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213© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016I. Glynn, Asylum Policy, Boat People and Political Discourse, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51733-3

INDEX

A Abbott, Tony , 152, 155, 157, 159,

161–2, 181, 194–5 Albahari, Maurizio , 9, 189 Albanian boat people , 1, 4, 49–50,

78–85, 87–8, 90, 93, 106, 108, 110, 147, 170, 185, 192

Kater Radez I , 109 Vlora , 83–4, 87

Albanian political situation , 78, 83, 108

Alleanza Nazionale , 2, 13–14, 91–2, 105–7, 110–12, 115, 135, 138, 140, 167, 184, 186 . See also Moviemento Sociale Italiano

Fini, Gianfranco , 111, 115 Andreotti, Giulio , 50, 78, 84 Anti-immigration political parties ,

36–7, 39, 90, 185–7 . See also One Nation Part, Lega Nord and Alleanza Nazionale

Arab Spring , 14, 152, 173–5, 182, 185, 191–2

Asylum seekers , 31–2, 45 defi nition of , 26, 31

Australia children overboard scandal , 129–30

( see also (SIEV X) ) detention centres in , 67–9, 103–4,

124, 132–3, 156 HREOC , 98, 188 immigration history , 51–5, 88 mandatory detention of boat

people , 63–4, 66–8, 93, 103, 162, 165, 192–3

NGOs and , 68, 70, 89–90, 93, 100, 129, 132, 157, 164, 172, 189

Operation Sovereignty Borders , 161 orderly nature of immigration

policy , 62, 64, 88–9 Petrov case , 53–4 protests by boat people in , 103–4

( see also (Woomera) ) public opinion on immigration and

boat people , 57, 59–60, 69–70, 93, 103–4

Refugee and Special Humanitarian Programme , 56, 59, 88, 100, 158, 188

Australian Greens , 157

214 INDEX

Australian Labor Party , 2, 14, 54, 56–8, 60, 65–6, 88, 94–5, 97–9, 121, 151–3, 155, 160, 162, 182, 185

and SIEV X , 130 and Tampa , 125–6

Australians Against Further Immigration , 94

B Bari, boat people in , 1, 50, 83 Beazley, Kim , 130–1, 134 Berlusconi, Silvio , 92, 107, 137–8,

144, 146, 152, 167, 170, 173, 176, 188 . See also Forza Italia

Betts, Alexander , 30 Betts, Katharine , 8 Blainey, Geoffrey , 56, 58–9, 94 Boat people

characteristics of , 17, 23–8, 45, 63, 89

deaths at sea , 19, 45, 174–8, 181 defi nition of , 12, 17, 21–3, 46 gender of , 17, 25, 30 history of , 18–22, 45 implied links to terrorism , 128, 131,

138 pushback of , 1–2, 19, 152, 159,

161, 170–2 as ‘queue jumpers’ in Australia , 13,

49, 62 Boniver, Margherita , 80–2, 84 Bonjour, Saskia , vi, 39 Bossi-Fini law , 123–4, 139–40, 144,

188, 193 Bossi, Umberto , 77, 138–9, 141 . See

also Lega Nord and Bossi-Fini Law

C Calavita, Kitty , 33 Cambodia , 3, 56, 60–1, 166

Boat people in Australia , 60–2, 65, 67, 99, 102

Canada , 6, 21, 24, 32, 74 Castles, Stephen , 45 Chimni, B.S. , 31 China , 3, 93

Chinese boat people , 61, 65, 98, 102 Chinese immigrants in Australia ,

51, 60 Tiananmen Square , 60

Christian Democrats (Italy) , 76, 78, 105–7, 138, 176, 187–8

Christmas Island , 125–6, 128, 133, 150, 155–6, 163–4

Cold War , 2, 13, 21, 49, 53–4, 56, 72, 87, 184, 187

Common European Asylum System (CEAS) , 4, 43–4, 179

subsidiary protection , 32, 44 Council of Europe , 3, 45, 144, 179 Crock, Mary , 8, 101 Cuban boat people , 20–1 Czaika, Mathias , 47

D D’Alema, Massimo , 112, 115–16 De Haas, Hein , 47 Democratici di Sinistrai , 142, 149 . See

also Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS) and Partito Democratico

Democratic Party (PD) , 175 Deportation , 32–3, 41, 64, 145 Detention , 3, 42, 44, 46, 124, 155 .

See also Australia children , 164 related health problems , 46, 67–8,

93, 122, 132–3, 135, 153, 193 Dublin Convention , 4, 44, 111, 118,

139, 179

E East Timor , 152, 156–7 Egypt , 174, 177, 182

INDEX 215

Epp, Charles , 41 Eritrean boat people , 22, 28, 142,

147–8, 171, 175–6, 179, 191 European Court of Human Rights

(ECtHR) , 3, 14, 42–3, 143, 152, 171, 175, 182, 192

Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy , 170–1, 175

European Parliament , 44, 75, 143 European Union , 3–4, 15, 42–5, 124,

141, 143–4, 171, 194 Externalisation of policy , 45, 124, 135,

140, 150, 152, 190, 192, 195

F Fallaci, Oriana , 138 Fini, Gianfranco , 111, 115, 139 . See

also Alleanza Nazionale and Bossi-Fini Law

Forza Italia , 92, 107, 111, 113, 137–8, 167, 176

France , 173, 185, 192 Fraser, Malcolm , 54–5, 62, 69, 132, 188 Freeman, Gary , 36 Frontex , 45, 168, 170, 178

G Gaddafi , Muhammar , 141, 174 . See

also Libya Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas , 22 Gap hypothesis , 18, 37–8, 43, 47,

189–90, 192 Gatrell, Peter , 7 Geddes, Andrew , 35, 47 Georgiou, Petro , 153 Germany , 26, 32, 40, 46, 69, 87–8,

93, 112, 115, 118–19, 185, 192 Gibney, Matthew , vi, 30, 33, 48 Gibson, Rachel , 36 Gil-Bazo, María–Teresa , 43 Gillard, Julia , 134, 152, 156–7, 159 Goodwin-Gill, Guy , vi, 29, 48

Greece , 5, 15, 24, 41, 150, 172, 178, 192, 194

Guiraudon, Virginie , vi, 43

H Haitian boat people , 20–1 Hand, Gerry , 63, 65 Hanson, Pauline , 2, 13–14, 70, 91–2,

94–9, 131, 184–6 Hanson, Randall , 38, 40 Hatton, Timothy , 46 Hawke, Bob , 54, 56–7, 60–2 Hewson, John , 62, 98 Howard, John , 2, 54, 58–9, 92–3, 95,

98, 130, 148, 154–6, 158, 163, 186

and Tampa , 125–6, 131–2

I Illegal immigrants . See Undocumented

migrants Indochinese boat people , 18–21,

54–6, 194 . See also Vietnamese boat people

Indonesia , 3, 28, 62, 93, 102, 121, 126, 128–30, 133, 150, 152, 155, 158, 161, 181

Bali Process , 3, 150 detention centres , 155

International Organisation for Migration (IOM) , 128, 135

Irregular immigrants . See Undocumented immigrants

Italian Communist Party , 10, 75, 105–6, 187 . See also Refounded Communists and PDS

Italy agreements with Libya , 5, 140–2,

152, 169–72, 180, 192 amnesties for immigrants , 26, 74,

110, 140, 194 asylum system , 26, 50

216 INDEX

Italy (Cont.) Catholic Church in , 106, 187–9 as country of transit , 2–3, 50–1, 72,

86–8, 90, 93, 173, 185, 191 criminalisation of immigrants in ,

136–7, 166–7 EU and , 109, 111, 119, 139, 153,

166, 178, 182, 185 Italian Constitution and asylum , 41,

50, 89, 116, 144, 184, 190 migration history , 1, 70–4 Monti technocratic government ,

174–6 NGOs and , 75–6, 84, 89, 111,

119–20, 133, 142–3, 145, 147, 187–9

public opinion on immigration , 75, 85

reception and detention centres for boat people , 113–14, 124, 140, 145–6, 193

Refugee Convention , 77, 184 trade unions and boat people , 75,

84, 120, 188 undocumented immigrants , 33,

147, 194

J Jacobson, David , 42 Joppke, Christian , 40, 190 Jupp, James , vi, 131

K Kaunert, Christian , 44 Keating, Paul , 59 Kneebone, Susan , 8, 36, 150, 190 Koser, Khalid , 32 Kosovars in Italy , 116–17, 119–20,

122, 147, 185, 192

Kurdish boat people in Italy , 47, 93, 110, 114–16, 118–20, 122, 139, 141, 146, 185

L Lampedusa , 142–3, 145–6, 170, 173,

175–6 Lega Nord , 2, 13–14, 77, 91–2,

105–7, 111–13, 115, 135–6, 139–40, 167–9, 182, 184, 186 ( see also Bossi, Umberto and Bossi-Fini Law )

Lombard League , 76 Léonard, Sarah , 44 Liberal-National coalition , 2, 62,

94–7, 99, 102, 123, 154, 160, 186, 188

Liberal paradox , 18, 40–2, 49, 64 Liberal Party of Australia , 2, 54, 58, 62,

92, 94–5, 97–9, 125, 131, 156 Libya , 1–2, 4, 14, 24–5, 124, 140–4,

150, 169, 171–2, 174–5, 182, 191 . See also Gaddafi , Muhammar

Refugee Convention and , 142–3 Loescher, Gil , vi

M Malaysia , 18–19, 152, 157–8 Malta , 5, 168 Mani pulite (Clean hands) (see

Tangentopoli (Bribesville) ) Manus Island , 124, 126, 128, 134,

159, 162, 165, 194 . See also Papua New Guinea

benefi ts from boat people , 165 conditions in , 165 protests in , 165

Mare Nostrum , vi, 1–2, 15, 152, 176–8, 181, 195

INDEX 217

Martelli, Claudio , 75, 78, 84 Martelli law , 76–8, 87, 90, 111, 113,

187 Masslo, Jerry , 74

murder of , 75–6, 89, 187 McAdam, Jane , 8, 10 McAlister, Ian , 57–8 Messina, Anthony , 36, 40, 186 Mountz, Alison , 176, 191 Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI) , 76,

92, 106 ( see also Alleanza Nazionale )

N Napolitano, Giorgio , 108, 112 National Party of Australia , 94–5 Nauru , 124, 126–8, 133–4, 152–3,

158–9, 162, 164, 166, 181, 194 benefi ts from boat people , 165–6 children in , 164 conditions in , 164–5 riots in , 161

Nethery, Amy , 8, 121 Networks, migrant networks , 28–9 Neumann, Klaus , vii, 8, 54 New Zealand , 3, 126, 135 Non-governmental organisations

(NGOs) , 11, 34–5, 39, 41, 49, 170, 187

Amnesty International , 43, 143, 164 Human Rights Watch , 43, 172 Médecins sans Frontieres , 142 religious NGOs , 34, 187 ( see also

(Vatican and Italy) ) Non-refoulement , 42, 171–2

O Öcalan, Abdullah in Italy , 93, 115–16 One Nation Party , 2, 13, 91–2, 98,

121, 125, 130, 184–6 Orchard, Phil , 7–8, 39

P Pacifi c Solution , 1–2, 5, 14, 126–7,

131, 134–5, 152, 154, 158, 160, 162, 180, 185–6

Papua New Guinea , 124, 126, 128, 157, 159–60, 166, 181 . See also PNG Solution and Manus Island

Path dependency , 40, 50, 88, 184–5, 191

PDS ( Partito Democratico della Sinistra ) , 105–6 . See also Democratici di Sinistra and Democratic Party

Pero, Davide , 106 PNG Solution , vi, 1, 15, 152, 160,

194–5 Price, Matthew , 31 Prodi, Romano , 110, 112, 115, 141,

144, 166

R Refounded Communists (Italy) , 105,

109, 115, 117, 145, 166 Refugees, defi nition of , 12, 26–7,

29–31, 44, 65 Renzi, Matteo , 176, 178 Ripoll Servent, Ariadna , 44–5 Rohingyan boat people , 22 Rudd, Kevin , 151–3, 156, 160, 180, 186 Ruddock, Philip , 63, 99–100, 104,

125–6, 129–30, 133

S Sarfatti, Michele , 71 Scharf, Fritz , 34 Schengen , 3, 93, 118, 167, 192 Securitization , 14, 17, 45, 93, 127–9,

137, 166–7, 182, 186 Albanian boat people and , 83 Muslim boat people and , 113,

122–3, 127, 131, 133, 138

218 INDEX

Shacknove, Andrew , 29 SIEV X 130 . See also Australia Smugglers , 23–4, 45, 93, 154–5, 168,

176, 178, 190 Soysal, Yasmin , 42 Spain , 5, 168, 170–1 Statham, Paul , 35 Survival migration , 30 . See also

Betts,Alexander Syrian boat people , 26, 175–6, 179,

191, 194

T Talkback radio in Australia , 95 Tampa affair , 14, 54, 123, 125–6,

131–2, 134, 192 Tangentopoli (Bribesville) , 92, 104–6,

110 Teitelbaum, Michael , 29 Temporary Protection Visas (TPVs) ,

92, 100, 129–30, 161, 163 Terrorism . See also Securitization

Bali Bombings , 133 implied links to boat people , 128,

131, 138 9/11 attacks , 14, 123, 127, 131, 137

Ter Wal, Jessika , 76 Trauner, Florian , 44–5 Tunisia , 4, 25, 141, 173–4, 182, 190 Turco-Napolitano law , 2, 110–11,

113–14, 119, 135, 149, 188 Turkey , 24, 73, 114–16, 121, 141,

150, 175, 177, 192 Turnbull, Malcolm , 155, 194

U UK , 6, 32, 41, 51, 88 UN , 99, 109, 175, 193 Undocumented migrants , 26, 33,

74, 184

Australia , 60 UNHCR , 8, 11, 19, 42, 74, 77–8,

111–12, 115–18, 120–1, 125, 140, 142–3, 158, 170, 172, 187, 191–2

UN Refugee Convention , 6, 27, 29–31, 42, 89, 171, 181, 184

geographical limitation and Italy , 73, 77

Indonesia and , 181 Libya and , 142–3, 181

USA , 6, 18–19, 21, 38, 41, 46, 69, 84–7, 115, 127

V Vanstone, Amanda , 98 Vatican , 79, 115, 176, 187–9

Pope Francis , 176, 188 Vietnamese boat people , 18–21, 56,

185 . See also Indochinese boat people

in Australia , 54–5, 69, 88 in Italy , 73

W White Australia Policy , 2, 51–2, 55,

63 . See also Australia immigration policy

Whitlam, Gough , 54–5 Woomera detention centre , 103,

133

Y Yugoslav civil war , 86–8, 90, 120,

185

Z Zetter, Roger , 29