var Z{dZ V§ÌmMm dmna, gwYm[aV

~r-{~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, §Ìo, ObqgMZmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVr m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Agë`m_wio CËnmXZ

dmT>V Amho. m eoVrV mV ho à_wI {nH$ AgyZ Ë`mM~amo~a Ádmar, ~mOar, Jhÿ, _H$m, _yJ, CS>rX, Vya, ha^am,

H$mnyg, D$g, ^mOrnmbm, \$io B. Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

àXoe : ^maV, MrZ, OnmZ, _bo{e`m, lrb§H$m, nm{H$ñVmZ, ~m§½bmXoe `m Am{e`mB© XoemV `m àH$maMr

eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) hr eoVr CXa{Zdm©hH$ VÎdmda Ho$br OmVo.

2) eoVrMm AmH$ma bhmZ AgVmo.

3) eoVrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r _Owam§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

4) eoVrgmR>r ObqgMZmMm Cn`moJ d IVm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.

5) XmQ> bmoH$g§» o_wio XaS>moB© O{_ZrMo joÌ H$_r Agë`m_wio O{_ZrMr qH$_V OmñV AgVo.

6) eoVrVyZ {d{dY àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

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3.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

Imbrb ~hþn`m© r àíZm§Mr AMyH$ CÎmao {bhm.

1) H$moUË`m eoVr_YyZ YmÝ` ~mOmanoR>oV {dHy$Z OrdZmdí`H$ dñVw§Mr IaoXr Ho$br OmVo.

A) CXa{Zdm©h ~ ) ì`mnmar H$) ~mJm`Vr S>) g§{_l

2) CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb XmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV H$moUVr eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

A) H$moaS>dmhÿ ~) ì`mnmar H$) ñWbm§VarV S>) _ù`mMr

3) Amgm__Ü o ñWbm§VarV eoVrg H$m` åhUVmV

A) {_ënm ~) Pw_tJ H$) amoH$m S>) bS>m§J

4) ~«mPrb _Ü o ñWbm§Va eoVr H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV.

A) amoH$m ~) {_ënm H$) Pw_tJ S>) H$moZwH$

5) {h_mb`mVrb ñWbm§VarV eoVr H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV.

A) {_ënm ~) Irb H$) Hw$_ar S>) H$moZwH$

6) _bo{e`mV ñWbm§VarV eoVrg H$m` åhUVmV.

A) {_ënm ~) Irb H$) Hw$_ar S>) bS>m§J

7) OoWo nmdgmMo à_mU H$_r Amho VoWo H$moUË`m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

A) H$moaS>dmhÿ ~) ì`mnmar H$) g§{_l S>) _ù`mMr

8) H$moUË`m eoVr àH$mam_Ü o eoVmMm AmH$ma bhmZ AgVmo.

A) gImob ~) {dñV¥V H$) ì`mnmar S>) g§{_l

3.2.2 ì`mnmar eoVr (Commercial Agriculture)

hm eoVr àH$ma {dai bmoH$g§»`m d {dñV¥V eoVrjoÌ Agboë`m XoemV nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. CnbãY AgUmè`m

gd©gmYmaU _JXwamÀ`m eoVrO{_ZrVyZ, _`m©{XV _Zwî`~imÀ`m ghmæ`mZo na§Vw ^anya ^m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z

AmYw{ZH$ §Ìgm_wJ«rÀ`m AmYmao XaS>moB© OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mg ì`mnmar

eoVr åhUVmV. `m àH$maMr eoVr g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§YmV 300 Vo 550 CÎma d X{jU Ajd¥ÎmmÀ`m Xaå`mZ Ho$br

OmVo.

nÕVr : m_Ü o {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ {dñV¥V nÕVrZo KoVbo OmVo. eoVrÀ`m m àH$mamV à_wI {nH$ Jhÿ AgyZ

eoVrMr gd© H$m_o §ÌmÛmao Ho$br OmVmV. åhUyZ `m eoVrg `m§{ÌH$ eoVr Agohr åhUVmV. `m àXoemV bmoH$g§»`m

H$_r Agë`m_wio noaUrnmgyZ Vo H$mnUr, _iUr n ªVMr H$m_o §ÌmÛmao Ho$br OmVmV. g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Y hm Jhÿ

`m {nH$mgmR>r AZwHy$b Agë`mZo Jhÿ ho à_wI {nH$ KoVbo OmVo. `m{edm` _H$m, ~mbu, AmoQ>, Vob{~`m `m§Mo

CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. `m eoVr àH$mamV ì`mnmar Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. eoVH$ar hm gw{e{jV d àJV

Agë`mZo hr eoVr AmYw{ZH$ nÕV, Z{dZ g§emoYZ, ì`dñWmnZ d {Z`moOZmda AmYmabobr Amho.

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ì`mnmar eoVrMo joÌ

OJ (W

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àXoe : g§ wº$ g§ñWmZmV àoAar, a{e`mV ñQ>on, AO]{Q>ZmV n§nmg, Am°ñQ´>o{b`mV S>mD$Ýg, Am{\«$Ho$V

ìhoëS> d Ý yPrb§S>_Ü o H°$Q>Z~ar `m àXoemV ì`mnmar eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) `m àH$maMr eoVr {dai bmoH$g§» oÀ`m àXoemV Ho$br OmV Agë`m_wio XaS>moB© O{_ZrMo joÌ

OmñV AgVo.

2) Jhÿ ho `m eoVrVrb à_wI {nH$ Agë`m_wio JìhmMr eoVr ì`mnmar VÎdmda Ho$br OmVo.

3) eoVmMm AmH$ma {dñV¥V d _moR>m Agë`m_wio eoVrMr gd© H$m_o §ÌmZoM Ho$br OmVmV.

4) JìhmÀ`m {nH$m~amo~a _H$m, ~mbu, am`, AmoQ> `m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

5) hr eoVr Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo {dH${gV Agboë`m XoemV Ho$br OmV Agë`m_wio Xa EH$ar CËnmXZ IM©

_moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo.

6) JìhmÀ`m eoVr~amo~aM newnmbZ ì`dgm` Ho$bm OmVmo.

7) `m eoVrV XaS>moB© O_rZ YmaU joÌ OmñV Agë`m_wio XaS>moB© CËnmXZ OmñV na§Vw Xa EH$ar CËnmXZ

H$_r AgVo.

8) `m àXoemVrb eoVH$ar gw{e{jV Agë`mZo eoVrMo emór` kmZ Ë`m§Zm AdJV Amho.

9) JìhmMr {Z`m©V Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oV _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo.

1) {dñV¥V YmÝ` eoVr (Extensive grain Farming) :

Á`m XoemV bmoH$g§» oÀ`m _mZmZo O{_ZrMo à_mU OmñV Amho VoWo {dñV¥V àH$maMr eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

nÕVr : `m àH$mamV eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agë`m_wio `m nÕVrMr eoVr {dñV¥V àH$maMr AgVo. `m

XoemV bmoH$g§ñWoÀ`m _mZmZo O{_ZrMo à_mU OmñV AgVo. bmoH$g§»`m H$_r Agë`m_wio eoVrgmR>r _Oya CnbãY

hmoV ZmhrV åhUyZ eoVrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r §Ì gm_wJ«rMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. eoVrMr Zm§JaUr, noaUr, H$mnUr,

§ÌmÛmao Ho$br OmVo. {dñV¥V àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Ü o EH$mM àH$maMo {nH$ KoÊ`mV oVo. CXm. H$mnyg, Jhÿ, _H$m B. `m

eoVrg H¥$Ìr_ nmUr nwadR>m d IVm§Mm \$magm nwadR>m hmoV Zgë`m_wio eoVrVyZ {_iUmao Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ OmñV

ZgVo.

àXoe : `màH$maMr eoVr g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, H°$ZS>m, AO}{Q>Zm, a{e`m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m B. XoemV hmoVo.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) _Zwî`~i H$_r Agë`m_wio eoVrVrb gd© H$m_o §ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$br OmVmV.

2) eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m AgVmo.

3) eoVr_YyZ {_iUmao Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ H$_r AgVo.

4) {dñV¥V àXoemV EH$mM àH$maMo {nH$ KoVbo OmVo.

5) eoVrg H¥$Ìr_ nmUrnwadR>m d IVm§Mm H$_r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

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2) g§{_l/{_l eoVr : (Mixed Farming)

_Ü` H${Q>~§YmVrb gmYmaU XmQ> bmoH$dñVrÀ`m àXoemV eoV O{_ZrVyZ EH$mM doir qH$dm MH«$s` nÕVrZo

{nHo$, \$io, ^mOrnmbm d `m§{ÌH$ AdOmao, CÎm_ àH$maMr ~r-{~`mUo, IVo `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z OmñVrV OmñV d

Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. Aem eoVrg g§{_l eoVr Ago åhUVmV. hr eoVr ì`mnmar VÎdmda d OJmVrb

àJV ^mJmV Ho$br OmVo.

g§{_l eoVrMo joÌ

OJ

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x x

g§{_

l e

oVrMo j

oÌ

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nÕVr : `m àH$mamV eoVr~amo~a OZmdao, eoù`m-_|T>çm d H$m|~S>çm nmiÊ`mV oVmV. Va H$mhr XoemV

eoVr~amo~a aoe_mMo [H$S>o hr nmogbo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio m eoVr~amo~aM XyY, _m§g, A§S>r, bmoH$a, H$mVS>r B. àmUrO

nXmWm©Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, H°$ZS>m, a{e`m `m XoemV eoVr_Ü o Jhÿ, _H$m, ~mbu, OZmdam§Zm bmJUmam

Mmam B. {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo. J«oQ> {~«Q>Z d wamon_Yrb S>°Ý w~À`m Imoè`mV _H$m, ~Q>mQ>o, ~rQ>, H$mo~r, dmQ>mUm,

{ÛXb YmÝ o B. {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo. maVm_Ü o m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$br OmVo. maVmV m eoVrV H$mnyg, Ádmar,

~mOar, Vya, CS>rX, _yJ, Mdir, yB©_yJ B. {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hmoVo.

àXoe : {dH${gV d {dH$gZerb Aem XmoÝhr XoemV hr eoVr hmoVo. m_Ü o CÎma A_o[aH$m (g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo,

H°$ZS>m) wamon (J«oQ> {~«Q>Z, ZoXab±S>, ñdrS>Z, Zm°d}) a{e`m, MrZ, ^maV d Am{\«$Ho$Vrb H$mhr Xoe oVmV.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) _Ü` H${Q>~§YmV XmQ> bmoH$dñVrÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ ÑîQ>çm {dH${gV ^mJmV g§{_l eoVr AmT>iVo.

2) doJdoJù`m àH$maMr {nHo$ KoÊ`mV oV Agë`m_wio amoJmZo EImXo nrH$ Zmhrgo Pmë`mg Xwgè`m

{nH$mMo CËnmXZ {_iVo.

3) hr eoVr Ho$di ì`mnmar VÎdmda Ho$br OmVo.

4) eoV O{_ZrMo AmH$ma _Ü`_ AgVmV.

5) `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Ü o {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr {nHo$ _mJonwT>o KoVë`m_wio _Owam§Zm df© a H$m_ {_iVo.

6) {nHo$ AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z KoVbr Agë`m_wio O{_ZrMr gw{nH$Vm H$m`_ amhVo.

7) g§{_l eoVr_Yrb YmÝ` d newCËnmXZo ñWm{ZH$ VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOma noR>oV nmR>{dVmV.

8) emór` nÕVrZo newnmbZ ì`dgm` Ho$bm OmV Agë`m_wio _m§gmoËnmXH$ OZmdam§Mr g§»`m OmñV

Amho.

3) \$ieoVr (Horiculture) :

_mZd yVbmda OÝ_mbm Amë`mnmgyZ \$ieoVr ApñVÎdmV Amho na§Vw Ë`mdoir àË`j eoVr hmoV ZìhVr.

{d{dY \$im§Mr PmS>o {ZgJ©V: dmT>V hmoVr. Ë`mdoir _Zwî` \$io ImD$Z Amnbm CXa {Zdm©h H$arV hmoVm. _mZdmZo

\$iPmS>o bmdyZ \$ieoVrbm gwadmV Ho$br. na§Vw gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV \$im§Mm dmna \$ŠV ImÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV

hmoVm. Z§Va \$im§Mm {d{dY H$m_mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJbm. gÜ`m {eVH$aU d dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm_wio \$im§Mo

CËnmXZ ì`mnmar nÕVrZo hmoV Amho. gÜ`m XwaXyaÀ`m Xoem§Zm \$io {Z`m©V hmoD$ bmJë`m_wio \$ieoVrbm Iyn _hÎd

àmá Pmbo Amho.

\$im§Mo àH$ma :

1) y_Ü` gmJar \$io : Ðmjo, A§Ora, ~Xm_, {nñVm, qb~y, g§Ìr, AH«$moS>.

2) CîU H${Q>~§Yr` \$io : Am§~m, Ho$ir, \$Ug, AZZg, Om§ yi, H$ad§Xo, noê$, S>mit~, ~moa, nnB©, IOya.

3) g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` \$io : g\$aM§X, OXm©iy, ßb_ B.

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nÕVr : \$ieoVr_Ü o yaMZm, O{_Z d hdm_mZmÀ`m àH$mamZwgma \$iPmS>o bmdbr OmVmV. \$im§Mr

amono V`ma H$ê$Z PmS>m§Zm JaOoZwgma nmUrnwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. H$_r nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV {R>~H$ qgMZ nÕVrÛmao

PmS>m§Zm nmUr {Xbo OmVo. amoJmnmgyZ g§ajU åhUyZ {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYm§Mm \$dmam _mabm OmVmo. OmñV CËnmXZmgmR>r

O{_Zrbm IVo nwa{dbr OmVmV.

àXoe :

1) y_Ü`gmJar Xoe : `m_Ü o ñnoZ, BQ>br, h§Joar, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, _moamo $mo, \«$mÝg, B©ómB©b VwH©$ñVmZ,

Z¡F$Ë` Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, Ý wPrb§S>, g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo (H°${b\$mo{Z© m)

2) g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` Xoe : `mV g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo, H°$ZS>m, J«oQ> {~«Q>Z, pñdËPbªS>, MrZ, OnmZ,

a{e`m, CÎma ^maV, CÎma nm{H$ñVmZ, Ý wPrb§S> B. Xoem§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) CîU H${Q>~§Yr` Xoe : _bo{e`m, Wm`b§S>, B§S>moZo{e`m, V¡dmZ, nm{H$ñVmZ, ^maV, BamH$, gm¡Xr

Aao{~`m, B{Oá, gwXmZ, doñQ> B§{S>O, _mXmJmñH$a.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) hr eoVr CîUH${Q>~§Yr`, y_Ü` d g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV hmoVo.

2) \$ieoVr hr ~mJm`Vr eoVr Amho.

3) \$ieoVrda hdm_mZmMm _moR>m n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

4) \$im§Mo CËnmXZ ì`mnmar CÔoemZo KoVbo OmVo.

5) \$i eoVr hr _Zwî` ~imda Adb§~yZ Amho.

4) _ù`mMr/~mJm`Vr eoVr (Plantation Agriculture) :

_io nÕVrÀ`m eoVrMr gwédmV wamonr` dgmhVr, X{jU A_o[aHo$V Pmë`mZ§Va CîU d X_Q> hdm_mZmV

Pmbr. CîU H${Q>~§YmV {d{eï> AZwHy$b m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrV {d{eï> {nH$m§Mr {dñV¥V àXoemda bmJdS> H$aVmV.

VgoM ^m§S>db, IVo, Hw$eb d AHw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna H$ê$Z AmYw{ZH$ VÎdmda {nH$m§Mo

CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. `m àH$maÀ`m eoVrg _io nÕVrMr eoVr åhUVmV. `m àH$maÀ`m eoVrV Mhm, H$m°\$s, a~a,

H$moH$mo, nm_, Ho$ir B. Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

nÕVr : `m eoVrH$aVm _io ho doJdoJù`m àXoemV {nH$m§À`m, hdm_mZmÀ`m JaOoZwgma R>a{dbo OmVmV.

MhmH$[aVm O_rZ CVaUrdarb OmñV nmD$g nS>Umè`m joÌmV AgVo. O_rZ hr nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoUmar Amdí`H$

AgVo. _ù`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ~hþVm§e {ó`m Agë`mZo PmS> ho \$ma C§M hmoD$Z MmbV Zmhr. Mhm, a~a, H$m°\$s,

H$moH$mo m {nH$mH$arVm _moR>çm à_mUmV _Owam§Mr Amdí`H$Vm bmJVo. a~amÀ`m PmS>mbm ImMm nmSy>Z Ë`mVyZ ~mhoa

nS>Umam MrH$ ^m§S>çmV gmMbm OmVmo. Vmo gH$mir Jmoim Ho$bm OmVmo. H$m°\$s d H$moH$mo `m amonm§Mr H$miOr d

Ë`mÀ`m {~`m Jmoim H$aUo hr gd© H$m_o _Owam§_m\©$V H$ê$Z ¿`mdr bmJVmV.

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~mJm`Vr (_ù`mMr) eoVrMo joÌ

OJ (W

orld

)

x x

~mJm`Vr (_ù`mM

r) eoVrM

o joÌ

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àXoe : _io nÕVrMr eoVr CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb Imbrb àXoemV AmT>iVo.

1) Am{e`m : ^maV, _bo{e`m, lrb§H$m, B§S>moZo{e`m, {\$brnmB©Ýg Wm`b§S>, å`mZ_ma

2) X{jU A_o[aH$m : AO}{Q>Zm, ~«mPrb, ìhoZoPwEbm, Š w~m

3) Am{\«$H$m : Am{\«$Ho$Vrb npíM_ d _Ü`^mJ, nyd© mJ, X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb JdVmi àXoe

4) Am°ñQ´>o{b`m : {¹$Ýgb§S>Mm {H$Zmar àXoe

5) gmJar` ~oQ>o : {\$Or, _mXmJmñH$a B.

d¡{eîQ>ço :

1) `m eoVrVrb {nHo$ {Z`m©VrÀ`m CÔoemZo KoVbr OmVmV.

2) _io nÕVrMm {dH$mg wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§Zr dgmhVrÀ`m àXoemV àW_ Ho$bm.

3) CîU H${Q>~§Yr` àXoemV àm_w»`mZo {nH$m§Mo _io AmhoV.

4) eoV O{_ZrMm AmH$ma {dñV¥V AgVmo.

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m AZwHy$bVoZwgma Mhm, H$m°\$s, a~a hr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.

6) AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌmÀ`m d §ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo àJV eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

7) _io nÕVrÀ`m eoVrg ^anya ^m§S>db d H$m_Jma bmJVmV.

8) _io nÕVrMr eoVr VoWrb Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm AmYma Amho.

9) CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Z{dZ V§ÌkmZ, g§emoYZ `m§Mo gVV à`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV.

3.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbrb ~hþn`m© r àíZm§Mr AMwH$ CÎmao {bhm.

1) {dai bmoH$g§»`m d {dñV¥V eoVr joÌ Agboë`m XoemV H$moUVr eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

A) ì`mnmar ~) gImob H$) g§{_l S>) H$moaS>dmhÿ

2) AmYw{ZH$ §Ìgm_wJ«rÀ`m AmYmao XaS>moB© OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$moUË`m

eoVr_YyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

A) _ù`mMr ~) ì`mnmar H$) H$moaS>dmhÿ S>) CXa{Zdm©h

3) H$moUË`m eoVr àH$mam_YyZ EH$mM àH$maMo {nH$ KoÊ`mV oVo.

A) H$moaS>dmhÿ ~) \$im§Mr H$) {dñV¥V S>) _ù`mMr

4) H$moUË`m eoVr àH$mam_YyZ MH«$s` nÕVrZo {nHo$ KoÊ`mV oVmV.

A) g§{_l ~) ì`mnmar H$) gImob S>) {dñV¥V

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5) H$moUË`m eoVr àUmbr _YyZ Mhm, H$m°\$s, a~a, H$moH$mo Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

A) _ù`mMr ~) gImob H$) ì`mnmar S>) \$im§Mr

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1) CXa{Zdm©h - nmoQ> aÊ`mnwaVo

2) {_ënm, Pw_tJ, amoH$m, bS>m§J, {Ib, Hw$_ar, H$moZwH$ doJdoJù`m ^mJmVrb ñWbm§VarV eoVrMr Zmdo.

3) ñWbm§Va - EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr.

4) H$moaS>dmhÿ - nmdgmda AmYm[aV/ObqgMZmMm A^md Agbobr eoVr.

5) _JXya - nmoV, H$g

3.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :

3.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

1) A - CXa{Zdm©h 2) H$ - ñWbm§VarV 3) ~ - Pw_tJ 4) A - amoH$m

5) ~ - Irb 6) S> - bS>m§J 7) A - H$moaS>dmhÿ 8) A - gImob

3.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

1) A - ì`mnmar 2) ~ - ì`mnmar 3) H$ - {dñV¥V

4) A - g§{_l/{_l 5) A - _ù`mMr

3.5 gmam§e :

H$moUË`mhr ^mJmVrb eoVr hr VoWrb yaMZm d hdm_mZ `m XmoZ KQ>mH$m§À`m AZwf§JmZo Ho$br OmVo. VgoM

eoVrda ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoV Agë`m_wio OJmV doJdoJù`m H¥$fràUmbr

(nÕVr) AmT>iyZ oVmV.

CXa{Zdm©hmÀ`m eoVr_Ü o ñWbm§VarV eoVr, H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr, gImob eoVrMm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.

CXa{Zdm©hmMr eoVr hr Ho$di CXa{Zdm©hmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ho$br OmVo. `m eoVr àH$mam_Ü o Ho$di ImÚ {nHo$ KoVbr

OmVmV. Va ñWbm§Va àH$maMr eoVr XmQ> AaÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV O§Jb VmoSy>Z Ho$br OmVo. Xa 2 Vo 3 dfmªZr XwgarH$S>o

ñWbm§Va Ho$bo OmVo. Á`m ^mJmV 50 g|. _r. H$_r nmD$g nS>Vmo Aem ^mJmV H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr OoWo Ho$br OmVo VoWo O{_Z gwnrH$ AgVo na§Vw ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r ZgVmV. gImob eoVr OoWo

bmoH$g§»`m OmñV d bmJdS>r Imbrb O{_ZrMo à_mU H$_r Agboë`m XoemV Ho$br OmVo. `m eoVr àH$mamV

O{_ZrMo à_mU H$_r d eoVm§Mm AmH$ma bhmZ AgVmo.

ì`mnmar eoVr hr {dai bmoH$g§»`m d {dñV¥V eoVr joÌ Agboë`m XoemV nhmd`mg {_iVo. `m eoVrVyZ

AmYw{ZH$ §Ìgm_wJ«rÀ`m AmYmao XaS>moB© OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m eoVr_Ü o

{dñV¥V YmÝ` eoVr, g§{_l eoVr, \$im§Mr eoVr d _ù`m§Mr eoVr `m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Á`m XoemV

bmoH$g§» oÀ`m _mZmZo O{_ZrMo à_mU OmñV Amho VoWo {dñV¥V eoVr AmT>iVo. Va g§{_l eoVr hr _Ü` H${Q>~§YmVrb

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gmYmaU XmQ> bmoH$dñVrÀ`m àXoemV AmT>iVo `m eoVr_YyZ MH«$s` nÕVrZo {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. \$i eoVr hr

doJdoJù`m H${Q>~§YmV Ho$br OmVo. gÜ`m {eVH$aU d dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm_wio \$im§Mo CËnmXZ ì`mnmar nÕVrZo

hmoV Amho. _ù`mMr eoVr hr doJdoJù`m àXoemV {nH$m§À`m, hdm_mZmÀ`m JaOoZwgma Ho$br OmVo. hr eoVr CîU

H${Q>~§Yr` àXoemV Ho$br OmVo.

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

1) ñWbm§Va eoVrMo {ddoMZ H$ê$Z {VMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço {deX H$am.

2) ì`mnmar eoVrMo {ddaU d d¡{eîQ>ço dU©Z H$am.

3) g§{_l eoVrMo {ddoMZ H$ê$Z {VMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço {deX H$am.

4) \$i eoVrMr _m{hVr gm§JyZ, {dVaU d d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

5) CXa{Zdm©h eoVrMo àH$ma gm§JyZ Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m àH$maMr _m{hVr Úm.

6) ì`mnmar eoVrMo àH$ma gm§JyZ Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m àH$maMr _m{hVr Úm.

Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) CXa{Zdm©hmMr eoVr åhUOo H$m` ? {VMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm

2) ñWbm§VarV eoVr åhUOo H$m` ? {VMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm

3) g§{_l eoVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

4) _ù`mÀ`m eoVrMo {dVaU gm§JyZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

5) \$i eoVrMo {dVaU gm§JyZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

3.7 joÌr` H$m © :

1) Vw_À`m n[agamVrb eoVr àH$mamMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z {Za{Zamir d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ ¿`m.

2) Vw_À`m n[agamVrb O{_ZrMm àH$ma g_OmdyZ KodyZ H$moUH$moUVr {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV Ë`m§À`m

Zm|Xr H$am.

3) Vw_À`m n[agamV AmT>iUmè`m O{_ZrÀ`m àH$mamMm Aä`mg H$am.

3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1) H¥$fr yJmob (2000) {dÇ>b Kmanwao

qnnimnwao A°ÝS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya

2) Am{W©H$ yJmob (2000) {dÇ>b Kmanwao

qnnimnwao A°ÝS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya

3) Am{W©H$ yJmob àm. Ho$ E. IVr~

4) Am{W©H$ yJmob (1998) S>m°. Eg². ~r. qeXo, S>m°. {g. Q>r. ndma

gào_ àH$meZ H$moëhmnyalll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 4

H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU

4.0 C{Ôï>ço

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr

4.2.1.1 nrH$ g§JVr / gh`M©

4.2.1.2 nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU

4.2.1.3 H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm

4.2.2 _hmamï´>mVrb nrH$m§À`m ghM`m©Mo {dVaU

4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

4.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ d CÎmao

4.5 gmam§e

4.6 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ

4.7 jo{Ì` H$m ©

4.0 C{Ôï>ço …

1. H¥$fr àXoemMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo.

2. doJdoJù`m H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo.

3. _hmamï´>mVrb nrH$m§À`m ghM`m©À`m {dVaUmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

4.1 àñVmdZm :

_mZdmMm eoVr ì`dgm` hm gdm©V àmMrZ ì`dgm` Amho. _mZd dñVr H$ê$Z amhÿ bmJë`mnmgyZ eoVr

ì`dgm` ApñVÎdmV Amho. gÜ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ wJ Agbo Var eoVr hm AZoH$ XoemVrb AW©H$maUmMm H$Um Amho.

åhUyZ eoVr `m ì`dgm`mMo A{YH$ gImob Aä`mg H$aUo H$mimMr JaO ~Zy bmJbo. Ë`mVyZM H¥$fr ì`dgm`mer

{ZJS>rV ñWmZ, Ë`m§Mr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço, AmH¥$Vr~§Y BË`mXr Aä`mgbo OmVo.

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4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

4.2.1 H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr :

àXoe (Region) hr EH$ ì`mnH$ Aer ~m¡{ÕH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. EImÚm ^mJmV EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ KQ>H$mV

H$mhr g_mZVm qH$dm gmYå © Agob Va Ë`m KQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©V Vmo ^mJ àXoe åhUyZ g§~moYbm OmVmo. àXoe AZoH$

àH$maMo Agy eH$VmV. Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ åhUOo H¥$fr àXoe hmo . 20 ì`m eVH$mV OJmMo qH$dm EImÚm XoemMo

H¥$fr àXoe H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`mgmR>r àW_ àmXo{eH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$mhr {ZH$f, ê$T>r nÕVr

VgoM V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo Jobo. H¥$fr àXoemÀ`m gr_m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. H¥$fr àXoe Amao{IV

H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m nÕVtZm d V§ÌmZm H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr åhUVmV.

A_o[aH$Z H¥$fr VÁk S>r. pìhQ>bgr `m§Zr 1936 _Ü o eoVr {d^mJ nmS>bo. Ë`m§Mo eoVr {d^mJ ho àM{bV

Agboë`m eoVr{H«$ oda AmYmabobo AmhoV. eoVr d Jwao `m§Mm g§ moJ, {nHo$ d newnmbZmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m

nÕVr, EImÚm O{_Zrda _Oya d ^m§S>db `m§Mo dmnabo OmUmao à_mU, eoVH$ar CËnmXZmMr {dH«$s d eoVrÀ`m

nÕVr `m nmM à_wI VÎdm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z Ë`mZo eoVr {d^mJ nmS>bo. `m nÕVrZo H$oboë`m H¥$fr àXoemda ~arM

{Q>H$m Pmbr. nU Ë`m_wioM H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aUmda {dMma _§WZ gwê$ Pmbo. eoVrV KoVbr OmUmar nrHo$ d

newnmbZ ho XmoZ KQ>H$ àmW{_H$ {ZH$f åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm, ì`mnmarH$aU,

{Zdm©hnmVir, `m§{ÌH$sH$aU `mgmaIo {ZH$f {ÛVr` ñVamda {dMmamV KoD$Z H¥$fr àXoe gr_m {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m

OmVmV. `mgmR>r eoVrVrb JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ _m{hVr g§H${bV H$ê$Z {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. `mVyZ nwT>rb

nÕVr {dH${gV Pmë`m.

àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr :

{Za{Zamù`m nmM àmXo{eH$sH$aUmÀ`m nÕVr AmT>iVmV.

1) dU©Zñdê$nr (Normative)

2) {ZarjUmË_H$ qH$dm AZw dOÝ` (Empirical)

3) EHo$ar _ybVÎd (Singal Element)

4) gm§p»`H$s (Statistical)

5) JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ (Qualitative & Quantitative)

1) dU©Zñdê$nr {ZH$f : EImÚm àXoemÀ`m dU©ZmË_H$ _m{hVrVyZ Vmo àXoe Xwgè`m àXoemnmgyZ

H$gm doJim Amho Vo ñnï> Ho$bo OmVo. {Za{Zamù`m Am{W©H$ {H«$`m, y_r Cn`moJ `m§À`m _m{hVrVyZ àXoe {ZpíMV

H$aVmV. ìhm°Z Ï yZoZ `m§Mo eoVrÀ`m ñWm{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vbo à{V_mZ `m àH$maMo Amho.

2) {ZarjUmË_H$ {ZH$f : àmXo{eH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZarjU AmYm[aV _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br

OmVo. CXm. EImÚm {nH$mMo {dVaU {ZarjU H$ê$Z _m§S>bo OmVo. Ë`mdê$Z àmH¥${VH$ d Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mr AZwHy$bVm

ñnï> Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m {nH$m§À`m àXoemÀ`m gr_m {ZpíMV hmoVmV. Amo. B©. ~oH$a `m§Zr `m nÕVrMm Adb§~

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H$ê$Z g§ wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb "H$m°Z© ~oëQ>' åhUOo _Š`mMm nÅ>m {g{_V Ho$bm. Z§Va ~weZmZ `m§Zr {ZarjU H$ê$Z `m

nQ²>Q>çmMo Zm_H$aU "_H$m-gmo m~rZ nÅ>m' Ago Ho$bo. {ZarjU ì`º$sgmnoj AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mV _V {^ÞVobm

dmd AgVmo.

3) EHo$ar _ybVÎd : EImÚm àXoemV EImXo nrH$ ^anya à_mUmV KoVbo OmVo. åhUOoM Ë`mnrH$mMo

Ë`m àXoemV H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo. Ago EHo$H$m nrH$mMo àXoe AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Mo àmXo{eH$sH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw

hr nÕV A{Ve` T>mo~i qH$dm àmW{_H$ g_Obr OmVo.

4) gm§p»`H$s {ZH$f : 1960 Z§Va eoVrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb gm§p»`H$s gm_J«r _moR>çm à_mUmda àmá

hmoD$ bmJbr. darb VrZhr nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§p»`H$s nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z AMyH$ Agm àXooe

gr_m {ZpíMV H$aVm oD$ bmJë`m. ømV A{Ve` Cƒ àVrÀ`m nÕVr {dH${gV Pmë`m.

5) JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ {ZH$f : `m nÕVrV eoVrVrb JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ _m{hVrMm

EH${ÌV {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. \$º$ JwUmË_H$ qH$dm \$º$ g§»`mË_H$ V§Ì àXoe gr_m {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Anwao R>aVo.

`m XmoÝhtMr ~bñWmZo {dMmamV KoD$Z hr g§ wº$ nÕV {dH${gV Pmbr. `m_wio ñWiH$mi gmnoj H¥$fr àXoe

AmoiIVm oD$ bmJbo. `mV H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ~Xb hmoUma Agë`mZo àXoemÀ`m gr_m H$m`_ñdê$nr ZgyZ Ë`mV

bd{MH$Vm Agmdr Ago _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

4.2.1.1 nrH$ g§JVr / ghM`© (Crop Combination)

nrH$ g§JVr hr EH$ JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÕVr Amho. A_o[aH$Z H¥$fr g§emoYH$

Oo. gr. pìhda `m§Zr 1954 _Ü o nrH$ g§JVr nÕVr _m§S>br. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb npíM_ _Ü`dVu ^mJmVrb

1081 H$mD§$Q>r_Yrb {d{dY {nH$m§Imbrb joÌ Ë`m§Zr g§H${bV Ho$bo. `m eoVrMm gImob Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda

Ë`m§Zm Ago AmT>ibo H$s, {d{dY {nH$m§À`m Xaå`mZ H$mhr gwg§JVr Amho. hr gwg§JVr VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr àË oH$

{nH$mImbrb eoH$S>m joÌ {H$Vr Amho Vo emoYbo. EHy$U bmJdS>rImbrb joÌmn¡H$s àË oH$ {nH$mMm dmQ>m à{VeV

{H$Vr Amho ho `mdê$Z g_Obo. `mdê$Z {nH$m§Mm H«$_hr ñnï> Pmbm. Á`m {nH$mImbr gdm©{YH$ joÌ Amho Vo VoWrb

àW_ H«$_m§H$mMo nrH$ hmo . {d{dY {nH$m§À`m eoH$S>m joÌmMr VwbZm g¡Õm§{VH$ joÌmer Ho$br. CXm. EImÚm ^mJmV

XmoZ {nHo$ KoVbr OmV Agbr Va àË oH$ {nH$mImbr 50 Q> o$ joÌ Agmd`mg hdo. nU àË`jmV ho à_mU doJio

Agy eH$Vo. VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr 10 nrHo$ KoVbr OmV Agë`mg àË oH$s 10 Q> o$ joÌ Agob `mMm

g¡Õm§{VH$ Vº$m V`ma Ho$bm. 1939 d 1949 `m XmoZ dfm©Mo Ë`m§Zr 1081 H$mD$§Q>rgmR>r ZH$meo V`ma Ho$bo.

Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§Zm nrH$ g§JVr d Ë`m§À`m gr_m ñnï> H$aVm Amë`m. `m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ nr. ñH$m°Q> `m§Zr Q>mñ_mZr`m

~oQ>mdarb eoVrgmR>r Ho$bm. nwT>o 1964 _Ü o H$monm°H$ `m§Zr g§emoYZ H$ê$Z H$mhr ~Xb gwM{dbo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo

{nH$m§À`m g§JVr ~amo~a Ë`mÀ`mer {ZJS>rV ì`dgm`hr g_m{dï> H$amdoV. B§½b§S> d doëg _Yrb H¥$fr àXoe

{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr hr nÕV Adb§~br.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 4

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pìhda nrH$ g§JVr V§Ì :

Oo. gr. pìhda `m A_o[aH$s H¥$fr g§emoYH$mZo 1954 _Ü o H¥$fr àXoe gr_m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMr gm§p»`H$s

nÕV _m§S>br. Ë`m§Zr npíM_ _Ü`dVu àXoemVrb H$mD§$Q>r joÌ {ZdS>bo. H$mD§$Q>r hm amÁ`mVrb EH$ bhmZ àemgH$s`

^mJ hmo . Ogo ^maVmVrb _hmamï´> amÁ` d Ë`mVrb {Oëhm qH$dm VmbyH$m `mà_mUo. àË oH$ H$mD§$Q>r _Yrb EHy$U

bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ d Ë`mVrb àË oH$ {nH$mMm eoH$S>m dmQ>m {H$Vr Amho Vo emoYbo. `m {Z[ajrV _yë`mMr VwbZm

Ë`m§Zr g¡Õm§{VH$ _wë`m§er Ho$br. {Z[ajrV _yë`mMr CVaË`m H«$_mZo _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z Vº$m V`ma Ho$bm. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zm

nrH$ g§JVr g_Obr. darb {Z[ajrV _yë`m§Mr VwbZm g¡Õm§{VH$ (Ano{jV) _yë`m§er H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vº$m V`ma

Ho$bm.

Vº$m 4.1 : pìhda `m§Mm g¡Õm§{VH$ (Ano{jV) joÌ Vº$m

nrH$ g§JVr à{VeV joÌ

EH$ nrH$ (monoculture) 100%

2 - nrH$ g§JVr 50-50%

3 - nrH$ g§JVr àË`oH$s 33.33%

4 - nrH$ g§JVr àË`oH$s 25%

5 - nrH$ g§JVr àË`oH$s 20%

9 - nrH$ g§JVr àË`oH$s 11.11%

10 - nrH$ g§JVr àË`oH$s 10%

eoVrVrb {nH$mImbrb joÌ 100 Q> o$ _mZë`mg nrH$ g§JVrZwgma Ë`mVrb àË oH$mMo Ano{jV joÌ darb

VŠË`mà_mUo oB©b. CXm. EImÚm àXoemV XmoZ {nHo$ KoVbr OmV AgVrb Va àË oH$ {nH$mImbr 50 Q> o$ joÌ

Agbo nm{hOo. àË`jmV _mÌ {nHo$ XmoZ AgVrb nU Ë`m§Mo eoH$S>m à_mU doJdoJio Agob. pìhda `m§Zr Ano{jV

d {Z[ajrV _wë`mVrb \$aH$ H$mT>bm. na§Vw `m {Zìdi \$aH$mnojm gmnoj \$aH$ _hÎdmMm Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr

g§»`memómVrb {dMbZ `m AnñH$aU n[a_mUmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z gyÌ _m§S>bo.

pìhda nrH$ g§JVr gyÌ :

`oWo,

σ2 = àMaU (variance)

d = Ano{jV d {Z[ajrV _wë`mVrb \$aH$

n = {nH$m§Mr g§»`m

à_m{UV {dMbZ =

σ2 = Σ d2

n

Σ d2

n√

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pìhda `m§Zr Am`modm amÁ`mVrb {H$AmoHy$H$ H$mD§$Q>r _Yrb eoVr joÌmgmR>r darb gyÌmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm.

1949 `m dfu `m H$mD§$Q>rVrb {nHo$ d Ë`m§Mo à{VeV à_mU àW_ H$mT>bo.

_H$m (C) AmoQ>g (O) JdV (H) gmo m~rZ (S) Jhy (W)

54% 24% 13% 5% 2%

darb {ZarjrV Q> o$dmar d Ano{jV Q> o$dmar `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo \$aH$ H$mTy>Z gwÌmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm. Vº$m

H«$. 4.2 _Ü o gXa {díbofU _m§S>bo Amho.

Vº$m H«$. 4.2 Ago Xe©{dVmo H$s, Ano{jV d {ZarjrV _wë`mVrb {H$_mZ {dMbZ àMaUmÀ`m ê$nmV 309

BVHo$ Amho. åhUOoM VrZ nrH$ g§JVr hr `m H$mD§$Q>rgmR>r A{YH$ `mo½` Amho. pìhda `m§Zr 1939 d 1949 `m

XmoZ dfm©gmR>r Aer nrH$ g§JVr _m§S>br. àË oH$ H$mD§$Q>rgmR>r Ago ZH$meo V`ma Ho$bo. g__yë` ZH$mem V§Ì dmnê$Z

H¥$fr àXoe gr_m {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m. `m_wio _mÝ`Vmàmá H¥$fr àXoemÝVJ©V Agbobr {d{dYVm ñnï> Pmbr.

Vº$m H«$. 4.2 pìhda nrH$ g§JVr

Q>m°_g nÕVr :

{~«Q>re H¥$frVÁk S>r. Q>m°_g `m§Zr 1963 _Ü o doëg _Yrb àXoe gr_m {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r pìhda

`m§À`m nrH$ g§JVr nÕVrV WmoS>m ~Xb H$ê$Z EH$ {dñVm[aV nrH$ g§JVr _m§S>br. Q>m°_g nÕVrZwgma {nH$m§À`m

EHy$U g§» oZo àË oH$ nrH$ g§JVr H$mT>VmZm ^mJm`Mo. CXm. EHy$U nmM {nHo$ AgVrb Va VrZ nrH$ g§JVr

H$mT>VmZm pìhda nÕVrV n = 3 åhUyZ \$aH$ dJm©g VrZZo ^mJbo OmVo. `mEodOr Q>m°_g nÕVr Zwgma n = 5 Ago

àË oH$ nrH$ g§JVr H$mT>VmZm àMaUmg ^mJmdo bmJVo. åhUOoM {d{eï> {nHo$ d nrH$ g§JVr g§»`m {dMmamV KoD$

Z o. `mg Ë`m§Zr {H$_mZ dJ© (least square) nÕVrMm dmna H$aUo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Vº$m H«$. 4.2 _Yrb

CXmhaU Q>m°_g nÕVrZwgma

1 nrH$ 2 nrHo$ 3 nrHo$ 4 nrHo$ 5 nrHo$

C - C O C O H C O H S C O H S W

{Z[a{jV joÌ % 54 - 54 24 54 24 13 54 24 13 5 54 24 13 5 2

Ano{jV joÌ % 100 - 50 50 33.3 33.3 33.3 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20

\$aH$ (d) 46 - 4 26 20.7 9.3 20.3 29 1 12 20 34 4 7 15 18

\$aH$ dJ© (d2) 2116 - 16 676 427 87 413 841 1 144 400 1156 16 49 225 324

EHy$U \$aH$ dJ© 2116 692 927 1386 1770

Σ d2

2116 346 309 347 354Σ d2

n√

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1 nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r :

(100-54)2 + (0-24)2 + (0-13)2 + (0-5)2 + (0-2)2

= (46)2 + (-24)2 + (-13)2 + (-5)2 + (-2)2

= 2116 + 576 + 169 + 25 + 4

= 2890

EHy$U {nHo$ 5 = 2890

= 5785

2 nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r :

(50-54)2 + (50-24)2 + (0-13)2 + (0-5)2 + (0-2)2

= (-4)2 + (-26)2 + (-13)2 + (-5)2 + (-2)2

= 16 + 676 + 169 + 25 + 4

= 890

EHy$U {nHo$ 5 ∴ = 890

= 178 5

3 nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r :

(33.3-54)2 + (33.3-24)2 + (33.3-13)2 + (0-5)2 + (0-2)2

= (-20.7)2 + (9.3)2 + (20.3)2 + (-5)2 + (-2)2

= 428.49 + 86.49 + 412.09 + 25 + 4

= 956.07

EHy$U {nHo$ 5 ∴ = 956.07

= 191.21 5

4 nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r :

(25-54)2 + (25-24)2 + (25-13)2 + (25-5)2 + (0-2)2

= (-29)2 + (-1)2 + (12)2 + (20)2 + (-2)2

= 841 + 1 + 144 + 400 + 4

= 1390

EHy$U {nHo$ 5 ∴ = 1390

= 278 5

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5 nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r :

(20-54)2 + (20-24)2 + (20-13)2 + (20-5)2 + (20-2)2

= (-34)2 + (-4)2 + (7)2 + (15)2 + (18)2

= 1156 + 16 + 49 + 225 + 324

= 1770

EHy$U {nHo$ 5 ∴ = 1770

= 354 5

darb CXmhaUmV {H$_mZ _yë` 178 Amho. d Vo XmoZ nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r Amho. åhUOo Q>m°_g `m§À`m nÕVrZwgma

_H$m d AmoQ>g hr nrH$ g§JVr `m àXoemgmR>r à{V{ZYrH$ Amho. Va pìhda `m§À`m nÕVrZwgma VrZ nrH$ g§JVr

`mo½` Amho. Q>m°_g `m§Mr nÕVr A{YH$ pñdH$mamh© R>abr H$maU Ë`m§Zr {nH$m§À`m g§» oÀ`m àË oH$ nrH$ g§JVrgmR>r

{dMma Ho$bm. Q>m°_g `m§À`mZ§Va S>moB© d H$monm°H$ `m§Zr gwÕm pìhdaÀ`m nÕVrV ~Xb gwM{dbo. `m_wio pìhdaÀ`m

nÕVrVrb ÌwQ>r Xya Pmë`m.

4.2.1.2 nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU (crop concentration)

EImÚm àXoemVrb H$moUË`mhr {nH$mMr R>am{dH$ doiobm AgUmè`m KZVoVrb {d{dYVm åhUOo nrH$

H|$ÐrH$aU hmo . H$moUË`mhr {nH$mMo H|$ÐrH$aU ho Ë`m àXoemVrb àmH¥${VH$ aMZm, Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm, O{_ZrMr

gw{nH$Vm `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. åhUOoM EImÚm àXoemV {d{eï> {nH$mMo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Agob

Va Ë`m àXoemVrb hdm_mZ ho Ë`m {d{eï> {nH$mbm nmofH$ Amho Ago AmT>iyZ oB©b. CXm. X»IZÀ`m nR>mamda

H$mù`m aoJya _mVrÀ`m àXoemV H$mnyg `m {nH$mMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbobo AmT>iVo H$maU `m àXoemVrb H¥$fr hdm_mZ

ho H$mnyg `m {nH$mg AË §V nmofH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Ë`mMà_mUo n§Om~, h[a`mUm oWo JìhmÀ`m {nH$mMo

H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo Amho. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s H$_rV-H$_r CËnmXZ IMm©_Ü o OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ KoVm oV

Agë`m_wio {d{eï> {nH$mMo R>am{dH$ àXoemV H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo.

{d{dY gm§p»`H$s` nÕVrZo nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU àXoe R>a{dVm oVmV. nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï>

{nH$mImbrb KZVm {H$Vr Amho `mdê$Z nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU H$mT>Vm ody eH$Vo. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m H¥$fr {d^mJmZo nrH$

H|$ÐrH$aUmH$arVm Imbrb gyÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm.

{nH$mMr Vrd«Vm =Σaij

÷Nj

x 100 Σ÷Σ÷Σ÷Σ÷Σ÷Σaio No

`oWo, aij = `m 'j' dfm©Vrb 'i' {nH$mImbrb joÌ

aio = AmYma dfm©Vrb 'i' {nH$mImbrb joÌ

Nj = 'j' `m dfm©Vrb EHy$U bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ

No = AmYma dfm©Vrb EHy$U bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ

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{nH$ H|$ÐrH$aUmgmR>rMr ñWmZr` ^mJmH$ma nÕVr (Location Quotient Method) :

ñWmZr` ^mJmH$ma nÕVrMm dmna yJmobVÁk nrH$ àmê$nm§Mr àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ço {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

H$aVmV. `m nÕVrV nrH$ {dVaUmMr àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgVmZm àW_ bmJdS>rImbrb joÌmVrb {d{dY

{nH$m§À`m à_mUmMr VwbZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm H«$_ R>a{dVmV. Z§Va àË oH$ àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmVrb {nH$m§À`m KZVoMr

VwbZm hr Ë`m {nH$m§À`m EHy$U àXoemVrb KZVoer H$aVmV. `m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ H$mhr doJir d¡{eîQ>ço AgUmè`m

àXoem§Zm AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m àXoemVrb {nH$m§Mo {dVaU XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.

darb nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z AmnUmbm H$_r, _Ü`_ qH$dm OmñV nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aUmMo àXoe XmI{dVm

oVmV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H¥$fr {Z`moOZmH$arVm H$aVm oVmo. H$maU EImÚm àXoemV Ë`mM Ë`mM {nH$mMo H|$ÐrH$aU

Pmë`mg Ë`m {nH$mMr CËnmXH$Vm H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m àXoemV {nH$m§Mr \o$anmbQ> H$aÊ`mg gyM{dVm

oVo. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMm nmoV amIÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

4.2.1.3 H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm (Agricultural Productivity) :

{nH$ KoÊ`mgmR>rMm CËnmXZ IM© Am{U àË`j CËnmXZ `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm hmo . AW©VÁk

Am{U yJmobVÁk nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo eoVrVrb CËnmXZ IM© Ogo eoV_Oyar Am{U {d{dY Jmoï>rgmR>r bmJUmao

^m§S>db VgoM àË`j CËnmXZmVyZ {_iUmam n¡gm `m§À`m JwUmoÎmamMm Aä`mg H$aV. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV

gm_m{OH$ Am{U n`m©daUr` IM© nU {dMmamV KoVbm nm{hOo. H$maU emñdV {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$

R>odm, ^mdr {nT>rgmR>r OVZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoH$S>o nhmd`mg hdo. eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm

dmT>dVmZm O{_ZrMm nmoV Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daU `m§Zm ~mYm nmohMUma Zmhr `mMr I~aXmar KoUo H$mimMr JaO

~Zbr Amho.

H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm _J Vr bhmZ qH$dm _moR>çm àXoemVrb Agmo {VÀ`mda AJ{UH$ àmH¥${VH$ ( yê$n,

hdm_mZ, _¥Xm, nmUr B.) gm_m{OH$-AW©emór`, amOH$s` Am{U g§KQ>ZmË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm hr eoVH$è`mMm eoVrH$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rH$moUmda gwÕm Adb§~yZ AgVo. H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo

_moO_mn Ho$ë`mZo AmnUmbm H$_r, _Ü`_ d OmñV CËnmXH$VoMo àXoe {ZpíMV H$aVm oVmV Ë`mÛmao eoVrMo {Z`moOZ

H$aVm `oVo. n[aUm_r joÌr` {^ÞVm H$_r H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vo.

H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV yJmob VÁkm§Zr doJdoJù`m nÕVr {dH${gV

Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ogo H«$_ ghJyUH$ nÕVrMm Cn`moJ H|$S>m°b `m§Zr 1939 _Ü o Ho$bm Ë`mZ§Va ñQ>°ån `m§Zr Ë`m_Ü o

gwYmaUm 1960 _Ü o Ho$ë`m, eoVrgmR>r Ho$bobm IM© Am{U {_imbobo CËnÞ `m§À`m JwUmoÎmamÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo

nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU

{ZpíMVrH$aUmMr gyMr

(Index)

àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmVrb

'x' {nH$mMo joÌ\$i

àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmVrb

gd© {nH$m§Mo joÌ\$i

g§nyU© àXoemrb 'x'

{nH$m§Mo joÌ\$i

g§nyU© àXoemVrb gd©

{nH$m§Mo joÌ\$i

= ÷

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Hw$eamo `m§Zr 1964 gmbr H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm _moObr Z§Va gào Am{U Xoenm§S>o 1964, ^mQ>r`m 1967, B©ÝS>r

1964, eo\$s 1972, E_. hþgoZ 1976, Og~ra qgJ 1984 `m§Zr doJdoJù`m nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z H¥$fr

CËnmXH$Vm _moOÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

H«$_ ghJwUH$ nÕVr (Ranking Coefficient Method)

H«$_ ghJwUH$ nÕVr AË §V gmYr gmonr nÕV Amho. `m_Ü o {nH$m§Mo hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ bjmV KoD$Z àmXo{eH$

KQ>H$ {d^mJmbm H«$_ Úmdm Am{U `m H«$_m§H$mMr gamgar H$mT>br AgVm oUmar g§»`m hr Ë`m àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$

{d^mJmMr H«$_ ghJwUH$ AgVo. `m H«$_ ghJwUH$mMr H«$_mZo _m§S>Ur Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmbm H$_r, _Ü`_ d OmñV

H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo àXoe H$mT>Vm oVmV. CXm. EImÚm àXoem_Ü o, 80 àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$ {d^mJ AmhoV. "j' `m

àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$ {d^mJmV, gamgar CËnmXZmZwgma Jhÿ 5 ì`m H«$_m§H$mbm, ^mV 12 ì`m, H$mnyg 21 ì`m, ~mOar

34 ì`m, D$g 38 ì`m, Ádmar 40 ì`m Am{U _H$m 54 ì`m ñWmZmda Amho. Va "j' `m {d^mJmMm H«$_ ghJwUm§H$

hm - = 5+12+21+34+38+40+54

= 29 `oB©b.7

Aem àH$mao gamgar H«$_ hm gd© àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$ {d^mJmMm H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur CVaË`m qH$dm

MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo H$ê$Z Ë`mMo VrZ ^mJ Ho$ë`mg AmnUmbm H$_r, _Ü`_ Am{U OmñV H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo àXoe

{_iVmV. `m nÕVrMm gd© àW_ H|$S>m°b `m§Zr 1939 _Ü o Cn`moJ Ho$bm.

n¡emÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo _mnZ :

(Measurement of Agricultural Productivity in Terms of Money)

H|$S>m°b `m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m H«$_ ghJwUH$ nÕVrVrb ÌwQ>r bjmV KoD$Z E_. hþgoZ `m§Zr 1996 _Ü o

H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm _moOÊ`mMr EH$ ZdrZ nÕV emoYyZ H$mT>br. `m nÕVrV H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo _mnZ n¡em_Ü o hmoV

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr {ZdS>boë`m àXoemVrb gd© {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ bjmV KoVbo Am{U EHy$U CËnmXZmMo n¡emV ê$nm§Va

H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ EHy$U CËnmXZmgmR>r Ambobm IM© ({~`mUo, IVo, Am¡fYo, _emJV, eoV _Oya B.) dOm Ho$bm.

VgoM eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m AdOmam§Mm Kgmam Am{U dmhVyH$ IM© XoIrb EHy$U CËnÞmVyZ

dOm Ho$bm. n[aUm_r Ë`m àXoemMr H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm AMyH$ H$mT>Vm Ambr.

Á`m {nH$m§Zr EHy$U bmJdS>rImbrb joÌm§n¡H$s H$_r joÌ ì`mnbo Amho. Aem {nH$m§Mm XoIrb {dMma `m

nÕVrV Ho$bm Jobm Amho. H$maU ~arM Aer {nHo$ AmhoV H$s, Á`m§Mo CËnmXZ Aën AgVo na§Vw Vo n¡em_Ü o

_moOë`mg OmñV ^aVo. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m nmVirV {ZpíMV \$aH$ nSy> eH$Vmo. CXm. Vob~r`m, H$m§Xm,

_gmë`mMo nXmW©, Ambo, hiX, V§~mIy B. `m nÕVr_Ü o H$mhr Xmof qH$dm AS>Wio AmhoV. Ogo àË oH$ {nH$m§À`m

qH$_VrZwgma AmH$S>odmarMr CnbãYVm Var hr nÕV VybZmË_H$ ÑîQ>çm H¥$fr CËnmXH$VoMo Mm§Jbo {MÌ C^m H$ê$

eH$Vo. `m nÕVrV {nH$m§Mr AmH$S>odmar Am{U qH$_Vr `m_wio AmH$S>odmarMo n¥W:H$aU H$aUo qH$dm {díbofU

H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$mMr _XV ¿`mdr bmJVo. `m nÕVrMo gyÌ nwT>rb à_mUo -

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PI = Σ ( Yij x Cij ) - Poc

`oWo, PI = CËnmXH$Vm gyMr (Productivity Index)

Yij = EHy$U CËnmXZ (Total Production)

Cij = ~mOma _yë` (Market Price)

Poc = CËnmXZ IM© (Input Cost)

4.2.2 _hmamï´>mVrb {nH$m§À`m ghM`m©Mo {dVaU :

(Crop Combination Regions of Maharashtra)

EImÚm eoVr_Ü o AZoH$ {nHo$ EH$_oH$m§eoOmar dmT>VmV qH$dm EImÚm eoVr_Ü o doJdoJù`m F$VyV doJdoJir

{nHo$ {nH${dbr OmVmV. `m nÕVrbm "{nH$m§Mo ghM ©' qH$dm "nrH$g§JVr' Ago åhUVmV.

{nH$m§À`m ghM`m©da n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ :

EImÚm àXoemVrb {nH$m§Mo ghM`© AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. `mda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$

nwT>rbà_mUo -

i) hdoMo Vmn_mZ, nmdgmMo à_mU, nmdgmù`mMm H$mbmdYr Am{U _¥XoMm àH$ma `m gdmªMm {nH$m§À`m

ghM`m©da n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

ii) {nH$m§Mo ghM © ho ObqgMZmÀ`m CnbãYVodahr Adb§~yZ AgVo. H$mbdo qH$dm {d{har_m\©$V Ooìhm

EImÚm àXoem§V ObqgMZmbm gwédmV hmoVo. Voìhm VoWrb {nH$m§Mo ghM © ~XbVo. Aem àXoem§V ZwgVmM

{nH$m§V ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. Va VoWo dfm©VyZ XmoZXm qH$dm VrZXm {nHo$ {nH${dbr OmVmV.

iii) Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§_wiohr {nH$m§À`m ghM`m©V ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo. eoVH$ar Á`m {nH$m§_wio OmñVrV OmñV CËnÞ

{_iVo Vr {nHo$ H$mT>VmV. gaH$mar YmoaU, V§ÌkmZmMm XOm©, IVo Am{U H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dmna `m gd©

KQ>H$m§Mm {nH$m§À`m ghM`m©da n{aUm_ hmoVmo.

_hmamï´>mVrb {nH$m§Mo ghM`m©Mo {dVaU :

_hmamï´>m_Ü o {nH$m§Mo ghM`m©Mo {dVaU nwT>rb Mma JQ>m§_Ü o AmT>iVo.

i) D$g - AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM ©

ii) Vm§Xyi - AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM ©

iii) aã~r {nH$m§Mo ghM ©

iv) Iarn {nH$m§Mo ghM ©

i) D$g - AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © :

100 g|._r. nojm OmñV nmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoem_Ü o ho ghM © AmT>iyZ oVo. ho n«Xoe åhUOo npíM_

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_hmamï´>, VgoM ImZXoe, {dX © d _amR>dmS>çmVrb H$mhr {Oëøm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m{edm` Jhÿ, gmo m~rZ,

_H$m hr n`m©`r {nHo$hr {nH${dbr OmVmV.

ii) Vm§Xyi - AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © :

150 g|._r. nojm OmñV nmD$g nS>Umè`m n«Xoem_Ü o ho ghM © AmT>iyZ oVo. ho àXoe åhUOo H$moH$U

{H$ZmanÅ>r, nyd© {dX ©, Zm{eH$, nwUo, gmVmam, gm§Jbr d H$moëhmnya `m {Oëøm§Mm npíM_oH$S>rb gømÐr bJVMm

àXoe `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m{edm` Jhÿ, H$S>YmÝ`, ZmMUr, Vob{~`m hr n`m© r {nHo$hr {nH${dbr OmVmV.

iii) Iarn {nH$m§Mo ghM © :

1) Ádmar AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © : 30 Vo 75 g|._r. n ªV _Ü`_ ñdénmMm nmD$g nS>Umè`m

àXoem§_Ü o ho ghM © AmT>iVo. `mV àm_w»`mZo _amR>dmS>m, X{jU _hmamï>, ImZXoemVrb H$mhr {Oëøm§Mm g_mdoe

`mV hmoVmo. n`m© r {nHo$ åhUyZ H$S>YmÝ o, wB©_yJ Am{U Vob{~`m {h {nHo$ {nH${dbr OmVmV.

2) Iarn ~mOar AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © : Á`m àXoemVrb O_rZ hbŠ`m àVrMr Amho Am{U

OoWo nmD$g 30 Vo 50 g|._r. À`m Xaå`mZ AgVmo. Aem àXoemV ho ghM © AmT>iVo. ho àm_w»`mZo X{jU

_hmamï´>, _amR>dmS>m `m§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo. n`m© r {nHo$ åhUyZ H$S>YmÝ o, wB©_yJ, Vob{~`m Am{U V§~mIy {h

{nHo$ {nH${dbr OmVmV.

3) H$mnyg AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © : H$mngmÀ`m {nH$mbm 75 Vo 200 g|._r. nmD$g Am{U Amobmdm

{Q>H$dyZ R>odUmar gwnrH$ _¥Xm bmJVo. Ë`m_wio `m {nH$m§Mo ghM © àm_w»`mZo {dX ©, CÎma _amR>dmS>m, nyd© ImZXoe

`m§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo. Iarn Ádmar, ~mOar, wB©_yJ Am{U H$S>YmÝ` hr H$mngmMr n`m© r {nHo$ AmhoV.

iv) aã~r {nH$m§Mo ghM © :

1) Jhÿ Am{U ha^am AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © : hr XmoÝhr {nHo$ gmYmaUnUo EH$mM hdm_mZmÀ`m

n[apñWVrV {nH${dbr OmVmV. `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo OoWo ObqgMZmÀ`m gmoB© CnbãY AmhoV. VoWo hr {nHo$ KoVbr

OmVmV. `mV npíM_ _hmamï´>, ImZXoe d {dX^m©Vrb H$mhr ^mJ VgoM X{jU _hmamï´> `m§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo.

`m àXoemV n`m© r {nHo$ åhUyZ _H$m, Vob{~`m, H$S>YmÝ o {nH${dbr OmVmV.

2) aã~r Ádmar AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © : ho ghM © Agbobm àXoe àm_w»`mZo _amR>dmS>m, ImZXoe,

npíM_ {dX © `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. n`m© r {nHo$ åhUyZ Vob{~`m, V§~mIy, ~mOarMr bmJdS> Ho$br OmVo.

4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

nrH$ g§JVr : Crop Combination

nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU : Crop Concentration

H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm : Agricultural Productivity

nrH$ àmê$n : Cropping Pattern

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n«MaU : Variance

[H$_mZ dJ© : Least square

4.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r {Xboë`m n`m© mVyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m :

1) Oo. gr. pìhda `m§Zr Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVr nÜXVr _m§S>br ?

A) nrH$ H|${ÐH$aU ~) H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm H$) nrH$ g§JVr S>) nrH$ d¡{dÜ`

2) EImÚm {nH$mMr KZVm {d{eð> àXoemV OmñV Agob Ë`mg H$m` åhUVmV ?

A) nrH$ g§JVr ~) nrH$ CËnmXH$Vm H$) nrH$ d¡{dÜ` S>) nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU

3) D$g-AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © _hmamï´>mVrb H$moUË`m {OëømV OmñV AmT>iob ?

A) aËZm{Jar ~) ~rS> H$) Ah_XZJa S>) Z§Xya~ma

4) H$mnyg AmYm[aV {nH$m§Mo ghM © _hmamï´>mVrb H$moUË`m àXoemV OmñV AmT>iob?

A) ImZXoe ~) {dX © H$) H$moH$U S>) npíM_ _hmamï´>

CÎmao : 1) H$ 2) S> 3) H$ 4) ~

4.5 gmam§e :

OJmVrb eoVr ì`dgm`mMm qH$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr EImÚm àXoemVrb eoVr ì`dgm`mMm d VoWrb {d{dY

{nH$m§Mm g§nyU© Aä`mg Ho$bm Va Ë`m àXoemMo doJdoJù`m ^mJmV {d^mOZ H$aVm oUo eŠ` Amho. eoVrg§~§YmV

Ho$boë`m `m {d^mJm§Zm eoVr {d^mJ Ago åhUVmV. eoVr {d^mJ nmS>Ê`mgmR>r {d{dY AmYma KoVmV. B.g. 1940

Z§Va eoVr yJmob emókm§Zr OJmVrb eoVr~m~V A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idyZ {d^mOZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. eoVr

{d^mJ nmS>Ê`mMo lo yJmobVk pìhda `m§À`mH$S>o OmVo. `m_wio H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr.

H$mbm§VamZo H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aUmÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoV Jobm.

4.6 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§§Mr g§{jßV CÎmao {bhm :

1) nrH$ g§JVrMr _m{hVr {bhm.

2) nrH$ H|$ÐrH$aU åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§Jm.

3) nrH$ ghM`m©da n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ gm§Jm,.

4) Iarn {nH$m§Mo ghM © {bhm.

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Imbrb àíZm§§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm :

1) H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÜXVtMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2) nrH$ g§JVr åhUOo H$m` Vo g{dñVa {bhm.

3) H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.

4) _hmamï´>mVrb {nH$m§Mo ghM © g{dñVa {bhm.

4.7 joÌr` H$m © :

1) Vw_À`m {OëømÀ`m eoVr{df`r _m{hVr Jmoim H$am.

2) Vw_À`m {OëømgmR>r H$moUVrhr EH$ H¥$fr àmXo{eH$sH$aU nÜXVr dmnam.

3) Vw_À`m {OëømV H$moUË`m àH$maMo nrH$ ghM © Amho Vo AmoiIm.

4.8 A{YH$À`m dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W gyMr :

1) S>m°. Kmanyao ìhr. ìhr. (2000) : H¥${f yJmob, qnnimnyao A°ÊS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya

2) S>m°. \w$bo gwaoe (2002) : H¥${f yJmob, lr {dÚm^maVr àH$meZ, bmVya

3) S>m°. gmiw§Ho$ {dO`m (2003) : H¥${f yJmob, eoR> npãbeg©, _w§~B©

lllllllllllllll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 5

H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZ {gÕm§V(Theories of Agricultural Land Use)

5.0 C{Ôï>ço

5.1 àñVmdZm

5.2 {df` {ddoMZ

5.2.1 ìh°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Mm {gÕm§V

5.2.2 Om°ZgZMm {gÕm§V

5.3. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

5.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ d CÎmao

5.5 gmam§e

5.6 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ

5.7 jo{Ì` H$m ©

5.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

5.0 C{Ôï>ço …

øm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm

1) ^y{_Cn`moOZmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoB©b.

2) ìhm°Z Ï`wZoZMm ^y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§V ñnï> H$aVm `oB©b.

3) Om°ZgZMm ^y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§VmMr _m{hVr XoVm `oB©b.

5.1 àñVmdZm :

EImÚm àXoemV {d{dY CÔoemZo hmoUmam O_rZrMm dmna åhUOo y_rCn`moOZ hmo . y_rCn`moOZmMo

gd©gm_mÝ` y_rCn`moOZ d H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ Ago XmoZ à_wI àH$ma nS>VmV. gd©gm_mÝ` y_rCn`moOZmV

AaÊ o, JdVmi àXoe, nS>rH$ joÌ, eoVrImbrb joÌ Ago à_wI àH$ma nS>VmV. Va H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmV

{Za{Zamù`m {nH$m§Imbrb joÌ, Iarn d aã~r {nH$m§Mo joÌ, nrH$ dma§dmarVm B. Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.

H$moUË`mhr XoemV H¥$frgmR>r hmoUmam O_rZrMm dmna Aä`mgUo AË §V Amd`í`H$ Amho. H$maU `m Aä`mgmdê$Z

eoVrMm àH$ma, nÕV, nrHo$ B. Mr H$ënZm oVo.

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H¥$fr yJmobemómV y_rCn`moOZmg§X^m©V AZoH$ Am{W©H$ d dUm©ZmË_H$ {gÕm§V _m§S>bo AmhoV. Am{W©H$

{gÕm§VmV {d{eï> Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrV H$moUË`m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$br OmVo `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo Va dU©ZmË_H$

{gÕm§VmV Ë`m àXoemV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m eoVr àH$mam§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo OmVo.

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `mZo gd©àW_ 1826 gmbr {d{dY J¥{hVH$m§À`m AmYmao `m yJmob VkmZo `m {gÕm§VmV

gwYmaUm Ho$br. `m XmoÝhr {gÕm§VmMr `m KQ>H$mV AmnU MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV.

5.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

5.2.1 ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Mm H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZ {gÕm§V

H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmMm {gÕm§V ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Zr B. g. 1826 _Ü o gd©àW_ _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr ~mOmanoR>

d Ë`mÀ`m^modVrMo H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ `m§Mm ghg§~§YM `m {gÕm§VmÀ`mÛmao ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§À`m `m {gÕm§Vm_wio ñWmZr` {díbofUmÀ`m Aä`mgmg _moR>çmà_mUmV gwê$dmV Pmbr. ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ

`m O_©Z AW©VÁkmZo ~mëQ>rH$ {H$Zmè`mbJV _oH$boZ~J© naJÊ`mVrb am°ñQ>m°H$, ehamOdirb ñdV:À`m eoVmV

Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë yn ªV Odi-Odi 40 df} eoVr Ho$br. hmM àXoe Ë`mZo "Aä`mg joÌ' åhUyZ {ZdS>bm hmoVm.

Ë`mÀ`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Ambobr _m{hVr Ë`mZo ñdV:À`m àË`j AZw dmVyZ {_i{dbr

hmoVr. _oH$boZ~J© naJÊ`mVrb ZJao d IoS>r `m§À`m g§aMZoMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mZo eoVr y_rCn`moOZmMm g¡Ym§{VH$

Z_yZm _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~mOmanoR>onmgyZÀ`m A§VamMm H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmda H$gm d {H$Vr n[aUm_ hmoVmo

`mMo àW:H$aU hm ìhm°ZÏ wZoZ `m§À`m Aä`mgmMm _w»` CÔoe hmoVm. ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Zr XmoZ _yi g§H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m.

A) nrH$ gImobVm g§H$ënZm ~) y_rCn`moOZ g§H$ënZm

darb XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ nwT>rb J¥hrVH$m§Mm AmYma KoVbm.

1) eoVr joÌ ho OJmnmgyZ A{bá, ñdV§Ì d g§nH©$hrZ Amho.

2) `m eoVr joÌmV Ho$di eoVr Ho$br OmVo.

3) eoVr joÌmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Ho$di EH$M ZJa Amho.

4) gXa eha `m eoVr joÌmVrb A{V[aº$ CËnmXZmMr EH$_od ~mOmanoR> AgyZ Ho$di `mM eoVr

joÌmVrb CËnmXZ `m ehamVrb ~mOmanoR>oV oVo.

5) `m ~mOmanoR>oV H$moUË`mhr eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV MT>-CVma hmoV Zmhr.

6) `m eoVr joÌmV O{_ZrMr gw{nH$Vm, hdm_mZ d BVa àmH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ gd©Ì gmaIo AmT>iVmV. d

`m joÌmV eoV_mbmÀ`m dmhVyH$sV H$moUVmhr àmH¥${VH$ AS>Wim AmT>iV Zmhr.

7) `m joÌmVrb eoVH$ar ì`dhm[aH$ AgyZ eoVrnmgyZ OmñVrV OmñV \$m`Xm {_i{dUo ho Ë`m§Mo Ü o

Amho. VgoM ~mOmanoR>oVrb JaOm§Mo Ë`m§Zm nyU© kmZ Amho.

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8) `m eoVr joÌmV Ho$di KmoS>m-JmS>r ho EH$_od dmhVyH$sMo gmYZ CnbãY Amho. dmhVyH$ IM©

A§Vamda Adb§~yZ Amho.

9) gXa eoVr joÌmV Ho$di EH$_od ~mOmanoR> Agë`mZo ~mOmanoR> ñnYm© AmT>iV Zmhr.

A) nrH$gImobVm {gÕm§V/g§H$ënZm :

`m {gÕm§VmV ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m g§~§YmV {d{dY {nH$m§À`m ñWmZm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. ìhm°Z

Ï wZoZÀ`m _Vo nrH$m§Mo ñWmZ ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V, dmhVyH$ IM© d Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ `m VrZ Jmoï>tda Adb§~yZ

AgVo. CËnmXZmMo dOZ, AmH$ma d Zmed§VVm `mZwgma dmhVyH$ IM© ~XbVmo. H$moUË`mhr nrH$mMo ñWmZ ho Am{W©H$

I§S>/ñWmZ I§S>/eoVH$è`mMm \$m`Xm `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. hm Am{W©H$ I§S> _moOÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna

Ho$bm.

ER = Y (M-C) - YTD

`oWo, ER Am{W©H$ I§S>

Y = EHy$U CËnmXZ

M = ~mOmamnoR>oVrb EHy$U CËnmXZmMr qH$_V

C = EHy$U CËnmXZmgmR>rMm IM©

T = dmhVyH$ qH$dm _¡b Xa à{V {H$._r.

D = ~mOmanoR> d CËnmXZ ñWmZmVrb A§Va

darb gyÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z H$mën{ZH$ XyY CËnmXH$mgmR>r Am{W©H$ I§S> _moObm Amho.

Y = 100 {bQ>a à{V hoŠQ>a.

M = 20 é. à{V {bQ>a

C = 5 é. à{V {bQ>a

T = 2 é. à{V {bQ>a

D = 10 {H$. _r.

Am{W©H$ I§S = 100 (20é.-5 ) - 100 x 2 x 1

= 100 (15 é.) - 200

= 1500 - 200

= 1300 é.

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Oa ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ XyYmMo CËnmXZ 5 {H$. _r. Xya A§Vamda KoVbo AgVo Va,

Am{W©H$ I§S> = 100 (é. 20-5) - 100 x 2 x 5

= 100 (15) - 1000

= 1500 - 1000

= 500 é.

åhUOoM, ~mOmanoR>onmgyZMo A§Va dmT>ë`mg dmhVyH$ IM© dmT>Vmo d eoVH$è`m§Mm \$m`Xm (ER) H$_r

hmoVmo. åhUOoM dmhVyH$ IMm©da Am{W©H$ I§S> Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ~mOmanoR>oOdi dmhVyH$ IM© H$_r Agë`mZo

Am{W©H$ I§S> OmñV AmT>iVmo. åhUyZ ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ dmT>V OmUmè`m A§Vam~amo~a eoVrMr gImobVm H$_r hmoV

OmVo.

IVo, ~r`mUo, ObqgMZ, _Oya B. À`m gmhmæ`mZo ~mOmanoR>oOdi d ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ Xya `m XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr

eoVrMr gImobVm dmT>{dUo eŠ` AgVo. n[aUm_r CËnmXZ dmT>Vo VgoM Ë`mà_mUmV dmhVyH$ IM©hr dmT>Vmo.

dmT>Umè`m dmhVyH$ IMm©_wio ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ Xya A§Vamda gImob eoVr Z H$aVm {dñV¥V eoVr Ho$br OmVo Va

~mOmanoR>oOdi H$_r dmhVyH$ IMm©_wio d OmñV Am{W©H$ I§S>m_wio gImob eoVr Ho$br OmVo. n[aUm_r, ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ

Xya A§Vamda ObqgMZ, ~r`mUo, IVo, _Oya `m§À`mda A{V[aº$ IM© H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm

OmV Zmhr. Va oWo H$_r IMm©Vrb {dñV¥V eoVr H$ê$Z OmñV \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. ghm{OH$M,

eoVrMr gImobVm ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ dmT>Umè`m A§Vam~amo~a H$_r-H$_r hmoV OmVo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5.1 : ~mOmanoR>onmgyÀ`m A§VamZwgma ~XbUmam Am{W©H$ I§S>

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~mOmanoR>onmgyZÀ`m A§VamZwgma ~XbUmam Am{W©H$ I§S> g_Om, XmoZ nrHo$ Á`m§Mm CËnmXZ IM© d CËnmXZ

gmaIoM Amho na§Vw dmhVyH$ IM© d ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V {^Þ Agë`mg `mMm n[aUm_ eoVH$è`m§À`m nrH$ ñWmZ

{ZdS>rÀ`m {ZU© mda hmoVmo. Oa, "A' {nH$mMm dmhVyH$ IM© d ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V XmoÝhrhr "~' {nH$mnojm OmñV

Agë`mg "A' nrH$ ~mOmanoR>oOdi CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo.

AmH¥$Vr 5.2 : XmoZ nrHo$ - Am{W©H$ I§S> d ~mOmanoR>o nmgyZMo A§Va

OmñVrÀ`m dmhVyH$ IMm©_wio "A' {nH$mÀ`m Am{W©H$ I§S> "~' [nH$mÀ`m Am{W©H$ I§S>mnojm doJmZo

H$_r hmoV OmVmo. "A' {nH$mMr ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V "~' [nH$mnojm OmñV Agë`mZo "A' nrH$mMo CËnmXZ

~mOmanoR>oOdi KoUo OmñV \$m`Xoera AgVo. åhUOoM "A' {nH$mMr Am{W©H$ I§S> ~mOmanoR>oOdi "~'

{nH$mnojm OmñV AmT>iVmo H$maU XmoÝhr {nH$m§Mm CËnmXZ IM© gmaIm Agbm Var dmhVyH$ IMm©V

~mOmanoR>oOdirb CËnmXZm_wio _moR>m \$aH$ hmoVo. na§Vw Oa "~' {nH$mMr ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V "A' nojm

OmñV Agë`mg "A' {nH$mMo CËnmXZ H$moR>ohr KoVbo OmUma Zmhr.

~) y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§V/g§H$ënZm :

Amnë`m J¥{hVH$m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§V/g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. `m

{gÕm§VmV Ë`mZo ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m H|$ÐmVyZ H$mT>boë`m g_H|$Ðr dV©wimÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo y_rCn`moOZmMo {d{dY

{d^mJ XmI{dbo. `m {gÕm§VmZwgma OS>, OmñV AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m d Zmed§V _mbmMo CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>oOdi

KoVbo OmVo. Va ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ OmñV A§VamÀ`m {d^mJmV dOZmZo hbH$s, H$_r AmH$ma_mZmMr d H$mhr

à_mUmV {Q>H$mdy CËnmXZo KoVbr OmVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Mr ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_Vhr OmñV AgUo Amdí`H$

AgVo Ë`m_wio Aem _mbmÀ`m dmhVyH$sgmR>r OmñV IM© Ambm Varhr eoVH$è`mg \$m`Xm hmoVmo. ìhm°Z

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567865~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 5

Ï wZoZÀ`m _Vo àË oH$ {d^mJ hm {d{eï> {nH$m§gmR>r Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm AZwHy$b Agë`mZo Ë`m-Ë`m {d^mJmV Vr-

Vr nrHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo Amnë`m {gÕm§VmV Imbrbà_mUo eoVr {d^mJ ñnï> Ho$bo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 5.3 … ìhm°Z Ï wZoZMo H¥$fr {d^mJ

{d^mJ 1 : ~mOma{^_wI ~mJeoVr d XyY CËnmXH$ {d^mJ :

~mOmanoR>oÀ`m bJVÀ`m ^mJmV XyY, ^mOrnmbm d \$i^mÁ`m `m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. XyY d

^mOrnmbm ho Zmed§V nXmW© AmhoV. `m {d^mJmV O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm d CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r d {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r

O{_Zrg Z¡g{J©H$ IVm§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. JaOoZwgma OdiÀ`m ZmJar ^mJmVyZ IVo AmUyZ eoVrg {Xbr

OmVmV.

{d^mJ 2 : bmHy$S> CËnmXH$ {d^mJ :

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Ë`mdoir B§YZ åhUyZ bmH$S>mMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago.

n[aUm_r ~mOmanoR>oV bmH$S>mbm _moR>r _mJUr hmoVr. bmHy$S> CËnmXZmMm Am{W©H$ I§S> OmñV Agë`mZo bmHy$S>

ho eoVH$è`m§gmRr A{YH$ \$m`Xoera hmoVr. bmHy$S> hm AdOS> _mb Agë`mZo Ë`mgmR>r dmhVyH$ IM© OmñV oVmo.

Ë`m_wio ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ OgOgo Xya Omdo VgVgm bmHy$S> CËnmXZmnmgyZ hmoUmam \$m`Xm H$_r hmoV OmVmo. n[aUm_r

dmhVyH$ IM© dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r bmH$S>mMo CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ Odi Agboë`m Xwgè`m {d^mJmV Ho$bo OmVo.

{d^mJ 3 : gImob eoVr{d^mJ :

`m {d^mJmV "am`' ho à_wI nrH$ AmT>iVo. oWo O_rZ nS>rH$ R>odbr OmV Zmhr d O{_Zrbm H$mhr

à_mUmV IVm§Mmhr nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. hm {d^mJ ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ H$mhr A§Vamda Agë`mZo oWo eoVrgImobVm

WmoS>r H$_r AmT>iVo. n[aUm_V: Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZhr H$_r hmoVo. ehamg hmoUmam ~hþVm§e AÞYmÝ` nwadR>m `mM

{d^mJmVyZ hmoVmo.

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{d^mJ 4 : nrH$, Hw$aUo d nS>rH$ {d^mJ :

`m {d^mJmV {Vgè`m {d^mJmnojm {nH$m§Mr gImobVm H$_r AmT>iVo. `m {d^mJmV MH«$s` nÕVrZo eoVr

Ho$br OmVo Xa gmV dfm©Zo EH$ MH«$ nyU© hmoVo. `m^mJmV EH$ df© am`, Xwgè`m dfu ~mbu, {Vgè`m dfu AmoQ> nrH$

KoVbo OmVo Ë`mZ§Va VrZ dfm©H$[aVm `m joÌmMm JdVmi Hw$aU åhUyZ Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Va gmVì`m dfu ho

joÌ nS>rH$ R>odbo OmVo. d Z§Va nwÝhm am` {nH$m§nmgyZ gwê$dmV Ho$br OmVo. `m {d^mJmVyZ am`, ~mbu, bmoUr, MrO,

OZmdao _Ü`dVu ~mOmanoR>oV nmR>{dbo OmVmV. hr CËnmXZo bdH$a Zme nmdV Zgë`mZo ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ Xya Ë`m§Mo

CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo.

{d^mJ 5 : VrZ ^mJ eoVr nÕVr :

`m {d^mJmV eoVrMo VrZ ^mJ Ho$bo OmVmV. `mVrb EH$m 1/3 ^mJmV AÞYmÝ o (am`), Xwgè`m 1/

3 ^mJmV Hw$aU AmT>iVo Va Cd©arV 1/3 ^mJ nS>rH$ R>odbm OmVmo. nwT>rb dfu nS>rH$ joÌmV AÞYmÝ` nrHo$,

JdVmi Hw$aUmV nS>r>H$ joÌ Va nyduÀ`m AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m ^mJmV JdVmi Hw$aU AgVo.

{d^mJ 6 : newnmbZ eoVr :

hm gdm©V ~mø {d^mJ Amho. oWo AÞYmÝ`mMr eoVr (am`) eoVH$ar Ho$di ñdV:À`m Hw$Qy>§~mMr JaO

^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. oWo JaOoZwgma newImÚ nrHo$ KoVbr OmVmV. oWo eoVr gImobVm H$_r Agë`mZo Xa

hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZhr H$_r AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio `m {d^mJmV newnmbZ hmM ì`dgm` à_wI Amho. `m {d^mJmVyZ bmoUr,

MrO d _m§gmgmR>r OZmdao ~mOmanoR>oH$S>o nmR>{dbo OmVmV.

{gÕm§VmVrb \o$a~Xb Am{U gwYmaUm :

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Zr {d{dY J¥hrVH$m§À`m AmYmamda {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Agbr Var eoVr y_r

Cn`moOZmda AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>V AgVmo `mMr Ë`m§Zm nyU© OmUrd hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m_Vo J¥hrV Yabobr

n[apñWVr AgUmao eoVr àXoe \$maM ¹${MV AmT>iVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmda à^md nmS>Umè`m

BVa KQ>H$m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {gÕm§VmMm Xwgam ^mJ {dH${gV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb KQ>H$m§À`m

à^mdm_wio H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZmVrb ~Xb ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.

1) Vm§{ÌH$ emoYmMm à^md :

KmoS>mJmS>r `m dmhUmIoarO ObdmhVyH$sg Cn wº$ Aem ZXrMm Ë`m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm ZXrVyZ hmoUmar

dmhVyH$ KmoS>mJmS>rnojm ObX d OdiOdi 90 Q>ŠŠ`mZo ñdñV Amho. n[aUm_r Aem ^mJmVrb àË oH$

y_rCn`moOZ nÅ>m ObdmhVyH$sg Cn wº$ AgUmè`m ZXrnmÌmg g_m§Va Aem nÕVrZo ~Xbobm {XgVmo.

2) ñnYm©Ë_H$ ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ bhmZ eham§Mm à^md :

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo ^{dî`H$mimV EImXo bhmZgo ZJa ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoD$Z _Ü`dVu ~mOmanoR>oer

ñnYm© H$ê$ eHo$b `mMmhr {dMma Ho$bm hmoVm. `m_wio nrH$ àmê$n d H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ `m XmoÝhtÀ`m aMZoda

n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

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{gÕm§VmMo narjU/Q>rH$m :

ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§Vmda {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr nwT>rb Q>rH$m Ho$boë`m AmT>iVmV.

1) Ho$di gm§p»`H$s {dMma Z H$aVm ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo JwUmË_H$ Ñ{ï>Zohr {dMma H$amd`mg hdm hmoVm.

2) gXa {gÕm§V hm d¡ {º$H$ AZw dmda, AmYmamda Agë`mZo Ë`mMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU hmody eH$V

Zmhr.

3) {d{dY y_rCn`moOZ {d^mJm§À`m gr_m d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m ZmhrV.

4) dmhVyH$ IM© {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§Va d dOZ `m XmoZ Jmoï>r{edm` BVahr ~m~tMm {dMma

hmoUo Ano{jV Amho.

5) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r J¥hrV Yabobr J¥hrVHo$ dñVwpñWVrg Yê$Z ZmhrV.

Aem {d{dY Q>rH$m `m {gÕm§Vmda hmoV Agë`m Var `m {gÕm§Vm_wio Am{W©H$ {H«$`m§À`m ñWmZ {ZpíMVr

g§~§YrÀ`m Aä`mgmbm MmbZm {_imë`mZo `m {gÕm§VmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.

5.2.1 ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

1) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Zr Amnbm y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§V H$Yr _m§S>bm ?

A) 1925 ~) 1826 H$) 1928 S>) 1992

2) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m _Vo y_rCn`moOZmda gdm©{YH$ à^md Q>mH$Umam KQ>H$ H$moUVm Amho ?

A) ~mOmanoR> ~) dmhVyH$ IM© H$) CËnmXH$Vm S>) ~mOma^md

3) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma ~mOmanoR>oOdi H$moUVm {d^mJ AmT>iVmo ?

A) ~mJeoVr d XyY CËnmXH$ {d^mJ ~) bmHy$S> CËnmXH$ {d^mJ

H$) gImob eoVr {d^mJ S>) nrH$, Hw$aUo d nS>rH$ {d^mJ

4) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ gdm©V XyaMm {d^mJ H$moUVm ?

A) eoVrnmbZ eoVr {d^mJ ~) VrZ ^mJ eoVr {d^mJ

H$) gImob eoVr {d^mJ S>) bmHy$S> CËnmXH$ {d^mJ

5) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma dmT>Ë`m A§VamMm Am{W©H$ I§S>mda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo ?

A) dmT> hmoVo ~) KQ> hmoVo H$) n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. S>) àË`j g§~§Y Zmhr

5.2.2 Amobmo\$ Om°ZgZ `m§Mm {gÕm§V :

Amobmo\$ Om°ZgZ `m pñdS>re yJmobVÁkmZo ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmV gwYmaUm Ho$br Ë`mZo Amnë`m

{gÕm§VmMo Cn`moOZ 1925 _Ü o wamonmVrb H¥$fr yÑí` àmê$n ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bo.

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AmH¥$Vr 5.4 : Om°ZgZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma g_H|$Ðr` {d^mJ

{d^mJ 1 … eha d n[aga, h[aVJ¥ho, \w$bmoËnmXZ\$bmoËnmXZ

{d^mJ 2 … \$io, ~Q>mQ>m, V§~mIy d ^mOrnmbm

{d^mJ 3 … Xw½Y CËnmXZo, _m§g CËnmXZ, newImÚ, AmoQ>g², V§Vy {nHo$Xw½Y CËnmXZmgh gImob eoVr

{d^mJ 4 … gm_mÝ` eoVr, YmÝ` CËnmXZ, JdV, newnmbZ

{d^mJ 5 … Vob~r`m, V¥UYmÝ o - {dñV¥V eoVr

{d^mJ 6 … Jwao, KmoS>o d _|T>r nmbZ, _m§g

(Imadbobo, gwH$dbobo, S>~m~§X) - {dñV¥V newImÚ eoVr

hmS>o, H$mVS>r, Iwao d qeJo

{d^mJ 7 … O§Jbo - dZeoVr

wamon d CÎma A_o[aHo$Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mZo Amnbr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdbr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m {ZarjUmZwgma wamon

d CÎma A_o[aHo$Vrb H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ ho Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðmer g§~§YrV Amho. wamon d A_o[aH$m I§S>mV JdV d Hw$aUm§À`m

{d^mJmV eoVrMm gdm©{YH$ gImob {dH$mg Pmbm AgyZ mM {d^mJmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðo AmhoV. Hw$aUm§À`m {d^mJm^modVr

BVa y_rCn`moOZmMo {d^mJ H«$_mH«$_mZo g_H|$Ðr` ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV. YmÝ` CËnmXH$ {d^mJ, MamD$ joÌ d dZjoÌ,

Om°ZgZZo Amnbm hm {gÕm§V ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ à_mUoM A{bá eha J¥hrV Yê$Z _m§S>bm Amho.

}

}

}

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ìhëHo$Z~J© `m§Zr 1952 _Ü o wamonmVrb eoVrgImobVoMm ZH$mem V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Om°ZgZÀ`m

{gÕm§VmMm dmna Ho$bm. hm ZH$mem V`ma H$aVmZm ìh°ëHo$~J© `m§Zr à{V EH$a O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm {dMmamV

KoVbr. `mgmR>r `m ^mJmV _moR>çmà_mUmV KoVbr OmUmar Jhÿ, am`, ~mbu, AmoQ>, _H$m, ~Q>mQ>m, aVmi d JdV

`m§À`m Xa EH$ar CËnmXZmMm {dMma Ho$bm.

5.2.2 ñd§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

1) Om°ZgZZo H$moUmÀ`m {gÕm§VmV gwYmaUm Ho$br.

A) ìhëHo$Z~J© ~) [aH$mS>m} H$) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ S>) {¼ñQ>ba

2) Om°ZgZZo Amnbm {gÕm§V H$moUË`mgmbr _m§S>bm.

A) 1923 ~) 1924 H$) 1925 S>) 1825

3) Om°ZgZo Amnbr {ZarjUo H$moUË`m I§S>mg§X^m©V Zm|X{dbr.

A) wamon d CÎma A_o[aH$m ~) Am{\«$H$m d X. A_o[aH$m

H$) Am°ñQ´>o{b`m d Am{e`m S>) Am{\«$H$m d A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m

4) Om°ZgZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma eoVrMm gdm©{YH$ gImob {dH$mg H$moUË`m {d^mJmV Pmbm.

A) YmÝ` eoVr {d^mJ ~) dZeoVr {d^mJ

H$) JdV d Hw$aUo {d^mJ S>) \w$bo d ^mOrnmbm {d^mJ

5.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1) {gÕm§V : ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY g§H$ënZm.

2) y_rCn`moOZ : EImÚm ^mJmV {d{dY CÔoemZo hmoUmam O{_ZrMm dmna.

3) eoVr : eoVr åhUOo newnmbZ d O_rZ H$gyZ nrH$ H$mT>Uo.

4) ~mOmanoR> : CËnmXZmÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo {R>H$mU

5.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :

5.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ

1) 1826 2) dmhVyH$ IM© 3) ~mJeoVr d XyY CËnmXH$ {d^mJ

4) newnmbZ eoVr {d^mJ 5) KQ> hmoVo.

5.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ

1) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ 2) 1925 3) wamon d CÎma A_o[aH$m 4) JdV d Hw$aUo {d^mJ

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5.5 gmam§e :

B. g. 1826 ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo ñd-AZw dmVyZ {_imboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao nrH$ gImobVm d y_rCn`moOZ

g§H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {d{dY J¥hrVH$m§Mm AmYma KoVbm. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo, H$moUË`mhr {nH$mMo ñWmZ ho

Ë`mMr ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_V, dmhVyH$ IM© d Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Am{W©H$

I§S> _moS>b ~mOmanoR>oOdi Am{W©H$ I§S> OmñV Agë`mZo gImob eoVr AmT>iVo Va ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ dmT>V OmUmè`m

A§Vam~amo~a Am{W©H$ I§S> H$_r Pmë`mZo eoVrMr gImobVmhr H$_r hmoVo. eoVr CËnmXZmVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iUmè`m

Am{W©H$ \$m`ÚmMm {dMma H$ê$Z ìhm°Z Ï wZoZZo ~mOmanoR>oVrb g_H|$Ðr dVw©imÀ`m ñdê$nmV {Z_m©U hmoUmao {d{dY

H¥$fr {d^mJ ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m `m {gÕm§VmV 1925 gmbr Om°ZgZ `m pñdS>re emókmZo gwYmaUm

Ho$br. `mMm Cn`moJ ìhëHo$Z~J© `mZo wamonmVrb eoVr gImobVoMm ZH$mem V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm.

5.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

1) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZMm H¥$fr y_rCn`moOZ {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

2) ìhm°Z Ï wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmVrb JhrVH$m§Mr MMm© H$am.

3) ìhm°ZÏ wZoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ narjU H$am.

4) Om°ZgZMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

5.7 joÌr` H$m`© :

1) Amnë`m n[agamVrb eooVr joÌmg ^oQ>r XoD$Z eoVr {d^mJ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

2) Amnë`m Odirb ~mOmanoR>oMm eoVrda hmoUmam n[aUm_ Aä`mgm.

5.8 A{YH$ dmMUmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1) S>m°. {dÇ>b Kmanwao (2000) : H¥${f yJmob, qnnimnyao A°ÊS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya.

2) S>m°. Eg. ~r. qeXo d BVa (1999) : Am{W©H$ yJmob, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya

3) àm. E_². E_². \w$bo d BVa (1998) : Am{W©H$ yJmob, gào_ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

4) Majid Husain, (1996), Systematic Agricultural Geog. Rawat Publication,

Jaipur.

5) K. Siddharth (2003), Economic Geography, Kisalaya Publication pvt. Ltd.

Noida, (U.P)

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 6

^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m Am{U Cnm`

6.0 C{Ôï>ço

6.1 àñVmdZm

6.2 {df` {ddoMZ

6.2.1 Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m

6.2.2 Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m

6.2.3 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

6.2.4 H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vo{df`H$ g_ñ`m

6.2.5 ^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm`

6.3. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

6.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

6.5 gmam§e

6.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

6.7 joÌr` H$m ©

6.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

6.0 C{Ôï>ço …

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda AmnUmg Imbrb ~m~r {eH$Vm oVrb.

1) ^maVr` H¥$fr {dH$mgmV AS>Wim R>aUmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

2) ^maVr` H¥$fr {dH$mgmV AT>Wim R>aUmè`m Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

3) ^maVr` H¥$fr {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoVm oVrb.

4) ^maVr` H¥$fr {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m BVa g_ñ`m g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

5) ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m, Z¡g{J©H$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d BVa g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$

Agboë`m Cnm``moOZm g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

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6.1 àñVmdZm :

H¥$fr yJmobemómÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Xwgè`m {d^mJm_Ü o _mJrb KQ>H$m§_Ü o ìhm°Z Ï wZoZMm {gÕm§V

d OmoZ°g°ZMm {gÕm§V `m y_r Cn`moOZ {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm ~mOmanoR d Ë`m^modVmbMr eoVr y_r Cn`moJ

`mMm A{^joÌr` ghg§~§Y {gÕm§VmÛmao Xe©{dÊ`mMm ìhm°Z Ï wZoZ `m§Zr gd©àW_ à`ËZ Ho$bm B. g. 1826 _Ü o

àñWm{nV Ho$boë`m {gÕm§VmZo ñWm{Z` {díbofUmg _moR>çm à_mUmV MmbZm {_imbr. VgoM wamon I§S>mVrb eoVr

{d^mJ nmS>VmZm à{gÕ {dMmad§V Am°ë\$ OmoZ°g°Z `m§Zr eoVr{H«$ oMo {d^mOZ Am{U eoVH$s CËnmXZmMr ~mOmanoR>

`m§À`mVrb g§~§Ymda {deof ^a {Xbm.

gXa KQ>H$mV AmnU ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV

d `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m Cnm``moOZm§Mr _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV.

6.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

^maV hm H¥${fàYmZ AW©ì`dñWm Agbobm Xoe Amho. eoVr ho ^maVr`m§À`m Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ AgyZ eoVr

hmM _w»` ì`dgm` ~Zbm Amho. ^maVmVrb 70% bmoH$ CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.

VarXoIrb ^maVmVrb eoVr AÝ` XoemÀ`m _mZmZo _mJmgbobr Amho ^maVmV {nH$m§Mo Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ \$maM H$_r

Amho. ^maVmV eoVrMm {dH$mg ìhmd`mg nm{hOo VodT>m Pmbobm Zmhr Vmo `mo½` {XeoZo d `mo½` àH$mao hmoUo AË §V

Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVr` OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ ^maVr` H¥$frH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. g§ wº$ g§ñWmZo,

a{e`mÀ`m ImbmoImb OJmV H¥$frjoÌmV ^maVmMm {Vgam H«$_m§H$ bmJV Agbm Var _mÌ H¥$fr CËnÞmV àJVr

gmYmaU ñdê$nmMr Amho. AZoH$ {nH$m§À`m Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZmV ^maVmMm H«$_m§H$ ~amM ImbMm Amho. ^maV hm

H$mhr XO}Xma {nHo$ CËnmXZ H$aUmam Xoe Zmhr, `mMr H$maUo AZoH$ AmhoV `mbmM ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m g_ñ`m qH$dm

^maVr` eoVrVrb Xmof åhUVmV ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m g_ñ`m qH$dm ^maVr` eoVrVrb Xmof åhUVmV ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m

g_ñ`m§Mo AmnUmg Imbrbà_mUo Mma JQ>mV dJuH$aU H$aVm oB©b.

1) Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m (Natural Problems)

2) Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m (Economic Problems)

3) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ( Social Problems)

4) BVa g_ñ`m (eoVr CËnmXH$Vo{df`H$ g_ñ`m) (Other Problems)

6.2.1 Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m :

^maVmV eoVrÀ`m H$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m AmhoV. `m§Zm, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ qH$dm àmH¥${VH$ g_ñ`m Agohr åhUVmV

^maVr` eoVrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) hdm_mZ 2) yn¥ð>aMZm 3) O{_ZrMr Yyn

4) jma wº$ d Amåbr O_rZ 5) _hmnya 6) {nH$mda nS>Umar H$sS> d amoJ

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1) hdm_mZ : (Climate)

^maVr` eoVrda hdm_mZ `m KQ>H$mMm A{Ve` à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü o nO©Ý`_mZ d Vmn_mZ

ho KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVmV. ^maVr` eoVr hr _mÝgyZda Adb§~yZ AgUmam OwJma Amho. eoVrCËnÞ ho nmdgmÀ`m

A{ZpíMVoda Adb§~yZ AgVo. XoemV nmdgmMo A`mo½` {dVaU, Anyam nmD$g, MH«$s` dmXio, Jmam§Mm nmD$g

A{VnO©Ý`, YwirMr dmXio, XwîH$mi CîU hdoMr bmQ>, W§S> hdoMr bmQ> BË`mXr à{VHy$b hdm_mZmMr n[apñWVrMm

n[aUm_ eoVr CËnmXZmda hmoVmo. Aem àH$mao Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrbm eoVH$è`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho.

2) yn¥ð>aMZm :

gd©gmYmaUnUo ^maVmVrb eoVr, J§Jm, qgYy, ~«÷nwÌm, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, _hmZXr, Vmnr H$mdoar `m ZÚm§À`m

gnmQ> _¡XmZr àXoemV Ho$br OmVo. _mÌ C§MgIb nd©Vr` àXoemV eoVr H$aUo AdKS> OmVo H$maU VoWo O{_ZrMm

CVma Vrd« Agë`mZo CVmamda eoVr AJXr _`m©{XV ñdê$nmV hmoVo. CXm. {h_mb` nd©VmMm X{jU CVma gømÐr

nd©Vam§Jm BË`mXr. Aem àH$mao eoVrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ o_Ü o yn¥ð> aMZm hr g_ñ`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g_Obr OmVo.

3) O{_ZrMr Yyn (Soil Erosion)

O{_ZrMr Yyn hr ^maVr` eoVrMr \$ma _moR>r g_ñ`m Amho ""~mø eº$sÀ`m H$maH$m§À`m à^mdm_wio O{_ZrMo

daMo Wa {ZKyZ OmUo `m {H«$ obm O{_ZrMr Yyn åhUVmV.''

{ZgJm©_Ü o _mVrÀ`m {Z{_©Vrg 100 Vo 200 df} bmJVmV Va _mZd EH$m amÌr_Ü o O{_ZrMm A`mo½`

dmna H$ê$Z _mVrMm Zme H$ê$ eH$Vmo Am{U H$aVmo Amho. eoVr, O§JbVmoS>, Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVtMm Zme, JdVmi

Hw$aUm§Mm OmñV dmna `m§À`m_wio _mVrMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Amho. hOmamo Q>Z gwnrH$ _mVr g_wÐmV ZoD$Z

gmR>{dbr OmVo.

^maVmVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo :

^maVmV O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoÊ`mMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s O§JbVmoS>, _wgiYma nmD$g, O{_ZrMm

CVma, ZÚm§Zm oUmao nya, OmoaXma dmao, àmUr, ñWbm§VarV eoVr, O{_ZrÀ`m _emJVrMr d {nHo$ KoÊ`mÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m

nÕVr VgoM Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ H$maUo `m gd© H$maUm§Mm EH§$XarV n[aUm_ åhUyZ ^maVmV _moR>çm à_mUmV

O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoVo.

i) O§JbVmoS> :

yn¥¥ð>mdarb PmS>o, PwS>no Am{U JdVmÀ`m AmÀN>mXZm_wio O{_ZrMo D$Z, dmam, nmD$g B. nmgyZ g§ajU

hmoVo. Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVrÀ`m àXoemV d¥jm§Mr _yio Imob _mVrV ngaVmV Am{U ~è`mM doim IS>H$mV OmVmV,

nO©Ý`mMm doJ d¥jm§À`m nmZm_wio H$_r Ho$bm OmVmo. Z§Va _mVrdarb dZñnVtÀ`m AmdaUm_wio ñn§Omà_mUo nmUr

AmV_Ü o OmD$Z yJ^m©V nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmT>V OmVo Am{U nmÌm§À`m Am{U Pè`m§À`m ê$nmZo yàXoemda oVo.

na§Vw _Zwî`mZo B§YZmgmR>r, B_maVrgmR>r, \${Z©MagmR>r A{Z §{ÌVnUo Am{U A{dMmamZo O§JbmMr VmoS> \$ma

_moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$br Amho. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo nmD$g Amë`mZ§Va nmÊ`mMm àdmh dmhV Joë`mg _mVr_Ü o

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nmÊ`mMo _waUo Am{U y{_JV nmÊ`mÀ`m nmVirMr C§Mr dmTy> eH$V Zmhr Ë`m_wio _mVrMr aMZm ~Xbbr OmD$Z

_mVrMo H$U {dai hmoVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo dhZ hmoVo

ii) _wgiYma nmD$g :

O{_ZrÀ`m YynoMm {dMma H$aVmZm EImÚm àXoemV dm{f©H$ nO©Ý` {H$Vr nS>Vo. ho _hÎdmMo ZgyZ Vo Ho$ìhm

Am{U H$go nS>Vo ho _hÎdmMo AgVo H$mhr Vmgm_Ü o _wgiYma H$mogiUmam nmD$g _mVrMr _moR>çm à_mUmV Yyn

Am{U ZwH$gmZ H$aÊ`mg H$maUr yV hmoD$ eH$Vmo Va VodT>oM nO©Ý` AZoH$ {Xdg qH$dm H$mhr AmR>dS>o nS>V

am{hë`mg O{_ZrMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Zmhr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmMm doJ àXoemÀ`m CVmamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo

Oa nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmMm doJ XwßnQ> Pmbm Va àdmhmMr PrO H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Mm¡nQ>rZo, dhZ j_Vm 32 nQ>rZo

Am{U nXmWm©Mo H$U dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mMr j_Vm 64 nQ>rZo dmT>Vo.

iii) yàXoemMm gd©gmYmaU CVma :

XoemV O{_ZrMr Yyn WmoS>çm à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm gd©Ì AmT>iVo. S>m|Jami àXoemV O{_ZrMr Yyn Vrd«

CVma Agë`mZo _§X CVmamÀ`m àXoemnojm OmñV à_mUmV AgVo. Vrd« CVmamÀ`m àXoemV nmUr _waë`mZo Am{U

ApñWa g_VmobnUm_wio O_rZ IMVo Am{U H$S>o H$mogiVmV hr ~m~ {ZË`mMr hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. _Ü`àXoe

Am{U ~w§XobI§S> ^mJmV _mVrMr Yyn J§JoÀ`m _¡XmZmnojm OmñV à_mUmV Amho.

iv) _mVrMo ñdê$n :

_mVrMr aMZm, nmoV (Texture) g|{Ð` nXmWmªMo à_mU _mVrÀ`m Yynoda n[aUm_ H$ê$ eH$Vo. H$mngmMr

H$mir _mVr nO©Ý`m_wio {dñVmarV Am{U {MH$Q> hmoVo. Ë`mMr Yyn hbŠ`m _mVrnojm H$_r hmoV AgVo. _D$ eob

Am{U dmiyÀ`m IS>H$mMr PrO MwZIS>r Am{U J«°ZmB©Q>nojm OmñV AgVo. åhUyZ {edmbrH$ am§Jm_Ü o _mVrMr

Yyn OmñV Amho. ZÚm§À`m àdmhmV _ir (silt) Amë`mg _mVrMr Yyn OmñV hmoVo.

v) ZÚm§Zm oUmao nya :

^maVmVrb ZÚm H$_r A{YH$ C§MrÀ`m àXoemVyZ dmhVmV `m ZÚm§Zm Ooìhm nya oVmV Voìhm yn¥ð>mMr _moR>çm

à_mUmV PrO hmoVo. ^maVmVrb Xm_moXa d {VÀ`m CnZÚm§§Zm _hmnya oVmV åhUyZ `m ^mJmV O{_ZrMr Yyn hr EH$

g_ñ`m Amho.

vi) OmoaXma dmao :

A{Ve` doJmZo dmhUmè`m dmè`m~amo~a aoVr IS>H$mMo ~marH$ H$U B. nXmW© dmhV OmVmV Ë`m§Mm AmKmV

yn¥ð>mda hmoD$Z O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoVo. ^maVmV {deofV: CÝhmù`mV dmhUmè`m OmoaXma dmè`m_wio yn¥ð>mMr PrO

hmoD$Z O{_ZrMr Yyn hmooVo.

vii) àmUr :

JmB©, åh¡er, eoù`m, _|T>çm, JmT>d B. àmUr Ooìhm MaÊ`mH$arVm AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemV OmVmV Voìhm

Ë`m§À`m nm`mZo O{_ZrMo nmnwÐo doJio hmoVmV ho nmnwÐo nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`m~amo~a qH$dm dmè`m~amo~a Xyada dmhÿZ Zobo

OmVmV.

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viii) ñWbm§VamMr eoVr (^Q>H$s eoVr) :

_mZdmZo ^Q>H$s eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r O§Jbm§Mm Zme _moR>çm à_mUmV H$ê$Z O§JbmMo àXoe H$_r Ho$bobo

AmhoV Am{U hmoV AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$ ImÚ {nH$m§gmR>r ^Q>H$s eoVr H$aVmV. `mgmR>r O§JbmMm

EH$ ^mJ {ZdS>bm OmVmo. àXoem_Yrb PmS>o-PwS>no H$mnyZ O{_ZrdaVr ngê$Z dmidbr OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va O_rZ

Omibr OmVo. `m_wio eoVrg `mo½` n[apñWVr àmá hmoVo. O§JbmVrb _mVr_Ü o amI, øw_g Agë`mZo A{Ve`

gwnrH$ AgVo `m_wio 2 Vo 3 df} {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Mm§Jbo ooVo Ë`mZ§Va CËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo, Ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm ZdrZ

O§JbmMm àXoe emoYbm OmVmo Am{U n{hbm VgmM [aH$m_m R>odbm OmVmo. gmh{OH$M _mVrMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV

dmT>Vo. ^maVmV Amgm_, _Ü`àXoe BË`mXr ^mJmV Aer eoVr hmoV Agë`mZo `m ^mJmV O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoVo.

ix) eoVrMr A`mo½` nÕVr :

^maVm_Yrb bjmdYr Q>Z _mVrMr Yyn hmoD$Z ZÚm§À`m àdmhm~amo~a dmhV OmD$Z eodQ>r g_wÐmV g§M`Z

hmoVo. `mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo eoVrÀ`m _emJVrÀ`m A`mo½` nÕVr Am{U CVmamdarb Zm§JaUr hmo Ooìhm O_rZ

Zm§Jabr OmVo Am{U _mVrda àË`j nmdgmMo W|~ nS>VmV Voìhm eoVm_Yrb gwnrH$ _mVr {deofVm Vrd« CVmamdarb

_mVr dmhÿZ OmVo. H$mbm§VamZo CËnmXZ H$_r hmoV OmD$Z O_rZ eoVrg `mo½` amhV Zmhr Am{U eodQ>r O_rZ nS>rH$

R>odmdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r _mVrMr Yyn H$_r hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g_moÀ`Vm aofm§À`m g_m§Va {XeoZo {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>

H$aUo \$m`Xoera R>aVo.

Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ H$maUo :

eoVH$è`m§Mm H$O©~mOmarnUm, eoVmMm AmH$ma, Hw$iH$m`Xm nÕVr, B_maV d B§YZmH$arVm PmS>m PwS>nm§Mm

dmna, añVo ~m§YUrH$arVm O{_Zr IUUo BË`mXr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoÊ`mg H$maUr yV

R>aVmV.

_¥Xm YynoMo àH$ma : (Types of soil Erosion)

hOmamo dfm©V V`ma Pmboë`m EH$ g|. _r. OmS>rMm _¥Xm Wa YwnyZ OmÊ`mg EH$ XmoZ {XdgmMm H$mihr nwaogm

hmoVmo. `m XmoÝhr H$mbmdYrVrb V\$mdV bjmV KoVbr AgVm _¥Xm YynoÀ`m g_ñ oMo Jm§ r © ñnï> hmoVo. CKS>çm

_miamZmda AaÊ`mMr VmoS> Ho$boë`m ^mJmV Am{U A{V[aº$ à_mUmV Jwao Mmaboë`m Hw$aUm§V _¥Xm YynoMr J§ ra

g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo. Z¡g{J©H$ dZñnVrMo AmÀN>mXZ Zmhrgo Pmë`mda CîUVm d W§S>r `m§À`m n[aUm_mZo {dXmaU

à{H«$ obm dmd {_iVmo. O{_ZrVrb _¥Xm H$U gwQ>o hmoD$Z nmUr d dmè`m~amo~a dmhÿZ Zobo OmVmV H$Um§À`m gyú_

AmH$mam_wio `m H$maH$m§À`m dhZ{H«$`m A{YH$M à^mdr hmoVo. gyú_ H$U dmhÿZ Joë`mda \$º$ OS>, H$R>rU XJS>-

JmoQ>o {e„H$ amhVmV d _¥Xm nyU©nUo ZmnrH$ hmoVo. _¥Xm YynoMo Imbrb VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) MmXa Yyn 2) KiB© Yyn 3) IiJo Yyn

1) MmXa Yyn (Sheet Erosion)

_wgiYma nmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoemV nmÊ`mÀ`m bmQ>o ~amo~a gyú_ _¥XmH$Um§Mo AmS>do WaÀ`m Wa YwnyZ

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OmVmV O_rZ ZmnrH$ hmoVo. A{YH$ CVmamÀ`m _¥Xoda MmXa YynoMo à_mU OmñV AgVo. nmdgmÀ`m à_mUm§dahr

YynoMr Vrd«Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. H$moaS>çm hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV O{_ZrV nmÊ`mMm A§e H$_r AgVmo. gmh{OH$M

_¥Xm H$U gwQ>o hmoVmV. dmXir nmD$g nS>ë`mda ghO[aË`m dmhÿZ OmVmV.

2) KiB© Yyn (Gully Erosion)

AZmÀN>mXrV Vrd« CVmam§À`m n¥ð>^mJmdê$Z OmoamV dmhUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhm_wio Imob ImMao qH$dm

Kù`m nSy>Z nmUr dmhÿZ OmVo. Ë`m_wio _¥Xm ZmnrH$ hmoVo. CÝhmù`mV _¥Xobm VS>o nS>ë`mZohr Kù`m V`ma hmoVmV.

3) IiJo Yyn (Rill Erosion)

OmoaXma nO©Ý`m_wio _¥Xoda bhmZ-_moR>o ImMIiJo V`ma hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio _¥XoÀ`m daÀ`m WamMr aMZm

~XbyZ O_rZ Amo~S>Ymo~S> ~ZVo. `m_wio hr O_rZ ZmnrH$ hmoVo.

^maVmVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoV Agbobo àXoe :

O{_ZrMr Yyn hr ^maVmÀ`m H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrb EH$ J§ ra g_ñ`m Amho. ^maVmVrb `m§Mo {ZpíMV joÌ

gm§JUo A{Ve` H$R>rU Amho. ^maVmVrb gd©M ^mJmV WmoS>çm \$ma à_mUmV `mMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm AmT>iVmo.

^maVmVrb 8 H$moQ>r hoŠQ>g© O{_Zrda `mMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. `mn¡H$s 4 H$moQ>r hoŠQ>g© O{_Zrda eoVr

hmoVo. {deofV: amOñWmZ, n§Om~, h[a`mUm, CÎmaàXoe, _Ü`àXoe, {~hma, Amoargm, JwOamV, _hmamï´>, Am§Y« d

Vm{_iZmSy> `m amÁ`m§V O{_ZrMr Yyn hm EH$ _moR>m àíZ Amho.

1) amOñWmZ :

`m amÁ`mVrb Ymobnya, ~§Xr, Q>m|H$ gdmB©, _mYmonya, ^aV-M§~iÀ`m Imoè`mV Va Yyn \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV

hmoV Amho. amOñWmZ_Ü o dmè`m_wio hmoUmè`m YynoMo à_mU OmñV Amho. AmH¥$Vr 6.1 _Ü o ^maVm_Yrb O{_ZrMr

Yyn hmoV Agbobo àXoe Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

2) n§Om~-h[a`mUm :

`m amÁ`mVrb ~hwVoH$ ^mJmV O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoV Amho. n§Om~_Yrb hmo{e`manya {OëømV O{_ZrÀ`m

YynoMo à_mU OmñV Amho. `m B. g. 1852 _Ü o \$º$ 180 Mm¡. {H$. _r. àXoemda O{_ZrMr Yyn Pmbobr hmoVr.

AmO ho joÌ 1800 Mm¡. {H$. _r. nojm A{YH$ Pmbo Amho.

3) CÎma àXoe :

`m amÁ`mVrb J§Jm, `_wZm, M§~i, ~oQ>dm, Jmo_Vr B. ZÚm§À`m Imoè`mV O{_ZrMr Yyn EH$_moR>m àíZ Amho.

`m amÁ`m§Vrb EH$ _¡Znyar, B©Q>mdm, Ombm¡Z, Pm§gr, h_rXnya, ~m§Xm {_aPmnya, AmJ«m `m {Oëøm§V O{_ZrMr Yyn

_moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Amho. `m {OëømVrb 2 bj hoŠQ>g© O{_Zrda hrMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm Amho.

4) _Ü`àXoe :

`m amÁ`mVrb M§~i, ~oQ>dm, Ho$Z BË`mXr ZÚm§À`m Imoè`mV O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoVo. `m amÁ`mVrb [ §S>,

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_moaoZm, ½dmëhoa, {ednyar, JwZm, {Q>H$_JS>, {^bgm, gmJa, X_moh, nÞm, gVZm, emhS>mob `m ^mJmV O{_ZrMr

Yyn hm EH$ _moR>m àíZ Amho. _Ü` àXoemVrb 2.5 bj hoŠQ>g© O{_ZrMr Yyn Pmbobr Amho.

5) {~hma, Amo[agm d ~§Jmb :

{~hma_Yrb hOmar~mJ, am§Mr d _wPâ\$anya, Amo[agmVrb _`yaJ§O, g§~inya d Ho$Am|Ohma Am{U

~§Jmb_Yrb {_XZmnya, nwê$br`m, ~aÛmZ d dra yZ {OëømVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoV Amho.

6) Vm{_iZmSy> d Am§Y« :

Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb CÎma d X. AH$m©Q>, H$moB©_Vya, gmbo_, {Zb{Jar d H$Ý`mHw$_mar, Am§Y«_Yrb AZ§Vnya

{OëømVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoV Amho.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.1 ^maVm_Yrb O{_ZrMo Yyn hmoV Agbobo àXoe

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7) _hmamï´> :

_hmamï´>mV _¥XoMr Yyn WmoS>çm à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm gd©Ì AmT>iVo. S>m|Jami àXoemV _¥XoMr Yyn Vrd« CVma

Agë`m_wio _§X CVmamÀ`m àXoemnojm OmñV à_mUmV hmoVo. Vrd« CVmamÀ`m àXoemV nmUr _waë`mZo ApñWa

g_VmobnUm_wio _¥Xm IMVo Am{U H$S>o H$mogiVmV hr ~m~ {ZË`mMr hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. gømÐr nd©VmÀ`m XmoÝhr

~mOyg _¥XoMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. VgoM Vmnr ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mÀ`m gmVnwS>m nd©VmÀ`m ~mOyg Imob ImMao

AmhoV. Oo àXoe A{V Vrd« CVmamMo AgyZ OoWo KZXmQ> AaÊ`mMo AmÀN>mXZ Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUr _¥XoMr Yyn H$_r

hmoVo. JmoXmdar, ^r_m, H¥$îUm ZÚm§À`m CJ_mÀ`m joÌmV àdmhmÀ`m {dê$Õ ~mOyg _¥XoÀ`m PrOoMo à_mU OmñV

Amho. gømÐr nd©Vm_Yrb gmJmÀ`m d¥jm§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV VmoS> Ho$bobr Amho. VgoM BVa S>m|Jamdahr hr

n[apñWVr nhmd`mg {_iVo AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.2 _Ü o _hmamï´>mVrb _¥Xm YynoMo àXoe Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.2 _hmamï´>mVrb _¥Xm YynoMo àXoe

O{_ZrÀ`m YynoMo n[aUm_ (Effect of soil Erosion)

O{_ZrMr Yyn hr eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb EH$ J§ ra g_ñ`m Amho. `mMm n[aUm_ Ho$di eoVrdaM hmoVmo Ago

Zmhr Va BVahr Jmoï>rda hmoVmo. O{_ZrÀ`m YynoMo Imbrb nmM n[aUm_ _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVmV.

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1) ZÚm§Zm _hmnya oUo : O{_ZrMr _moR>çm à_mUmda Yyn hmoD$Z O{_Zrdarb nXmW© ZÚm§À`m nmÌmV

gmMV OmVmV d Ë`m_wio ZÚm§Mo nmÌ CWi hmoVo. Aem ZÚm§V nwamMo nmUr Z _mdë`mZo Vo Amgnmg ngê$Z Ord Am{U

{dÎmhmZr hmoVo. H$mdoar, M§~i, gmoZ, H$mogr B. ZÚm§Mr nmÌo CWi Pmë`mZo `m ZÚm§À`m nwam_wio Iyn hmZr hmooVo.

2) O{_ZrMo Wa {ZKyZ OmUo d nmÊ`mÀ`m nmVirV \$aH$ nS>Uo : _wgiYma nmdgm_wio O{_ZrMr

PrO hmoD$Z Yyn hmoVo. VgoM yn¥ð>mda nS>bobo nmUr yJ^m©V Z {PanVm dmhÿZ OmVo. Ë`m_wio {dhrar IUë`mg

nmUr bmJV Zmhr. n§Om~_Yrb Omb§Xa, hmoer`manya Am{U CÎma àXoemVrb B©Q>mdm, AmJ«m, _Wwam, Ombm¡Z dJ¡ao

{OëømV Ago àH$ma AmT>iyZ Ambo AmhoV.

3) O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm H$_r hmoUo : O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoV am{hë`mg O{_ZrMo daMo Wa {ZKyZ OmVmV

Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm H$_r hmoD$Z O_rZ ZmnrH$ hmoVo. ^maVmV gd©Ì hm AZw d oV Amho.

4) gwnrH$ O{_Zrda ^aS> nXmW© gmMUo : dmhË`m nmÊ`m_wio C§M ^mJmVrb _mVr, IS>o, IS>H$m§Mo

VwH$S>o BË`mXr ^aS> nXmW© H$_r C§MrÀ`m ^mJmV AmUyZ gmM{dbo OmVmV Ë`m_wio nyduMr gwnrH$ O_rZ ZmnrH$

hmoVo. X{jU ^maVmV Ago àH$ma AmT>iVmV.

5) eoVr Zmhrer hmoUo : O{_ZrMr Yyn _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV am{hbr Va O_rZ ZmnrH$ d d¡amU hmoVo

Aem ^mJmV eoVr H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo. H$mhr H$mimV Va oWrb eoVr Zmhrer hmoVo AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.3 _Ü o O{_ZrÀ`m

Yyno_wio ^maVmVrb O{_Zrg {I§S>ma nS>bobo joÌ Xe©{dbo Amho Aem àH$mao _¥Xm YynoMo J§ ra n[aUm_ AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.3 ^maVm_Yrb _¥Xm YynoZo qIS>ma nS>bobr O_rZ

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4) jma wº$ d Amåb O_rZ (Saline & Alkaline soils)

^maVmV jma wº$ d Amåbr O{_ZrMo à_mU dmT>V Amho. gÜ`m 6 Xebj hoŠQ>g© joÌmV hr O_rZ AmT>iVo

{deofV: {~hma, CÎmaàXoe, n§Om~, ha`mUm, amOñWmZ VgoM _hmamï´>, Am§Y« d H$Zm©Q>H$À`m H$mhr àXoemV hr

O_rZ AmT>iVo. ewîH$ d AY©ewîH$ ^mJmV `m O{_ZrMo à_mU OmñV Amho. gwnrH$ O{_Zrda jmaVoMo d AmåbmMo

à_mU dmT>ë`mg Ë`m O{_Zrda {nHo$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao oV ZmhrV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr Va O{_Zrda jmam§Mo à_mU IynM

dmT>bo AgyZ VoWo AmVm eoVr hmoV Zmhr. JwOamVÀ`m {H$ZmadVu ^mJmV ^aVrÀ`m nmÊ`m_wio O_rZ jma wº$ Pmbr

AgyZ VoWrb eoVrda n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.4 _Ü o ^maVmVrb jma wº$ d Amåbr O_rZ joÌ

Xe©{dbo Amho.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.4 ^maVmVrb jma wº$ d Amåbr O_rZ joÌ

5) ZÚmZm oUmao _hmnya :

^maVmVrb ZÚm§Zm Xadfu _hmnya oD$Z O{_ZrMr _moR>çm à_mUmda Yyn hmoVo {edm` ZÚm§À`m AmgnmgMr

{nHo$ dmhÿZ OmVmV. ^maVmV ZÚm§À`m nwam_wio EHy$U gd© àH$maMr OodT>r hmZr hmoVo Ë`mn¡H$s 80% hmZr {nH$m§Mr

hmoVo. nwam_wio Xadfu 63 bj hoŠQ>g© O{_Zrdarb {nH$m§Mr hmZr hmoVo. nwam_wio OdiOdi 50 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo

{nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. {deofV: Amgm_, ~§Jmb, CÎma àXoe, n§Om~, har`mUm, nyd© Amo[agm, Am§Y« d JwOamVÀ`m

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H$mhr ^mJmV ZÚm§À`m nwam_wio {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ~«÷nwÌm, H$mogr, J§Jm d Xm_moXa øm ZÚm {nH$m§Zm gdm©V

OmñV hmZr nmohM{dVmV. `m ^mJmV _hmnyamMo nmUr Amgnmg gmRy>Z VoWo XbXb {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem ^mJmV eoVr

H$aVm oV Zmhr AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.5 _Ü o ^maVmVrb _hmnyaJ«ñV àXoe Xe©{dbo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 6.5 ^maVmVrb _hmnyaJ«ñV àXoe

6) {nH$mda nS>Umar H$sS> d amoJ :

^maVmV {Za{Zamù`m {nH$m§da Zoh_rM amoJ nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio ~è`mM à_mUmV qH$dm g§nyU© nrH$ Zmhrgo

hmoVo. gm_mÝ`nUo hr H$sS> nmdgmù`mZ§Va AmH$me T>Jmibobo AgVo Voìhm AWdm gy ©àH$me Ooìhm ZgVmo Voìhm

nS>Vo. {nH$m§da H$sS> nS>br H$s {nHo$ Hw$OyZ Ë`m§Mr dmT> hmoV Zmhr. gd©gmYmaUnUo {nHo$ bhmZ AgVmZm Ago

amoJ nS>VmV. H$Yr H$Yr H$sQ>H$ {Z_m©U hmoD$Z g§nyU© {nHo$ Zmhrer H$aVmV. ^maVmV H$mnyg, D$g, ^mV, Ádmar,

Jhÿ, Vya BË`mXr {nH$m§da H$sS> nS>Vo. Jìhmda Vm§~oam nSy>Z JìhmMo nrH$ Zm{hgo hmoVo. H$mngmbm \w$bo d \$io oVmV

Voìhm H$sS> nSy>Z H$mngmÀ`m {nH$m§Mr hmZr hmoVo. ^mV, Ádmar d D$gmda hr H$sS> nS>Vo. {deofV: Ádmarbm \w$b

Amë`mda {_J_mem {Z_m©U hmoD$Z {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. Vwarbm \w$b Amë`mda T>Jmi dmVmdaUmV Ë`mda

H$sS> nS>Vo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo `m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo. ^maVmV {nH$mda H$sS> d amoJ nS>Ê`mMo à_mU

AmVm IynM dmT>bo Amho. ^maVr` eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb hr EH$ J§ ra g_ñ`m Amho. nydu ^maVmV Q>moiYmS>r oV

Am{U g~§Y nrH$ \$ñV H$ê$Z Q>mH$sV. AmVm Q>moiKmS>rMo à_mU H$_r Pmbo Amho.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 /6

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6.2.1 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ :

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) ^maV hm ..... àYmZ AW©ì`dñWm AgUmam Xoe åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.

(CÚmoJ, H¥$fr, O§Jb, AmMQ>r)

2) ^maVmVrb ..... Q> o$ bmoH$ eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.

(50,65,70,95)

3) ^maVr` eoVr hm ..... da Adb§~yZ AgUmam OwJma Amho.

(dmam, nmUr, YwHo$, _mÝgyZ)

4) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$ ..... {nH$m§gmR>r ^Q>H$s eoVr H$aVmV.

(Vob, ImÚ, D$g, Mhm)

5) ..... À`m {H$ZmadVu ^mJmV ^aVrÀ`m nmÊ`m_wio O{_Zr jma wº$ Pmë`m AmhoV.

({~hma, N>ÎmrgJS>, JwOamV, n§Om~)

6.2.2 Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m (Economic problems)

^maVmV H¥$frÀ`m Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m AmhoV øm g_ñ`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

i) eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç/Anwao ^m§S>db

ii) ObqgMZmÀ`m Anwè`m gmo r

iii) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm A^md

iv) IVm§Mm H$_r à_mUmV dmna

v) ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^md

vi) CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUm§Mm A^md

vii) dmhVyH$sÀ`m Anyè`m gmo r

viii) O§VyZmeHo$ d {H$Q>H$ ZmeHo$

i) eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç/Anwao ^m§S>db :

eoVH$è`m§Zm, Zm§JaUr, H$moinUrgma»`m _emJVrnmgyZ Vo ~r-{~`mUo IaoXr, {nH$m§Mr IyanUr, H$mnUr,

_iUr, gmR>dU, ~¡bOmoS>r IaoXr, AdOmam§Mr IaoXr BË`mXrgmR>r ^m§S>dbmMr JaO ^mgVo na§Vw {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm

eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imbobo CËnÞ Vo Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m nmbZnmofUmgmR>r IM© H$arV Agë`mZo nwT>rb h§Jm_mn ªV IMm©gmR>r

n¡gm {e„H$ amhV Zmhr.

^maVr` eoVH$è`mg {Zanoj Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU _moR>o Amho. Ë`mMo CËnÞ H$_r åhUyZ ~MV H$_r, ~MV H$_r

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åhUyZ ^m§S>dbg§M` H$_r ^m§S>dbg§M` H$_r åhUyZ H¥$frjoÌmVrb ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ H$_r Am{U ^m§S>db

H$_r åhUyZ CËnÞ H$_r Ago Xm[aÐçmMo Xwï>MH«$ eoVr joÌmV AmT>iyZ oVo. Ë`m_wio Vmo eoVrV ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$

H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm H$_r amhVo. Á`m§À`mOdi ^m§S>db Amho VoM eoVH$ar

^m§Sdb Jw§Vdy eH$VmV Ë`mMoM eoVr CËnÞ dmTy> eH$Vo. ^maVmVrb OdiOdi 90 Q>¸o$ eoVH$è`m§Odi

Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r ^m§S>db AgV Zmhr.

ii) ObqgMZmÀ`m Anwè`m gmo r :

^maVmV ~è`mMem àXoemV Anyam nO©Ý` Am{U _mÝgyZÀ`m A{ZpíMVnUm `mMm H¥$fr ì`dgm`mda {dnarV

n[aUm_ hmoVmo. ObqgMZmMm Cn`moJ _mVr_Yrb Amobmdm H$m`_ {Q>H$dyZ {nH$m§À`m dmT>rg _XV H$aUo Am{U

OoWo nmÊ`mMr Q>§MmB© ^mgVo VoWo nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m H$aUo hmo . ^maVm_Yrb EHy$U H¥$fr O{_Zrn¡H$s \$º$ 20 Q> o$

O{_Zrg ObqgMZmMm \$m`Xm hmoVmo Caboë`m 80 Q> o$ O{_Zrdarb {nH$m§Zm nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda Adb§~yZ amhmdo

bmJVo, _mog_r nO©Ý` A{Z`{_V Am{U A{ZpíMV ñdê$nmMo Amho H$Yr bdH$a gwê$ hmoVo Va H$Yr Ceram gwê$

hmoVo, H$Yr OmñV nS>Vo Va H$Yr H$_r nS>Vo, H$Yr bdH$a g§nVmo Va H$Yr Ceram g§nVmo Ë`m_wio eoVrMo ZwH$gmZ

hmoVo. Amdí`H$Vonojm H$_r nmD$g nS>bm Va H$moaS>m XwîH$mi nS>Vmo Am{U dmOdrnojm OmñV nmD$g nS>bm Va

Amobm XwîH$mi nS>Vmo. {edm` ^maVmVrb nO©Ý`mMr {d^mJUr A{Ve` {df_ ñdê$nmMr Amho. H$mhr ^mJmV

Iyn H$mhr ^mJmV _Ü`_ Va H$mhr ^mJmV \$maM H$_r nmD$g nS>Vmo. {OWo Iyn nmD$g nS>Vmo {VWo ObqgMZmMr

JaO Zmhr. nU Ago ^mJ \$maM WmoS>o AmhoV _mÌ {OWo _Ü`_ Am{U H$_r nmD$g nS>Vmo {VWo nwîH$igo ObqgMZ

Amdí`H$ Amho Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV _Ü`_ nO©Ý` Agboë`m àXoemV nO©Ý`mMr Ý yÝ`m{YH$Vm (Variability) OmñV

Amho åhUyZ `m ^mJmV ObqgMZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. _mÌ ^maVmV Aem ^mJmV ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r Anwè`m

AmhoV.

g§nyU© ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg AmnU CnbãY Agboë`m nmÊ`mn¡H$s \$º$ 15 Q> o$ nmUr dmnaVmo ~mH$sMo

85 Q> o$ nmUr dm`m OmVo `m nmÊ`mMm eoVrgmR>r Cn`moJ Pmbm Va ^maVmVrb eoVrMm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dH$mg

hmoB©b na§Vw gÜ`mMr Ob{g§MZmMr gmYZo Anyar AmhoV.

iii) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm A^md :

^maVmVrb gÜ`mMr eoVr AOyZ OwÝ`m nÕVrZo hmoVo ~hþVoH$ eoVH$ar OwZrM AdOmao dmnaVmV nmpíM_mË`

Xoemà_mUo ^maVmV AÚmn eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmbobo Zmhr. ^maVmV eoVr_Ü o Zm§JaUr, noaUr, Am¡fY \$dmaUr,

H$mnUr, _iUr BË`mXr H$m_o gmÜ`m nÕVrZo hmoVmV.

iv) IVm§Mm H$_r à_mUmV dmna :

O{_ZrV EH$gmaIr {nHo$ KoVë`mg O{_ZrMm H$g H$_r hmoD$Z {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm H$_r hmoVo na§Vw à_mUera

dmna Ho$ë`mg {nHo$ ^aKmog oD$ eH$VmV. O{_ZrMr H$g ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$

d H¥${Ì_ IVm§Mr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. na§Vw ^maVr` eoVH$è`mg g|{Ð` IV nadS>V Zmhr. XoemVrb AaÊ`mMo

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à_mU H$_r hmoV Agë`mZo OiUmMr H$_VaVm ^mgV Amho. Ë`m_wio ~aoMgo ñdñVmV CnbãY hmoUmao Jwam§Mo eoU

OiU åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. `m_wio hiyhiy eoUIV åhUyZ Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$_r hmoV Amho {Z`moOZ g{_VrÀ`m

AhdmbmZwgma Xadfu 1200 Xebj Q>Z eoU Jwam§nmgyZ CnbãY hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s 400 Xebj Q>Z eoUmMm dmna

B§YZ åhUyZ Am{U 215 Xebj Q>Z eoUmMm dmna eoUIV åhUyZ H$aVmV d Cabobo {Zê$n`moJr åhUyZ VgoM

amhVo. ^maVmV Xa hoŠQ>ar IVm§Mm dmna \$ŠV 15.7 {H$. J«°. Amho. BVa XoemÀ`m _mZmZo ho à_mU ~aoM H$_r Amho.

v) ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^md :

^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ eoVr J«m_rU dñVreoOmar hmoVo hr J«m_rU dñVr XoemVrb _moR>çm ~mOmanoR>m§nmgyZ Xya

Am{U ~mOybm nS>bobr Amho. Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ ~mOmanoR>m§Zm OmoS>Umao n o$ añVo qH$dm aoëdo_mJ© ZmhrV Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm

Amnbm _mb ñWm{ZH$ ì`mnmar qH$dm XbmbmZm H$_r XamV {dH$mdm bmJVmo Ë`m_wio _mbmbm `mo½` Xa {_iV

Zmhr Ë`mMà_mUo eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnbm _mbm gmR>dyZ R>odÊ`mg JwXm_o ZmhrV _mbmMo Xa BË`mXr {df`r à{gÕr

§ÌUm Zmhr Ë`m_wio {dH$bm OmUmam _mb `mo½` XamZo {dH$bm OmV Zmhr.

vi) CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUm§Mm A^md :

eoVrH$arVm dmnabo OmUmao ~r ho OmñVrV OmñV Mm§Jë`m àVrMo Am{U ewÕ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ~r

O{_ZrV ê$OyZ CJdmd`mg nm{hOo. CJdboë`m amonQ>çm§Mr Mm§Jbr dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`mbm ^anya YmÝ` `md`mg nm{hOo

`m gdmªH$arVm CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUm§_wio nrH$ CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. `mMr

àË oH$ eoVH$è`mg _m{hVr AgVo; na§Vw ^maVr` eoVH$ar ~r {ZdS>r ~m~VrV ~è`mM à_mUmV hbJOunUm H$aVmo.

noaUr Vm|S>mer Ambr AgVmZm {~`mÊ`mMr KmB©JXuV IaoXr Ho$br OmVo. H$mhr eoVH$è`m§Zm ~r-{~`mÊ`m§Mr IaoXr

H$aÊ`mMr EonV AgV Zmhr. VgoM Ë`m§Zm gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mÊ`mMm dmna H$gm H$amd`mMm `mMr \$maer _m{hVr

AgV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mOdi Agboë`m H$UJr_Yrb YmÝ`mMm ~è`mMdoim {~`mUo åhUyZ dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

gmh{OH$M Vo H$_r àVrMo Agë`mZo Aën à_mUmV nrH$ oVo Am{U Ë`mMm XOm©hr H$_r AgVmo. gwYm[aV ~r-

{~`mÊ`mMm dmna Ho$ë`mg {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. ho ~Z©g `m§Zr {gÕ Ho$bo Amho.

Vii) dmhVyH$sÀ`m Anwè`m gmo r :

^maVmV dmhVyH$sÀ`m _mJm©Mm OmñV {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr {deofV: J«m_rU ^mJmV dmhVyH$sMo _mJ© \$maM

H$_r AmhoV IVmMo {dVaU eoV_mb ~mOmanoR>on ªV nmohM{dUo BË`mXr H$[aVm dmhVwH$sMo _mJ© Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

viii) O§VyZmeHo$ d {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ :

{nH$m§da nS>Umao amoJ, H$sS> `m_wio eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmTy> eH$V Zmhr Ë`mMà_mUo {nH$m§da nS>Umè`m

Q>moiYmS>r_wio {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ H$mhr àXoemV hmoVo. Ë`mda {Z §ÌU hmoUo Amdí`H$ {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ H$mhr àXoemV

hmoVo. Ë`mda {Z §ÌU hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. O§VwZmeHo$ d {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMm `mo½` doir nwadR>m AWdm AmJmdy

_m{hVr eoVH$è`mg {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVr_mbmMo g§ajU d {nH$m§Mo g§ajU hr g_ñ`m Xya hmoÊ`mg _XV

hmoB©b. AemàH$mao ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m darb AmR> Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m OmVmV.

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6.2.2 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§V ..... Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU _moR>o Amho.

({Zanoj, gmnoj, gmnojVm, {Zajon)

2) ^maVmVrb EHy$U eoVO{_Zrn¡H$s ..... O{_Zrg ObqgMZmMm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

(20 Q> o$, 50 Q> o$, 80 Q> o$, 10 Q> o$)

6.2.3 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m :

^maVr` eoVrÀ`m {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AmhoV Ë`mVrb Imbrb ghm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m _hÎdmÀ`m

åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV.

i) eoVO{_ZrMo {d^mOZ

ii) eoVr H$gÊ`mMr OwZr nÕVr Am{U OwZr AdOmao

iii) ^m½`dmXr Am{U ê$T>r{à` eoVH$ar

iv) eoVrH$S>o CXa {Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ

v) eoVr g§emoYZ

vi) y{_YmaUm{YH$ma nÕVr

i) eoVO{_ZrMo {d^mOZ :

O{_ZrMo {d^mOZ hm ^maVr` eoVrbm {_imbobm EH$ emnM Amho. Ago åhQ>ë`mg H$mhr dmdJo hmoUma

Zmhr. EImÚm eoVH$è`mMr O_rZ AWdm Vmo H$gV Agbobr O_rZ dmagm h¸$m_wio AJa IaoXr {dH«$s, JhmZ

BË`mXr H$maUm_wio AZoH$ bmoH$m§_Ü o dmQ>br OmVo Am{U Aem {d^mJUr_wio O{_ZrMo bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>o

hmoVmV. ^maVr` eoVO{_ZrMm gamgar AmH$ma 2.6 hoŠQ>a Amho Va Va nmpíM_mË` amï´>mV ho à_mU OmñV Amho.

CXm. B§½bS> 11 hoŠQ>a, A_o[aH$m 29 hoŠQ>a, ^maVr` H¥$fr ~m~VrV eoVrÀ`m {d^mOZmnojm gdm©V {~H$Q> Am{U

J§^ra n[apñWVr eoVO{_ZrÀ`m VwH$S>rH$aU (Fragmentation) `m_wio Pmbobr Amho. eoVrÀ`m {d^mOZm_wio

O{_ZrMr bhmZ AmH$mamV {d^mJUr hmoVo. na§Vw VwH$S>rH$aUm_wio ho eoVrMo bhmZ AmH$ma AI§S>nUo gbJ[aË`m

amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV. eoVrÀ`m {d^mOZmÀ`mdoir àË oH$ dmagXma gd©àH$maÀ`m O{_ZrV dmQ>UrMm AmJ«h YarV

Agë`mZo Aem bhmZ VwH$S>çmMr {d^mJUr bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>çmV hmoD$ bmJVo. gmh{OH$M eoV O{_ZrÀ`m

VwH$S>çmMo AmUIrZ AJXr bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>o nS>bo OmVmV `m_wio JmdmOdirb O_rZ, JmdmnmgyZMr Xya

O_rZ CÎm_ gwnrH$VoMr, _Ü`_ d H$_r àVrMr ~mJm`V O_rZ, {Oam`_ O_rZ, ZXrH$mR>Mr O_rZ, IS>H$mi

O_rZ Aem àË oH$ àH$maÀ`m O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o nS>V OmVmV ^maVm_Yrb gwYm[aV dmagmh¸$mÀ`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m

AmYmao _wbm§À`m ~amo~a _wbr§Zmhr O{_Zrdarb h¸$ àmá hmoVmo. gmh{OH$M eoVO{_ZrMo AmUIrZ {d^mOZ hmoV

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OmVo. Aem àH$mao eoVO{_ZrMo {d^mOZ hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m g_ñ o_Yrb {d{eï>nyU©

g_ñ`m _mZbr OmVo.

ii) eoVr H$gÊ`mMr OwZrnÕV d OwZr AdOmao :

^maVr` eoVH$ar AOyZhr OwÝ`m Am{U dS>rbm{O©V na§naobm {MH$Qy>Z Amho. nydunmgyZ MmbV Amboë`m

nÕVr Vo ~XbÊ`mg V`ma ZmhrV. O{_ZrMr _emJV noaUr AdOmao BË`mXr dmS>dS>rbnmgyZ gwê$ Agboë`m Jmoï>r

Ë`m§Zr ~Xbboë`m ZmhrV. ^maVr` eoVH$ar AOyZhr OwÝ`m nÕVrZo eoVrMr _emJV H$aVmV noaUrXoIrb OwÝ`m

nÕVrZo hmoVo. O{_ZrMr Zm§JaUrhr AOyZhr OwÝ`m bmH$S>r AdOmamZo hmoVo. `m Zm§JamZo O_rZ OmñV Imob Zm§Jabr

OmV Zmhr Ë`m_wio eoVrVyZ H$_r CËnmXZ {_iVo. ^maVmVrb O{_ZrMm CVma gd© {R>H$mUr gmaIm Zmhr. `mH$arVm

O{_ZrÀ`m MT>CVmamZwgma Zm§JaÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV ~Xb H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nU ^maVr` eoVH$ar `mV ~Xb

H$arV ZmhrV.

iii) ^m½`dmXr Am{U ê$T>r{à` eoVH$ar :

^maVr` eoVH$ar Amnë`m n[al_mnojm Amnë`m X¡dmda Am{U Amnë`m OwÝ`m ê$T>r na§naoda {dídmg

R>odVmV Ë`m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s X¡dmV {b{hbobo AgVo VoM hmoVo. åhUyZM Amnë`m eoVrÀ`m OwÝ`m ê$T>r-na§nam

`m§Zm gmoS>Ê`mg V`ma ZmhrV. ^maVr` eoVH$ar X¡ddmXr Agë`mZo Vo d{S>bm{O©V Jmoï>rÀ`m AmYmaoM eoV H$aVmV.

iv) eoVrH$S>o CXa {Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ

^maVr` eoVH$ar AmOhr eoVrH$S>o Ho$di M[aVmWm©Mo gmYZ åhUyZ nmhVmV nmpíM_mË` XoemV Á`mà_mUo

ì`mnmar nÕVrZo eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV oVo, Vgo Amnë`mH$S>o ì`mnmar nÕVrZo eoVrH$S>o nm{hbo OmV Zmhr.

eoVrVyZ XmoZ qH$dm VrZ {nHo$ KoUo OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ H$mT>Uo _mJUrZwgma CËnmXZmV ~Xb H$aUo, BË`mXr

AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo eoVr hmoV Zmhr.

v) eoVr g§emoYZ :

^maVr` eoVr ì`dgm`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV emór` Am{U `m§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. eoVmVyZ

^aKmog nrH$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gwYmabobo ~r-{~`mUo V`ma H$aUo ZdrZ §ÌmMm emoY bmdUo. amgm`{ZH$ d g|Ðr`

IVo dmnaÊ`mMo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, hdm_mZmZwgma d O{_ZrÀ`m àVrZwgma ZdrZ {nHo$ emoYyZ H$mT>Uo, {nH$m§Mo g§ajU

d Mm§Jbr dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo `m Aem àH$maÀ`m Jmoï>tMr Amdí`H$Vm ^maVr` eoVH$è`mg Amho.

vi) y{_YmaUm{YH$ma nÕVr :

Amnë`m XoemV H$mhr ^mJmV O{_ZXmar nÕVr ApñVÎdmV hmoVr. Ë`m {R>H$mUr O_rZ H$gUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm

_mbH$s h¸$ Zgë`m_wio eoVr_Ü o OmñV ^m§S>db Jw§VdUo AWdm eoVrV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>dmdo Aer

BÀN>m eoVH$è`m§Zm hmoV Zgo. n`m© mZo eoVrV gwYmaUm Pmë`m ZmhrV Ë`mMà_mUo "H$gob Ë`mMr O_rZ' `m VÎdmZwgma

O_rZ H$gUmè`mbm _mbH$s h¸$ {_imbo Agbo Var n¡gm, gmYZgm_J«r A{YH$ CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm `m

Jmoï>tÀ`m A^mdm_wio eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mg _XV Pmbr Zmhr.

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6.2.3 ñd §AÜ``ZmMo àíZ

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) ^maVr` eoVO{_ZrMm AmH$ma gamgar ..... hoŠQ>a Amho.

(2.6, 5.5, 11, 29)

2) ..... H$m`ÚmÀ`m AmYmao _wbm§À`m ~amo~a _wbrZmhr O{_Zrdarb h¸$ àmá hmoVmo.

(Hw$iH$m`Xm, dmagmh¸$, órh¸$, ~mbh¸$)

3) ..... `m H$m`ÚmZwgma O_rZ H$gUmè`m eoVH$è`mbm _mbH$s h¸$ àmá hmoVmo.

(dmagmh¸$, Hw$iH$m`Xm, H$gob Ë`mMr O_rZ, O_rZh¸$)

6.2.4 H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vo{df`H$ g_ñ`m …

^maVr` H¥$fr ì`dgm` Obqg{MV àXoe dJiVm AÚmnhr _mJmgboë`m AdñWoV Amho. Ë`m_wio eoVr

CËnmXH$Vo{df`r {d{dY g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vboë`m bmoH$m§Mr XaS>moB© CËnmXZmMr

j_Vm BVa Xoem§À`m VwbZoZo \$maM H$_r Amho. O_©Zr, Ý wPrb§S> àË oH$s 3500 S>m°bg©, B§½b§S> 2100 S>m°bg©,

g§ wŠV g§ñWmZo 2500 S>m°bg© Va Ho$di 110 S>m°bg©. VgoM H¥${f AmYm[aV CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmam

H$ƒm _mbm `mM joÌmVyZ oVmo. na§Vw Aem ZJXr {nH$m§Mo à_mU d CËnmXZhr \$maM H$_r Amho. AÚmnhr

bmJdS>rbm`H$ joÌmÀ`m 70 Q>ŠHo$ joÌ AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ~amMgm ñd §nyU© Pmbm Amho. VWm{n H$mhr doim

à{VHy$b hdm_mZm_wio, {nH$m§darb amoJamB©_wio YmÝ`moËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo. Vob{~`m§Mo CËnmXZ JaOoÀ`m _mZmZo \$ma

H$_r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr Am`mV H$amdr bmJVo. AemàH$mao darbà_mUo, Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m, Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m,

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Am{U CËnmXH$Vo{df`H$ g_ñ`m Aem {d{dY g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Agë`m_wio H¥${f

{dH$mgmMm Ano{jV doJ AÚmnhr JmR>Vm Ambm Zmhr.

6.2.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ …

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) ^maVr` H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vboë`m bmoH$m§Mr XaS>moB© CËnmXH$Vm ........... S>m°bg© Amho.

( 110, 3500, 2100, 2500 )

2) ^maVmV bmJdS>rbm`H$ joÌmn¡H$s ................ Q>ŠHo$ joÌ AÞYmÝ` {nH$mImbr Amho.

( 25, 70, 40, 80 )

6.2.5 ^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm`

(Remedies of the problems of Indian Agriculture) :

^maV hm EH$ H¥${fàYmZ Xoe Amho. XoemVrb 70 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$ nyU©nUo eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. nU

^maVmV BVa Xoem§à_mUo {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr. nmpíM_mÎ` qH$dm BVa XoemV Oer ZdrZ ZdrZ nÕVrZo eoVr hmoV

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Amho. Ë`mà_mUo ^maVmV eoVr hmoV Zmhr. ^maVmMr bmoH$g§»`m gmVË`mZo dmT>V Amho. `m dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§» obm

AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m hmoÊ`mH$[aVm AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ dmT>Uo OéarMo Amho. ^maVmVrb ~aoMgo CÚmoJ eoVrda

Adb§~yZ AmhoV. gwVr H$mnS>, gmIa, Á yQ>, Vob BË`mXr CÚmoJm§Zm eoVrVyZ H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm nwadR>m hmoVmo. `m

CÚmoJm§Mr A{YH$ àJVr hmoÊ`mH$[aVm eoVr_mbmMo CËnmXZ dmT>Uo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. `mH$[aVm ^maVmVrb eoVrV

gwYmaUm H$ê$Z dfm©VyZ XmoZ Vo VrZ {nHo$ KoVbr nm{hOoV. nU øm Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m g_ñ`m

gmoS>{dÊ`mMo H$mhr Cnm` Imbrbà_mUo AË §V _hÎdmMo AmhoV.

1) O{_ZrMr Yyn Wm§~{dUo …

_¥Xm Yyn hm ^maVr` H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrb EH$ J§ ra àíZ Amho. {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr _¥Xm Yyn hmoV am{hbr

Va O{_ZrMo daMo gwnrH$ Wa Zmhrgo hmoD$Z Ago àXoe ewîH$ Am{U AmogmS> hmoVrb åhUyZ _¥Xm Yyn Wm§~{dUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. _¥Xm Yyn Wm§~{dÊ`mMo H$mhr _hÎdmMo Cnm` nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

i) d¥jmamonU / ZdrZ O§Jbm§Mr {Z{_©Vr … XoemVrb nrH$ dmT>rg AaÊ o àË`j[aË`m _XV H$aVmV.

åhUyZ dZg§ajU d dZg§dY©ZmMr Oéar AgVo. Ë`mÑï>rZo 1950 nmgyZ ^maV gaH$maZo dZ _hmoËgd gwé Ho$bm

Amho. `m `moOZoV\}$ eoVrg A`mo½` AgUmè`m O{_Zr_Ü o gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU {d^mJmV\}$ d¥jm§Mr bmJdS>

Ho$br OmVo. dZñnVtÀ`m AmÀN>mXZm_wio hdm_mZ g_ amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. dmVmdaUmV gmnoj AmЩVm

Am{U nO©Ý`mMo à_mU dmT>Vo. nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m {Z`{_V hmoVmo. _¥Xm Yyn H$_r hmoVo. àXoemMm H$moaS>onUm Am{U

{df_ hdm_mZmMr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoVo. AZoH$ àH$maMo H¥$_r H$sQ>H$, gyú_ Ord OrdmUy _mVrda OJVmV Am{U

dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rg _XV H$aVmV. _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z O{_ZrMm Amobmdm H$m`_ amhVmo. {nH$m§Zm H$moaS>çm hdm_mZH$mimV,

Vbmd {dhrar, Pè`m§Zm nmUr CnbãY hmoVo.

ii) eoVmV ~m§Y KmbUo … O{_Zrda CVma Agë`mg O{_Zrdê$Z dmhUmè`m àdmhm_wio O{_ZrMr

Yyn hmoVo. Aem eoVmV CVmamÀ`m {XeoZo ~m§Y KmVë`mg C§M ^mJmH$Sy>Z dmhmV oUmar _mVr Jmi BË`mXr nXmW©

H$_r C§MrÀ`m ^mJmV gmMyZ O{_ZrMm CVma H$_r hmoD$Z gmYmaU gnmQ> hmoVo. O_rZ g_nmVirV Ambr åhUOo

àdmh {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoUo Wm§~Vo. ^maVmV O{_ZrMr Yyn Wm§~{dÊ`mH$[aVm `m nÕVrda

OmñV ^a XoÊ`mV oV Amho. `mH$[aVm XoemV _¥Xg§YmaU {d^mJmMr (Soil Conservation Department)

ñWmnZm Pmbr Amho. `m ImË`m_m\©$V XoemVrb OmñVrV OmñV O{_Zrda ~m§Y KmbÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

iii) ZÚmda ~m§Y KmbUo … ZÚm§À`m nmÊ`m_wio O{_ZrMr PrO hmoVo. åhUyZ ZÚm§À`m daÀ`m ^mJmV

~m§Y KmVë`mg nmÊ`mMm doJ _§XmdyZ O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoUo Wm§~Vo `mH$[aVm ^maV gaH$maZo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm_YyZ

ZÚm§da _moR>_moR>r YaUo ~m§Ybr AmhoV. CXm. ^mH«$m ZmZJb, Xm_moXa àH$ën, {hamHy$S> àH$ën, H$mo Zm àH$ën

BË`mXr àH$ënm_wio nya{Z §ÌU hmoD$Z _¥XoMr Yyn Wm§~{dÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.

iv) nm`è`m nm`è`mMr eoVr H$aUo … nd©V CVmamda qH$dm Q>oH$S>çm§À`m CVmamda nm`è`m IUVmV.

Ë`m_wio _¥XoMm AgUmam Vrd« CVma H$_r hmoVmo d _¥XoMr Yyn H$_r hmoVo. Aem àH$maMr eoVr Amgm_, _oKmb`,

ZmJmb±S>, {Ìnwam, {h_mMb àXoe, CÎma àXoemMm CÎma ^mJ BË`mXr ^mJmV Ho$br OmVo.

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v) ^Q>Š`m eoVrda {Z §ÌU … gÜ`m H$moUË`mhr O§Jb wŠV ^mJmV gaH$maÀ`m nadmZJr{edm`

^Q>H$s eoVr H$aVm oV Zmhr. Á`m {R>H$mUr nydu ^Q>H$s eoVr hmoVr Vr ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM Á`m {R>H$mUr

AaÊ o hmoVr Vr g§a{jV Ho$br AmhoV. ^Q>H$s eoVr H$aÊ`mg H$m`ÚmZo ~§Xr KmVbr Amho.

vi) àdmhmÀ`m H$mQ>H$moZmV Zm§JaUr … Zm§JaUrÀ`m nÕVrdahr O{_ZrMr Yyn Adb§~yZ AgVo.

O{_Zrdarb àdmh Á`m {XeoZo dmhmVmV Ë`m§Zm g_m§Va Zm§JaUr Ho$ë`mg O{_ZrMr Yyn A{YH$ à_mUmV hmoVo. na§Vw

àdmhmÀ`m H$mQ>H$moZmV qH$dm g_moÀ`Vm aofm§À`m {XeoZo Zm§JaUr Ho$ë`mg O{_ZrMr Yyn hmoUo H$_r hmoVo.

vii) MamD$ O{_ZrÀ`m ì`dpñWV Cn`moJ … Á`m O{_Zrda JdVmMo AmÀN>mXZ AgVo Ë`m O{_ZrMr

Yyn hmoV Zmhr. Aem O{_Zrdarb JdVmMm ì`dpñWV Cn`moJ Pmbm nm{hOo. H$mhr ^mJmV MamD$ O{_ZrV _moR>çm

à_mUmV OZmdao gmoS>br OmVmV. hr OZmdao JdV ImD$Z Q>mH$VmV. {edm` Ë`m§À`m nm`mZo O_rZ CH$abr H$ê$

Z o Agm hmoV Zmhr. nU MamD$ y_rMm `mo½` àH$mao Cn`moJ Pmbm nm{hOo.

viii) aoVr{_lrV IS>r nga{dUo … A{Ve` H$_r nO©Ý`_mZ AgUmè`m àXoemV eoVm§_Ü o aoVr{_lrV

IS>rMm Wa ngadmdm. `m_wio nmdgmMo nmUr O{_ZrV emofbo OmVo, Amobmdm amIbm OmVmo d O{_ZrMr Yynhr

Wm§~Vo. `m nÕVrbm Pebble Mulch Ago åhUVmV. AmogmS> àXoemV hr nÕVr _hÎdmMr AgVo.

ix) _mVr Yê$Z R>odUmè`m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aUo … dmQ>mUm, Ádmar, ~mOar, ha^am, H$S>YmÝ o

d Mmè`mÀ`m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$ë`mg `m§Mr _wio _mVr YéZ R>odVmV. `m_wio _¥XoMr Yyn Wm§~dVm oVo.

x) `mo½` IVm§Mm dmna H$aUo … ^maV gaH$maZo eoVH$è`m§Zm `mo½` XamZo IV XoÊ`mMr gmo Ho$bobr

Amho. eoVrgmR>r g|{Ð` d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm `mo½` dmna Ho$ë`mg _¥XoMr Yyn hmoUma Zmhr. {deofV… Á`m O{_ZrV

EH$M {nH$ dma§dma KoVbo OmVo d OoWo ObqgMZmMm dmna OmñV hmoVmo Aem _¥Xog IVm§Mm dmna Ho$ë`mg _¥XoMr

Yyn Wm§~y eH$Vo. AemàH$mao Cnm`m§Zr _¥XoMr Yyn {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. `mbmM _¥XoMo g§YmaU (soil

conservation) Ago åhUVmV.

2) O_rZ H¥$fr`mo½` ~Z{dUo …

^maVmVrb H¥$fr A`mo½` O{_ZrMo joÌ OmñV Amho hr O_rZ H¥$fr`mo½` Ho$ë`mg ^maVmV H¥$frMm A{YH$

{dH$mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo. {Za{Zamù`m §Ìgm_wJ«rZo O_rZ gnmQ> H$éZ {VMr Zm§JaUr Ho$ë`mg Ë`m O{_Zrda {nH$ KoVm

oB©b. `mH$[aVm emgZmZo nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z XoemVrb A`mo½` y_r H¥$fr `mo½` H$éZ ¿`mdr. CÎma àXoemV hpñVZmnya

d H$mernya {OëømVrb A`mo½` O{_ZrMo ê$nm§Va eoV O{_ZrV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. BVa amÁ`m§Zrhr Aem àH$maÀ`m

`moOZm AmIë`m AmhoV.

3) CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUm§Mm nwadR>m …

^maVm_Yrb ~è`mMem eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z H$_r àVrÀ`m ~r-{~`mÊ`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo

dmnaë`mg {nH$mMo 4 Vo 5 nQ>rZo CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. ^maVr` H¥$fr AZwg§YmZ _m\©$V {Za{Zamù`m àXoemg `mo½` R>aUmar

gwYm[aV d amoJ{damoYH$ ~r-{~`mUo V`ma Ho$br OmVmV. 1966-67 nmgyZ Cƒ n¡Xmg ~r-{~`mUo H$m ©H«$_ (High

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Yielding Varieties Programme) ^maV gaH$maZo hmVr KoVbm Amho. `mgmR>r amï>r` {~`mUo _hm_§S>i ñWmnZ

Ho$bo Amho d amÁ`ñVamdahr m _hm_§S>imMo H$m © MmbVo. gÜ`m Amnë`mH$S>o H$mnyg, D$g, Vm§Xyi, Ádmar BË`mXrH$[aVm

gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo WmoS>çm à_mUmV oV AmhoV. `m {~`mUm§Mm A{YH$ àgma hmoUo AË §V OéarMo Amho.

4) jma wŠV d Amåbr O{_ZrMr gwYmaUm …

^maVmV jma wŠV d Amåbr O{_ZrMo joÌ Iyn Amho. `m O{_Zrda {nHo$ oV ZmhrV. `mH$[aVm `m O{_ZrMr

gwYmaUm hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m O{_Zrg _moR>çm à_mUmV IVm§Mm nwadR>m Pmbm Va `m O{_ZrVrb jmam§Mo à_mU

H$_r hmoVo. `m O{_ZrVrb jma ImbÀ`m WamV {ZKyZ Joë`mg O_rZ eoVrg Cn wŠV hmoVo qH$dm {d{eð> nÜXVrZo

O{_ZrVrb jma H$mTy>Z KoVë`mg VoWo {nHo$ KoVm oVmV. O{_Zrg H$mhr IVo nwa{dë`mg Ë`mVrb jmam§Mo à_mU H$_r

hmoVo. Aem O{_Zrda OmñV jma ghZ H$aUmar {nHo$ KoVë`mg Ë`m O{_ZrVyZ OmñV CËnmXZ {_iy eH$Vo.

5) amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm _`m©{XV dmna :

amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm _`m©{XV dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Mm gm§JUo H$maU amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m A_`m©X

dmnam_wio _¥XoV KmVH$ {dfmar agm`Zm§Mo à_mU dmTy>Z Ë`m Zm{nH$ ~ZVmV. åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm eoUIV, Jm§Sy>iIV

`m§À`m dmnam~Ôb _m{hVr XoUo ømMr Cn wŠVVm nQ>dyZ XoUo.

6) {nH$m§darb amoJmMo {Z_y©bZ …

^maVmV {Za{Zamù`m {nH$m§da nS>Umè`m amoJm§Mo à_mU OmñV Amho. {nH§$mda H$sS> nSy>Z nrH$ Zmhrgo hmoVo

qH$dm Ë`mMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZmda hmoVmo. {nH$m§da amoJ nSy> Z o åhUyZ R>am{dH$ doimÀ`m A§VamZo Am¡fY \$dmaUr

H$amdr hr Am¡fY \$dmaUr bmJUmar CnH$aUo CnbãY H$éZ {Xbr nm{hOoV Ë`mMà_mUo eoVH$è`m§Zmhr Am¡fYo

H$er dmnamdr `m{df`r _m{hVr {Xbr nm{hOo. Aem àH$mao {nH$m§da amoJà{V~§YH$ Am¡fY \$dmaUr Ho$ë`mg d

{nH$mda nS>Umè`m {H$Q>H$m§Mm Zm`ZmQ> Ho$ë`mg ^maVmVrb à{VhoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ Iyn dmT>ob.

7) ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r …

^maVmV gÜ`m Agboë`m ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r Anwè`m AmhoV åhUyZ ObqgMZmMm A{YH$ àgma hmoUo

AJË`mMo Amho. AmnU \$ŠV 15 Q>ŠHo$ nmUr dmnaVmo. ~mH$sMo 85 Q>ŠHo$ nmUr dm`m OmVo. ho dm`m OmUmao nmUr

~m§Y YaUo BË`mXrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo AS>dyZ Ë`mMm eoVrH$[aVm Cn`moJ Pmbm nm{hOo. Z¡g{J©H$ Vbmd qH$dm gamodamMo

nmUr N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm MmarÛmao OdiÀ`m ^mJmV nwa{dë`mg eoVrMr àJVr hmoB©b. eoVH$è`m§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$éZ

{d{hatMm àgma H$aVm oVmo. {dhrar hm KaJwVr ObqgMZmMm àH$ma Amho. `mÛmao ~arM O_rZ AmobrV H$aVm oVo.

{edm` {R>H${R>H$mUr ZiHy$n (Tube Wells) IUyZ Ë`mÛmao nwadR>m H$aVm oVmo.

8) VwH$S>o~§Xr d VwH$S>o{df`H$ H$m`Xo …

^maVr` eoVH$è`mg emn R>aboë`m eoVrÀ`m {d^mOZm{déÜX H$mhr H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma

EH$m eoVH$è`mMo IoS>çmÀ`m Mmahr {Xeobm {dIwaboë`m O{_ZrMo gd© VwH$S>o EH${ÌV AmUyZ EH$ gKZ YmaU

joÌ V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. `m nÜXVrV {Za{Zamù`m eoVH$è`mÀ`m _mbH$sMo bhmZ eoVmMr XodmU-KodmU H$ê$Z àË oH$

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eoVH$è`mg Ë`mÀ`m O{_ZrÀ`m EH$m {R>H$mUMm gbJ nÅ>m {_idyZ {Xbm OmVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo EopÀN>H$ d gŠVrZo

EH${ÌH$aUm~m~V H$m`Xo {Za{Zamù`m amÁ`m§Zr Ho$bobo AmhoV. _hmamï´>, n§Om~, amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe `m amÁ`m§Zr

`m g§~§Yr ~arM àJVr Ho$br Amho.

9) eoVrÀ`m OwÝ`m nÜXVr d AdOmam§V ~Xb H$aUo …

^maVmV AOyZhr ~aoM eoVH$ar OwÝ`m nÜXVrZo eoVr H$aVmV. O{_ZrMr _emJV noaUr BË`mXr Jmoï>r AmOhr

nyduÀ`m ê$T>rZwgma H$aÊ`mV oVmV. ~aoMgo eoVH$ar OwZr bmH$S>mMr AdOmao dmnaVmV. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrVyZ CËnmXZ

\$ma H$_r hmoVo. åhUyZ A{bH$S>rb ZdZdrZ §Ìgm_J«rMm àgma Pmbm nm{hOo. VgoM ^maVmV AÚmnhr EH$M

nrH$ KoÊ`mMr àWm Amho. A{YH$m{YH$ O_rZ ~mJm`Vr {nH$m§Imbr AmUyZ dfm©VyZ XmoZ Vo VrZ {nHo$ KoÊ`mÀ`m

Ñï>rZo à`ËZ Pmbo nm{hOoV.

10) eoVH$è`m§Zm ^m§S>db nwadR>m :

^maVr` eoVH$ar Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Odi n¡gm Zgë`m_wio Vmo ZdrZ AdOmao KoD$

eH$V Zmhr. VgoM gwYmarV ~r-{~`mUo d IVm§Mm dmna H$é eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë`mg H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m

hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

11) A{YH$ CËnmXZmda nwañH$ma …

emgZmZo eoVH$s àXe©Zo Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z A{YH$ CËnmXZ H$mT>Umè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm ~{jgo ÚmdrV. `m

nÕVrZo eoVH$è`mV ñnYm© dmTy>Z eoVrMr gwYmaUm hmoVo d CËnmXZ dmT>Vo.

12) Mm§Jë`m OmVrÀ`m ney§Mr dmT> …

^maVmVrb eoVH$ar O{_ZrÀ`m _emJVrH$[aVm OZmdam§Mm dmna H$aVmV hr OZmdao H$_Omoa AgVmV

åhUyZ Mm§Jë`m OmVrÀ`m ney§Mr dmT> Pmbr nm{hOo.

13) àm¡T> {ejUmMm àgma …

^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ eoVH$ar AkmZr Am{U OwZo _VdmXr AmhoV. `mH$[aVm XoemV àm¡T> {ejUmMm àgma

Pmbm nm{hOo. VgoM J«m_rU ^mJmV dmMZmb o ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m dmMZmb`mV eoVrg§~§Yr nwñVHo$ R>odmdrV.

14) eoVH$s emim d H¥$fr _hm{dÚmb`mV eoVH$è`m§À`m _wbm§Zm {ejU …

^maVmVrb bhmZ eoVH$è`m§À`m _wbm§Zm eoVH$s emioV Am{U H¥$fr _hm{dÚmb`mV ^aVr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm

{ejU XoÊ`mV Ambo nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zm eoVrÀ`m nÕVr ZdZdrZ {~`mUo BË`mXr g§~§YrMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mV `mdr.

`mH$[aVm XoemV emim Am{U _hm{dÚmb`mMm àgma hmoUo AJË`mMo Amho.

15) {nH$ {d_m `moOZm …

^maVmVrb eoVrMo nya, XwîH$mi, amoJamB© `m_wio Iyn ZwH$gmZ hmoVo Vo ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {nH${d_m `moOZoMm

bm^ eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§gmR>r {nH$ {d_m `moOZm bmJy Ho$br Amho.

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16) ~mOmanoR> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo …

gaH$maZo eoVr_mbmg ~mOmanoR> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$ê$Z àË`jmV A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo

VgoM eoVH$è`m§Mr \$gdUyH$ Xbmb H$aUma ZmhrV. `m ~m~VrV gaH$maZo Cnm` `moOmdoV.

17) eoVr_mbmgmR>r h_r ^md R>a{dUo …

^maVr` eoVH$ar H$m~mS>H$ï> H$ê$Z eoVr H$aVmo. eoVrVyZ {nH$mMo Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ H$mT>Vmo. Ë`mZ§Va eoV_mb

OdiÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV KoD$Z OmVmo VoWo Xbmb, _Ü`ñW eoV_mbmMm Xa R>adVmV. Ë`mVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mbmMr

CËnmXZ qH$_V gwÕm {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mVyZM eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar hmoVmo. àg§Jr AmË_hË`m H$aVmo. åhUyZ gaH$maZo

eoV_mbmgmR>r h_r^md R>adyZ Ë`m XamZo YmÝ` IaoXr H$aUo.

18) eoVr g§emoYZ …

eoVr~m~VrVë`m g§emoYZmgmR>r gaH$maZo ^aKmog {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z Ë`mg§~§Yr CÎmoOZ XoUo JaOoMo

Amho. {~«{Q>em§Mr 150 dfmªÀ`m Amnë`m amOdQ>rV ^maVr` eoVrì`dgm`mV gwYmaUm ìhmdr Ago à`ËZ Ho$bo

ZmhrV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr AW©ì`dñWoMm _wbmYma AgUmè`m `m ì`dgm`mH$S>o àJVrgmR>r OmoaXma à`ËZ Pmbo

ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio oWyZ nwT>o gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo, amgm`{ZV IVo, ZdrZ §Ìo, bhmZ YaU `moOZm BË`mXrgmR>r à`ËZ

H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. eoVr g§emoYZ Am{U eoVH$ar {dH$mg `mH$S>o bj XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

19) OmoS> ì`dgm` …

eoVr ì`dgm`mbm OmoS>Y§Xo åhUyZ, Xw½Yì`dgm`, Hw$ w$Q>nmbZ ì`dgm`, {Z_m©U ìhmdoV åhUyZ Vem àH$maMo

à{ejU eoVH$è`m§Zm XoUo. `m ì`dgm`mgmR>r AënXamV ì`mO, g~{gS>r XoD$Z H$O© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

20) eoVH$ar _oimì`m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo …

eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVrjoÌmV Pmboë`m g§emoYZmMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r VmbwH$m ñVamda eoVH$ar _oimdo ^a{dUo

H¥$fr àXe©ZmMo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z _m{hVr XoUo.

21) H¥$fr godm H|$ÐmMr C^maUr H$aUo …

eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr{df`H$ g„m, _mJ©Xe©Z d godm XoÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr godm H|$ÐmMr C^maUr H$aUo.

22) eoVrVÁkm§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z …

AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r VÁk eoVrVÁkm§Mr ì`m»`mZo eoVH$è`m§gmR>r Am`mo{OV H$aUo d

àË`j eoVrda OmD$Z _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.

6.2.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmMo àíZ …

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) XoemVrb nrH$ dmT>rgmR>r AaÊ o .......... _XV H$aVmV.

(AàË`j[aË`m, àË`j[aË`m, ghO[aË`m, ^anya)

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2) 1950 nmgyZ ^maV gaH$maZo dZg§ajU d dZg§dY©ZmgmR>r ............ gwê$ Ho$bm Amho.

(dZrH$aU, dZ_hmoËgd, O§JbVmoS>, {Zd©ZrH$aU)

3) nd©Vr` àXoemVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn H$_r hmoÊ`mgmR>r àdmhmÀ`m ............ Zm§JaUr H$amdr.

(gImob, àdmhmÀ`m {XeoZo, g_m§Va, H$mQ>H$moZmV)

4) gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo dmnaë`mg {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ ............ Vo ............ nQ>rZo dmT>Vo.

(4 Vo 5, 10 Vo 15, 1 Vo 2, 20 Vo 25)

5) amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm ........ dmna Ho$ë`mg _¥XoV {dfmar agm`ZmMo à_mU dmTy>Z Ë`m ZmnrH$ ~ZVmV.

(_`m©{XV, H$_r, A_`m©{XV, ZJÊ`)

6) XoemV CnbãY AgUmè`m nmÊ`mn¡H$s \$ŠV ........... Q>ŠHo$M nmUr AmnU dmnaVmo.

( 15, 50, 80, 30 )

6.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX …

_mÝgyZ … _mog_r nmD$g

Yyn … O{_ZrMo daMo Wa {ZKyZ OmUo

nmoV … ~ZmdQ>

MmXaYyn … dmhUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m bmQ>o~amo~a O{_ZrMo Wa dmhÿZ OmVmV.

KiB© Yyn … nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar {dñVrU© d Imob ImMao

IiJo Yyn … _wgiYma nO©Ý`d¥îQ>r_wio O{_Zrbm bhmZ _moR>o ImM IiJo nS>VmV.

Ý`yÝ`m{YH$Vm … V\$mdV

øy_g … dZñnVr d àmÊ`m§À`m Adeofm§nmgyZ _¥Xobm CnbãY hmoUmar g|{Ð` Ðì o

6.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

6.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) H¥$fr, 2) 70, 3) _mÝgyZ, 4) ImÚ, 5) JwOamV

6.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) {Zanoj, 2) 20 Q>ŠHo$

6.2.3 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) 2.6, 2) dmagmhŠH$, 3) H$gob Ë`mMr O_rZ

6.2.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) 110, 2) 70

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6.2.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) AàË`j[aË`m, 2) dZ_hmoËgd, 3) H$mQ>H$moZmV,

4) 4 Vo 5, 5) A_`m©{XV, 6) 15

6.5 gmam§e …

^maV hm H¥$fràYmZ AW©ì`dñWm Agbobm Xoe åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. na§Vw OJmVrb BVa Xoemà_mUo

eoVrMm \$magm {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr, `mMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV. Ë`m§ZmM AmnU ^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m åhUVmo.

`m g_ñ`m Z¡g{J©H$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ ñVam§da AmhoV.

Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m … hdm_mZ, yn¥ð>aMZm, O{_ZrMr Yyn, jma wŠV O_rZ, _hmnya, {nH$m§da nS>Umar H$sS>

`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m … eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç, Anwao ^m§S>db, ObqgMZmÀ`m Anwè`m gmo`r, eoVrÀ`m

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm A^md, IVm§Mm H$_r à_mUmV dmna, ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^md, ~r-{~`mUm§Mm AWdm dmhVwH$sÀ`m

Anwè`m gmo r, O§VyZmeHo$ d H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$.

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m … eoVO{_ZrMo {d^mOZ, eoVr H$gÊ`mMr OwZr nÕVr Am{U OwZr Am¡Omao, ^m½`dmXr

Am{U éT>r{à` eoVH$ar, eoVrH$S>o CXa {Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, y{_YmaUm{YH$ma nÕVr.

H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vo{df`H$ g_ñ`m … H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vboë`m bmoH$m§Mr XaS>moB© CËnmXZmMr j_Vm

H$_r.

^maVr` H¥$fr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo Cnm` …

_¥Xm Yyn Wm§~{dUo … d¥jmamonU, eoVmV ~m§Y KmbUo, ZÚm§da ~m§Y KmbUo, nm`è`m nm`è`m§Mr eoVr

H$aUo, ^Q>Š`m eoVrda {Z §ÌU, àdmhmÀ`m H$mQ>H$moZmV Zm§JaUr, MamD$ O{_ZrMm ì`dpñWV Cn`moJ, aoVr{_{lV

IS>r nga{dUo, `mo½` IVm§Mm dmna.

O_rZ H¥$fr `mo½` ~Z{dUo, CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUm§Mm nwadR>m jma wŠV Amåbr O{_ZrMr gwYmaUm, amgm`{ZH$

IVm§Mm _`m©{XV dmna, {nH$m§darb amoJm§Mo {Z_y©bZ ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r, VwH$S>o~§Xr d VwH$S>o{df`H$ H$m`Xo

^m§S>db nwadR>m, àm¡T>{ejUmMm n«gma, Mm§Jë`m OmVrÀ`m ney§Mr dmT>, H¥$fr _hm{dÚmb`mV eoVH$è`m§À`m _wbm§Zm

àdoe, {nH$ {d_m `moOZm, ~mOmanoR> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, eoVrg§emoYZ, H¥$fr godm H|$Ðm§Mr {Z{_©Vr B. `m Cnm`m§Mm

Adb§~ Ho$bm Va eoVrVrb CËnmXZ dmTy> eHo$b.

6.6 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ :

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr {bhm.

1) ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m g_ñ`m gm§JyZ àË oH$mMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr {bhm.

2) ^maVmVrb _¥Xm Yyn hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo gm§Jm.

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3) ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m gm§Jm.

4) ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m gm§JyZ àË oH$mMr _m{hVr Úm.

5) ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm§Jm.

6) ^maVr` H¥$frÀ`m g_ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` gwMdm.

~) WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) ^maVmVrb O{_ZrMr Yyn : EH$ H¥$fr g_ñ`m.

2) ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ g_ñ`m

3) ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m

4) ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m gm_{OH$ g_ñ`m

5) ^maVr` eoVrMr eoVrCËnmXH$Vo{df`r g_ñ`m

6) ^maVmVrb H¥$fr g_ñ odarb Cnm`

6.7 joÌr` H$m © :

1) eoVH$è`m§er MMm© H$ê$Z eoVr g_ñ`m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`m.,

2) eoVmda OmdyZ eoVr AdOmam§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`m.

3) àË`j eoVrda OmdyZ _emJVrÀ`m nÜXVr g_OyZ ¿`m.

4) nmdgmù`mV S>m|Ja CVmamda OmdyZ àË`j hmoUmar Yyn g_OyZ ¿`m.

5) Amobm d H$moaS>m XwîH$mim~m~V d¥ÎmnÌmVrb H$mÌUm§Mm g_yh H$am.

6.8 A{YH$À`m dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ …

1) àm. Ho$. Ao. IVr~ ^maVmMm H¥$fr yJmob, AO~ nwñVH$mb`, H$moëhmnya.

2) S>m°. {dÇ>b Kmanyao H¥$fr yJmob, {n§nimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya

3) àm. Eg. ìhr. T>mHo$ H¥$fr yJmob, àem§V npãbHo$eÝg, OiJm§d

àm. ìhr. Oo. nmQ>rb

àm. Eg. EZ. ^ma§~o

4) àm. Ho$. E_. Ho$Mo ^maVr` H¥$fr - y{dkmZ

àm. E. ~r. gdXr gr. O_ZmXmg Am{U H§$nZr

5) àm. E. ~r. gdXr _hmamï´>, {Zambr àH$meZ

lll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 7

AmYw{ZH$ eoVr

7.0 C{Ôï>ço

7.1 àñVmdZm

7.2 {df` {ddoMZ

7.2.1 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm eoVrda Pmbobm n[aUm_

7.2.2 H¥$fr joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna

7.2.2.1 gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo V§ÌkmZ

7.2.2.2 qgMZ V§ÌkmZ

7.2.2.3 IV V§ÌkmZ

7.2.2.4 J«rZ hmCg V§ÌkmZ

7.2.2.5 g|{Ð` eoVr

7.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

7.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

7.5 gmam§e

7.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

7.7 joÌr` H$m ©

7.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

7.0 C{Ôï>ço …

1) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm H¥$fr joÌmda nS>bobm à^md {eH$Vm oB©b.

2) AmYw{ZH$ eoVr_Ü o gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUm§Mo _hÎd ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

3) ObqgMZm_Yrb AmYw{ZH$ ~Xb Aä`mgVm oVrb.

4) J«rZ hmCg V§ÌkmZmMm eoVr_Yrb dmna ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

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7.1 àñVmdZm :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va OJmV H¥$fr joÌmV _moR>r H«$m§Vr Pmbr. `mM H$mimV gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo, IVo,

H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ `m§À`m {Z{_©Vrg gwédmV Pmbr d eoVrV Ë`m§Mm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVrMo

CËnmXZ AZoH$ nQ>tZr dmT>bo d eoVrMm {dH$mg _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbm.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

eoVr joÌmMm {dH$mg, hm EH§$Xa Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. {deofV… Jar~ d

{dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü o eoVr {dH$mgmbm AZÝ` gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ^maVmÀ`m eoVr joÌmMm {dH$mg hr ^maVr`

g_mO d AW©ì`dñWm `m_Yrb pñWË §VamMr _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m Amho. 20 ì`m eVH$mV OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmV

amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ AZoH$ pñWË §Vao KSy>Z Ambr. n[aUm_r `m gd© Jmoï>tMm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamda \$ma

_moR>m n[aUm_ Pmbm. ^maVmVhr `mMo n[aUm_ {XgyZ oV hmoVo. H$maU CÚmoJ d eoVr ho EH$_oH$mbm nañnanyaH$

AmhoV. àmW{_H$ AdñWoV `m XmoÝhr joÌmVbm ghg§~§Y A{YH$ OdiMm AgVmo. XmoÝhr joÌo nañnam§Zm _XV H$arV

AgVmV. nwT>o Ë`mMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZmda hmoD$Z Am`mV-{Z`m©V `m_Ü o CUo - A{YH$ à_mU AmT>iyZ oVo.

OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamVrb hr n[apñWVr ~Xbbr nm{hOo `mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmar g§KQ>ZoZo 1947 _Ü o

OH$mV Am{U ì`mnma `m g§~§YrMm gd©gmYmaU H$ama Ho$bm. `mbmM J°Q> åhUVmV. na§Vw `m_Ü o eoVr Am{U CÚmoJ

`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUr~m~V ñnï>Vm ZìhVr. `mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r S>m°. AmW©a S>§Ho$b `m§Zr gd©g_mdoeH$ EH$

_gwXm V`ma Ho$bm. `mg "S>§Ho$b àñVmd' åhUVmV. ^maVmZo `m àñVmdmda 1993 gmbr ñdmjar H$ê$Z "Iwë`m

ì`dñWoMo' C\©$ aMZmË_H$ \o$a_m§S>UrMo "{b~abm`PoeZ-H$_-ñQ´>ŠMab-A°S>OoñQ>_|Q>Mo' YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho.

OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ d Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYrÀ`m AmXoemZwgma ^maV gaH$maZo ñdrH$maboë`m n`m©`mMr

{b~abm`PoeZ-H$_-ñQ´>ŠMab-A°S>OoñQ>_|Q>À`m YmoaUmMr AZoH$ A§Jo AmhoV. Vr Aer -

1) nmUr, drO, IVo, nVnwadR>m `m~m~VMr AZwXmZo H«$_mH«$_mZo ~§X Ho$br OmVrb

2) ^maVmVrb H¥$fr CËnmXZm§À`m qH$_Vr OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oVrb qH$_VrÀ`m nmVirda `mì`m `m Ñï>rZo

AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrdarb gd© ~§YZo nyU©V`m Xya Ho$br OmVrb.

3) H¥$fr CËnmXZm§À`m Xwhoar qH$_Vr g§nwï>mV AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gaH$ma H$moUË`mhr AmYma yV qH$_Vr Omhra

H$aÊ`mMo ~§X H$aob.

4) ñdñV YmÝ`mMo gmd©O{ZH$ dmQ>n nÕVrZo {dVaU ~§X Ho$bo OmB©b. \$ma Va AJXr Iè`mIwè`m J[a~m§nwaVoM

Vo _`m©{XV Ho$bo OmB©b.

5) eoVr_Ü o H$m` {nH$dmdo Am{U Vo Hw$R>o {dH$mdo `m~m~VÀ`m eoVH$è`m§À`m {ZdS>rdarb gd© ~§YZo Xya Ho$br

OmVrb.

6) ^maVmV eoVr_mbmda AmYm[aV H¥$fr CÚmoJ C o H$aÊ`mMo A{Z~ªY ñdmV§Í` OJmVrb Hw$Umhr CÚmoOH$mbm

amhrb d Ë`mgmR>r O{_ZrÀ`m H$_mb YmaUodarb H$m`ÚmMr gd© ~§YZo Zï> Ho$br OmVrb.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 7

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OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm gwédmV Pmë`mda H¥$fràYmZ d {dH${gV XoemVrb eoVr_Ü o ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. hm

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm _moR>m n[aUm_ Amho. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb eoVH$ar hm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV

_mJmgbobm Amho. H$maU {ZU© KoÊ`mMr Hw$dV, g§ moOH$Vm, AmXmZm§Mr {ZdS>, `mgma»`m _hËdmÀ`m ~m~rg§~§Yr

^maVr` eoVH$ar _mJgbobm Amho.

h[aVH«$m§VrÀ`m `m Xwgè`m hßË`m_Ü o eoVH$ar H|$Ðq~Xw _mZyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmH$bZ Am{U g§ moOZ H$m¡eë`m_Ü o

dmT> H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {ZgJm©Mo dmMZ, amoJamB©g§~§YrMo kmZ, eoVO_rZ H$gÊ`mMr H$bm, nrH$-g§ajU,

_emJV, _iUr, YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$, {dH«o$` H$bm, ~mOmamMm Aä`mg, gaH$mar YmoaUo d gdbVr `m gd© ñVamdarb

gdªH$f kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ ~Zbo Amho. ^maVmZo J°Q> H$amamMr pñdH¥$Vr H$ê$Z H¥$fr joÌmbm OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oMr

H$dmS>o Iwbr Ho$br. Ë`mMm àË`j d AàË`j n[aUm_ H¥$fr joÌmda Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo …

1) _wŠV ì`mnma d Jw§VdUwH$s_wio OJmVrb gd© Xoem§À`m H¥$fr {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr.

2) H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZ ho ~mOmam{^_wI Pmbo. n[aUm_r ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mJUrà_mUo H¥$fr y_r Cn`moOZoV

~Xb KSy>Z Ambo.

3) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H¥$fr {dH$mgmH$[aVm _moR>çm à_mUmda ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zr ^m§S>db {dH$gZerb

Xoem§Zm {Xë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Pmbm.

4) H¥$fr CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar à`ËZerb am{hë`m_wio H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmMm àMma d àgma _moR>çm

à_mUmda Pmbm.

5) Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_Ü o H¥$fr _mbmMr Am`mV-{Z`m©V _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>br.

6) H¥$fr _mbmMr Am`mV-{Z`m©V dmT>ë`m_wio XiUdiUmÀ`m gmoB© dmT>ë`m d XOm©hr gwYmabm.

7) eoVr_mbmMr ~mOmanoR> ñWm{ZH$ ^mJmnwaVr _`m©{XV Z amhVm {VMo ñdén ì`mnH$ ~Zbo. n[aUm_r _mb

gmR>dUwH$sÀ`m gmoB©-gw{dYm§_Ü o gwYmaUm Pmë`m.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo VmoQ>o …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo eoVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr \$m`Xo hmoVmV. na§Vw Ë`mMo H$mhr VmoQ>ohr AmhoV.

1) H¥$fr CËnmXZmbm _wŠV OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> {_imë`m_wio ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm à^md `m joÌmV OmUdy

bmJbm Amho. IVo, ~r-{~`mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ B. ~m~VrV _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m nwadR>çmda

n[aUm_ hmoD$Z eoVH$ar Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bm Amho.

2) OJmV H$mhr {dH$gZerb XoemV ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zr H$ama eoVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m H§$nÝ`m IVo,

~r-{~`mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mm nwadR>m H$ê$Z eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z {d{eï> {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$ê$Z

KoVmV d Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ AJXr _m\$H$ qH$_Vr_Ü o {dH$V KoVmV. n[aUm_r eoVH$è`mbm \$ŠV _OwamMo

ê$n ody bmJbo Amho. `m_Ü o bhmZ eoVH$ar Zï> hmody bmJbm Amho.

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3) eoVr CËnmXZ ho ~mOmam{^_wI Pmë`mZo ImÚmÞmMo à_mU H$_r-H$_r hmody bmJbo Amho. n[aUm_r {dH$gZerb

Xoem§Zm ImÚmÞmgmR>r Am`mVrda Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJUma Amho.

4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio CÚmoJ joÌmbm A{YH$ MmbZm {_imë`m_wio ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m Amnbo {d{dY CÚmoJ

doJdoJù`m ^mJm_Ü o C o H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV. n[aUm_r àË oH$ CÚmoJmH$[aVm åhUyZ O_rZ CnbãY

H$amdr bmJV Agë`mZo eoVrImbrb O{_ZrMo à_mU {Xdg|{Xdg KQy> bmJbo Amho. Ë`m_wio VoWrb

eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya ho {dñWm{nV hmody bmJbo AmhoV. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~oamoOJmar _moR>çm à_mUmda

dmTy> bmJbr Amho.

Aemà_mao OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm eoVrda n[aUm_ hmody bmJbm Amho.

7.2.2 H¥$fr joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna …

^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë`mnmgyZ gZ 1960 n ªVÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Ü o H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg \$magm Pmbobm

ZìhVm. `mM H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmZo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z BVa nm`m yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda

^a {Xbm. n[aUm_r H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr Zmhr. `mM Jmoï>rMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mMo ~hþamï´>r`

H§$nÝ`m§Zr R>adbo. ^maVmbm OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo d Am§Vaamï>r` ZmUo{ZYrZo AÞYmÝ`mMr ñdV…Mr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r

ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$amdm Aer {e\$mag Ho$br Am{U _w»`V… g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUo (HYV), Ë`mbm Amdí`H$

Aer nmofH$ IVo Am{U O§VyZmeHo$ `m§Mm Adb§~ H$amdm Ago gwM{dbo. Ë`mH$aVm ^maV gaH$maZo Ý y A°J«rH$ëMab

ñQ´>°Q>oOr - ZdrZ H¥$[f{df`H$ ì yhaMZm C^mabr. {VbmM Z§Va "h[aVH«$m§Vr' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m

h[aVH«$m§Vr_wio ^maV AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmV ñd §nyU© Pmbm. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ^maVmVrb eoVH$ar AmYw{ZH$

V§ÌkmZmMm dmna eoVr_Ü o H$ê$ bmJbm.

7.2.2.1 gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo V§ÌkmZ …

^maVmMm H¥$fr {dH$mg hm Iè`m AWm©Zo gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUm§_wio KSy>Z Amë`mMo AmnUmbm {XgyZ oB©b.

H$maU h[aVH«$m§VrMr Iar `epñdVm hr AmYw{ZH$ gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUm§_wio Pmbr. eoVr CËnmXZ ho {VnQ>rZo dmT>bo.

eoVrMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hm Ë`m_wio Pmbm.

A) g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUo (HYV) … … … … …

g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUo (HYV) ho AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmMm EH$ _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. H¥$fr CËnmXZ ho

_w»`ËdoH$ê$Z CËH¥$ï> àVrÀ`m {~`mUm§da Adb§~yZ Amho. CËH¥$ï> ~r-{~`mUm§{edm` H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmVrb AÝ`

KQ>H$m§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm {XgyZ oV Zmhr. åhUyZ H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmVrb AÝ` KQ>H$m§nojm gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mÊ`m§Zm

_hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr V§ÌkmZm_Yrb g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUm§Mo _hËd AmoiIyZ ^maVmZo amï´>r` ~rO

_hm_§S>imMr (National Seed Corporation) ñWmnZm 1963 _Ü o Ho$br. ^maVmVrb {d{dY àm§VmV KoÊ`mV

oUmè`m {Za{Zamù`m {nH$m§gmR>r gwYm[aV g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUm§Mo dmU V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m _hm_§S>imbm

{Xbr. na§Vw {nH$m§_Yrb Z{dZ dmU V`ma H$aÊ`mMr d Ë`mg§~§Yr A{YH$Mo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar XoemVrb

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{d{dY H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>o, g§emoYZ g§ñWm `m§À`mH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr. `m{edm` H$mhr ImOJr g§emoYZ g§ñWm§Zm

~r-{~`mU§m~m~V g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr. CXm. _{hH$mo (MAHYCO) amÁ` nmVirda XoIrb

Aem gaH$mar ~rO _hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZwgma _hmamï´>mV "_hm~rO' `m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm

H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

AemàH$mao gwYm[aV g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUm§Mo dmU gaH$mar, ghH$mar Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§_m\©$V V`ma

H$ê$Z eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV Ho$br.

~) D$Vr g§dY©Z …

S>mir g§dY©ZemñÌ (Tissue Culture) ho EH$ O¡{dH$ emómMo A§J AgyZ ho V§ÌkmZ 20 ì`m eVH$mV

{dH${gV Pmbo. gyú_ noetÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm noer qH$dm noerg_whmnmgyZ EH$ nyU© dZñnVrMo

A§Hy$a V`ma H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZ OJmV Mmby hmoVo. na§Vw `e _mÌ \$ma WmoS>çm

à_mUmV oV hmoVo. O_©Z dZñnVremók h°~ab±S> `m§Zr dZñnVrVrb noerg§dY©Z H$ê$Z XmI{dbo d D$Vr

g§dY©ZemómMm nm`m aMbm. Ë`mZ§Va Iè`m AWm©Zo gm`_Z `m emókmZo `m emómMm {dH$mg Ho$bm d D$Vr

g§dY©ZmÛmao amon bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV `e g§nmXZ Ho$bo. na§Vw ho V§ÌkmZ Joë`m 15-20 dfm©V àJV Pmbo Amho.

D$Vr g§dY©Zemó åhUOo dZñnVrÀ`m H$modù`m nmZmnmgyZ, ImoS>mnmgyZ, noernmgyZ AWdm doJdoJù`m

^mJmnmgyZ narjmZirVrb AÞÐì`mV {ZOªVwH$ n[apñWVr_Ü o dZñnVrMo nyU© amon V`ma H$aUo.

CÎm_ àH¥$VrÀ`m dZñnVrÀ`m PmS>mMo, ImoS>mMo, nmZmMo d _wimMo {dÀN>oXZ H$ê$Z Ë`m_YyZ gyú_ {Od§V

{Q>í y d noetMm nw§OH$m H$mT>m`Mm. Ë`mbm `mo½` Aem nm¡{ï>H$ ImÚm_Ü o d g§a{jV O§Vw{dahrV AdñWoV dmT>dm`Mo

d Ë`mÀ`m CÎm_ dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo Vmn_mZ, àH$me d AmЩVm R>odm`Mr. noerg_yhmV hOmamo noer AgVmV.

emór`Ñï>çm noerg_yhmVrb àË oH$ noernmgyZ EH$ amon {_i{dVm oUo eŠ` Amho. VgoM EH$m AJ«noer g_yhmnmgyZ

dZñnVrMr EH$m dfm©V EH$ bmI amono V`ma H$aUo AmVm ì`mnmar VËdmda {gÕ Pmbobo Amho. Aer nwZê$Ënm{XV

Ho$bobr amono 90% AmЩVo_Ü o 220 go. Vmn_mZmV H$mJXmÀ`m noë`mV AWdm JmXrdmâ`mda dmT>dmdr bmJVmV,

Z§Va AmЩVoMo à_mU H$_r H$_r H$arV d Vmn_mZmMo à_mU dmT>dV AmUyZ gXa dZñnVr_Ü o H$UIanUm AmUmdm

bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r J«rZ hmCgMm dmna H$ê$Z H$miOrnyd©H$ dmT>dbobr \w$bPmS>m§Mr amono AIoarg nwaoer _moR>r

Pmë`mda Vr ~mhoaÀ`m _moH$ù`m dmVmdaUmV dmT>dbr OmVmV.

{nH$m§Mo gwYm[aV dmU d CVr g§dY©Z …

CVr g§dY©Z V§Ì Ë`mÀ`m _moR>çm à_mUmdarb ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio \$maM bmoH${à` Pmbo Amho. `m V§ÌmÛmao

{nH$m§À`m XmoZ {^Þ dmUm_Yrb Amdí`H$ ^mJmMo g§ moJ KS>dyZ AmUVmV d Ë`mÛmao Z{dZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmar

{nH$m§Mr OmV V`ma H$aVm ody eH$Vo. nm§anm[aH$ nÕVrZo Z{dZ dmU V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr dfmªMm H$mbmdYr

bmJVmo. na§Vw CVr g§dY©ZmÛmao {Z §{ÌV dmVmdaUmV KS>dyZ AmUboë`m g§ moJmVyZ H$_r H$mbmdYr_Ü o Z{dZ dmU

V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AemàH$mao ^maVmV {d{dY {nH$m§À`m_Ü o Z{dZ g§H$[aV dmU V`ma Ho$bo AmhoV. d Aem

dmUmMr CËnmXZ j_Vm d amoJà{VH$maH$ eŠVr dmT>bobr {XgyZ Ambr Amho.

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CVr g§dY©ZmMo à_wI \$m`Xo …

1) AënmdYrV, WmoS>çm OmJoV Ag§»` amono V`ma H$aVm oVmV.

2) CÎm_mVbo CÎm_ PmS> {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ {VVŠ`mM VmH$XrMr PmS>o V`ma H$aVm oVmV.

3) PmS>m§Mr/dZñnVtMr amono amoJ_wŠV dmT>{dVm oVmV.

4) CÎm_ ~mOmanoR> {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZmV hdr Ver bd{MH$Vm AmUVm oVo.

5) g§nyU© df© a CËnmXZ MmbyM AgVo. Ë`m_wio AmnUmbm hdr Voìhm amono V`ma H$aVm oVmV.

6) AmZwd§{eH$ ~Xb KSy>Z AmUVm oVmV. Ë`m_wio Z{dZ gwYm[aV dmU V`ma H$aVm oVmV.

7) amon {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r IM© Aën oVmo.

naXoer ~mOmanoR>oVrb dmT>Vr _mJUr Am{U emgZmMo _wŠV {Z`m©V YmoaU `m_wio CVr g§dY©Z V§ÌmnmgyZ

V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m amonm§Zm CÎm_ ~mOmanoR> {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. ^maVmV EHy$U Mmirg CVr g§dY©Z à`moJemim

ì`mnmar VËdmda amono V`ma H$arV AgyZ Ë`mnoH$s 15 à`moJemim _w§~B©, nwUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX oWo AgyZ ~§Jiya ho EH$

àJV H|$Ð _mZbo OmVo.

H$) Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ …

Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ åhUOo EImÚm O¡{dH$ KQ>H$mMm gyú_mV gyú_ ^mJmV {d^mJUr H$ê$Z Ë`mMo JwUY_© d aMZm

`m§Mo kmZ àmá H$aUo d Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMo V§Ì Amho. `m V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm

dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r d H¥$fr _mb OmñV H$mi {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Omdy bmJbm Amho.

Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZ AZoH$ nQ>tZr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY {nH$m§À`m g§H$[aV {~`mUm§da

à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m OZwH$s` g§aMZoV Amdí`H$ Vo \o$a~Xb H$ê$Z CËnmXZ j_Vm d amoJ à{VH$maH$ eŠVr

dmT>{dVm oVo. `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUOo H$mngmMo AmYw{ZH$ BT {~`mUo. hr {~`mUo Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z V`ma

Ho$br Jobr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV amoJà{VH$maH$ eŠVr dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. åhUyZ `mbm Z{dZ O¡dV§Ì

åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV oVo.

dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m, ~XbVo n`m©daU `m_wio eoVr CËnmXZmda bj H|${ÐV H$aUo JaOoMo ~Zbo Amho.

Ë`m_wio Z°Zmogma»`m O¡d V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H¥$fr joÌm_Ü o H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO ~Zbr Amho. Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZmÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo H¥$fr_Ü o doJdoJio à`moJ nmíMmË` XoemV hmoV AmhoV. H¥$fr _mbmda à{H«$`m H$aUmè`m CÚmoJm_Ü o

VgoM IVo, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m H§$nZr_Ü o `m O¡dV§ÌkmZmMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Amho.

Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZm_Ü o dZñnVr_Yrb OZwH$m§Mm Aä`mg hmoV Agë`mZo OZwH$mVrb aMZm Am{U Ë`m§À`m

H$m ©àUmbr~Ôb _m{hVr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio dZñnVr_Ü o H$moUVo OZwH$s` ~Xb Ho$ë`mZ§Va à{VHy$b n[apñWVrVhr

Vr dZñnVr Mm§Jë`m àH$mao CËnmXZ Xody eHo$b Am{U H$moUVo dZñnVr_Yrb OZwH$ Adf©U àdU joÌmVhr {Q>Hy$

eH$Vo `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo. `m_wio {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>{dVm Ambo Amho. VgoM `m V§ÌmÛmao _Zwî` hì`m Ë`m

àH$maMo CËnmXZ H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m à{VHy$b n`m©daUr` n[apñWVr_Ü o Kody eH$Vmo. `m{edm` CËnm{XV _mb

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XrK©H$mi {Q>H$mdm `mgmR>r Ë`mda `mo½` Vo V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z _mbmMo Am wî` dmT>dy eH$Vmo. åhUyZM gÜ`mÀ`m

~XbË`m n`m©daUmV `mg AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd Amho.

7.2.2.2 qgMZ V§ÌkmZ …

gd©gmYmaUnUo ObqgMZmMo XmoZ à_wI ómoV AmhoV. 1) y-n¥ð>mdarb nmUr, 2) yJ^m©Vrb nmUr.

ZÚm§Zm ~§Ymao, H$mbdo, CngmqgMZ `mÛmao nmUr AS>dyZ, Ë`mMm eoVrgmR>r Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo B. Mm g_mdoe

n{hë`m ómoVmV hmoVmo. Xwgè`m ómoVmV {dhrar, Hy$nZ{bH$m, nmUr AS>dm - nmUr {Oadm, Vio, gamodao `mÛmao nmUr

gmR>dyZ Ë`mMm eoVrgmR>r dmna H$aUo AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^maVmÀ`m y_rdê$Z dmhUmè`m nmÊ`mMm àdmh

188 Xebj hoŠQ>a _rQ>a BVH$m Amho. `mn¡H$s 37 Xe bj hoŠQ>a _rQ>a nmÊ`mMr gmR>dUyH$ (29.38 YaUmÛmao)

H$aVm Ambr Amho. 2025 gmbr A§XmOo 105 Xe bj hoŠQ>a _rQ>a nmÊ`mMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoUma Amho. Ë`m_wio

{Xdg|{Xdg nmÊ`mMr Q>§MmB© OmUdUma Amho. Ë`m_wio eoVrgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ ObqgMZmÀ`m nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mda

^a Úmdm bmJUma Amho. `m_Ü o Vwfma qgMZ d {R>~H$ qgMZ _hËdmMo AmhoV.

A) Vwfma qgMZ nÕVr …

H$_r nmUr dmnê$Z OmñV O_rZ Amo{bVmImbr AmUUmè`m {d{dY nÕVr_Ü o Vwfma qgMZ nÕV _hËdmMr

Amho. `m nÕVrV nmÊ`mMm \$dmam {nH$m§da CS>{dbm OmVmo d Ë`mÛmao nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoV Agë`mZo hr nÕV H$_r

nmÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV Cn wŠV R>ê$ bmJbr. `m nÕVrMm {dH$mg 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Iè`m AWm©Zo Pmbm.

OJmVrb H$_r nO©Ý`_mZ AgUmè`m àXoemV `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Jobm. ^maVmV hr nÕV

1980 À`m XeH$mV àW_ dmnaÊ`mV Ambr. {deofV… \$i~mJm§gmR>r d S>m|JaCVmamda `m nÕVrMm Adb§~

Ho$bm Omdy bmJbm.

`m nÕVrV eoVm_Ü o R>am{dH$ A§Vamda PVC nmB©n Q>mH$ë`m OmVmV d Ë`mda {d{eï> A§Va R>odyZ Cä`m

nmB©n OmoS>ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mÀ`m _wImda EH$ VmoQ>r ~gdyZ Ë`mÛmao g^modVr R>am{dH$ A§Vamn ªV nmUr \o$H$bo OmVo.

Ë`mgmR>r nmÊ`mbm Xm~ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio nmUr VmoQ>rVyZ \$dmè`mgmaIo CS>Vo d Vo nmdgmÀ`m

W|~mà_mUo Cä`m {nH$m§da nS>V ahmVo åhUyZ `m nÕVrg Vwfma qgMZ nÕV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

`m nÕVrV nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoVoM. {edm` {nH$m§Zm g_mZ nmUr {dVarV hmoVo. VgoM nmdgmà_mUo {nH$m§À`m

nmZm§da nmUr nS>V Agë`mZo Yyi, H$sQ>H$ {ZKyZ OmVmV Am{U CËnmXZmVhr dmT> hmoVo. hr nÕV H$_r C§MrÀ`m

{nH$m§Zm Cn wŠV Amho.

Vwfma qgMZ nÕVrMo \$m`Xo …

1) `m nÕVrV nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoVo.

2) `m nÕVrV eoVO_rZ gnmQ> AgÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.

3) `m nÕVrV nmUr {nH$m§da nmdgmà_mUo nS>V Agë`mZo {nH$m§darb H$sS> Zm{her hmoVo.

4) `m nÕVrV nmUr `mo½` à_mUmV {dVarV hmoVo.

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5) H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m àXoem_Ü o `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aVm oVmo.

6) `m nÕVrV {nH$m§Zm g_mZ à_mUmV IVo XoVm oVmV.

7) `m nÕVrbm _Oya H$_r bmJVmV.

Vwfma qgMZmMo Xmof …

1) dmè`mÀ`m à^mdm_wio nmUr EH$mM {Xeobm OmñV à_mUmV \o$H$bo OmVo.

2) nmÊ`mÀ`m \$dmè`m_wio {nH$m§darb \$io d \w$bo `m§Mr JiVr _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo.

3) hr nÕVr nmÊ`mÀ`m Xm~mda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo `mg H$m`_ `mo½` Xm~ Agmdm bmJVmo.

4) `m nÕVrbm ^m§S>db OmñV bmJVo.

5) `m nÕVrV nmUr {nH$m§da nS>V Agë`mZo nmUr O{_ZrV _waob Ago Zmhr.

~) {R>~H$ qgMZ nÕVr …

OJmV \$ma àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. VWm{n 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V

`m nÕVrV A_ybmJ« ~Xb hmoD$Z {VMo ì`mnmar VËdmda CËnmXZ hmody bmJbo. 1962 _Ü o BñÌmB©b _Yrb Aamodm

dmid§Q>mV _moR>çm à_mUmda gwYm[aV {R>~H$ qgMZ g§MmMm dmna hmody bmJbm. åhUyZ `m àXoemg {R>~H$ qgMZmMm

_mV¥ àXoe Ago åhQ>bo Omdy bmJbo. ^maVmV àW_ 1980 _Ü o dm§Xyima (MoÞB©) oWo àm`mo{JH$ VËdmda n{hbm

\$m_© V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm d Z§Va Ë`m_Ü o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m d Z§Va ì`mnmar VËdmda {R>~H$ qgMZ

g§MmMr {dH«$s hmody bmJbr.

PmS>m§À`m _wimer W|~mW|~m§Zr R>am{dH$ doioÀ`m A§VamZo d AI§S>nUo nmUr nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrg {R>~H$

qgMZ åhUVmV.

OJmVrb ~XbË`m hdm_mZm_wio nmÊ`mMo gmR>o hiyhiy H$_r hmoV AmhoV. _mZdmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m

JaOm§_wio XoIrb Obg§nÎmrda VmU nS>V Amho. Á`m àXoemV nmdgmMo à_mU H$_r Amho. Aem àXoemV `m

nÕVrMm dmna _hËdmMm Amho.

{R>~H$ qgMZ nÕVrV eoVrbm nmUr XoV AgVmZm Vo àW_ JmiyZ (Filter) ¿`mdo bmJVo Ë`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì

JmiU §Ì (Filter & Pressure Volve) ~gdmdo bmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va _w»` ZirVyZ (Main Pipe) CnZirÛmao {nH$mn ªV

nmUr nmohMÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$amdr bmJVo. nwT>o `m Zirbm {d{eï> A§Vamda EH$-EH$ ZmoPb ~g{dbo OmVo Ë`mÛmao

nmUr W|~ W|~ ho {nH$mÀ`m _wimn ªV OmB©b Aer ì`dñWm H$amdr bmJVo. `m gd© à{H«$ o_Ü o nmÊ`mbm {d{eï>

Xm~ Agmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r 3 HP Mr _moQ>a nmUr \o$H$Ê`mgmR>r qH$dm nwT>o T>H$bÊ`mgmR>r ~gdmdr bmJVo.

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PUMP SET WITH FILTER IN DRIP IRRIGATION

{R>~H$ qgMZ nÕVrMo \$m`Xo …

1) `m nÕVrÛmao 40 Vo 70% nmÊ`mMr ~XV hmoVo. åhUOoM CnbãY nmÊ`mMm {VßnQ> O_rZ Amo{bVmImbr

AmUÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

2) `m nÕVrV nmUr JmiyZ d ewÕ H$ê$Z dmnaV Agë`mZo {nH$m§Zm nmUr ewÕ {_iVo. n[aUm_r {nH$m§Mo

CËnmXZ dmT>Vo.

3) `m nÕVrV {nH$m§Zwgma d O{_ZrÀ`m àH$mamZwgma nmUr nwadR>m H$aVm oVmo.

4) `m nÕVrV nmUr ho {nH$m§À`m _wimn ªV d _`m©{XV {Xbo OmV Agë`mZo VUm§Mr dmT> H$_r hmoVo. n[aUm_r

{nH$m§da amoJ d H$sS> H$_r à_mUmV nS>Vo.

5) `m nÕVrV nmÊ`mV {daKiUmar IVo {nH$m§Zm XoVm oVmV Ë`m_wio IVm§À`m IMm©V 33% ~MV hmoVo.

6) `m nÕVr_wio _Oyam§da hmoUmam IM© H$_r hmoVmo.

7) hr nÕV S>m|Jami àXoemV gwÕm dmnaVm oVo.

{R>~H$ qgMZmÀ`m _`m©Xm …

1) `m nÕVrV eoVH$è`m§Zm Am{W©H$ IM© OmñV H$amdm bmJVmo.

2) `m nÕVrgmR>r gVV AI§S> drOnwadR>m bmJV Agë`mZo emgZmZo Ho$boë`m drO H$nmVr_wio eoVH$ar

AS>MUrV Ambm Amho.

3) `m nÕVrV XoI^mb IM© OmñV VgoM XoI^mb H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao Amdí`H$ V§ÌkmZ qH$dm V§Ìk

doioda CnbãY hmoV Zmhr.

4) C§Xra, Kwer qH$dm BVa àmÊ`m§H$Sy>Z nmB©n Hw$aVS>Uo qH$dm Am§Va _emJVrÀ`m doir nmB©nMo _moR>çm à_mUmda

ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

5) `m nÕVrMo Am wî`_mZ \$ma H$_r Amho.

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^maVmV `m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ \$i~mJm, \w$bPmS>o d ZJXr {nHo$ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. `m{edm` H$_r

nO©Ý`_mZ Agboë`m àXoemV XoIrb `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ hmoVmo. `m nÕVrMm àMma d àgma _moR>çm à_mUmda

ìhmdm åhUyZ `m {R>~H$ qgMZmgmR>r Am{W©H$ AZwXmZ {Xbo OmVo.

H$) nmUr gmR>dU …

ObqgMZm_Ü o nmUr ì`dñWmnZ _hËdmMo A§J Amho. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r CnbãY nmUr gmR>m {H$Vr Amho ?

Ë`mMo {Z`moOZ H$moUË`m àH$mao H$aVm oB©b ? `mdaM ObqgMZmMm {dH$mg Adb§~yZ Amho. eoVr CËnmXZmMr

{ZH$S> bjmV KoD$Z, `moOZm H$mimV ObqgMZmÀ`m AZoH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$aÊ`mMm YS>H$ H$m ©H«$_ A§_bmV

AmUbm. g_J«bjr ObqgMZmMo EH$ YmoaU åhUyZ bhmZ, _Ü`_ d _moR>r YaUo, ~§Ymao ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr d

Ë`mÛmao nmUr gmR>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

YaUo …

nd©Vr` àXoem_YyZ dmhUmè`m ZÚm§À`m àdmh _mJm©V ~§Ymao KmbyZ nmUr AS>{dÊ`mV Ambo. Aem YaUmVyZ

H$mbdo H$mTy>Z eoVrbm _moR>çm à_mUmV nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV ody bmJbm. Aem H$mbì`mVyZ df© a _w~bH$

nmUr nwadR>m eoVrbm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVrVyZ dfm©VyZ XmoZ Vo VrZ {nHo$ KoVm ody bmJbr.

nmPa Vbmd …

Adf©UJ«ñV àXoemV S>m|Ja CVmamdê$Z dmhUmao nmUr AS>dyZ bhmZ, _moR>o Vbmd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

Aem VbmdmVrb nmUr O{_Zr_Ü o {PanyZ Ë`m àXoemVrb yJ^m©Vrb ObgmR>çm_Ü o dmT> hmodyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_

åhUyZ Ë`m àXoemVrb {d{hatZm _w~bH$ nmUr nwadR>m hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem {dhrarda h§Jm_r {nHo$ KoVm oVmV.

~§Ymao …

dmT>Vr nmÊ`mMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r ZÚm, CnZÚm, AmoT>o `m§À`mda R>am{dH$ A§Vamda ~§Ymao ~m§YÊ`mV

Ambo. Ë`m_wio Aem ~§Ymè`mV nmUr gmR>dyZ Ë`m nmÊ`mMm Cn`moJ ObqgMZmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV ody bmJbm Amho.

_hmamï´>mV H$moëhmnya nÕVrMo ~§Ymao {d{dY ZÚm§da ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

(KOLHAPUR TYPE (K.T.) WEIR)

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eoVVir …

Á`m {R>H$mUr ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo r CnbãY ZmhrV qH$dm {Z_m©U H$aVm oV ZmhrV Aem {R>H$mUr

eoVH$è`m§À`m Hw$dVrZwgma N>moQ>r Vir eoVO{_ZrV {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m_Ü o {d{eï> OmS> ßbmpñQ>H$ H$mJX Q>mH$bm

OmVmo Am{U nmdgmù`mV nS>Umao nmUr Ë`m_Ü o gmR>{dbo OVmo d Ë`m nmÊ`mMm Cn`moJ CÝhmù`m_Ü o yObgmR>m

H$_r Pmë`mZ§Va eoVrgmR>r H$aÊ`mV oVmo. Aem àH$maMo à`moJ gm§Jbr {OëømVrb Adf©UJ«ñV àXoem_Ü o

1990 nmgyZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m eoVVù`m§Mm AmH$ma Am{U {dñVma hm eoVH$è`m§À`m JaOoZwgma {d{dY

ñdénmMm Amho. emgZmZo `m àH$ënmda {dMma H$ê$Z eoVVù`m§gmR>r Am{W©H$ AZwXmZ XoD$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio

AemàH$maMr eoVVir hr _hmamï´>mVrb BVa {OëømV gwÕm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.

( ARTIFICIAL WATER STORAGE TANK )

7.2.2.3 IV V§ÌkmZ …

gd© gOrd g¥ï>rbm Amnë`m dmT>rgmR>r ImÚmÞm§Mr JaO bmJVo. dZñnVr øm ñdV…Mo AÞ ñdV… {Z_m©U

H$arV Agë`m Var Ë`m§Zm {ZgJm©VyZ AÞ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m _wbÐì`mMr/KQ>H$m§Mr JaO bmJVo.

Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Zm XoIrb _wbÐì`m§Mr JaO ^mgVo. na§Vw Aer _ybÐì` H¥${Ì_ nÕVrZo V`ma H$ê$Z Vr {nH$m§Zm

{Xë`mg Ë`m§Zm IV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

àË oH$ {nH$mbm _wbÐì`mMr Amdí`H$Vm hr doJdoJir AgVo. O{_ZrV _ybV… AgUmar d Z¡g{J©H$Ñï>çm

O{_ZrV gmMUmar hr _wbÐì o {nH$m§Mr g§nyU© yH$ ^mJdy eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ IVmÀ`m ê$nmZo noê$Z hr Ðì o XoUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrVrb _ybÐì`m§Mm gmR>m H$m`_ amIbm OmVmo Am{U Amnë`mbm OmñVrV OmñV

JwUmË_H$, g§»`mË_H$ {nH$ KoVm oVo. IVm§Mo g|{Ð` d amgm`{ZH$ IVo Ago XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

O{_ZrVyZ Or 13 AÞÐì o KoVbr OmVmV Ë`mn¡H$s dZñnVtZm ZÌ, ñ\w$aX Am{U nmbme OmñV à_mUmV

bmJVmV Am{U åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm à_wI AÞÐì o åhUVmV. ~hþVoH$ O{_ZrV Ë`m§Mr CUrd AgVo Am{U Vr amgm`{ZH$

IVo XoD$Z nyU© Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m§Zm amgm`{ZH$ _ybÐì o åhUyZ XoIrb g§~mo{YVmV. H°$pëe`_, _°¾o{e`_ Am{U

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J§YH$ hr gmYmaUnUo H$_r à_mUmV bmJVmV. Var nU Vr dZñnVrÀ`m D$Vr ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mV _hËdmMm ^mJ

KoV Agë`m_wio Amdí`H$ AmhoV d Ë`m§Zm Xwæ`_ AÞÐì o åhUVmV. Cabobr _ybÐì o \$ma H$_r à_mUmV bmJVmV

Am{U Vr gyú_ AÞÐì o åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

{nH$mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AÞÐì`m§Mr y{_H$m …

1) ZÌ (N) :

l Vo dZñnVtZm JS>X {hado Am{U agaerV H$aVo.

l Vo dZñnVtÀ`m emH$s` dmT>rMr CÞVr H$aVo.

2) ñ\w$aX (P) :

l Ë`mZo _wù`m§À`m dmT>rbm CÎmoOZ {_iVo.

l \w$Q>ì`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo.

l Ë`mZo {nH$m§Mo ImoS> _O~yV hmoVmV d {nHo$ bmoiÊ`mbm à{V~§Y hmoVmo.

l Ë`mZo dZñnVr bdH$a nŠd hmoVmV.

l Ë`mZo XmÊ`mMo CËnÞ dmT>Vo, JwUdÎmm gwYmaVo.

l Ë`mZo amoJ à{V~§YH$ eŠVr dmT>Vo.

3) nmbme (K) :

l Vo eH©$am V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm nmZm§Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dVo.

l Vo dZñnVtZm Omo_ d amoJà{VH$maH$ eŠVr XoVo.

l Vo dZñnVtÀ`m nmMH$ agm§Zm CËgm{hV H$aVo.

4) H°$pëe`_ (Ca) :

l Vo _wù`m§Mm {dH$mg Am{U dmT> bdH$a KS>dyZ AmUVo.

l Vo ~rOmoËnmXZmg CÎmoOZ XoVo.

5) _°¾o{e`_ (Mg) :

l Vo ñ\y$aXmÀ`m emofUmg _XV H$aVo.

l Vo {nï>_` nXmWm©Mo ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mV _XV H$aVo.

6) J§YH$ (S) :

l Vo h[aVÐì` ~Z{dÊ`mV _XV H$aVo.

l Vo _wù`m§Mr dmT>, ~rOYmaUm Am{U _wù`mdarb JmR>r ~Z{dÊ`mg CÎmoOZ XoVo.

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108

IVm§Mo dJuH$aU↓

A) g|{Ð` IVo↓

~) amgm`{ZH$ IVo↓

ZÌ wŠV amgm`{ZH$ IVo

1) A_mo{Z`_ gë\o$Q>

2) A_mo{Z`_ ŠbmoamB©S>

3) H°$pëe`_ A_mo{Z`_ Zm`Q´>oQ>

4) A_mo{Z`_ gë\o$Q> Zm`Q´>oQ>

5) w[a`m

↓

g|{Ð` ^aIVo

1) eoUIV

2) Q>mH$mD$ nXmWm©nmgyZ H§$nmoñQ> IVo

3) gmoZIV

4) ñbO

5) _¡bm nmUr

6) b|S>r IV

7) {hadirMo IV

↓

g|{Ð` OmoaIVo

1) OZmdam§Zm ImÊ`m`mo½` n|S>r -

^wB©_yJ, Vri B. Mr n|S>

2) ImÊ`m`mo½` ZmhrV Aem n|S>r -

Ea§S>, H$a§O, Zr_ B. Mr n|S>

3) _mgir IV

4) hmS>m§Mm Mwam

ñ\y$aX wŠV IVo

1) gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q>

2) ~o{gb ñb°J

3) S>m` H°$pëe`_

\$m°ñ\o$Q>

4) {Q>nb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q>

nmbme wŠV IVo

1) å w[aEQ> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e

2) gë\o$Q> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e

3) A°e (amI)

g§ wŠV IVo

1) Zm`Q>mo-\$m°ñ\o$Q>

2) _moZmo - A_mo{Z`_

3) S>m - A_mo{Z`_

\$m°ñ\o$Q>

{_l IVo

1) {Za{Zamir IVo

{_idyZ V`ma Ho$bobr

wH$Q>r 9:9:5 B.

2) {Za{Zamù`m

J«oS>Mr XmUoXma {_l

IVo

19:19:19 B.

V§XwéñVrMr IVo

1) {Oßg_

2) bmB_ (MwZm)

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓gyú_ AÞÐì o

1) \o$ag gë\o$Q>

2) _ ±JZrO

gë\o$Q>

3) ~moa°Šg

4) qPH$ gë\o$Q>

5) H$m°na gë\o$Q>

6) A_mo{Z`_

_m°{b~S>oQ>

↓

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`m{edm` bmoh, OñV, Vm§~o, ~moam°Z Am{U ŠbmoarZ ho O{_ZrV nwaoem à_mUmV Zgob Va qH$dm O{_ZrVrb

H$mhr pñWVr_wio Ë`m§Mr CnbãYVm H$_r Pmbr Va dZñnVtMr dmT> _`m©{XV hmoB©b.

IVm§Mo dJuH$aU …

~mOmamV AZoH$ àH$maMr IVo {_iVmV Ë`m§Mo XmoZ R>moH$i JQ> nmS>Vm oVrb.

A) g|{Ð` IVo ~) amgm`{ZH$ IVo

1) g|{Ð` ^aIVo 1) ZÌ wŠV amgm`{ZH$ IVo

2) g|{Ð` OmoaIVo 2) ñ\y$aX wŠV IVo

3) nmbme wŠV IVo

4) g§ wŠV IVo

5) {_l IVo

6) gyú_ IVo

7) V§XwéñVrMr IVo

A) g|{Ð` IVo …

_Zwî` OoìhmnmgyZ eoVr H$ê$ bmJbm VoìhmnmgyZ Ë`mbm g|{Ð` IVm§Mr Cn wº$Vm _m{hV Pmbr. eoVH$è`m§Zm

eoVrbm bmJUmè`m gmYZm§n¡H$s àW_ eoUIVmMrM _m{hVr Pmbr. OgOer A{YH$m{YH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr

oD$ bmJbr VgVgm eoUIVmMm nwadR>m H$_r nSy> bmJbm Am{U Ë`mMm `mo½` dmna, nÕVera gmR>dU Am{U

BVa n`m© r ^aIVo B. Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJbm. AbrH$S>o `m IVm§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV H$gm nwadR>m H$aVm oB©b

Ë`mMo _mJ©hr emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. g|{Ð` IVm§Mo ^aIVo Am{U OmoaIVo ho XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

g|{Ð` IVm§Mo \$m`Xo :

1) g|{Ð` IVm§_Ü o dZñnVrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr gd© AÞÐì o H$mhr à_mUmV CnbãY AgVmV.

2) `m IVm_wio O{_ZrMr nmUrYmaU j_Vm dmT>Vo.

3) `m IVm_wio O_rZ nmoH$i d _moH$ir hmoD$Z hdm Mm§Jbr IoiVo. n[aUm_r {nH$m§Mr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoVo.

4) O{_ZrMm nmoV gwYmê$Z Á`mXm nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoVmo.

5) gwú_ OrdmUy§Mr dmT> Mm§Jë`màH$mao hmoVo.

6) O{_Zr_Yrb _mVrMo H$U EH$_oH$m§Zm Yê$Z R>odbo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr Yyn H$_r hmoVo.

7) O{_ZrMm Amåb {dåb {ZX}em§H$ g§Vw{bV amhVmo.

~) amgm`{ZH$ IVo …

amgm`{ZH$ IVo EH$m eVH$mhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi àM{bV Pmbr AgyZ OJmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV Ë`m§Mm dmna

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eoVrgmR>r H$aÊ`mV oV hmoVm. na§Vw ^maVmV n{hë`m _hm wÕmÀ`m eodQ>n ªV hr IVo bmoH$m§Zm _m{hV ZìhVr. Iè`m

AWm©Zo amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna 1943 _Ü o "A{YH$ AÞ {nH$dm' _mo{h_ gwê$ Ho$ë`mZ§VaM dmT>bm. hr IVo

naXoemVyZ \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda Am`mV H$amdr bmJbr.

amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mo \$m`Xo :

1) amgm`{ZH$ IVo {nH$m§Zm AÞÐì` nwa{dVmV.

2) amgm`{ZH$ IVo hr EHo$H$m AÞÐì`mH$[aVm V`ma H$arV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr qH$_V hr g|{Ð` IVmnojm

H$_r ^aVo.

3) àË oH$ AÞÐì`mgmR>r doJdoJir IVo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m_wio O{_ZrV H$_r AgbobrM AÞÐì o XoVm oVmV.

n[aUm_r CËnmXZmV ^aKmog dmT> hmoVo.

4) `m IVm§Zm R>odÊ`mg AË §V H$_r OmJm bmJVo.

5) `m§Mo CËnmXZ H$_r H$mbmdYr_Ü o H$aVm oVo.

6) `m IVm§Mr dmhVyH$ d gmR>dU H$aUo gmoono AgVo.

7) {nH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma amgm`{ZH$ IVo XoVm oVmV.

{H$Q>H$ZmeH$ V§ÌkmZ :

{nH$m§Mo ^aKmog CËnmXZ KoÊ`mH$[aVm {nH$m§Mo {H$S>r d amoJamB©nmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo AË §V Oê$arMo d _hÎdmMo

Amho. AmOH$mb {H$S>r d amoJamB©_wio gd©gmYmaU 25 Vo 30 Q> o$ {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Va H$mhr doiog 100 Q> o$

ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amdo bmJVo. {nH$m§Zm Ho$dS>m, H$anm, qS>Š`m, Vm§~S>oamoJ, Vm§~oam `mgmaIo AZoH$ amoJ hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio

nmZo, \w$bo, ImoS> `m§Mo AVmoZmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo {nH$m§Zm {d{dY {H$S>rnmgyZhr Ìmg hmoVmo. Ë`mn¡H$s _hÎdmMo

åhUOo VwS>VwS>o, e|S>m nmoIaUmar Amir, nmZo Hw$aVS>Umar Amir, dmidr, ImoS>{H$S>m B.

{nH$m§Zm amoJm§nmgyZ, {H$S>tnmgyZ g§ajU {_imdo åhUyZ {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma nmS>Ê`mV Ambo

AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s O§VyZmeHo$, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, ~waerZmeHo$, VUZmeHo$ _hÎdmMr AmhoV. {nH$m§Mo g§ajU ho XmoZ

àH$mao H$aVm oVo EH$ åhUOo amgm`{ZH$ nÕVrZo Am{U Xwgao g|{Ð` nÕVrZo.

1) O§VyZmeHo$ :

{nH$m§da {d{dY O§Vy§nmgyZ amoJ nS>Vmo n[aUm_r {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ho hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r

{nH$m§da O§VyZmeH$m§Mr \$dmaUr H$aVmV.

2) {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ :

{H$Q>H$m§À`m àmXw m©dmZo XoIrb {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo `mgmR>r {nH$m§da {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm \$dmam H$aVmV.

`m_Ü o ~r. EM. gr. nmdS>a, BZñQ>°H$, S>m`{WAm°Z gmaIr {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ {d{eï> à_mUmV {nH$m§da \$dmaVmV.

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3) ~waerZmeHo$ :

AZoH$ ~waerOÝ` amoJm§nmgyZ {nH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~moS>m} {_lU qH$dm J§YH$ \$dmaë`mZo amoJ {ZdmaVmV.

4) VUZmeHo$ :

eoVr_Ü o {d{dY àH$maMo VU {nH$m§~amo~a CJdV AgVo. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrVrb AÞÐì` VU emofyZ KoV

AgVo. n[aUm_r {nH$m§nojm VUm§Mr dmT> Omo_mZo hmoVo d {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r ~mOmamV {d{dY

àH$maÀ`m VUmda \$dmaÊ`mV oUmar VUZmeHo$ CnbãY Pmbr AmhoV.

^maVm_Ü o na§namJV eoVr H$aUmam eoVH$ar dJ© XoIrb {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda H$ê$

bmJbm Amho. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVr hr AmYw{ZH$ H$aÊ`mH$S>o eoVH$è`m§Mm H$b dmTy> bmJbm Amho.

O¡{dH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ :

amgm`{ZH$ H$sQ>H$ ZmeH$m§À`m dmnam_wio Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V H$sS>{Z §ÌU à^mdr R>abo Amho. nU Ë`m§À`m

A{ddoH$s dmnam_wio H$mhr Xwîn[aUm_ AmT>iy bmJbo AmhoV. {H$S>r_Ü o dmT>bobr à{VH$maeº$s, {_Ì H$sQ>H$m§Mm

{dZme, Xwæ`_ {H$S>tMm CÐoH$, _¥XoMo àXyfU Aem g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV. dZñnVr d àmÊ`m§À`m

gmhmæ`mZo {nH$m§darb H$sS> amoJ {Z §ÌU H$aUo åhUOo O¡{dH$ H$sS> {Z §ÌU hmo . `mgmR>r Á`m dZñnVr d àmÊ`m§Mm

Cn`moJ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm O¡{dH$ {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ åhUVmV. `m_Ü o H$mhr dZñnVrOÝ` Va H$mhr àmUrOÝ` {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$

AmhoV.

dZñnVrOÝ` {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ :

R>am{dH$ {nH$m§da R>am{dH$ amoJ d {H$S>tMm àmXw m©d hmoVmo. O¡{dH$ {H$S>rMo d amoJm§Mo AÞ ZgVo Ë`mda Vo

h„m H$aV ZmhrV. `m JwUY_m©Mm Cn`moJ H$sS> d amoJ {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVbm OmVmo. CXm. H$Sw>qb~,

V§~mIy, Vwig, P|Sy>, Ea§S>, nnB© `mgma»`m dZñnVtMr nmZo, {~`m, \w$bo, _wio Aem ^mJmMm à{H«$`m H$ê$Z H$sS>

{Z §ÌU Ho$bo OmVo. H$mhrdoim {H$Q>H$m§Zm qH$dm amoJm§Zm AmH${f©V qH$dm namd¥Îm H$aUmè`m dZñnVtMr _w»` {nH$m§~amo~a

bmJdS> H$ê$Z {H$S>tda Iwngo {Z §ÌU {_idVm oVo. CXm. Ádmar d Vya Am§VanrH$ nÕVrZo KoVbo Va Vwarbm "_a'

amoJmMr bmJU hmoV Zmhr.

àmUrOÝ` {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ :

{ZgJm©_Yrb namonOrd Am{U na^jr H$sQ>H$m§Mm dmna {Za{Zamù`m eÌw{H$S>tda {Z §ÌU {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm

OmVmo. CXm. H«$m`gmonmJ«rZ ZmdmMo {H$Q>H$ ho {nH$m§darb _mdm, VwS>VwS>o, Amù`m ImVmV Ë`m_wio {nH$m§darb H$sS>

{Z §ÌUmV oVo. AemMàH$mao Q´>m`H$moJ«m_m {H$Q>H$ ho ~m|S>Amir, ImoS>{H$S>o ImVmV.

AemàH$mao O¡d V§ÌkmZmMr OmoS>, AZw dr eoVH$è`m§Mo {ZarjU d Cnm` `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbyZ AZoH$

O¡{dH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ {d{eï> joÌmgmR>r `eñdr hmoD$ eH$VmV.

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7.2.1 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z Úm.

1) H$moUË`m V§ÌkmZm_Ü o dZñnVtÀ`m OZwH$m§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo ?

A) CVr g§dY©Z V§ÌkmZ ~) {nH$ V§ÌkmZ H$) Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ S>) qgMZ V§ÌkmZ

2) H$moUr J°Q> H$amamMm gwYm[aV _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm ?

A) Zaqghamd ~) S>m°. _Z_mohZqgJ H$) Om°O© ~we S>) S>m°. AmW©a S>§Ho$b

3) H$moUË`m qgMZ nÕVrÛmao 40 Vo 70% nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoVo ?

A) H$mbdm qgMZ ~) {R>~H$ qgMZ H$) Vwfma qgMZ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

7.2.2.4 J«rZ hmCg V§ÌkmZ :

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _mZd Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr H$arV Amho. wamo{n`Z Xoem§_Ü o A{V W§S>r_wio H$mhr {nH$m§Mr

bmJdS> `eñdr hmoV ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mo A{V W§S>rnmgyZ g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Voà_mUo bmH$S>r

gm§JmS>o C o H$ê$Z Ë`mda Am{U ~mOyZo H$mMoMo AmdaU V`ma Ho$bo. AmVrb Vmn_mZ VobmMo {Xdo bmdyZ dmT>{dbo

Am{U Z§Va Ë`m_Ü o {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$br. `m nÕVr_Ü o nwT>rb 2-3 eVH$mV ~aoM g§emoYZ Pmbo. Ë`mZwgma

AZoH$àH$maÀ`m gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m Joë`m Am{U Aem àH$maÀ`m {Z §{ÌV nrH$ g§dY©Zmg gwê$dmV Pmbr. `mM

nÕVrbm nwT>o h[aVJ¥hmVrb eoVr qH$dm B§J«OrV J«rZhmCg (green house) Ago g§~moYbo Jobo.

J«rZ hmCgMr ì`m»`m :

J«rZ hmCg ho EH$ àH$maMm gm§JmS>m qH$dm KS>U Amho Oo nmaXe©H$ nXmWmªZr PmH$bobo AgVo Am{U

Ë`m_Ü o EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ dmVmdaUr` KQ>H$ nyU© qH$dm A§eV: {Z §{ÌV H$ê$Z nrH$ g§dY©Z Ho$bo OmVo VgoM gd©

àH$maÀ`m _emJVrMr H$m_o Ho$br OmVmV.

^maVmVrb hdm_mZ H$S>YmÝ` Am{U BVa AÞYmÝ` {nH$m§Zm \$ma Cn wº$ Amho. na§Vw \$io, ^mOrnmbm

Am{U \w$b {nH$ `m§Mo CËnmXZ ~aoMgo dmVmdaUr` KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio `m {nH$m§Mo `eñdr {Z`moOZ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aUo An[ahm © Amho. H$moUVrhr ZdrZ nÕVr dmnaVmZm `mo½` {Z`moOZmMm

{dMma ìhm`bm hdm. åhUOo R>am{dH$ h§Jm_mì`{V[aº$ {nH$m§Zm bmJUmao hdm_mZ J«rZhmCg _Ü o H¥${Ì_[aË`m V`ma

H$ê$Z nma§nm[aH$ h§Jm_mì`{V[aº$ df© a H$Yrhr ^mOrnmbm qH$dm \w$bo ~mOmanoR>oV AmUyZ OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m

{_idVm oB©b.

gwYm[aV àH$maÀ`m J«rZhmCgMm dmna H$ê$Z hm°b§S>, \«$mÝg, OnmZ, A_o[aH$m, O_©Zr, BQ>br, ñnoZ, a{e`m

Am{U H°$ZS>m `mgma»`m nwT>maboë`m Xoem§Zr H¥$fr CËnmXZm_Ü o H«$m§Vr Ho$bobr Amho. ho Amnë`mbm Imbrb

VŠË`mdê$Z {XgyZ oB©b.

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Vº$m : J«rZhmCg Imbrb OmJ{VH$ joÌ

A. H«$. Xoe joÌ (hoŠQ>a) {nHo$

1 OnmZ 1,20,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo, \$io

2 BQ>br 45,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo, \$io

3 ñnoZ 43,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo

4 H$mo[a`m 30,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo

5 MrZ 70,000 ^mOrnmbm, \$io, AÞYmÝ` {nHo$

6 \«$mÝg 24,850 ^mOrnmbm, amono, \$io

7 VwH©$ñWmZ 25,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo

8 hm°b§S> 23,000 ^mOrnmbm, amono, \w$bo

9 ~opëO`_ 10,000 ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo

10 B{Oá 1,500 ^mOrnmbm, amono, Ia~yO

J«rZhmCg _Ü o {nH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm Am{U àH$me ho KQ>H$ {Z §{ÌV H$aVm oVmV.

Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mr dmT> Omo_mZo hmoD$Z n[aUm_r CËnmXZ AZoH$ nQ>rZr dmT>Vo. ^maVmVrb hdm_mZmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg

J«rZhmCg_Yrb bmJdS> \$ma Cn wº$ R>aUma Amho.

J«rZhmCg V§ÌkmZmMo \$m`Xo :

1) J«rZhmCg_wio {nH$m§Mm A{V CîUVm, A{VW§S>r Am{U A{Vd¥ï>rnmgyZ ~Mmd H$aVm oVmo.

2) ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mJUrà_mUo {nH$m§Mr H$mT>Ur H$aVm oVo.

3) {nH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao hdm_mZ J«rZhmCg_Ü o H¥${Ì_[aË`m V`ma H$aVm oVo.

4) nma§nm[aH$ h§Jm_m ì`{V[aº$ ^mOrnmbm, \w$bo Am{U \$im§Mr eoVr H$aVm oVo.

5) amoJ Am{U H$sS> _wº$ amondmQ>rH$m V`ma H$aVm oVo.

6) bmJdS>r `mo½` B§M-B§M OmJoMm dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXZm_Ü o 2 Vo 10 nQ>rZo dmT> H$aVm oVo.

7) nmÊ`mMr ~MV H$ê$Z Mm§Jë`m àH$maMo CËnmXZ KoVm oVo.

8) df© a {Z`{_VnUo _mbmMm nwadR>m H$ê$Z A{YH$ Z\$m {_idVm oVmo.

9) g§H$[aV {~`mUo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wº$

10) ehamOdi eoVr Agë`mg J«rZhmCg \$maM {H$\$m`Vera R>aVo.

11) bmJdS>rg A`mo½`/ZmnrH$ O{_Zrda J«rZhmCg C^mê$Z ^anya CËnmXZ KoVm oVo.

12) {Z`m©Vj_ CËnmXZmgmR>r J«rZhmCg {edm` n`m© Zmhr.

13) J«m_rU ~oamoOJmam§Zm ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr {_iy eH$Vo.

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 8

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J«rZhmCg_Yrb bmJdS>rgmR>r {nH$m§Mr {ZdS> :

J«rZhmCg_Yrb hdm_mZ ~mhoarb hdm_mZmnojm \$maM doJio AgVo. Ë`m_wio hdm_mZmVrb doJdoJù`m

KQ>H$m§Mo `mo½`àH$mao {Z §ÌU H$ê$Z Ë`m_Ü o bmJdS>rgmR>r {nHo$ {ZdS>VmZm Imbrb ~m~tMm àm_w»`mZo {dMma

H$amdm.

1) {ZdS>bobm ^mOrnmbm, {nHo$, \w$b{nHo$ H$_r Vmn_mZmV ^anya Am{U Cƒà{VMo CËnmXZ XoUmar AgmdrV.

2) {nH$m§Mr dmT>, \w$b VgoM \$iYmaUm H$_rVH$_r Vmn_mZ Am{U àH$mem_Ü o ìhm`bm hdr.

3) \$io VgoM \w$bm§Mr àV {H$_mZ Vmn_mZmV Cƒ àVrMr Pmbr nm{hOo.

4) OmñV Vmn_mZmV ^anya CËnmXZ j_Vm Agmdr.

5) bdH$a \$iYmaUm, ^anya CËnmXZj_Vm {Q>H$mD$nUm, {XImD$nUm Am{U dmhVwH$s_Ü o H$_rVH$_r ZwH$gmZ

hmoUmao dmU {ZdS>mdoV.

6) CËnmXZ H$mT>UrMm H$mbmdYr OmñV Agmdm.

J«rZhmCg C^maUrgmR>r emgZmMm gh^mJ :

H|$Ð gaH$maZo J«rZhmCg bmJdS>rbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mImbrb joÌ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo

doJdoJù`m `moOZm AmIë`m AmhoV.

1) H$_r IMm©Mo Am{U hdm_mZ {Z §{ÌV ZgUmao J«rZhmCg - Or. EM. 1 (GH-1)

2) WmoS>çm à_mUmV hdm_mZ {Z §{ÌV AgUmao Am{U _Ü`_ IMm©Mo J«rZhmCg - Or. EM. 2 (GH-2)

3) hdm_mZmMo g§nyU© {Z §ÌU AgUmao OmñV IMm©Mo J«rZhmCg - Or. EM. 3 (GH-3)

Aem J«rZhmCg H|$ÐemgZ Imbrbà_mUo AW©gmhmæ` XoUma Amho. `m_Ü o H$mbmZwê$n ~Xb hmoÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.

1) Or. EM. 1 A 31,500/-

2) Or. EM. 2 A 1 bmI

3) Or. EM. 3 A 1 bmI

ho AW©gmhmæ` H|$ÐgaH$maZo J«rZhmCg bmJdS>rbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm XoD$ Ho$bo Amho.

J«rZhmCgMo àH$ma (Types of Green Houses) :

J«rZhmCgMm AmH$ma Am{U CnbãY gw{dYm `mZwgma Imbrbà_mUo àH$ma nS>VmV.

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1) Q>Zoëg (Tunnels) :

{nH$m§Mo W§S>rnmgyZ qH$dm YwŠ`mgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrnmgyZ WmoS>çm H$mbmdYrgmR>r g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Q>Zoëg gma»`m J«rZ hmCgMm dmna H$aVmV. gmYmaU ghm \w$Q> C§MrMo ho J«rZhmCg ~m§~y qH$dm ñQ>rb AY©JmobmH¥$Vr

dmH$dyZ Am{U Ë`mda ßb°pñQ>H$erQ>Mo AmdaU KmbyZ ~Z{dbo OmVo. Amdí`H$VoZwgma bm§~r Am{U é§Xr R>odVmV.

{derï>> H$mimgmR>r amonm§Mo g§ajU H$aVm oVo. Amdí`H$Vm Zgë`mg amonm§dê$Z gm§JmS>m ~mOybm H$mTy>Z R>odVm

`oVmo.

2) J«mD§$S> Qw> J«mD§$S> J«rZhmCg (Ground ot Ground type) :

`m àH$maMo J«rZhmCg ñQ>rb nmB©n Am{U nm°{bB{WbrZMo 1 qH$dm 2 AmdaUo dmnê$Z ~m§YVmV. O{_ZrbJV

Agboë`m `m àH$maÀ`m J«rZhmCggmR>r eŠ`Vmo Zù`m dmnê$Z gm§JmS>m V`ma H$aVmV. `m_Ü o hdm IoiVr

amhÊ`mgmR>r \$m`~a ½bmgMm gwÕm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

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3) J°~b Q>mB©n J«rZhmCg (Gable Type) :

`m àH$maÀ`m J«rZhmCgog_Ü o ~mOyMr C§Mr 8 \y$Q> d _Ü`^mJmMr C§Mr 12 Vo 14 \w$Q> AgVo. `m àH$maMr

J«rZhmCgog ~m§YVmZm Jmob qH$dm Mm¡H$moZr bmoI§S>r nmB©nMm Ë`mMà_mUo C^r _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm gm§JmS>m

C^m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jmob qH$dm B§J«Or Eb AmH$mamÀ`m da{bZMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m J«rZhmCgogMm N>VmMm ^mJ

Am{U ~mOyMm ^mJ hm \$m`~a ½bmg nm°br½bmg qH$dm nm°br H$m~m}ZoQ> erQ>Mm dmna H$ê$Z PmH$bm OmVmo. Aer

J«rZhmCgog W§S> hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemV `mo½` g_Obr OmVmV. H$maU VoWo hmoUmè`m ~\©$d¥ï>rg, J°~b J«rZhmCgMo

N>ßna Mm§Jë`m àH$mao Vm|S> XoD$ eH$Vo.

4) H$m°ÝgoQ> J«rZhmCgog (Quonset Type) :

`m àH$maÀ`m J«rZhmCg_Ü o darb N>ßna ho AY©dV©wimH$ma AgyZ Vr EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>bobr AgVmV.

AY©dVw©imH$ma N>ßna Am{U ~mOy ho nm°{b{WbrZ \$m`~a ½bmg qH$dm nm°brH$m~m}ZoQ> Zo PmH$bobr AgVmV.

H$m°ÝgoQ> àH$maÀ`m J«rZ hmCggmR>r N>V PmH$Ê`mgmR>r Jo~b àH$mamnojm ßbmpñQ>H$ AJa \$m`~a½bmg qH$dm

nm°{bH$m~m}ZoQ>Mo erQ>g² H$_r bmJVmV.

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5) [aOog A°S> \$amoO J«rZ hmCg (Ridges & Furrows Type) :

`m àH$mamVrb J«rZ hmCgMr _Ü` C§Mr 16 Vo 18 \y$Q> Am{U JQ>aMr C§Mr hr 10 Vo 12 \y$Q> amIÊ`mV

oVo. daÀ`m ~mOybm 3 Vo 4 \y$Q> ^mJmda ßb°pñQ>H$Mo AÀN>mXZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio ßb°pñQ>H$ hmCg_Yrb Ja_ hdm

hr daÀ`mda {ZKyZ OmD$Z AmVrb PmS>m§Zm BOm nmohMV Zmhr. gd© àH$maMr \$iPmS>o `mV dmT>dVm oVmV.

7.2.2.5 g|{Ð` eoVr …

Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va eoVrV A_wbmJ« Ago ~Xb hmoV Jobo. h[aVH«$m§VrMm pñdH$ma Ho$ë`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$bo

Jobobo g§H$[aV dmU, `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, ObqgMZ `m_wio CËnmXZmV dmT> gmÜ` Pmbr. Oar Ago

gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ {Xgbo Var _mZdmbm `mMr qH$_V MwH$dmdr bmJbr. _¥Xm Yyn, ObàXyfU, O§JbVmoS>,

jmanS> O_rZ `m§Mm eoVrda Pmbobm n[aUm_ `m Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr hmoV. WmoS>Š`mV dV©_mZ eoVr_wio n`m©daUmMm

èhmg hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio gmYmaUnUo XmoZ XeH$mnydu Aem àH$maÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ eoVrÀ`m {damoYmV EH$ Midi

C^r am{hbr. n[aUm_r eoVr hr Z¡g{J©H$/g|{Ð` nÕVrZo hmoD$ bmJbr d Ë`mÛmao n`m©daUmMr Pmbobr hmZr H$_r

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoD$ bmJbm.

C{ÔîQ>ço :

1) n`m©daUmMo g§VwbZ amIUo.

2) _mZdmMo Amamo½` d g_mOmMo {hV OmonmgUo.

3) n`m©daUmer gwg§JV amhÿZ Am{W©H$ àJVr H$aUo.

eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, J«mhH$, {Z`moOZH$V} d BVa gd© g§~§{YV KQ>H$ Oo `m AÞ {Z_m©U àUmbrVrb ^mJ

AmhoV Ë`m§Zm g|{Ð` eoVrZo EH$ Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm g\$bj_ d ZmdrÝ`nyU© n`m© {Xbm Amho. g|{Ð` eoVr H$aUo

åhUOo àñWm{nV eoVr nyU© gmoSy>Z XoUo Zìho Va àñWm{nV eoVrV ~Xb H$aUo. `m nÕVrVrb KmVH$ H$m } ~mOyg

gmê$Z {ZgJm©er g_m`moOZ H$aV eoVr H$aUo. Z¡g{J©H$ nÕVrZo eoVr H$aUo åhUOo g|{Ð` eoVr hmo . g|{Ð` IVo

d {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ^aKmog nrH$ KoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm g|§{Ð` eoVr Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

Aem àH$maÀ`m eoVrV KoVbr OmUmar CËnmXZo ~mOmanoR>oV OmñV qH$_V XoD$Z {dH$V KoVbr OmVmV.

{edm` Am§Vaamï´>r` _mnX§S>mV XoIrb ghO nmg hmoVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm _mJUr OmñV Amho. n[aUm_r Aem àH$maMr

eoVr H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mbm ^aKmog Am{W©H$ CËnÞ {_iVo.

g|{Ð` eoVrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb g§emoYZ, Aä`mg, à{ejU, àgma ho _hÎdmMo H$m_ g§ wº$ g§ñWmZmVrb

H°${b\$mo{Z© m amÁ`mVrb {dÚmnrR>mV MmbVo. Ë`mMà_mUo OnmZ_Ü o "Z¡g{J©H$ eoVrH$S>o Mbm' Aer Midi

C^r H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho Vr g|{Ð` eoVrMmM EH$ doJim n¡by Amho. n`m©daU d _mZd `m§À`m Ñï>rZo H$ë`mUH$mar

Aer hr eoVr Amho.

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7.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z Úm.

1) hdm_mZ {Z §{ÌV ZgUmao J«rZhmCg H$moUVo ?

A) Or. EM. - 3 ~) Or. EM. - 2

H$) Or. EM. - 1 S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

2) {nH$m§Mo W§S>rnmgyZ qH$dm YwŠ`mgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrnmgyZ WmoS>çm H$mbmdYrgmR>r g§ajU

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maMo J«rZhmCg dmnaVmV ?

A) J«mD§$S> Qy> J«mD§$S> J«rZ hmCg ~) Q>Zoëg H$) J°~b Q>mB©n S>) H$m°ÝgoQ>

7.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

OmJ{VH$sH$aU - Globalization

g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUo - High Yielding Varieties (HYV),

CVr g§dY©Z - Tissue culture

h[aVJ¥h - Green house

7.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :

7.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

1) H$, 2) S>, 3) ~

7.2.2 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ :

1) H$, 2) ~

7.5 gmam§e :

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm à^md eoVr ì`dñWoda H$moUË`m àH$mao Pmbm. `m{edm` àñVwVÀ`m àH$aUm_Ü o AmYw{ZH$

eoVr_Yrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm. `m_Ü o {nH$m§_Yrb g§H$[aV dmUmMo _hÎd H$m`

Amho VgoM CVr g§dY©ZmMm eoVr {dH$mgm_Yrb `moJXmZ AmnU nm{hbo. ObqgMZmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVtMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm. VgoM IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ `m§Mo {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmVrb ñWmZ H$m` Amho ho Aä`mgbo. h[aVJ¥h

V§ÌkmZ Ë`mMo \$m`Xo, àH$ma `m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Am{U eodQr g|{Ð` eoVr åhUOo H$m` Vo nm{hbo. `mdê$Z Amnë`m

Ago bjmV oB©b H$s, {ZgJm©Mo dmMZ, amoJamB© g§~§YrMo kmZ, eoVO_rZ H$gÊ`mMr H$bm, _emJV, _iUr,

YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$, ~mOmamMm Aä`mg, gaH$mar YmoaUo `m gd© ñVamVrb gdªH$f kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ ~Zbo Amho.

eoVrjoÌmMo AmìhmZ _mZdmnwT>o C o Amho. ho AmìhmZ nobÊ`mgmR>r VmH$X g_mO ì`dñWoZo {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo.

dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§» obm JaO Amho Vr dmT>Ë`m AÞYmÝ`mMr, Vr nwadÊ`mMr j_Vm `m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm_Ü o

Agë`mZo Ë`mMr H$mg YaUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.

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7.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` …

A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ/Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.

1) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ^maVr` eoVrda nS>boë` à^mdmMr MMm© H$am.

2) H¥$fr joÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr _m{hVr Úm.

3) qgMZ V§ÌkmZmMr _m{hVr Úm.

4) "J«rZ hmCg' g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

5) g|{Ð` eoVr{df`r _m{hVr {bhm.

6) CVr g§dY©Z åhUOo H$m` ? Vo WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.

7) {R>~H$ qgMZ nÕVrMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.

8) h[aVJ¥h åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ h[aVJ¥hmMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

~) Q>rnm {bhm/g§{já CÎmao {bhm.

1) g§H$[aV ~r-{~`mUm§Mm eoVrVrb Cn wº$Vm ñnï> H$am.

2) Z°Zmo V§ÌkmZ åhUOo H$m` ?

3) Vwfma qgMZmMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o gm§Jm.

4) g|{Ð` IVm§Mo \$m`Xo {bhm.

5) g|{Ð` eoVr åhUOo H$m` ?

7.7 joÌr` Aä`mg …

1) Amnë`m àXoemV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm eoVr joÌmda H$gm à^md nS>bm Amho Vmo Aä`mgVm oB©b.

2) Amnë`m g^modVmbr eoVr_Ü o H$moUH$moUVo AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ dmnabo OmVo `mMr nmhUr H$aVm

`oB©b.

3) Amnë`m ^mJmV dgboë`m Jmdm§_Ü o g|{Ð` eoVr Ho$br OmVo H$m `mMo gd}jU H$aVm oB©b.

4) Amnë`m n[agamVrb EImÚm h[aVJ¥hmbm àË`j oQ> XoD$Z VoWo H$moUË`m àH$maMo {nH$ KoVbo OmVo

d Ë`m {nH$mMo g§dY©Z Ho$bo OVmo ho nmhVm oB©b.

7.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1) {d. Jmo. d¡Ú (1978) : H¥$fremó àdoe Am{U O_rZ d nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b

àH$meZ, nwUo.

2) _Zmoha IHo$ (2006) : _mVrMo ñdê$n Am{U g|{Ð` IVo, ñdamO àH$meZ, dYm©

3) S>m°. {edmOramd R>m|~ao (2000) : J«rZhmCg-nm°brhmCg g_ñ`m d Cnm`, AVwb ~wH$

àH$meZ, nwUo.

4) S>m°. VwH$mam_ _moao (1997) : J«rZhmCg V§ÌkmZ, H$m°pÝQ>Z|Q>b àH$meZ, nwUo.

5) S>m°. {dO`m gmiw§Ho$ (2003) : H¥$fr ^yJmob, eoR> npãbeg©, _w§~B©.lll

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KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 8

àmË`{jH$ ^yJmobemó

8.0 C{Ôï>ço

8.1 àñVmdZm

8.2 {df` {ddoMZ

8.2.1 AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr

8.2.1.1 yJmobemó Aä`mgmV AmboIm§Mo _hËd

8.2.1.2 aofmboI d Ë`m§Mo àH$ma

8.2.1.3 ñV§ mboI d àH$ma

8.2.2 AmH¥$Ë`m

8.2.2.1 {d^m{OV dVw©i

8.2.2.2 g__yë` aofm nÕVr

8.2.2.3 N>m`m/N>Q>m nÕVr

8.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

8.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

8.5 gmam§e

8.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

8.7 joÌr` H$m ©

8.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

8.0 C{Ôï>ço …

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{Ôï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1) yJmobemómÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmË`{jH$mMr _m{hVr àmá hmoB©b.

2) yJmobemómV AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m nÕVrMr _m{hVr àmá hmoB©b.

3) AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m `m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm oB©b.

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4) AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ V§Ìm§Mr _m{hVr {_iob.

5) AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m§À`m gmømZo doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

6) VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_wio KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU `mo½` àH$mao H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

7) àmË`{jH$ nÕVr_wio {df`mÀ`m kmZmVrb gImobVm dmT>{dVm oB©b.

8) `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr `mo½` Ë`m AmboImMm, AmH¥$VrMm dmna H$aVm oB©b.

8.1 àñVmdZm :

_mZdmMo dñVrñWmZ n¥Ïdr, hr {ZgJ©V… AJ{UV gmYZ g§nÎmrMo ^m§S>ma Amho. H$moUË`mhr EH$m àXoemVrb

dZg§nXm, àmUrg¥ï>r, I{ZO g§nXm, H¥$fr CËnmXZo `m§Mr _m{hVr AmH$S>çmV/A§H$mV gm§{JVbr OmVo. `m g§» o_wio

Jm|Yi hmoVmo. ZrQ>er H$ënZm oV Zmhr. {MÌ Añnï> hmoVo. hoM AmH$S>o Oa AmH¥$Ë`m, AmamIS>o, {MÝho `mÛmao

Xe©{dë`mg Ë`mV gw~H$Vm, gwgyÌVm oVo. {MÌ ñnï> hmoD$Z Ë`mMm ZŠH$s AW© g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

H$mb, A§Va, CËnmXZ `m Jmoï>r yJmobmg§X^m©V Amdí`H$ AmhoV. yJmobmVrb AZoH$ Jmoï>r {d{dY ê$nmV

AmT>iVmV. Ë`m gdmªMm EH${ÌV {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m_Yrb nañna g§~§Y Xe©{dUo JaOoMo AgVo. `mgmR>r R>am{dH$

Jmoï>tMo g§H$bZ (EH$ÌrH$aU) H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo AmamIS>o, {Za{Zamù`m AmH¥$Ë`mÛmao ghg§~§Y Xe©{dVm oVo. gm§p»`H$s

AmH$S>odmar ZH$memV doJdoJù`m nÕVtZr Xe©{dVm oVo. Ë`mgmR>r {Za{Zamù`m AmH¥$Ë`m, AmamIS>o, {MÝho, AmboI

`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Á`m_wio {dVaUmË_H$ ZH$meo `mo½` Vr _m{hVr `mo½` Ë`m nÕVrZo ñnï> H$aVmV. `mVyZM

yJmob d _mZd m§À`m nañna g§~§YmMr AmoiI hmoVo. mgmR>r ZH$mememó (Cartography) hr {dÚmemIm _hËdmMr

R>aVo.

8.2 {df` {ddoMZ …

dV©_mZnÌmVrb ì §J{MÌ Á`mà_mUo Mmby KS>m_moS>rMo {ddoMZ Vm~S>Vmo~ H$aVo. Ë`mMà_mUo ZH$mememó

AMyH$ ~m~r `mo½` àH$mao Xe©{dVo. CnbãY _m{hVr Iw~rXmanUo C>Ry>Z {Xgob Aem nÕVrZo _m§S>VmV. hr _m§S>Ur

`mo½` àH$mao H$aUo hoM gdm©V _moR>o H$m¡eë` AgVo. AmH$S>odmar ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH${_Vr`, {Û{_Vr`, {Ì{_Vr`

AmH¥$Ë`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m AmH¥$Ë`m V`ma H$aVmZm J{UVmMm AmYma ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ë`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm

à^mdr AgVo. Ë`m_wio ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmH$S>odmar XmoZ nÕVtZr ì`ŠV H$aVm oVo. AmH¥$Ë`m, AmboI, AmamIS>o

`m§À`m{edm` ZH$mememó {Zén`moJr Amho Ago åhUmdo bmJob.

8.2.1 AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr …

H$moUVrhr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dVmZm Ë`mV 2 ~m~tMm {dMma H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. AmH$S>odmar

ì`ŠV H$aVmZm {VMo {d^mOZ g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ AmYmamda H$aVm oB©b. AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m `m_m\©$V

Xe©{dÊ`mV oUmar AmH$S>odmar hr ZH$mem{edm` Xe©{dVm oVo. na§Vw {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AmH$S>odmarMo

ñWmZr` {dVaU ZH$memÛmao ì`ŠV Ho$ë`mg Vo Iè`m AWm©Zo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dVaU åhUVm oB©b. H$maU yJmobemómMm

Aä`mg {df` hm Zoh_r yn¥ð> (ñWmZ) AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$mMo ñWmZr` {dVaU Xe©{dVmZm Ë`mda ^m¡Jmo{bH$

KQ>H$m§Mm nS>Umam à^md {XgyZ oVmo.

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AmboI (Graphs) Am{U AmH¥$Ë`m (Diagrams) ho XmoZ eãX AZoH$ doim gma»`mM AWm©Zo dmnabo

OmVmV. AmboI qH$dm AmH¥$Ë`m `m§À`m_m\©$V H$moUË`mhr XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm ghg§~§Y Xe©{dVm oVmo. hm ghg§~§Y

{d{eï> ñWi d H$mi `m_Yrb AgVmo. Omo ^m¡Jmo{bH$Ñï>çm {d{dY ZH$mememór` nÕVrZo Xe©{dVm oVmo. `m

ZH$mememór` nÕVr nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

A) gm§p»`H$s/ g§»`mË_H$ AmH¥$Ë`m (Quantitative Diagrams) :

gm§p»`H$s (_m{hVr) AmH$S>odmar XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo. ñWmZm§À`m (ñWi qH$dm OmJm) g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr,

aofm, ñV§ , dVw©i, Mm¡ag, Am`V, {ÌH$moU, KZ, Jmob Aem {Za{Zamù`m AmH¥$Ë`mÛmao Xe©{dVm oVo. H$mhr doim

g§~§{YV AmH$S>odmar VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ`, Xoe `m§À`m joÌmer g§~§{YV AgVo. Aemdoir hr AmH$S>odmar

g__yë` aofm nÕVr, qQ>~ qH$dm q~Xy, N>m`m qH$dm N>Q>m nÕVtZr Xe©{dVm oVo.

~) JwUmË_H$ _m{hVr (Qualitative Diagrams) :

`m_Ü o EH$mM KQ>H$mMr JwUdÎmm à_m{UV H$éZ àVdmar bmdyZ Vr {Za{Zamù`m gm§Ho${VH$ {MÝhm§Zr Xe©{dbr

OmVo. `mdoir Ë`m§Mo _yë` doJdoJio Agë`mg JwUmZwH«$_o {MÝhm§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. Á`m_Ü o CÎm_, Mm§Jbm,

_Ü`_, gmYmaU, H${Zð> `màH$mao JwUmZwH«$_ bmdVm oVmo. Ë`mMr {d^mJUr H$aVm oVo åhUyZM `mbm JwUmË_H$

{dVaU åhUVmV.

8.2.1.1 g§»`mË_H$ AmH¥$Ë`m …

g§»`mË_H$ AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr {d^mJUr 4 à_wI JQ>mV Ho$br OmVo. -

A) EH${_Vr` AmH¥$VrV - AmboI d ñV§ mMm dmna hmoVmo.

~) {Û{_Vr` AmH¥$VrV - dVw©i, Mm¡ag, Am`V d {d^m{OV dVw©i, B.

H$) {Ì{_Vr` AmH¥$Vr - Jmob, KZ, R>moH$io, BË`mXr

S>) {MÌ_` AmH¥$Vr - {d{dY gm§Ho${VH$ {MÌm§Mm dmna hmoVmo.

Va {dVaUmË_H$ ZH$memV - g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ ZH$mem§Mm dmna hmoVmo. g§»`mË_H$ ZH$memV q~Xy

ñWmZmZwgma AmboI, ñV§ , Mm¡ag, dVw©i, KZ, Jmob B. Mm dmna hmoVmo. joÌr` nÕVrV - g__yë`aofm N>m`m/

N>Q>m nÕVr, qQ>~ d a§J nÕVrMm dmna hmoVmo. aofmXe©H$ nÕVrV àdmhaofm, dhmVyH$ _mJ© Xe©H$ aofm `m§Mm dmna

Ho$bm OmVmo. JwUmË_H$ ZH$memV _mÌ a§J d {MÝh nÕVrMm dmna hmoVmo.

8.2.1.1 yJmobmÀ`m Aä`mgmV AmboImMo _hËd …

H$moUË`mhr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mMr AmH$S>odmar dmMÊ`mnojm Ë`m AmH$S>odmarÀ`m AmH¥$VrMo dmMZ H$aUo

A{YH$ gmono d bjdoYr AgVo. EH$mM Ñï>rjonmV gd© AmH$S>odmar MQ>H$Z bjmV oVo. H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$mMo

{dVaU A{YH$ Jw§VmJ§wVrMo d d¡{eï>çnyU© Agë`mg Ë`mMo AmH$bZ bdH$a hmoV Zmhr. VoM AmboI d AmH¥$VrÀ`m

gmømZo bdH$a g_OVo. AmboIm_wio doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§Mr VwbZmgwÕm H$aVm oVo. {MÌ_` nÕVrÀ`m AmH¥$Ë`m_wio

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Vm¡b{ZH$ {MÌ ñnï> hmoVo. `m AmH¥$Ë`m§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`mdê$Z AmnUmg AMyH$ Am{U `mo½` {ZU© /{ZîH$f©

àmá hmoVmV. aofm d ñV§ mboImdê$Z MT> CVmam§Mr g§ d{Z`Vm gm§JVm oVo. `m ~XbmMr H$maUo emoYVm oVmV.

`m AmboImdê$Z ^{dî`H$mimMm H$b g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

8.2.1.2 AmboImMo àH$ma …

A) EH${_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m qH$dm AmboI …

EH${_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü o aofmboI d ñV§ mboImMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mr

VwbZmË_H$ Am{U ghg§~§YmË_H$ _m{hVr ñnï>nUo `m AmboImV Xe©{dVm oVo. EH${_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü o aofmboI,

~hþaofmboI, nÅ>r AmboI, aofm d ñV§ mboI, ñV§ mboI, OmoS> d g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI BË`mXr AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

EH${_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m

A) aofmboI ~) ñV§^mboI

1) gmYm aofmboI 1) gmYm ñV§ mboI - 1) C^m 2) AmS>dm

2) ~hþ aofmboI 2) g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI

3) nÅ>r AmboI 3) OmoS> ñV§ mboI

4) aofm d ñV§ mboI 4) e§Hy$ AmH¥$Vr

8.2.1.3 aofmboI (Line Graphs) :

aofmboImMo AZoH$ CnàH$ma AmhoV. `m_Ü o gmYm aofmboI, ~hþaofmboI, nÅ>r AmboI Am{U aofm d

ñV§ mboI `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mVrb

1) gmYm aofmboI (Simple Line Graph) :

H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mVrb H$mbgmnoj ~Xb AmboI H$mJXmda `mo½` à_mUmZwgma q~XyÀ`m

gmhmæ`mZo {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Vo aofoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo OmoS>ë`mg V`ma hmoUmè`m AmH¥$Vrg "gmYm aofmboI' Ago åhUVmV.

AmboI V`ma H$aVmZm AmboI H$mJXmMr _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo R>aVo. AmboI H$mJXm_Ü o AmboI

H$mJXmÀ`m VimMr (ImbMr) AmS>dr aofm "j' Aj åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. `m AmS>ì`m Amgmda ñWmZ qH$dm

H$mbmdYr, (doi) Xe©{dVmV. Va S>mdrH$S>rb C^r aofm "`' Aj AgyZ `mda {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr à_mUmZwgma

AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dbr OmVo. `m AmH$S>odmarbm AZwgê$Z AmboImda `mo½` Vo q~Xy {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm OmoS>Umar

aofm H$mT>ë`mg aofmboI V`ma hmoVmo. aofmboImV aofoMr OmS>r à_mUmnojm OmñV Pmë`mg AmH$S>odmar g_OÊ`mg

AdKS> R>aVo.

aofmboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo àm_w»`mZo {d{dY H$mbI§S>mVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m_Yrb Vnerb Xe©{dVm oVmo.

CXm. {Za{Zamù`m H$mimVrb {nH$m§Mo, I{ZOm§Mo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZo, bmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ AmH$S>odmar, `m~amo~aM

Vn_mZ, nO©Ý` BË`mXtMo {dVaU Xe©{dVm oVo.

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CXmhaU : 1861 Vo 1951 `m H$mbmdYrVrb H$mZnya ehamMr bmoH$g§»`m dmT> gmYm aofmboImZo Xe©dm.

df© H$mZnya ehamMr bmoH$g§»`m nwUmªH$ wº$ g§»`m (bmIm_Ü o)

1861 1,21,500 12.2 (1.22)

1871 1,38,700 13.9 (1.39)

1881 1,51,444 15.1 (1.51)

1891 1,88,712 18.9 (1.89)

1901 1,97,170 19.7 (1.97)

1911 1,78,557 17.9 (1.79)

1921 2,16,486 21.6 (2.16)

1931 2,43,755 24.4 (2.44)

1941 4,87,324 48.8 (4.88)

1951 7,05,383 70.5 (7.05)

darb bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr AmH$S>odmar nmhVm Ë`mVrb bhmZ g§»`m AmboImda Xe©{dUo AdKS> R>aVo.

à_mU {ZdS>Ê`mVhr AS>MUr oVmV åhUyZM `m AmH$S>odmarMo nyUmªH$ wº$ AmH$S>odmarV ê$nm§Va H$bo Amho.

`mdoir g§»`m {Zåå`mnojm OmñV Agë`mg Ë`mnwT>Mm A§H$ {dMmamV KoVbm OmVmo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.1 : gmYm aofmboI

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AmboIm_Ü o C o à_mU Xe©{dVmZm, CËnmXZmMr nmVir 0 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr nm{hOo åhUyZM à_mUmMr

{ZdS> H$mQ>oH$moanUo H$amdr bmJVo. ZmhrVa Xe©{dbobr AmH$S>odmar MwH$sMr R>ê$ eH$Vo. darb CXmhaUmV

bmoH$g§» oMr AmH$S>odmar 0 nmgyZ 8 bmImn ªV {Xbobr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r 1 g|. _rQ>abm 100000 bmoH$g§»`m

ho à_mU `mo½` R>aVo. d Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z aofmboI V`ma Ho$bm Amho. `m AmboImdê$Z VwbZm H$aUo ghO eŠ`

hmoVo. `mdê$Z bmoH$g§» oV Pmbobr dmT> qH$dm KQ> MQ>H$Z ZOaoV ^aVo.

2) ~hþaofmboI : (Polygraph or multiple Line graph)

Á`mdoir EH$mnojm OmñV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$ EH$mMdoir EH$mM AmboI H$mJXmda aofm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Xe©{dbo

OmVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m AmboImbm ~hþaofmboI åhUVmV. `m_Ü o KQ>H$m§Mr AmH$S>odmar VwbZmË_H$ ñdênmMr AgVo.

åhUOoM EH$mM à_mUmda EH$mnojm OmñV KQ>H$ EH$mM AmboImda Xe©{dUo `mbmM ~hþaofmboI åhUVmV. `mda

bmoH$g§»`m (XmoZ {R>H$mUmMr), I{ZO g§nÎmr CËnmXZ, hdoMr pñWVr B. àH$maMr AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dVm oVo. `mdê$Z

XmoZ doJdoJù`m KQ>H$mVrb ~XbVm àdmh qH$dm Ë`m_Ü o hmoUmam ~Xb ghOmghOr g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

CXmhaU - ^maVmVrb Iarn d aã~r h§Jm_mVrb AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ ~hþaofmboImZo Xe©dm.

(AmH$S>o X. b. _oQ´>rH$ Q>ZmV)

df© Iarn CËnmXZ aã~r CËnmXZ

1980-81 77.6 51.9

1985-86 85.2 65.2

1990-91 99.4 77.0

1995-96 100.6 90.5

2000-01 112.2 96.4

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.2 : ~hþaofmboI

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`m AmboImV bmoH$g§»`m, I{ZO CËnmXZ, {nH$mImbrb O_rZ d {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ, X¡{ZH$ gamgar H$_mb

d {H$_mZ Vn_mZ, {d{dY H$mbmdYrVrb Am`mV, {Z`m©V ì`mnma, doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUMo nO©Ý`_mZ B. Mr AmH$S>odmar

Xe©{dVm oVo. AmboImdê$Z VwbZm H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. doJdoJù`m KQ>H$mVrb ghg§~§Y d Ë`mMo ñdê$n

g_OmdyZ KoVm oVo.

`m_Ü o doJdoJù`m AmH$S>odmargmR>r EH$M à_mU {ZdS>mdo bmJVo. ~hþaofmboImda EH$mdoir OmñVrV

OmñV 5 AmboI Xe©{dUmMm g§Ho$V Amho. àË oH$ aofmboImgmR>r doJim a§J qH$dm aofoÀ`m N>Q>m dmnaVm oVmV _mÌ

Ë`mMm C„oI gyMr_Ü o H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo.

3) nÅ>r AmboI/g§ wº$ aofmboI (Band Graph/Compound Line graph) :

nÅ>r AmboImbm, g§ wº$ aofmboI åhQ>bo OmVo. `m_Ü o àË oH$ KQ>H$mgmR>r EH$mM à_mUmda ñdV§Ì AmboI

Z H$mT>Vm gd© KQ>H$m§Mr ~oarO H$ê$Z EHy$U KQ>H$mgmR>r à_mU {ZdSy>Z Ë`mVrb àË oH$ KQ>H$ à_mUmZwgma doJdoJim

Xe©{dbm OmVmo. `mVrb àË oH$ KQ>H$ nÅ>rÀ`m ñdê$nmV Xe©{dVm oVmo. `m_Ü o "j' Ajmda H$mbmdYr d "`'

Ajmda AmH$S>odmar à_mUmgh Xe©{dbr OmVo. àË oH$ KQ>H$mgmR>r ñdV§Ì N>m`maofm/N>Q>m dmnaë`m OmVmV.

`mVrb àË oH$ KQ>H$ EH$mda EH$ `mà_mUo Xe©{dÊ`mg àË oH$ KQ>H$mMo à_mU g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

`m AmboIm_Ü o EImÚm XoemVrb doJdoJù`m KQ>H$mMo CXm. dmhZo, {nHo$, bmoH$g§»`m d`moJQ>mZwgma,

I{ZOo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZo d ì`mnmamMo ñdê$n Xe©{dVm oVo.

CXm. 1970-71 Vo 1997-98 `m H$mimVrb ^maVmÀ`m naXoer ì`mnmamV BVa ^mJrXma Xoem§Mm gh^mJ

nÅ>r AmboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Xe©dm. CXmhaU (gh^mJ %)

A.Z§. Xoe 1970-71 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1997-98

1) g§. g§ñWmZo 41.2 12.2 24.9 28.6 28.5

2) OnmZ 18.3 15.3 15.9 19.7 11.7

3) O_©Zr 8.7 11.4 11.6 12.6 12.5

4) B§½b§S> 18.9 11.4 10.7 11.2 11.5

5) a{e`m 20.1 29.7 26.4 26.9 36.7

EHy$U 107.2 90.0 89.5 99.0 100.9

darb AmboI XmoZ doJdoJù`m nÕVrZr H$mT>Vm oVmo. n{hë`m nÕVrV AmS>ì`m Ajmda g§ wº$ g§ñWmZMr

AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mV OnmZMr AmH$S>odmar {_idyZ OnmZgmR>r, Ë`mZ§Va O_©ZrgmR>r, Ë`mZ§Va B§½b§S>Mr

AmH$S>odmar d gdm©V eodQ>r EHy$U AmH$S>odmar à_mUmZwgma Xe©{dë`mg àË oH$ XoemgmR>rMm ñdV§Ì AmboI V`ma

hmoVmo. Xwgè`m nÕVrV gd©àW_ EHy$U AmH$S>odmarMm AmboI H$mTy>Z Ë`m_Ü o àË oH$ XoemÀ`m (à_mUmMm {dMma

H$ê$Z) AmH$S>odmarMo doJdoJio {d^mJ a§JN>Q>m/N>m oZo Xe©{dVm oVmV.

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.3 : nÅ>r AmboI/g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI

4) aofm d ñV§ mboI (Line and Bar Graph) :

H$mhr doim XmoZ doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§Mr AmH$S>odmar EH$mM AmboImV doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmV (g§{_l ñdê$nmV)

Xe©{dë`mg Ë`mg aofm d ñV§ mboI åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. `m_Ü o EH$m KQ>H$mMr AmH$S>odmar aofoZo d Xwgè`mMr

AmH$S>odmar ñV§ mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo XmI{dbr OmVo. `m AmboImV àm_w»`mZo hdm_mZmMr AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dbr

OmVo.

CXmhaU : _m±Q´>r`b ehamÀ`m _m{gH$ gamgar Vn_mZ d nO©Ý`mMr AmH$S>odmar aofm d ñV§ mboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo

Xe©dm.

{R>H$mU-_m±Q´>r`b

_{hZm OmZo. \o$~«w. _mM© E{àb _o. OyZ Owb¡ Am°JñQ> gßQ>|. Am°ŠQ>mo. Zmoìh|. {S>g|.

Vn_mZ 0 g|. 0.3 0.2 3.0 7.0 12.0 18.0 22.0 21.0 17.0 12.0 5.0 0.1

nO©Ý` g|. _r. 5.0 5.2 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.4 … aofm d ñV§ mboI

aofm d ñV§ mboI V`ma H$aVmZm aofmboImnojm Xwgè`m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m AmboImV XmoZnojm

OmñV KQ>H$ CXm. _{hZo, Vmn_mZ Am{U nO©Ý` Xe©dmd`mMo Agë`mZo AmboI H$mJXmÀ`m VrZ ~mOyMm dmna

H$amdm bmJVmo. "j' Ajmda _{hÝ`m§Mr Zmdo, "`' Ajmda S>mdrH$S>o Vn_mZmMo AmH$S>o d COì`m ~mOyg nO©Ý`mMo

AmH$S>o Xe©dmdo bmJVmV. Vn_mZ d nO©Ý`mÀ`m AmH$S>çmV ~amM \$aH$ Agë`mZo àË oH$mgmR>r doJio à_mU

¿`mdo bmJVo. `m AmboImV Vn_mZ aofmboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo d nO©Ý` ñV§ mboImZo Xe©{dbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio

Vn_mZ d nO©Ý` `m§Mr VwbZm qH$dm à_mU AmboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oVo. aofmboI V`ma H$aVmZm Oa

Ë`m§À`m _mJm©V ñV§ oV AgVrb Va ñV§ H$mnyZ aofmboI nwT>o Ý`mdm bmJVmo.

hdm_mZmMr AmH$S>odmar Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr doim hdm_mZ AmboIm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Ü`o

Šbm`_moJ«m\$À`m gmhmæ`mZo (Amoë`m \w$½`mMo Vn_mZ) AmЩVoMr Q> o$dmar d Vn_mZ Xe©{dbo OmVo. d hdm_mZmMr

hmoaniUmar, Pm|~Umar, X_Q> d AmЩ Am{U W§S> d AmЩ hdm_mZ Xe©{dVm oVo. `m{edm` Vn_mZ d nO©Ý`

à_mUmÀ`m AmH$S>odmardê$Z Hyther graph V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. Á`mMm dmna {^Þ {^Þ hdm_mZ àXoemVrb

_mZdr dñË`m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.~) ñV§ mboI …

aofmboImà_mUoM {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mo ñWi d H$mbgmnoj {dVaU Xe©{dÊ`mg ñV§ mboImMm dmnaHo$bm OmVmo. ñV§ mboImV {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mVrb joÌr` ~Xb AmboI H$mJXmda q~XyÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo{ZpíMV H$ê$Z g_mZ OmS>rÀ`m ñV§ mZo Xe©{dbo OmVmV. `m_Ü o q~XynmgyZ Imbr "j' Ajmn ªV ho ñV§ H$mT>boOmVmV. `m ñV§ mZm C o ñV§ Vertical bar's åhUVmV.

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ZH$mememómV ñV§ mboImMo Imbrb CnàH$ma nmS>bo OmVmV.

1) gmYm ñV§ mboI (simple bar graph)

2) ~hþ qH$dm g_yh ñV§ mboI (multiple or graph bar)

3) g§ wº$ ñV§ mboI (compound bar graphs)

4) eVà_mU ñV§ mboI (percentage bar graphs)

1) gmYm ñV§ mboI (simple bar graph) :

ñV§ mboIm_Ü o g_mZ OmS>rÀ`m ñV§ mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo KQ>H$m§À`m AmH$S>odmarVrb \$aH$ Xe©{dbm OmVmo.

`m_Ü o AmS>ì`m åhUOo "j' Ajmda H$mbI§S> qH$dm {Oëhm, amÁ`, Xoe `m§Mr Zmdo oVmV Am{U "`' Ajmda

{d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mMo CËnmXZ qH$dm BVa KQ>H$ Xe©{dbo OmVmV. {d{dY gm§p»`H$s AmH$S>o Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r

ñV§ mboI A{Ve` Cn wº$ R>aVmV. ñV§ mboImMo A) C o ñV§ mboI d ~) AmS>do ñV§ mboI Ago 2 CnàH$ma

nS>VmV. AmS>ì`m ñV§ mboImMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo `m_Ü o AmS>ì`m qH$dm "j' Ajmda CËnmXZmMo, bmoH$g§» oMo

qH$dm KQ>H$mMo AmH$S>o {Xbo OmVmV Am{U Cä`m "`' Ajmda df}, àXoe qH$dm amÁ`mMr Zmdo {Xbr OmVmV.

CXmhaU - ^maVmVrb à_wI AÞYmÝ` {nH$ (Vm§Xyi) CËnmXZ (CËnmXZ bmI Q>ZmV)

df© 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1995-96

CËnmXZ 206.76 345.74 422.25 536.31 742.91 769.75,

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.5 : gmYm C^m ñV§ mboI

~r. E. ^mJ 2 … H¥$fr ^yJmob-nona 3 / 9

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AmS>dm ñV§ (Horizontal Bars) :

CXm. ^maVmVrb Z¡g{J©H$ dm yMo CËnmXZ AmS>ì`m ñV§ mboImÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Xe©dm.

df© Z¡g{J©H$ dm y CËnmXZ (AãO KZ _rQ>a)

1986 6.6

1987 7.7

1988 8.8

1989 10.6

1990 11.9

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.6 … AmS>dm ñV§ mboI

2) g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI (Compound Bar Graph) :

g§ wŠV ñV§ mboImbm {d^m{OV qH$dm Cn{d^m{OV ñV§ mboI (Sub Divided Bar Graph) Agohr åhUVmV.

g§ wŠV ñV§ mboImV doJdoJù`m H$mbmdYrVrb, EH$mM àXoemVrb, amÁ` qH$dm XoemVrb nañna g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mr

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AmH$S>odmar EH$mM ñV§ mV {d^mJUr H$ê$Z Xe©{dbobr AgVo. `m_Ü o àW_ EH$mM ñV§ mboImMr aMZm H$ê$Z

Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m_Yrb CnKQ>H$m§Mr {d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ KQ>H$ `mo½`[aË`m Xe©{dVm oVo. `m_Ü ohr

C o d AmS>do g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI Ago XmoZ CnàH$ma nS>VmV.

CXm. ^maVmVrb {d{dY ómoVm_m\©$V Ho$bo OmUmao {dÚwV eŠVrMo gZ 1970-71 Vo 1990-91 H$mbI§S>mVrb

CËnmXZ (X. b. _oJmd°Q>)

{dÚwV eŠVr ómoV (X. b. _oJmd°Q>)

df© Am¡pîUH$ {dÚwV Ob{dÚwV AUw{dÚwV EHy$U

1970-71 2347 2200 205 4752

1975-76 3609 2780 218 6597

1980-81 5209 3995 260 9364

1985-86 9510 4345 425 14280

1990-91 14876 5360 375 20611

`m_Yrb EHy$U KQ>H$m§À`mgmR>r H$mT>bobm ñV§ hm _w»` ñV§ AgyZ Ë`mMr {d^mJUr nwÝhm 3 JQ>mV

Ho$br OmVo. `mn¡H$s àË oH$ JQ> Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m à_mUmZwgma Xe©{dbm OmVmo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.7 … g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI

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`m AmboImV CnKQ>H$m§Mo à_mU EH$M AgyZ Ë`mMm C„oI AmboImV H$amdm bmJVmo. `m~amo~aM àË oH$

CnKQ>H$mgmR>r doJù`m N>Q>mMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`mMmhr C„oI Zm|Xdmdm bmJVmo. "`' Ajmda KoVbobo à_mU Am{U

"j' Ajmda H$mbI§S>mMm C„oI Ho$bobm AgVmo.

3) OmoS> ñV§ / g_yh ñV§ / ~hþ ñV§ mboI (Bar Graphs) :

`mMr aMZm gmÜ`m ñV§ mboImà_mUoM AgVo. na§Vw gmÜ`m ñV§ mboImV EH$M KQ>H$ Xe©{dbm OmVmo Va

g_yh ñV§ mV EH$mnojm OmñV åhUOoM 2 qH$dm 3 KQ>H$ Xe©{dVm oVmV. Ë`mgmR>rMo à_mU _mÌ EH$M AgVo.

`m AmboIm_wio VwbZm H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. `m_Ü o ^maVmVrb OZJUZoZwgma J«m_rU d ehar bmoH$g§»`m,

ór-nwéf à_mU, gmjaVm-{ZajaVm, Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnma, XoemVrb, amÁ`mVrb, {d{dY {nH$mImbrb joÌ,

{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ B. ñdénmMr AmH$S>odmar XmI{dVm oVo.

CXm. 1990-1991 Vo 1999-2000 `m H$mimVrb ^maVmMm Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnma (H$moQ>r én o)

df© {Z`m©V (H$moQ>r én o) Am`mV (H$moQ>r én o)

1990-91 32557 43193

1991-92 44042 47851

1992-93 53688 63374

1993-94 69751 73101

1994-95 82674 89971

1995-96 106353 122678

1996-97 119817 138920

1197-98 130101 154176

1998-99 139753 178332

1999-2000 162925 204583

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.8 … OmoS> ñV§ mboI

darb AmboImV Am`mV d {Z`m©VrgmR>r EH$M à_mU {ZdS>mdo bmJob. df© j Ajmda d Am`mV {Z`m©V

à_mUmZwgma ` Ajmda XmIdmdr bmJob. à_mU {ZdS>VmZm H$_mb d {H$_mZ A§H$mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJob.

Am`mV d {Z`m©VrMo ñV§ EH$_oH$mbm OmoSy>Z H$mT>mdo bmJVrb d Ë`m§Zm doJdoJù`m N>Q>m / N>m`m Úmdm bmJVrb.

IV) e§Hy$ AmH¥$Vr (Pyramid Diagram) :

hr ñV§ mboImMr doJir nÕV Amho. `m nÕVrV gmYm qH$d g§ wŠV ñV§ mboI hm EH$m {d{eï> nm`mda

EH$mda EH$ `m nÕVrZo V`ma H$aVm oVo. `m_Ü o EImÚm {R>H$mUMr d`moJQ>mZwgma bmoH$g§»`m ór-nwéf à_mU,

doJdoJù`m ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vboë`m bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dVm oVo. d`moJQ>mZwgma ZmJar J«m_rU bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dbr

OmVo.

CXm. gm§Jbr ehamVrb CnZJamV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr d`moJQ>mZwgma bmoH$g§»`m (1990)

d`moJQ> ór nwéf

0 Vo 5 df} 385 375

6 Vo 15 df} 833 1072

16 Vo 35 df} 968 1140

36 Vo 59 df} 558 798

60 dfmªÀ`mda 126 95

1990-91 Vo 1999-2000

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AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.9

`m AmboImV d`moJQ> AmS>ì`m Ajmda Ajmbm g_m§Va Xe©{dVm oVmV. "j' Ajmda bmoH$g§» oMo

à_mU KoVbo OmVo. "j' AjmÀ`m _Ü`^mJmda d`moJQ> KoVbo OmVmV d àË oH$ d`moJQ>mMr bmoH$g§»`m "j'

Ajmbm g_m§Va KoVbr OmVo. {_imboë`m AmH¥$Vrdê$Z bmoH§$g» oMr VwbZm H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. VgoM

^{dî`H$mimV bmoH$g§» oV hmoUmar dmT> dm KQ> g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

8.2. {Û{_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m (Two Dimensional Diagrams) :

`m AmH¥$Ë`m§Zm ñWmZXe©H$/joÌXe©H$ AmH¥$Ë`m (Area Diagrams) åhUVmV. `m_Ü o {Xbobr AmH$S>odmar

Am`V, Mm¡ag d dVw©imZo Xe©{dbr OmVo. `m AmH¥$Ë`m Vh{gb, {Oëhm, amÁ`, Xoe B. À`m gr_m§À`m AmV

H$mT>ë`m OmVmV. Á`m_wio Ë`m§À`mVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr VwbZm H$aVm oVo. `m AmH¥$Ë`m§Zm XmoZ ~mOy (bm§~r d

é§Xr) Agë`mZo Ë`mZm {Û{_Vr` AmH¥$Ë`m åhUVmV. {Û{_Vr` AmH¥$Vr_Ü o -

1) {d^m{OV Am`V

2) {d^m{OV dVw©i

3) à_mU~Õ dVw©i

4) à_mU~Õ Jmob `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`mn¡H$s \$ŠV {d^mOrV dVw©imMmM AmnUmg {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.

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8.2.1 {d^m{OV dVw©i ( Divided Circle / Pie Diagram or Wheel Diagram )

{Xboë`m gm§p»`H$s AmH$S>odmarbm AZwgê$Z dVw©imMr Ho$bobr {d^mJUr åhUOo {d^m{OV dVw©i hmo .

`m nÕVrbm MH«$mH¥$Vr åhQ>bo OmVo. Xwgè`m ^mfoV {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{bH$ CnKQ>H$m§Mr AmH$S>odmar A§emË_H$ nÕVrZo

Xe©{dbr OmVo. Ë`m AmH¥$Vrg "{d^m{OV dVw©i' (Divided Circle) åhUVmV. `m {d^m{OV dVw©i nÕVrZo EImÚm

àXoemVrb y_r Cn`moOZ, doJdoJù`m {nH$mImbrb joÌ, doJdoJù`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ, {d{dY ómoVmImbrb

ObqgMZ joÌ, Am{W©H$ CËnmXZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZo, bmoH$g§»`m, Y_© d qbJmZwgma dJuH$aU `m§Mo {dVaU

Xe©{dVm oVo.

{d^m{OV dVw©i XmoZ nÕVrZo V`ma H$aVm oVo. n{hë`m nÕVrg àË oH$ CnKQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$ _yë` H$mT>VmZm

nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

EH$m CnKQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$ _yë` = CnKQ>H$mMr qH$_V

X 3600

EHy$U KQ>H$m§Mr qH$_V

{d^m{OV dVw©i V`ma H$aVmZm, dVw©imÀ`m EHy$U 3600 `m {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU EH$m q~Xy modVr

3600 Mo A§emË_H$ A§Va AgVo. Ë`mdê$Z àË oH$ KQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$ _yë` H$mT>mdo bmJVo. àË oH$ KQ>H$m§À`m

A§emË_H$ _yë`mdê$Z g§nyU© dVw©imMr {d^mJUr H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo.

Xwgè`m nÕVrV …

CnKQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$ _yë` H$mT>VmZm, àW_ gd© CnKQ>H$mÀ`m AmH$S>çmMr ~oarO Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m

~oaOobm 3600 A§e J¥{hV Yê$Z EH$m A§emMo _yë` H$mT>mdo d Z§Va Ë`m _yë`mZo CnKQ>H$m§À`m g§» og ^mJmdo

åhUOo CnKQ>H$mMo _yë` {_iVo. `mgmR>r

EH$ A§emMo _yë` = gd© KQ>H$m§Mr ~oarO

3600

{Vgar nÕV …

`m nÕVrZo CnKQ>H$m§Mo A§emË_H$ _yë` H$mT>VmZm àW_ gd© CnKQ>H$m§À`m AmH$S>çmMr ~oarO Ho$br OmVo.

hr ~oarO ~amo~a 100% _mZbr OmVo. Z§Va Ë`mnmgyZ àË oH$ CnKQ>H$mMr Q>ŠHo$dmar {_i{dbr OmVo d àË oH$

CnKQ>H$mÀ`m Q>ŠHo$dmarbm 3.6 Zo JwUmdo bmJVo. H$maU 100% = 3600 AmnU J¥{hV Yabobo AgVo. åhUOoM

1% = 3.60 åhUyZ Q>ŠHo$dmarnmgyZ A§emË_H$ _yë` {_i{dVmZm 3.6 Zo JwUë`mg àË oH$ CnKQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$

_yë` {_iVo.

CXm. 1948 _Ü o ^maVmVrb doJdoJù`m amÁ`mVrb V§~mIyMo CËnmXZmImbr Agbobo O{_ZrMo joÌ (EH$am_Ü o)

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amÁ` joÌ (EH$a) A§XmOo % A§emË_H$ _yë`

_Ðmg 304,000 53.4 192.2

_w§~B© 166,000 29.0 104.0

CÎma àXoe 40,000 7.0 26.0

{~hma 35,000 6.1 22.0

n§Om~ 6,000 1.5 5.40

n. ~§Jmb 6,000 1.5 5.40

_Ü` àXoe 2,000 0.5 1.80

100.00 3600

à_mU 1% = 4000 EH$a

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 8.10 … {d^m{OV dV©wi

AmH$S>odmarÀ`m AmH$S>o_moS>rdéZ àË oH$ CnKQ>H$mMo A§emË_H$ _yë` {_imë`mZ§Va, H$moUË`mhr {ÌÁ oMo

EH$ dVw©i H$mT>do, dVw©im_Ü o n«Ë oH$ KQ>H$mÀ`m A§emË_H$ _yë`mZwgma A§emË_H$ A§VamÀ`m IwUm H$éZ ¿`mì`mV.

dVw©imMo doJdoJio {d^mJ {Z_m©U hmoVrb. `mVrb àË oH$ {d^mJmg doJim a§J qH$dm N>Q>m (aofm) Úmì`mV d Vgm

Vnerb AmH¥$VreoOmar {bhmdm.

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g§»`mË_H$ joÌr` {dVaUmMo ZH$meo :

{Za{Zamù`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mo {dVaU {d{dY nÜXVrZo ZH$mem_Ü o Xe©{dVm oVo. Voìhm Ë`m ZH$memZm

"g§»`mË_H$ joÌr` {dVaUmMo ZH$meo' åhUVmV. Ago g§»`mË_H$ {dVaU Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r Mm¡ag, dVw©i, Jmob `m

y{_Vrg AmH¥$Ë`m{edm` q~Xy Choropleth aofm N>m`m / N>Q>m Isopleth d g_{dVaU / g__yë` nÜXVrMm

dmna H$aVm oVmo.

8.2.2 g__yë` aofm nÜXVr (Isopleth Method) ZH$meo :

g_mZ _yë` / qH$_V / KZVm Xe©{dUmè`m aofm§Zm g__yë` aofm åhUVmV Am{U ZH$mem§Zm g__yë` aofm ZH$meo

åhUVmV. Isopleth Maps åhUOo ISO = Equal g_mZ, plethorn = measures _mnZo / _yë` hmo .

g__yë` aofm nÜXVr_wio {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMo {d^mJ nyU©nUo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Xe©{dbo OmVmV. hm gdm©V

_hÎdmMm JwUY_© `m aofm§Mm Agë`mZo yJmob Aä`mgmgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVmo. CXm. `m g__yë` aofm§Mm dmna nO©Ý`

{dVaU, Vn_mZ {dVaU, dm y ma {dVaU d BVa KQ>H$m§Mo {dVaU Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r H$aVm oVmo. àmXo{eH$ {^ÝZVm

g_OÊ`mg `m ZH$mem§Mr _XV hmoVo. g§»`mË_H$ {dVaU Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r hm AË §V Cn wŠV nÜXVr Amho.

g_{dVaU qH$dm g__yë` aofm Á`m KQ>H$m§gmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mo g_Vmn aofm Isotherms,

g_dm y ma Isobars, g_mZ ImobrXe©H$ aofm, Isobath, g_jmaXe©H$ Isohaline, g_mZ gy ©àH$me Isohel,

g_mZ Am «mÀN>m{XV n«H$me aofm, Isoneph Ago àH$ma nS>VmV.

Oo. Ho$. amB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo g_moÀM aofm, g_^ma, g_VmnXe©H$ aofm `m§Zm Isometric aofm åhUVmV. H$maU

`m aofm Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUMo àË`j _yë` Xe©{dVmV. na§Vw ñWmZmMm {dMma Z H$aVm joÌmer g§~§YrV ({dñV¥V àXoe)

H$mT>boë`m aofm§Zm Isopleth g__yë` aofm åhUVmV. g__yë` aofm H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r,

1) Á`m joÌmMr gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr {Xbr Amho Ë`m joÌmMm ZH$mem Ë`mÀ`m Cn{d^mJmÀ`m gr_mgh CnbãY

Agmdm.

2) Ë`m n«XoemVrb doJdoJù`m ñWmZm§Mr d Ë`m§À`m KQ>H$m§Mr OmñVrV OmñV _m{hVr CnbãY Agmdr.

g__yë` aofm nÜVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Isopleth) :

1) g__yë` aofm `m {d{eï> A§VamZo / dJmªVamZo H$mT>boë`m AgVmV. XmoZ g__yë` aofmVrb A§Va ho ZH$memMo

à_mU d AMyH$Vm `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. dJmªVa R>a{dVmZm H$_mb d {H$_mZ _yë`m§Mm {dMma H$amdm

bmJVmo.

2) dJmªVam_wio g__yë` aofmVrb A§Vamda n[aUm_ hmoVmo åhUyZM `mo½` dJmªVamMr {ZdS> H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

3) g__yë` aofm Odi Odi AgVrb Va Ë`m {dVaUmVrb Vrd« (OmñV) ~Xb Xe©{dVmV d Xya Xya (bm§~

bm§~) A§Vamda Agë`mg Ë`m (H$_r) _§X ~Xb Xe©{dVmV.

4) g__yë` aofm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m àXoemVrb gd© {R>H$mUm§Mr AmH$S>odmar qH$dm _m{hVr {~ZMyH$ CnbãY

Agbr nm{hOo.

5) g__yë` aofmXe©H$ ZH$memMo AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dVaU MQ>H$Z bjmV oVo.

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CXmhaU : gmVmam / gm§Jbr {OëømVrb nO©Ý` {dVaU g__yë` aofm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Xe©dm :

A.Z§. ñWi dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý` {_._rQ>a

1) gmVmam 1025.1

2) H$moaoJmd 706.3

3) dmB© 710.4

4) H$amS> 713.1

5) X{hdS>r 462.9

6) åhgdS> 472.5

7) dSy>O 512.2

8) nwgogmdir 636.0

9) I§S>mim 503.8

10) \$bQ>U 473.0

11) Am¢Y 670.4

12) _hm~ioœa 6226.3

13) nmMJUr 1865.0

14) _oT>m 1723.5

15) nmQ>U 1831.6

AmH¥$Vr 8.11 … gmVmam {Oëhm - g__yë` aofm nÕVr

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`m aofm H$mT>VmZm gd©M {R>H$mUr g_nO©Ý` aofoÀ`m A§VamBVHo$ _yë` AgobM Ago Zmhr. `m aofm H$mT>VmZm

Ë`m XmoZ {R>H$mUmVrb A§Va d _yë`m_Yrb \$aH$mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. CXm. XmoZ {R>H$mUmVrb A§Va 5

g|._r. Agob Am{U nO©Ý`m_Yrb \$aH$ 10 {_.{_. Agë`mg 5 {_{_À`m nO©Ý` \$aH$mgmR>r {R>H$mU /aofm_Yrb

A§Va 2.5 g|._r. amhrb. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmB©b.

XmoZ ñWmZmVrb nO©Ý`mVrb \$aH$ 10 {_.{_.

XmoZ ñWmZm_Yrb A§Va 5 g|._r.

1 go._r. = 2 {_.{_. qH$dm 5 {_.{_. = 2.5 g|._r.

g__yë` aofmnÜXVrMo JwUXmof nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

JwU :

1) {dVaUmVrb \$aH$ bJoM g_OyZ oVmo. aofm Odi Odi AgVrb Va \$aH$ Vrd« / OmñV AgVmo Am{U

aofm Xya Xya / OmñV A§Vamda AgVrb Va \$aH$ H$_r / _§X AgVmo.

2) Vmn_mZ, nO©Ý`, dm w a `m§Mo {dVaU Xe©{dUo eŠ` hmoVo.

3) q~Xy d N>Q>m / N>m`mnÜXVrnojm hr nÜXVr emóewÜX Amho.

Xmof :

1) \$aH$ ghOmghOr Xe©{dUo AdKS> R>aVo.

2) doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUm§Mr ñWm{ZH$ _m{hVr CnbãY Agmdr bmJVo Vr ghO CnbãY hmoB©b `mMr eŠ`Vm

Zmhr Am{U CnbãY Pmbr Var Vr AMyH$ Agob Agohr åhUVm oV Zmhr.

8.2.2.3 H$moamoßboW / N>m`m / N>Q>m nÜXVr : Charopleth Method

Ooìhm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§Mr gamgar AmH$S>odmar ZH$memV N>m`m nÜXVrZo Xe©{dbr OmVo

Ë`m nÜXVrÀ`m ZH$membm N>m`m nÜXVrMo ZH$meo Charopleth Method Ago åhUVmV. gamgar _yë`mVrb

V\$mdVrbm doJdoJù`m N>Q>m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `mgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmH$S>odmarMo doJdoJio JQ>

qH$dm dJmªVamZwgma {d^mJUr H$éZ {dVaU Xe©{dbo OmVo. ho {dVaU àemgH$s` {d^mJmZwgma AgVo. ho n«emgH$s`

{d^mJ Vhgrb, {Oëhm, amÁ` B. nmVirMo AgyZ Ë`m§Mr bmoH$g§»`m, eoVr CËnmXZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZo B.

g§X^m©V {d{dY àH$maMr gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr EH${ÌV Ho$br OmVo Am{U `m AmH$S>odmarMo gamgar _yë` joÌmZwgma

{_i[dbo OmVo Am{U `m AmH$S>odmarMo gamgar _yë` joÌmZwgma {_i{dbo OmVo. CXm. Xa Mm¡.{H$._r. bm bmoH$

g§»`oMr KZVm, Xa EH$ar qH$dm hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ, eoH$S>m à_mU B. EH§$XarV KZVm qH$dm gamgar _yë`

{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

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CXmhaUmW© : bmoH$ KZVm = EHy$U bmoH$g§»`m

EHy$U joÌ\$i

ZmJar bmoH$g§» oMo eoH$S>m à_mU : ZmJar bmoH$g§»`m

EHy$U bmoH$g§»`m

N>m`m nÜXVrMo ZH$meo \$ŠV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Z ahmVm Ë`mgmR>r amOH$s` gr_m§Mm dmna hmoV Agë`mZo Vo amOH$s`

ZH$meo ~ZVmV. N>m`mnÜXVrMo ZH$meo V`ma H$aVmZm Ë`m_Ü o EH$ XmoZ ~m~tMm {dMma AË §V _hËdmMm R>aVmo.

`m_Ü`o

A) dJmªVa R>a{dUo :

gamgar _yë`m§Mo joÌr` {dVaU Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{eð> dJmªVamMr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. dJmªVa {ZdS>VmZm

{_imboë`m AmH$S>odmarMmhr {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. A§H$mVrb \$aH$ \$ma _moR>m Agë`mg dJmªVahr _moR>o Agmdo

bmJVo d H$_r \$aH$mgmR>r dJmªVamMo à_mU H$_r (bhmZ) Agbo Varhr MmbVo. {H$_mZ d H$_mb A§VamVrb

\$aH$mbm dJmªVa Ago åhUVmV. ho dJmªVa 25, 50, 100, 1000, 10000 À`m nQ>rV R>odbo Varhr MmbVo.

dJmªVamdéZ {H$Vr àH$maMo JQ> hmoUma AmhoV ho g_OVo d Ë`m àË oH$ JQ>mgmR>r doJdoJir N>m`m / N>Q>m {ZdS>mdr

bmJVo. dJmªVa bhmZ R>odë`mg N>Q>m§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio 2 Vo 5 N>Q>m§gmR>r `mo½` Ë`m dJmªVamMr {ZdS> H$aUo

`mo½` R>aVo.

2) aofmN>Q>m§Mr / N>m`mMr / Shades Mr {ZdS> :

n«Ë oH$ dJmªVamZwgma N>Q>m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. CXm. H$_r _yë`mgmR>r {\$H$Q> N>Q>m

d OmñV _yë`mgmR>r N>Q>m XmQ> hmoV Jobr nm{hOo. _yë`aofonmgyZ N>Q>m XmQ> Pmë`m nm{hOoV. hm g§Ho$V Amho. aofm§À`m

N>Q>m_Ü o g§JVr AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.

aofm N>Q>m§_Ü o H$moam ^mJ åhUOo {H$_mZ _yë` qH$dm _yë`{hV {R>H$mU hmo . H$mim qH$dm JS>X a§Jm_wio

H$_mb _yë` Xe©{dbo OmVo. gma»`m _yë`m§À`m {R>H$mUmgmR>r EH$gma»`m N>Q>m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

N>m`mnÜXVrÀ`m ZH$mem§Mo JwUXmof nhmVm -

JwU :

1) `m ZH$memV CËnmXZ, KQ>H$mMo {dVaU AË §V à^mdrnUo Xe©{dbo OmVo.

2) dJmªVa d Ë`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m N>Q>m_wio {dVaUmVrb \$aH$ bJoM bjmV oVmo.

3) {nH$m§Mo eoH$S>m à_mU, bmoH$g§» oMr KZVm, {nH$m§Mo Xa hoŠQ>ar gamgar CËnmXZ `m_wio {dVaUmVrb

{^ÝZVm bjmV oVo.

Xmof :

1) aofmN>Q>m§_wio gd©M ^mJmMr gamgar EH$gmaIr Xe©{dbr OmVo. dmñV{dH$ nhmVm Vr Ver AgV Zmhr.

CXm. nd©Vr` àXoe, dgmhVr B

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2) dJmªVam_wio R>am{dH$ JQ>mVrb {dVaU g_OVo na§Vw dJmªVamÀ`m Xaå`mZMo _yë` `m_Ü o Xe©{dVm oV Zmhr.

3) `m nÜXVrV gamgar _yë`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. dmñVdmV gamgar _yë` dñVwpñWVr Xe©{dV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio `mo½` n«H$mao {dVaU Xe©{dVmV Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr.

CXm. gmVmam {OëømVrb bmoH$g§» oMr KZVm 2001

VmbwHo$ bmoH$g§»`oMr KZVm

gmVmam 431

Omdir 210

_hm~ioída 125

dmB© 312

I§S>mim 270

\$bQ>U 380

IQ>md 231

_mU 245

H$moaoJm§d 280

H$amS> 473

nmQ>U 180

AmH¥$Vr 8.12 … N>m`m nÕVr … gmVmam {Oëhm - bmoH$g§» oMr KZVm

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8.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

[aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {bhm.

1) y_r Cn`moOZ H$moUË`m nÕVrZo gwb^nUo XmI{dVm oVo.

A) aofmboI ~) {d^m{OV dVw©i H$) ñV§ mboI S>) OmoS> ñV§ mboI

2) {dñVrU© àXoemMo gm_mÝ` ê$n åhUyZ H$moUË`m nÕVrMm ZH$mem AmoiIVmV.

A) N>m`m ~) g__yë` H$) qQ>~ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

3) H$moUË`m nÕVrMm ZH$mem A{YH$ {~ZMyH$ g_Obm OmVmo.

A) g__yë` ~) N>m`m H$) qQ>~ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

8.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX …

N>m`m nÕVr ZH$mem … Choropleth Map

g__yë` aofm nÕVr … Isopleth Map

aofmboI … Line Graph

8.4 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

8.2.1 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ …

1) ~ 2) A 3) A

8.5 gmam§e …

yJmobmÀ`m AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$ oV AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. gmYm aofmboImV

d ñV§ mboImV \$º$ EH$mM KQ>H$mÀ`m AmH$S>odmarV H$mbgmnoj ~Xb Xe©{dbobm AgVmo. na§Vw Ë`m§À`m BVa

àH$mamV _mÌ EH$mnojm A{YH$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmH$S>odmarVrb H$mbgmnoj ~Xb Xe©{dbobo AgVmV. gm§p»`H$s

AmH$S>odmar A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ d `WmW© {XgÊ`mgmR>r {d^mOrV dVw©imH¥$VrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. N>m`m nÕVrÀ`m

ZH$memÛmao ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dVaU n[aUm_H$maH$ Xe©{dVm oVo. hdoÀ`m {d{dY A§JmÀ`m Zm|XrgmR>r {d{dY g__yë`

aofm V`ma H$aVmV.

8.6 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ :

A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ :

1) yJmobmÀ`m Aä`mgmVrb AmboI d AmH¥$Ë`m§Mo _hÎd {bhm.

2) {d^mOrV dVw©imH¥$Vr H$mT>Ê`mMr nÕV gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo JwU-Xmof {bhm.

3) N>m`m nÕVrÀ`m ZH$memMo JwU/Xmof {bhm.

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~) bKwÎmmoar àíZ :

1) aofmboImMo JwU-Xmof {bhm.

2) ñV§ mboImMo JwU-Xmof {bhm.

8.7 joÌr` H$m © :

1) XaamoO dV©_mZnÌmVrb Amboë`m AmH$S>odmardê$Z aofmboI d ñV§ mboI H$mT>m.

2) Vw_À`m JmdÀ`m y_rCn`moOZ joÌmMr {d^mOrV dVw©imH¥$Vr H$mT>m.

3) Vwåhr dmñVì` H$arV Agboë`m {OëømVrb bmoH$g§»`m {df`H$ AmH$S>odmar O_m H$ê$Z Ë`mdê$Z

N>m`m nÕVrMm ZH$mem V`ma H$am.

8.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ …

àmË`{jH$ ^yJmob … àm. Hw§$^ma E. nr.

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