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BODIES THAT MATTER!

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ON THE!

DISCURSIVE!

LIMITS!

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"SEX"!

JUDITH BUTLER!

Routledge New York & London!

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CONTENTS!

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS!

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ix!

PREFACE!

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INTRODUCTION!

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4 BODIES THAT MATTER!

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FROM CONSTRUCTION TO MATERIALIZATION!

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INTRODUCTION 5!

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INTRODUCTION 7!

/1#! 4&%%8! 4(1! 2#&*)'! <()! G1#6')! 1H! G1+'<6#G<&1+k! RH! <()! H&6'<! K)6'&1+! 1H!G1+'<6#G<&K&'L! C6)'#L)'! <(;<! G1+'<6#G<&1+! 1C)6;<)'! *)<)6L&+&'<&G;%%/!L;7&+2! ;! L1G7)6/! 1H! (#L;+! ;2)+G/8! <()! ')G1+*! #+*)6'<;+*'! G1+'<6#GM<&K&'L!;'!C6)'#CC1'&+2!;!K1%#+<;6&'<!'#$f)G<!4(1!L;7)'!&<'!2)+*)6!<(61#2(!;+! &+'<6#L)+<;%!;G<&1+I!J!G1+'<6#G<&1+! &'!#+*)6'<11*! &+! <(&'! %;<<)6!G;')! <1!$)!;!7&+*!1H!L;+&C#%;$%)!;6<&H&G)8!;!G1+G)C<&1+!<(;<!+1<!1+%/!C6)'#CC1')'!;!'#$f)G<8!$#<!6)(;$&%&<;<)'!C6)G&')%/!<()!K1%#+<;6&'<!'#$f)G<!1H!(#L;+&'L!<(;<!G1+'<6#G<&K&'L!(;'8!1+!1GG;'&1+8!'1#2(<!<1!C#<!&+<1!j#)'<&1+I!RH!2)+*)6!&'!;!G1+'<6#G<&1+8!L#'<!<()6)!$)!;+!dRd!16!;!d4)d!4(1!)+;G<'!16!

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4(&G(!<()!G1+'<6#G<&1+!1H!<()!'#$f)G<!1C)6;<)'!&'!+1!%1+2)6!G1+'<6#G<&K&'L8!$#<!+)&<()6!&'!&<!)'')+<&;%&'LI!>16!<()6)!&'!;+!d1#<'&*)d!<1!4(;<!&'!G1+'<6#G<)*!$/!*&'G1#6')8!$#<!<(&'!&'!+1<!;+!;$'1%#<)!d1#<'&*)8d!;+!1+<1%12&G;%!<()6)M+)''!<(;<! )SG))*'! 16! G1#+<)6'! <()! $1#+*;6&)'! 1H! *&'G1#6')gV! ;'! ;! G1+'<&<#<&K)!d1#<'&*)8d!&<!&'!<(;<!4(&G(!G;+!1+%/!$)!<(1#2(<X4()+!&<!G;+X&+!6)%;<&1+!<1!<(;<! *&'G1#6')8! ;<! ;+*! ;'! &<'! L1'<! <)+#1#'! $16*)6'I! Z()! *)$;<)! $)<4))+!G1+'<6#G<&K&'L! ;+*! )'')+<&;%&'L! <(#'! L&'')'! <()! C1&+<! 1H! *)G1+'<6#G<&1+!;%<12)<()68! H16! <()! C1&+<! (;'! +)K)6! $))+! <(;<! d)K)6/<(&+2! &'! *&'G#6'&K)%/!G1+'<6#G<)*dg! <(;<!C1&+<8!4()+!;+*!4()6)!&<! &'!L;*)8!$)%1+2'!<1!;!7&+*!1H!*&'G#6'&K)! L1+&'L! 16! %&+2#&'<&G&'L! <(;<! 6)H#')'! <()! G1+'<&<#<&K)! H16G)! 1H!)SG%#'&1+8! )6;'#6)8! K&1%)+<! H16)G%1'#6)8! ;$f)G<&1+! ;+*! &<'! *&'6#C<&K)! 6)<#6+!4&<(&+!<()!K)6/!<)6L'!1H!*&'G#6'&K)!%)2&<&L;G/I!J+*!<1!';/!<(;<!<()6)!&'!;!L;<6&S!1H!2)+*)6!6)%;<&1+'!<(;<!&+'<&<#<)'!;+*!

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INTRODUCTION 9!

26;LL;<&G;%! H16L#%;<&1+! )K)+! ;'! &<! 6)K)6')'! <()! C%;G)! 1H! '#$f)G<! ;+*! *&'MG1#6')I!A1+'<6#G<&1+!L#'<!L);+!L16)!<(;+!'#G(!;!'&LC%)!6)K)6';%!1H!<)6L'I!Z()6)!;6)!*)H)+*)6'!;+*!G6&<&G'!1H!G1+'<6#G<&1+8!4(1!G1+'<6#)!<(;<!C1'&<&1+!

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6)<#6+! <1! <()! +1<&1+! 1H! L;<<)68! +1<! ;'! '&<)! 16! '#6H;G)8! $#<! ;'! a process of materialization that stabilizes over time to produce the effect of boundary, fixity, and surface we call matter. Z(;<!L;<<)6!&'!;%4;/'!L;<)6&;%&N)*!(;'8!R!<(&+78!<1!$)!<(1#2(<!&+!6)%;<&1+!<1!<()!C61*#G<&K)!;+*8!&+*))*8!L;<)6&;%&N&+2!)HH)G<'!1H!


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INTRODUCTION 11!

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PERFORMATMTY AS CfTATlONAUTY!

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INTRODUCTION 13!

2&K)+! <()! &LC1''&$&%&</!1H!;! H#%%!*&'G%1'#6)!1H! &<'!(&'<16&G&</UI!c&<(&+! 'C))G(!;G<!<()16/8! ;! C)6H16L;<&K)! &'! <(;<! *&'G#6'&K)! C6;G<&G)! <(;<! )+;G<'! 16! C61*#G)'! <(;<!4(&G(!&<!+;L)'I-!JGG16*&+2!<1!<()!$&$%&G;%!6)+*&<&1+!1H!<()!C)6H16L;<&K)8!&I)I8!d?)<!<()6)!$)!%&2(<p8d!&<!;CC);6'!<(;<!&<!&'!$/!K&6<#)!of the power of a subject or its will <(;<! ;! C()+1L)+1+! &'! +;L)*! &+<1! $)&+2I! R+! ;! G6&<&G;%! 6)H16L#%;<&1+! 1H! <()!C)6H16L;<&K)8! O)66&*;! L;7)'! G%);6! <(;<! <(&'! C14)6! &'! +1<! <()! H#+G<&1+! 1H! ;+!16&2&+;<&+2!4&%%8!$#<!&'!;%4;/'!*)6&K;<&K)b!

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INTRODUCTION I5!

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TRAJECTORY OF THE TEXT!

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INTRODUCTION 17!

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INTRODUCTION 19!

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j#&6&+2!;!')<!1H!C6&16!<)S<'!&+!16*)6!<1!2;&+!%)2&$&%&</8!$#<X;<!$)'<X&+&<&;<&+2!;!')<!1H!;CC61C6&;<&1+'! ;+*! G6&<&G&'L'! <(;<! G;%%! &+<1! j#)'<&1+! <()&6! H#+*;L)+<;%!C6)L&')'I!Z(&'! *)L;+*! <1! <(&+7! G1+<)LC16;6/! C14)6! &+! &<'! G1LC%)S&</! ;+*!

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20 =`OR@F!Z[JZ!aJZZ@0!

*)'<;$&%&N)'! <()! 1C)6;<&1+! 1H! +;L)'! ;+*! $1*/! C;6<'! ;'! '&<)'! 1H! G61'')*!&*)+<&H&G;<&1+!;+*!*)'&6)I! R+!A;<()68! <()!+;L)!)HH)G<'!;!*)'<;$&%&N;<&1+!1H!G1+K)+<&1+;%! +1<&1+'! 1H! 2)+*)6! ;+*! $1*&%/! &+<)26&</! <(;<! '&L#%<;+)1#'%/!*)H%)G<! ;+*! )SC1')! (1L1')S#;%&</I! Z(&'! 7&+*! 1H! <)S<#;%! G#++&+2! G;+! $)!6);*! ;'! ;! H#6<()6! &+'<;+G)! 1H! 4(;<! @K)! h1'1H'7/! F)*24&G7! (;'! *)H<%/!;+;%/N)*! ;'! d<()! )C&'<)L1%12/! 1H! <()! G%1')<Id,_! R+! A;<()68! (14)K)6! <()!*&'G#6'&K)!;6<&G#%;<&1+!1H!2)+*)6!&'!%&+7)*!<1!<()!+;66;<&1+!;+*!+;66;<&K&NM;$&%&</!1H!%)'$&;+!*)'&6)!'#G(!<(;<!()6!H&G<&1+!&LC%&G&<%/!G;%%'!&+<1!j#)'<&1+!<()!'C)G&H&G!4;/'!&+!4(&G(!F)*24&G78!&+!6)%;<&1+!<1!A;<()68!(;'!'#22)'<)*!;!*&'f1&+&+2!1H!')S#;%&</!H61L!2)+*)6I,]!Z()!6);*&+2!1H!3)%%;!?;6')+e'!Passing G1+'&*)6'!(14!;!6)*)'G6&C<&1+!1H!

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The Sublime Object of Ideology <;7)'!#C!<()!j#)'<&1+!1H!')S#;%!*&HH)6)+G)!&+!?;G;+!&+!6)%;<&1+!<1!<()!C)6H16L;<&K)!G(;6;G<)6!1H!C1%&<&G;%!'&2+&H&)6'I!Z()!6);*&+2!1H! (&'!41678! ;+*! <()! '#$')j#)+<! )'';/!1+! <()! 6)'&2+&H&G;<&1+! 1H!dj#))6d!;6)!&+j#&6&)'!&+<1!<()!#')'!;+*!%&L&<'!1H!;!C'/G(1;+;%/<&G!C)6'C)GM<&K)! H16!;! <()16/!1H!C1%&<&G;%!C)6H16L;<&K)'!;+*!*)L1G6;<&G!G1+<)'<;<&1+I!q&N)7! *)K)%1C'! ;! <()16/! 1H! C1%&<&G;%! '&2+&H&)6'! ;'! C)6H16L;<&K)'! 4(&G(8!<(61#2(!$)G1L&+2!'&<)'!1H!C(;+<;'L;<&G!&+K)'<L)+<8!)HH)G<!<()!C14)6!<1!

INTRODUCTION 21!

L1$&%&N)!G1+'<&<#)+G&)'!C1%&<&G;%%/I!A)+<6;%! <1!q&N)7e'! H16L#%;<&1+!1H! <()!C1%&<&G;%!C)6H16L;<&K)!&'!;!G6&<&j#)!1H!*&'G1#6')!;+;%/'&'!H16!&<'!H;&%#6)!<1!L;67!<(;<!4(&G(!6)'&'<'!'/L$1%&N;<&1+8!4(;<!()!K;6&1#'%/!G;%%'!;!d<6;#L;d!;+*!d<()!6);%Id!J+!&+'<6#G<&K)!;+*!&++1K;<&K)!<()16/8!&<!+)K)6<()%)''!<)+*'!<1!6)%/!1+!;+!#+C61$%)L;<&N)*!')S#;%!;+<;21+&'L!<(;<!#+4&<<&+2%/!&+'<;%%'!;!()<)61')S#;%!L;<6&S!;'!;!C)6L;+)+<!;+*!&+G1+<)'<;$%)!'<6#G<#6)!1H!G#%M<#6)!&+!4(&G(!41L)+!1C)6;<)!;'!;!d'<;&+d!&+!*&'G1#6')I!Z(1')!4(1!<6/!<1!G;%%!<(&'!'<6#G<#6)!&+<1!j#)'<&1+!;6)!<(#'!;62#&+2!4&<(!<()!6);%8!4&<(!4(;<!&'!1#<'&*)!;%%!;62#L)+<;<&1+8!<()!<6;#L;!;+*!<()!+)G)''&</!1H!1)*&C;%&N;M6&1+!<(;<!G1+*&<&1+'!;+*!%&L&<'!;%%!*&'G1#6')I!q&N)7e'! )HH16<'! <1! %&+7! <()! C)6H16L;<&K)! G(;6;G<)6! 1H! *&'G1#6')! <1! <()!

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dj#))6+)''d!L&2(<!$)!#+*)6'<11*!+1<!1+%/!;'!;+!)S;LC%)!1H!G&<;<&1+;%!C1%M&<&G'8! $#<! ;'! ;! 'C)G&H&G! 6)4167&+2! 1H! ;$f)G<&1+! &+<1! C1%&<&G;%! ;2)+G/! <(;<!L&2(<!)SC%;&+!4(/!dG&<;<&1+;%&</d!(;'!G1+<)LC16;6/!C1%&<&G;%!C61L&')I!Z()!C#$%&G!;'')6<&1+!1H! dj#))6+)''d!)+;G<'!C)6H16L;<&K&</!;'! G&<;<&1+;%&</! H16!<()!C#6C1')'!1H!6)'&2+&H/&+2!<()!;$f)G<&1+!1H!(1L1')S#;%&</!&+<1!*)H&;+G)!;+*!%)2&<&L;G/I!R!;62#)!<(;<!<(&'!*1)'!+1<!(;K)!<1!$)!;!d6)K)6')M*&'G1#6')d!&+!4(&G(! <()!*)H&;+<!;HH&6L;<&1+!1H!j#))6!*&;%)G<&G;%%/!6)&+'<;%%'! <()!K)6M'&1+!&<!'))7'!<1!1K)6G1L)I!0;<()68!<(&'!&'!<()!C1%&<&G&N;<&1+!1H!;$f)G<&1+!&+!;+!)HH16<!<1!6)46&<)!<()!(&'<16/!1H!<()!<)6L8!;+*!<1!H16G)!&<!&+<1!;!*)L;+*&+2!6)'&2+&H&G;<&1+I!F#G(!;!'<6;<)2/8!R!'#22)'<8!&'!G6#G&;%!<1!G6);<&+2!<()!7&+*!1H!G1LL#+&</!&+!4(&G(!'#6K&K&+2!4&<(!JROF!$)G1L)'!L16)!C1''&$%)8!&+!4(&G(!j#))6!%&K)'!$)G1L)!%)2&$%)8!K;%#;$%)8!416<(/!1H!'#CC16<8!&+!4(&G(!C;''&1+8!&+f#6/8!26&)H8!;'C&6;<&1+!$)G1L)!6)G12+&N)*!4&<(1#<!H&S&+2!<()!<)6L'!1H!<(;<!6)G12+&<&1+!&+!/)<!;+1<()6!G1+G)C<#;%!16*)6!1H!%&H)%)''+)''!;+*!6&2&*!)SG%#M'&1+I!RH!<()6)!&'!;!d+16L;<&K)d!*&L)+'&1+!<1!<(&'!41678!&<!G1+'&'<'!C6)G&')%/!


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INTRODUCTION 23!

Z1!4(;<!)S<)+<!&'!d')Sd!;!G1+'<6;&+)*!C61*#G<&1+8!;!H16G&$%)!)HH)G<8!1+)!4(&G(!')<'!<()!%&L&<'!<1!4(;<!4&%%!j#;%&H/!;'!;!$1*/!$/!6)2#%;<&+2!<()!<)6L'!$/!4(&G(!$1*&)'!;6)!;+*!;6)!+1<!'#'<;&+)*k!a/!C#6C1')!()6)!&'!<1!#+*)6M'<;+*!(14!4(;<!(;'!$))+!H16)G%1')*!16!$;+&'()*!H61L!<()!C61C)6!*1L;&+!1H!d')SdX4()6)! <(;<!*1L;&+! &'! ')G#6)*! <(61#2(!;!()<)61')S#;%&N&+2! &LC)6M;<&K)XL&2(<! ;<! 1+G)! $)! C61*#G)*! ;'! ;! <61#$%&+2! 6)<#6+8! +1<! 1+%/! ;'! ;+!imaginary G1+<)'<;<&1+!<(;<!)HH)G<'!;!H;&%#6)!&+!<()!4167&+2'!1H!<()!&+)K&<;$%)!%;48!$#<!;'!;+!)+;$%&+2!*&'6#C<&1+8!<()!1GG;'&1+!H16!;!6;*&G;%!6);6<&G#%;<&1+!1H!<()!'/L$1%&G!(16&N1+!&+!4(&G(!$1*&)'!G1L)!<1!L;<<)6!;<!;%%I!

BODIES THAT MATTER!

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BODIES THAT MATTER 29!

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MATTERS OF FEMININITY!

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ARISTOTLE/FOUCAULT!

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BODIES THAT MATTER! 33!

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FORMLESS FEMININITY!

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