b. kerridge 10 th july 2012 applications for uavs, haps & cubesats b.kerridge u.nottingham...
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B. Kerridge10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
Applications for UAVs, HAPs and CubeSats
Presentation by B.Kerridge, RAL
CEOI Challenge Workshop10th July 2012, University of Nottingham
B. Kerridge
1. Introduction
Remit for CEOI Workshop: remote-sensing applications
• UAVs – Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Long duration, high-altitude, large payload, unpressurised
eg GlobalHawk: >30hr, ~20km altitude, >1,500lb payload Long transects, remote or hazardous locations, troposphere & lower stratosphere as well as surface applications
• HAPs – High Altitude Platforms Very long duration, quasi-geostationary, high-altitude, very large payload
eg HALE-D: ~months, ~20km altitude →~1,000km diameter field-of-regard Monitoring of troposphere & lower stratosphere as well as surface
UAVs and HAPs offer high spatial resolution to complement satellite platforms Satellite engineering practices relevant for these airborne platforms Suitable for demonstration of future satellite sensors
• CubeSats – ~10cm x 10cm x 10cm Small, lightweight, (inexpensive) sensors with modest requirements (attitude control, thermal control, power, data downlink) Constellation offers dense geographical coverage
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
2. UAVs
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
“Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) can revolutionize NOAA’s ability to monitor and understand the global environment. There is a key information gap today between instruments on Earth’s surface and on satellites — UAS can bridge that gap.”
“UAS can also collect data from dangerous or remote areas, such as the poles, oceans, wildlands, volcanic islands, and wildfires.” “Specifically, UAS may:
Extend hurricane landfall lead times by observing storm environments. Improve accuracy of storm forecasts, Improve climate change understanding Assess Arctic ice change and affects on ecosystems and coasts. Improve flood and drought forecasts Increase safety and success in fighting wildfires Monitor coasts, oceans, environments important for fish, and marine sanctuaries”
NOAA
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
NASA airborne activities
CARVE – Alaskan Arctic 2012
http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/program/current_activities
SMAPVEX12 - 2012 Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Validation Experiment
G-III UAVSAR
ECO-3D to provide critical measurements on forest biomass structure and carbon
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
- UAVs feature prominently
B. Kerridge
GreenHouse Observations of the Stratosphere and Troposphere (GHOST) instrument for Global Hawk
Compact short-wave IR spectrometer to observe tropospheric column average CO2, CH4, H2O and CO and HDO/H2O over ocean
Science objectives: •test atmospheric transport models (e.g., tropics – subtropics transition zone•validate satellite GHG column observations over oceans, to fill gap in TCCON•complement in situ TTL tracer observations from Global Hawk link upper troposphere with lower troposphere measurements
GHOST will use technology similar to NASA’s OCO-II and supported by CEOI (IFU spectrometer)
Courtesy, H.Boesch (U.Leicester)
B. Kerridge
June 16, 2011 July 10, 2011
Aug 19, 2011 Sep 8, 2011
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
Methane variability
Height-resolved data would improve on column-averages also for surface emissions
12km
0kmProfiles from in situ sensor during ascents& descents inHIPPO flights
B. Kerridge
Height-resolution from IR spectrometry
ppmvppmv
178 hPa 422 hPa IASI column average
Laser Heterodyne Radiometer (CEOI)- Compact IR spectrometer - Heterodyne: very high spectral & spatial resolution Height-resolved CH4 & see between clouds
Limb-sounder for high-res vertical profiling in combination with mm-wave (CEOI)
Global CH4 in the upper and mid troposphere from IASI FTIR
Courtesy A.Waterfall, RAL
Courtesy D.Weidmann, RAL
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
Volcanic Plumes
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
Remote-sensors on UAV flying above civil air space could observe:
- altitude, thickness & geographical extent of thin volcanic plumes- differentiate ash (from cirrus), sulphate aerosol & SO2
Complementing:
operational satellite system (nadir-sensors lack height-res) “AVOID” – ir limb-imager under development for airliners
SO2 from Mt.Etnain AVOID test flight
courtesy F.Prata (NILU)
CMS on TechDemoSat
B. Kerridge
1. Ice thickness (ice penetrating radar)
2. Grounding line position (repeat pass InSAR)
UAV applications for Cryosphere
B. Kerridge
Ice thickness cannot be measured from existing satellite platforms
Major obstacle for ice sheet models as cannot resolve ice streams where instabilities arise
Main complication is available power, bandwidth, and frequency occupied by telecoms / millitary
Measurement technique is very simple.
Extent of current data limited to operations of airborne platforms
UAV platform a major opportunity
Existing airborne ice thickness data in Antarctica. Ice sheet models run at 5 km resolution
1. Ice thickness (ice penetrating radar)
Courtesy of A.Shepherd
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
Grounding line is junction between ice, bedrock, and ocean
GL migration rate is a key indicator of ice sheet stability
GL can be located using repeat pass InSAR due to tidal flexure of floating ice
Grounding Line mapped by InSAR (Rignot, 1998)
2. Grounding line position (repeat pass InSAR)
No current or future satellite sensors can deliver
UAV repeat pass InSAR system could provide early warning of ice sheet collapse
Courtesy of A.Shepherd
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
3. HAPs: Quasi-Geostationary Platform in Stratosphere
Bridge the gap in scales between surface sensors
& satellites
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge4th March 2009, Royal Institution
Atmospheric Composition
Geostationary orbit ~36,000km
Polar orbit ~900km
View from 20km altitude
Greater London & Thames estuary
E
B. Kerridge
Pollution Monitoring: Tropospheric NO2 over Europe from OMI (Dec’04-Nov’05)
– Information above and between surface networks – Relevance for annual emissions inventories
Courtesy, P.Levelt (KNMI)
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
Remote-sensing of NO2
• Imaging DOAS now used to map NO2
• CompAQS developed within CEOI
• Used from ground in CityScan system (eg over London during Olympics)
Could be mounted on UAV or HAP
AirportCity Centre
B. Kerridge
Airborne Imaging of NO2 over Zurich by Swiss and Belgians
10am 5:30pm
NO2 vertical column density
Annual average model NO2 concentration
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
Courtesy, R.Leigh (U.Leicester)
B. Kerridge
HALE-D
• Lockheed Martin launched HALE-D on July 27, 2011• Demonstrating key technologies critical to development of unmanned airships. • Altitude 60,000 feet
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge10th July 2012,U.Nottingham
Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats
B. Kerridge
4. CubeSats
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
Radio Occultation
Temperature & humidity profiling from radio occultation bending angle
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC joint Taiwan/US mission launched 14th April 2006
• 6 identical micro satellites carrying advanced GPS radio occultation (RO) receiver, a Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP), and a Tri-Band Beacon (TBB).
FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2• 6 satellites into low-inclination orbits in early 2016• 6 satellites into high-inclination orbits in early 2018. • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) RO payload, TriG (Tri-GNSS), will be
capable of tracking 12,000 profiles per day once both constellations deployed.
GNSS constellations: GPS and Galileo [R] and [G], GLONASS and BeiDou [G]
MetOp-SG: improved performance cf GRAS on MetOp• L1(1575.42MHz) and L5(1176.45MHz) frequency selection compatible with GPS and
Galileo and will be compatible with future GLONASS and BeiDou in 2020 timeframe → 8-fold increase in acquisitions
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
Surface Reflectometry
GPS reflections possible from ocean, ice and land surfaces Received signal is“affected” by surface type and traversed atmosphere→ Possibility to use reflected signal for sea surface topography, wind vector (or “roughness”), ice topography/thickness, soil moisture, eg TechDemoSat
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham
B. Kerridge
5. Summary
• UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats have great potential for remote-sensing
• Range of applications spans EO disciplines:– atmosphere, land surface, ocean, cryosphere
• Relevant sensors potentially include CEOI technology: – Compaqs (uv/vis), GHOST(swir), LHR (ir) & mm for atmospheric composition; canopy lidar
• UAV for long flights, at high-altitude, with access to remote or hazardous locations – eg forests, polar ice, storms/hurricanes, volcanic plumes – GlobalHawk prominent in NASA & NOAA campaigns (including lidar & SAR), targeted by NERC
CAST and also potential alternative to Geophysika for UTLS limb-sounding
• HAP attractive future platform for monitoring on regional scale – eg pollution, surface emissions, vegetation stress, soil moisture & soil temperature; agriculture;
hydrology (flooding); coastal zone
• CubeSat constellations offer dense coverage– eg GNSS RO profiling and sea-surface reflectometry
10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham