2

B .

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary airpollution on persistent organic pollutants

The Parties,Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transbound-

ary Air Pollution,Recognizing that emissions of many persistent organic pollutants are

transported across international boundaries and are deposited in Europe,-North America and the Arctic, far from their site of origin, and that theatmosphere is the dominant medium of transport,

Aware that persistent organic pollutants resist degradation under natu-ral conditions and have been associated with adverse effects on humanhealth and the environment,

Concerned that persistent organic pollutants can biomagnify in uppertrophic levels to concentrations which might affect the health of exposedwildlife and humans,

Acknowledging that the Arctic ecosystems and especially its indig-enous people, who subsist on Arctic fish and mammals, are particularlyat risk because of the biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants,

Mindful that measures to control emissions of persistent organic pol-lutants would also contribute to the protection of the environment andhuman health in areas outside the United Nations Economic Commis-sion for Europe’s region, including the Arctic and international waters,

Resolved to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize emis-sions of persistent organic pollutants, taking into account the applicationof the precautionary approach, as set forth in principle 1.5 of the RioDeclaration on Environment and Development,

Reaffirming that States have, in accordance with the Charter of theUnited Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereignright to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmentaland development policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities

1) De Russische tekst is niet afgedrukt

288 4

within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environ-ment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,

Noting the need for global action on persistent organic pollutants andrecalling the role envisaged in chapter 9 of Agenda 21 for regionalagreements to reduce global transboundary air pollution and, in particu-lar, for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe to shareits regional experience with other regions of the world,

Recognizing that there are subregional, regional and global regimes in-place, including international instruments governing the management of

hazardous wastes, their transboundary movement and disposal, in par-ticular the Base1 Convention on the Control of Transboundary Move-ments of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,

Considering that the predominant sources of air pollution contributingto the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants are the use of cer-tain pesticides, the manufacture and use of certain chemicals, and theunintentional formation of certain substances in waste incineration, com-bustion, metal production and mobile sources,

Aware that techniques and management practices are available toreduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants into the air,

Conscious of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to com-bating air pollution,

Noting the important contribution of the private and non-governmentalsectors to knowledge of the effects associated with persistent organicpollutants, available alternatives and abatement techniques, and theirrole in assisting in the reduction of emissions of persistent organic pol-lutants,

Bearing in mind that measures taken to reduce persistent organic pol-lutant emissions should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifi-able discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competi-tion and trade,

Taking into consideration existing scientific and technical data onemissions, atmospheric processes and effects on human health and theenvironment of persistent organic pollutants, as well as on abatementcosts, and acknowledging the need to continue scientific and technicalcooperation to further the understanding of these issues,

288 6

Recognizing the measures on persistent organic pollutants alreadytaken by some of the Parties on a national level and/or under other inter-national conventions,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1

Dejinitions

For the purposes of the present Protocol,1. “Convention” means the Convention on Long-range Transbound-

ary Air Pollution, adopted in Geneva on 13 November 1979;

2. “EMEP” means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring andEvaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe;

3. “Executive Body” means the Executive Body for the Conventionconstituted under article 10, paragraph 1, of the Convention;

4. “Commission” means the United Nations Economic Commissionfor Europe;

5. “Parties” means, unless the context otherwise requires, the Partiesto the present Protocol;

6. “Geographical scope of EMEP” means the area defined in article1, paragraph 4, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-rangeTransboundary Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the CooperativeProgramme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmis-sion of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted in Geneva on 28 Sep-tember 1984;

7. “Persistent organic pollutants” (POPS) are organic substances that:(i) possess toxic characteristics; (ii) are persistent; (iii) bioaccumulate;(iv) are prone to long-range transboundary atmospheric transport anddeposition; and (v) are likely to cause significant adverse human healthor environmental effects near to and distant from their sources;

8. “Substance” means a single chemical species, or a number ofchemical species which form a specific group by virtue of (a) havingsimilar properties and being emitted together into the environment; or(b) forming a mixture normally marketed as a single article;

9. “Emission” means the release of a substance from a point or dif-fuse source into the atmosphere;

10. “Stationary source” means any fixed building, structure, facilitv,installation, or equipment that emits or may emit any persistent organicpollutant directly or indirectly into the atmosphere;

11. “Major stationary source category” means any stationary sourcecategory listed in annex VIII;

12. “New stationary source” means any stationary source of whichthe construction or substantial modification is commenced after theexpiry of two years from the date of entry into force of: (i) this Proto-col; or (ii) an amendment to annex III or VIII, where the stationarysource becomes-subject to the provisions of this Protocol only by virtueof that amendment. It shall be a matter for the competent nationalauthorities to decide whether a modification is substantial or not, takinginto account such factors as the environmental benefits of the modifica-tion.

Article 2

Objective

The objective of the present Protocol is to control, reduce or eliminatedischarges, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants.

Article 3

Basic obligations

1. Except where specifically exempted in accordance with article 4,each Party shall take effective measures:

a) To eliminate the production and use of the substances listed inannex I in accordance with the implementation requirements specifiedtherein;

b) (i) To ensure that, when the substances listed in annex I aredestroyed or disposed of, such destruction or disposal isundertaken in an environmentally sound manner, taking intoaccount relevant subregional, regional and global regimesgoverning the management of hazardous wastes and their dis-posal, in particular the Base1 Convention on the Control ofTransboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and theirDisposal;

(ii) Tokndeavour to ensure that the disposal of substances listedin annex I is carried out domestically, taking into accountpertinent environmental considerations;

(iii) To ensure that the transboundary movement of the substanceslisted in annex I is conducted in an environmentally sound

288 10

manner, taking into consideration applicable subregional, regional, andglobal regimes governing the transboundary movement ot hazardouswastes, in particular the Base1 Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal;

c) To restrict the substances listed in annex II to the uses described,in accordance with the implementation requirements specified therein.

2. The requirements specified in paragraph 1 b) above shall becomeeffective for each substance upon the date that production or use of thatsubstance is eliminated, whichever is later.

3. For substances listed in annex I, II, or III, each Party shoulddevelop appropriate strategies for identifying articles still in use andwastes containing such substances, and shall take appropriate measuresto ensure that such wastes and such articles, upon becoming wastes, aredestroyed or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.

4. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 to 3 above, the terms waste, dis-posal, and environmentally sound shall be interpreted in a manner con-sistent with the use of those terms under the Base1 Convention on theControl of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and theirDisposal.

5. Each Party shall:a) Reduce its total annual emissions of each of the substances listed

in annex III from the level of the emission in a reference year set inaccordance with that annex by taking effective measures, appropriate inits particular circumstances;

6)(i)

(ii)

(iii)

No later than the timescales specified in annex VI, apply:The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex V,to each new stationary source within a major stationary sourcecategory for which annex V identifies best available techniques;

Limit values at least as stringent as those specified in annex IV toeach new stationary source within a category mentioned in thatannex, taking into consideration annex V. A Party may, as an alter-native, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieveequivalent overall emission levels;

The best available techniques, taking into consideration annex V,to each existing stationary source within a major stationary sourcecategory for which annex V identifies best available techniques,insofar as this is technically and economically feasible. A Party

12288

(iv)

(v)

may, as an alternative, apply different emission reduction strate-gies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions;

Limit values at least as stringent as those specified in annex IV toeach existing stationary source within a category mentioned inthat annex, insofar as this is technically and economically feasi-ble, taking into consideration annex V. A Party may, as an alter-native, apply different emission reduction strategies that achieveequivalent overall emission reductions;

Effective measures to control emissions from mobile sources, tak-ing into consideration annex VII.

6. In the case of residential combustion sources, the obligations setout in paragraph 5 b) (i) and (iii) above shall refer to all stationarysources in that category taken together.

7. Where a Party, after the application of paragraph 5 b) above, can-not achieve the requirements of paragraph 5 a) above for a substancespecified in annex III, it shall be exempted from its obligations in para-graph 5 a) above for that substance.

8. Each Party shall develop and maintain emission inventories for thesubstances listed in annex III, and shall collect available informationrelating to the production and sales of the substances listed in annexes Iand II, for those Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, using,as a minimum, the methodologies and the spatial and temporal resolu-tion specified by the Steering Body of EMEP, and, for those Parties out-side the geographical scope of EMEP, using as guidance the methodolo-gies developed through the work plan of the Executive Body. It shallreport this information in accordance with the reporting requirements setout in article 9 below.

Article 4

Exemptions

1. Article 3, paragraph 1, shall not apply to quantities of a substanceto be used for laboratory-scale research or as a reference standard.

2. A Party may grant an exemption from article 3, paragraphs 1 a)and c), in respect of a particular substance, provided that the exemption

is not granted or used in a manner that would undermine the objectivesof the present Protocol, and only for the following purposes and underthe following conditions:

a)

(i)

For research other than that referred to in paragraph 1 above, if:

(ii)

(iii)

b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

c)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

No significant quantity of the substance is expected to reach theenvironment during the proposed use and subsequent disposal;

The objectives and parameters of such research are subject toassessment and authorization by the Party; andIn the event of a significant release of a substance into the envi-ronment, the exemption will terminate immediately, measures willbe taken to mitigate the release as appropriate, and an assessmentof the containment measures will be conducted before researchmay resume;To manage as necessary a public health emergency, if:

No suitable alternative measures are available to the Party toaddress the situation;The measures taken are proportional to the magnitude and sever-ity of the emergency;Appropriate precautions are taken to protect human health and theenvironment and to ensure that the substance is not used outsidethe geographical area subject to the emergency;

The exemption is granted for a period of time that does notexceed the duration of the emergency; andUpon termination of the emergency, any remaining stocks of thesubstance are subject to the provisions of article 3, paragraph 1b);For a minor application judged to be essential by the Party, if:

The exemption is granted for a maximum of five years;

The exemption has not previously been granted by it under thisarticle;No suitable alternatives exist for the proposed use;

The Party has estimated the emissions of the substance resultingfrom the exemption and their contribution to the total emissionsof the substance from the Parties;

Adequate precautions are taken to ensure that the emissions to theenvironment are minimized; andUpon termination of the exemption, any remaining stocks of thesubstance are subject to the provisions of article 3, paragraph 1b).

288

3. Each Party shall, no later than ninety days after granting an exemp-tion under paragraph 2 above. provide the secretariat with, as a mini-mum. the following information:

a) The chemical name of the substance subject to the exemption;b) The purpose for which the exemption has been granted;c) The conditions under which the exemption has been granted;d) The length of time for which the exemption has been granted;e) Those to whom, or the organization to which, the exemption

applies; andf) For an exemption granted under paragraphs 2 a) and c) above, the

estimated emissions of the substance as a result of the exemption and anassessment of their contribution to the total emissions of the substance

from the Parties.

4. The secretariat shall make available to all Parties the informationreceived under paragraph 3 above.

Article 5

Exchange of information and technology

The Parties shall, in a manner consistent with their laws, regulationsand practices, create favourable conditions to facilitate the exchange ofinformation and technology designed to reduce the generation and emis-sion of persistent organic pollutants and to develop cost-effective alter-natives, by promoting, inter alia:

a) Contacts and cooperation among appropriate organizations andindividuals in the private and public sectors that are capable of provid-ing technology, design and engineerin, services, equipment or finance;

b) The exchange of and access to information on the developmentand use of alternatives to persistent organic pollutants as well as on theevaluation of the risks that such alternatives pose to human health andthe environment, and information on the economic and social costs ofsuch alternatives;

c) The compilation and regular updating of lists of their designatedauthorities engaged in similar activities in other international forums;

d) The exchange of information on activities conducted in otherinternational forums.

Article 6

Public awareness

The Parties shall, consistent with their laws, regulations and practices,promote the provision of information to the genera1 public, including

individuals who are direct users of persistent organic pollutants. Thisinformation may include, inter alia:

a) Information, including labelling, on risk assessment and hazard;

b) Information on risk reduction;c) Information to encourage the elimination of persistent organic pol-

lutants or a reduction in their use, including, where appropriate, infor-mation on integrated pest management, integrated crop management andthe economic and social impacts of this elimination or reduction: and

d) Information on alternatives to persistent organic pollutants, as wellas an evaluation of the risks that such alternatives pose to human health

and the environment, and information on the economic and socialimpacts of such alternatives.

Article 7

Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and information1. Each Party shall, no later than six months after the date on which

this Protocol enters into force for it, develop strategies, policies and pro-grammes in order to discharge its obligations under the present Protocol.

2. Each Party shall:a) Encourage the use of economically feasible, environmentally

sound management techniques, including best environmental practices,with respect to all aspects of the use, production, release, processing,distribution, handling, transport and reprocessing of substances subjectto the present Protocol and manufactured articles, mixtures or solutionscontaining such substances;

b) Encourage the implementation of other management programmesto reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants, including voluntaryprogrammes and the use of economic instruments;

c) Consider the adoption of additional policies and measures asappropriate in its particular circumstances, which may include non-regulatory approaches;

d) Make determined efforts that are economically feasible to reducelevels of substances subject to the present Protocol that are contained ascontaminants in other substances, chemical products or manufacturedarticles, as soon as the relevance of the source has been established;

e) Take into consideration in its programmes for evaluating sub-stances, the characteristics specified in paragraph 1 of Executive Bodydecision 1998/2 on information to be submitted and procedures for add-ing substances to annex I, II or III, including any amendments thereto.

20

3. The Parties may take more stringent measures than those requiredby the present Protocol.

Article 8

Research, development and monitoring

The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring andcooperation related, but not limited, to:

a) Emissions, long-range transport and deposition levels and theirmodelling, existing levels in the biotic and abiotic environment, theelaboration of procedures for harmonizing relevant methodologies;

b) Pollutant pathways and inventories in representative ecosystems;

c) Relevant effects on human health and the environment, includingquantification of those effects;

d) Best available techniques and practices, including agriculturalpractices, and emission control techniques and practices currently em-ployed by the Parties or under development;

e) Methodologies permitting consideration of socio-economic factorsin the evaluation of alternative control strategies;

f) An effects-based approach which integrates appropriate informa-tion, including information obtained under subparagraphs a) to e) above,on measured or modelled environmental levels, pathways, and effects onhuman health and the environment, for the purpose of formulating futurecontrol strategies which also take into account economic and technologi-cal factors;

g) Methods for estimating national emissions and projecting futureemissions of individual persistent organic pollutants and for evaluatinghow such estimates and projections can be used to structure future obli-gations;

h) Levels of substances subject to the present Protocol that are con-tained as contaminants in other substances, chemical products or manu-factured articles and the significance of these levels for long-range trans-port, as well as techniques to reduce levels of these contaminants, and,in addition, levels of persistent organic pollutants generated during thelife cycle of timber treated with pentachlorophenol.

Priority should be given to research on substances considered to bethe most likely to be submitted under the procedures specified in article14, paragraph 6.

288 22

Article 9

Reporting

1. Subject to its laws governing the confidentiality of commercialinformation:

a) Each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of theCommission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis as determinedby the Parties meeting within the Executive Body, information on themeasures that it has taken to implement the present Protocol;

b) Each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report,through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a peri-

odic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and ap-proved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, information onthe levels of emissions of persistent organic pollutants using, as a mini-mum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution speci-fied by the Steering Body of EMEP. Parties in areas outside the geo-graphical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information to theExecutive Body if requested to do so. Each Party shall also provideinformation on the levels of emissions of the substances listed in annexIII for the reference year specified in that annex.

2. The information to be reported in accordance with paragraph 1 a)above shall be in conformity with a decision regarding format and con-tent to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. Theterms of this decision shall be reviewed as necessary to identify anyadditional elements regarding the format or the content of the informa-tion that is to be included in the reports.

3. In good time before each annual session of the Executive Body,EMEP shall provide information on the long-range transport and depo-sition of persistent organic pollutants.

Article 10

Reviews by the parties at sessions of the executive body

1. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, pursuant toarticle 10, paragraph 2 a), of the Convention, review the informationsupplied by the Parties, EMEP and other subsidiary bodies, and thereports of the Implementation Committee referred to in article 11 of thepresent Protocol.

2. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep underreview the progress made towards achieving the obligations set out inthe present Protocol.

3. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, review thesufficiency and effectiveness of the obligations set out in the present Pro-

288 24

tocol. Such reviews will take into account the best available scientificinformation on the effects of the deposition of persistent organic pollut-ants, assessments of technological developments, changing economicconditions and the fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels. Theprocedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified bythe Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such review shallbe completed no later than three years after the present Protocol entersinto force.

Article 11

Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Pro-tocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementation Committee estab-lished by decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body at its fifteenth sessionshall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties meeting within theExecutive Body in accordance with the terms of the annex to that deci-sion, including any amendments thereto.

Article 12

Settlement of disputes

1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concern-ing the interpretation or application of the present Protocol, the Partiesconcerned shall seek a settlement of the dispute through negotiation orany other peaceful means of their own choice. The parties to the disputeshall inform the Executive Body of their dispute.

2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the presentProtocol, or at anytime thereafter, a Party which is not a regional eco-nomic integration organization may declare in a written instrument sub-mitted to the Depositary that, in respect of any dispute concerning theinterpretation or application of the Protocol, it recognizes one or both ofthe following means of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto andwithout special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the sameobligation:

a) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice;b) Arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the

Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as practicable, in anannex on arbitration.

A Party which is a regional economic integration organization maymake a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accord-ance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph b) above.

3. A declaration made under paragraph 2 above shall remain in forceuntil it-expires in accordance with its terms or until three months afterwritten notice of its revocation has been deposited with the Depositary.

4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a decla-ration shall not in any way affect proceedings pending before the Inter-national Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties to thedispute agree otherwise.

5. Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have accepted the-same means of dispute settlement under paragraph 2, if after twelve

months following notification by one Party to another that a disputeexists between them, the Parties concerned have not been able to settletheir dispute through the means mentioned in paragraph 1 above, the dis-pute shall be submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dis-pute, to conciliation.

6. For the purpose of paragraph 5, a conciliation commission shall becreated. The commission shall be composed of equal numbers of mem-bers appointed by each Party concerned or, where the Parties in concili-ation share the same interest, by the group sharing that interest, and achairperson chosen jointly by the members so appointed. The commis-sion shall render a recommendatory award, which the Parties shall con-sider in good faith.

Article 13

Annexes

The annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part of theProtocol. Annexes V and VII are recommendatory in character.

Article 14

Amendments

1. Any Party may propose amendments to the present Protocol.2. Proposed amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Execu-

tive Secretary of the Commission, who shall communicate them to allParties. The Parties meeting within the Executive Body shall discuss theproposed amendments at its next session, provided that the proposalshave been circulated by the Executive Secretary to the Parties at leastninety days in advance.

3. Amendments to the present Protocol and to annexes I to IV, VI andVIII shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of

288 28

the Executive Body, and shall enter into force for the Parties which haveaccepted them on the ninetieth day after the date on which two thirds ofthe Parties have deposited with the Depositary their instruments ofacceptance thereof. Amendments shall enter into force for any otherParty on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party has depos-ited its instrument of acceptance thereof.

4. Amendments to annexes V and VII shall be adopted by consensusof the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body. On the expiryof ninety days from the date of its communication to all Parties by theExecutive Secretary of the Commission, an amendment to any such

annex shall become effective for those Parties which have not submittedto the Depositary a notification in accordance with the provisions ofparagraph 5 below, provided that at least sixteen Parties have not sub-mitted such a notification.

5. Any Party that is unable to approve an amendment to annex V orVII shall so notify the Depositary in writing within ninety days from thedate of the communication of its adoption, The Depositary shall withoutdelay notify all Parties of any such notification received. A Party may atany time substitute an acceptance for its previous notification and, upondeposit of an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary, the amend-ment to such an annex shall become effective for that Party.

6. In the case of a proposal to amend annex I, II, or III by adding asubstance to the present Protocol:

a) The proposer shall provide the Executive Body with the informa-tion specified in Executive Body decision 1998/2, including any amend-ments thereto; and

b) The Parties shall evaluate the proposal in accordance with the pro-cedures set forth in Executive Body decision 1998/2, including anyamendments thereto.

7. Any decision to amend Executive Body decision 1998/2 shall betaken by consensus of the Parties meeting within the Executive Bodyand shall take effect sixty days after the date of adoption.

Article 15

Signature

1. The present Protocol shall be open for signature at Aarhus (Den-mark) from 24 to 25 June 1998, then at United Nations Headquarters inNew York until 21 December 1998, by States members of the Commis-sion as well as States having consultative status with the Commissionpursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36

30288

(IV) of 28 Marchtions, constituted

1947, and by regional economic integration organiza-by sovereign States members of the Commission,

which have competence in respect ot the negotiation, conclusion andapplication of international agreements in matters covered by the Proto-col, provided that the States and organizations concerned are Parties tothe Convention.

2. In matters within their competence, such regional economic inte-gration organizations shall, on their own behalf, exercise the rights andfulfil the responsibilities which the present Protocol attributes to theirmember States. In such cases, the member States of these organizationsshall not be entitled to exercise such rights individually.

Article 16

Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1. The present Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance orapproval by Signatories.

2. The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from 21December 1998 bv the States and organizations that meet the require-ments of article 15, paragraph 1.

Article 17

Depositary

The instruments of ratification, acceptance,shall be deposited with the Secretary-Generalwho will perform the functions of Depositary.

Article 18

Entry into Force

approval or accessionof the United Nations,

1. The present Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day fol-lowing the date on which the sixteenth instrument of ratification, accept-ance, approval or accession has been deposited with the Depositary.

2. For each State and organization referred to in article 15, paragraph1, which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol or accedesthereto after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification,acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force onthe ninetieth day following the date of deposit by such Party of its instru-ment of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article 19

Withdrawal

At any time after five years from the date on which the present Pro-tocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may with-

288 32

draw from it by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any suchwithdrawal shall take effect on the ninetieth day following the date of itsreceipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified inthe notification of the withdrawal.

Article 20

Authentic texts

The original of the present Protocol, of which the English, French andRussian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-

General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorizedthereto, have signed the present Protocol.

DONE at Aarhus (Denmark), this twenty-fourth day of June, onethousand nine hundred and ninety-eight.

Het Protocol is op 24 juni 1998 te Aarhus ondertekend voor:BelgiëBulgarijeCanadaCyprusDenemarkenDuitslandde Europese GemeenschapFinlandFrankrijkGriekenlandIerlandItaliëhet Koninkrijk der NederlandenKroatiëLetlandLiechtensteinLitouwenLuxemburgMoldaviëSlowakijeSpanjeTsjechiëde Verenigde Staten van Amerika

288 34

Annex I

Substances scheduled for elimination

Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall notapply to the substances listed below when they occur: (i) as contami-nants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the imple-mentation date; or (iii) as site-limited chemical intermediates in themanufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemicallytransformed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effec-

t i v e upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.

Substance

AldrinCAS: 309-00-Z

ChlordaneCAS: 57-74-9

ChlordeconeCAS: 143-50-o

DDTCAS: 50-29-3

Implementation requirements

Elimination of

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

Conditions

None

None

None

None

None

None

1. Eliminate productionwithin one year of consen-sus by the Parties thatsuitable alternatives toDDT are available forpublic health protectionfrom diseases such asmalaria and encephalitis.

288 36

Substance T Implementation requirements

Elimination of

I

1 Use

DieldrinCAS: 60-57-l

Production

Use

EndrinCAS: 72-20-8

Production

Use

t

-i

Conditions

2. With a view to eliminat-ing the production of DDTat the earliest opportunity,the Parties shall, no laterthan one year after the dateof entry into force of thepresent Protocol and peri-odically thereafter as neces-sary, and in consultationwith the World HealthOrganization, the Food andAgriculture Organization ofthe United Nations and theUnited Nations Environ-ment Programme, reviewthe availability and feasibil-ity of alternatives and, asappropriate, promote thecommercialization of saferand economically viablealternatives to DDT.

None, except as identifiedin annex II.

None

None

None

None

Substance I Implementation requirements

I Elimination of

~~~HeptachlorCAS: 76-44-8

Hexabromobi-phenylCAS: 36355-01-g

Hexachloroben- ProductionzeneC A S : 1 1 8 - 7 4 - I

UseI----MirexCAS: 2385-85-5

j zruction

None

None, except for use bycertified personnel for thecontrol of fire ants inclosed industrial electricaljunction boxes. Such useshall be re-evaluated underthis Protocol no later thantwo years after the date ofentry into force.

None

None, except for produc-tion for a limited purposeas specified in a statementdeposited by a country withan economy in transitionupon signature or acces-sion.

None, except for a limiteduse as specified in a state-ment deposited by acountry with an economyin transition upon signatureor accession.

None

None

288 40

Substance implementation requirements

PCB’)

ToxapheneCAS: 8001-35-2

Production None

Use None

1) The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004 theproduction and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and "ug i l ec" .

Elimination of

Production

Conditions

None, except for countrieswith economies in transi-tion which shall eliminateproduction as soon aspossible and no later than31 December 2005 andwhich state in a declarationto be deposited togetherwith their instrument ofratification, acceptance,approval or accession, theirintention to do so.

Use None, except as identifiedin annex II.

288

Annex II

Substances scheduled for restrictions on use

Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall notapply to the substances listed below when they occur: (i) as contami-nants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the imple-mentation date; or (iii) as site-limited chemical intermediates in themanufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemicallytransformed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effec-

_tive upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.

Substance T-

DDTCAS: 50-29-3

Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses

1. For public health pro-tection from diseasessuch as malaria andencephalitis.

2. As a chemical inter-mediate to produceDicofol.

r Conditions

1. Use allowed only as acomponent of an inte-grated pest managementstrategy and only to theextent necessary and onlyuntil one year after thedate of the elimination ofproduction in accordancewith annex I.

2. Such use shall be reas-sessed no later than twoyears after the date ofentry into force of thepresent Protocol.

1

288 44

Substance Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses Conditions

HCHCAS: 608-73- 1

Technical HCH (i.e. HCHmixed isomers) isrestricted to use as anintermediate in chemicalmanufacturing.

Products in which at least All restricted uses of99% of the HCH isomer lindane shall be reassessedis in the gamma form under the Protocol no later(i.e. lindane, CAS: than two years after the58-89-9) are restricted to date of entry into force.the following uses:I. Seed treatment.2. Soil applicationsdirectly followed byincorporation into thetopsoil surface layer.3. Professional remedialand industrial treatmentof lumber, timber andlogs.4. Public health and vet-erinary topical insecti-cide.

288r-

t

tcE

46

Substance Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses Conditions

5. Non-aerial applicationto tree seedlings, small-scale lawn use, andindoor and outdoor usefor nursery stock andornamentals.6. Indoor industrial andresidential applications.

‘CBI) PCBs in use as of the Parties shall make deter-date of entry into force or mined efforts designed toproduced up to 31 lead to:December 2005 in a) The elimination of theaccordance with the pro- use of identifiable PCBs invisions of annex I. equipment (i.e. transform-

ers, capacitors or otherreceptacles containingresidual liquid stocks) con-taining PCBs in volumesgreater than 5 dm³ andhaving a concentration of0.05% PCBs or greater, assoon as possible, but nolater than 31 December20 10, or 3 1 December2015 for countries witheconomies in transition;

288 48

Substance T Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses Conditions

b) The destruction ordecontamination in anenvironmentally soundmanner of all liquid PCBsreferred to in subparagraph(a) and other liquid PCBscontaining more than0.005% PCBs not inequipment, as soon aspossible, but no later than31 December 2015, or 31December 2020 for coun-tries with economies intransition; andc) The decontamination ordisposal of equipmentreferred to in subparagrapha) in an environmentallysound manner.

1) The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004 theproduction and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and "ugilec".

288 50

Annex III

Substances referred to in article 3, paragraph 5 a), and thereference year for the obligation

L

Dioxins/furans’)

1

Substance

PAHs’)

Reference year

/ 1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995! inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification,

acceptance, approval or accession.

1

-I1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification,acceptance, approval or accession.

Hexachlorobenzene 1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995inclusive, specified by a Party upon ratification,acceptance, approval or accession.

1) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): For the purposes ot emissioninventories, the following four indicator compounds shall be used: benzo(a)py-rene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene.

2) Dioxins and furans (PCDD/F): Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) are tricyclic, aromatic compoundsformed by two benzene rings which are connected by two oxygen atoms in PCDDand by one oxygen atom in PCDF and the hydrogen atoms of which may bereplaced by up to eight chlorine atoms.

288 52

Annex IV

Limit values for PCDD/F from major stationary sources

I. INTRODUCTION

1. A definition of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) is provided in annexIII to the present Protocol.

2. Limit values are expressed as ng/m³ or mg/m³ under standard con-ditions (273.15 K, 101.3 kPa, and dry gas). 3. Limit values relate to the normal operating situation, includingstart-up and shutdown procedures, unless specific limit values have beendefined for those situations.

4. Sampling and analysis of all pollutants shall be carried out accord-ing to the standards laid down by the Comité européen de normalisation(CEN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), or thecorresponding United States or Canadian reference methods. Whileawaiting the development of CEN or IS0 standards, national standardsshall apply.

5. For verification purposes, the interpretation of measurement resultsin relation to the limit value must also take into account the inaccuracyof the measurement method. A limit value is considered to be met if theresult of the measurement, from which the inaccuracy of the measure-ment method is subtracted, does not exceed it.

6. Emissions of different congeners of PCDD/F are given in toxicityequivalents (TE) in comparison to 2,3,7,8-TCDD using the system pro-posed by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society(NATO-CCMS) in 1988.

II. LIMIT VALUES FOR MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES

7. The following limit values, which refer to 11% 0, concentrationin flue gas, apply to the following incinerator types:

Municipal solid waste (burning more than 3 tonnes per hour)0.1 ng TE/m³

Medical solid waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour)0.5 ng TE/m³

Hazardous waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour)0.2 ng TE/m³

288 54

Annex V

Best available techniques to control emissions of persistent organicpollutants from major stationary sources

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The purpose of this annex is to provide the Parties to the Conven-tion with guidance in identifying best available techniques to allow themto meet the obligations in article 3, paragraph 5, of the Protocol.

2. “Best available techniques” (BAT) means the most effective andadvanced stage in the development of activities and their methods ofoperation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniquesfor providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed toprevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissionsand their impact on the environment as a whole:

- “Techniques” includes both the technology used and the way inwhich the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and de-commissioned;

- “Available” techniques means those developed on a scale whichallows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economi-cally and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration thecosts and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or pro-duced inside the territory of the Party in question, as long as they arereasonably accessible to the operator;

- “Best” means most effective in achieving a high general level ofprotection of the environment as a whole.

In determining the best available techniques, special considerationshould be given, generally or in specific cases, to the factors below, bear-ing in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principlesof precaution and prevention:

- The use of low-waste technology;- The use of less hazardous substances;- The furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated

and used in the process and of waste;

- Comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation whichhave been tried with success on an industrial scale;

- Technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge andunderstanding;

- The nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;

56

- The commissioning dates for new or existing installations;

- The time needed to introduce the best available technique;

- The consumption and nature of raw materials (including water)used in the process and its energy efficiency;

- The need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact ofthe emissions on the environment and the risks to it;

- The need to prevent accidents and to minimize their consequences for the environment.

The concept of best available techniques is not aimed at the prescrip-tion of any specific technique or technology, but at taking into accountthe technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographi-cal location and the local environmental conditions.

3. Information regarding the effectiveness and costs of control meas-ures is based on documents received and reviewed by the Task Force andthe Preparatory Working Group on POPS. Unless otherwise indicated,the techniques listed are considered to be well established on the basisof operational experience.

4. Experience with new plants incorporating low-emission techniques,as well as with retrofitting of existing plants, is continuously growing.The regular elaboration and amendment of the annex will therefore benecessary. Best available techniques (BAT) identified for new plants canusually be applied to existing plants provided there is an adequate tran-sition period and they are adapted.

5. The annex lists a number of control measures which span a rangeof costs and efficiencies. The choice of measures for any particular casewill depend on a number of factors, including economic circumstances,technological infrastructure and capacity, and any existing air pollutioncontrol measures.

6. The most important POPs emitted from stationary sources are:a) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F);b) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB);c) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).Relevant definitions are provided in annex III to the present Protocol.

288 58

II. MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES OF POP EMISSIONS

7. PCDD/F are emitted from thermal processes involving organicmatter and chlorine as a result of incomplete combustion or chemicalreactions. Major stationary sources of PCDD/F may be as follows:

a) Waste incineration, including co-incineration;b) Thermal metallurgical processes, e.g. production of aluminium

and other non-ferrous metals, iron and steel;c) Combustion plants providing energy;d) Residential combustion: ande) Specific chemical production processes releasing intermediates

and by-products.

8.

iiing;

c)d)e)

Major stationary sources of PAH emissions may be as follows:Domestic wood and coal heating;Open fires such as refuse burning, forest fires and after-crop burn-

Coke and anode production:Aluminium production (via Soederberg process); andWood preservation installations, except for a Party for which this

category does not make a significant contribution to its total emissionsof PAH (as defined in annex III).

9. Emissions of HCB result from the same type of thermal andchemical processes as those emitting PCDD/F, and HCB is formed by asimilar mechanism. Major sources of HCB emissions may be as follows:

a) Waste incineration plants, including co-incineration;

b) Thermal sources of metallurgical industries; andc) Use of chlorinated fuels in furnace installations.

III. GENERAL APPROACHES TO CONTROLLING EMISSIONS OFPOPS

10. There are several approaches to the control or prevention of POPemissions from stationary sources. These include the replacement of rel-evant feed materials, process modifications (including maintenance andoperational control) and retrofitting existing plants. The following listprovides a general indication of available measures, which may beimplemented either separately or in combination:

a) Replacement of feed materials which are POPs or where there isa direct link between the materials and POP emissions from the source;

b) Best environmental practices such as good housekeeping, preven-

288 60

tive maintenance programmes, or process changes such as closed sys-tems (for instance in cokeries or use of inert electrodes for electrolysis);

c) Modification of process design to ensure complete combustion,thus preventing the formation of persistent organic pollutants, throughthe control of parameters such as incineration temperature or residencetime;

d) Methods for flue-gas cleaning such as thermal or catalytic incin-eration or oxidation, dust precipitation, adsorption;

e) Treatment of residuals, wastes and sewage sludge by, for exam- ple thermal treatment or rendering them inert.

11. The emission levels given for different measures in tables 1, 2, 4,5, 6, 8, and 9 are generally case-specific. The figures or ranges give theemission levels as a percentage of the emission limit values using con-ventional techniques.

12. Cost-efficient considerations may be based on total costs per yearper unit of abatement (includin,g capital and operational costs). POPemission reduction costs should also be considered within the frame-work of the overall process economics, e.g. the impact of control meas-ures and costs of production. Given the many influencing factors, invest-ment and operating cost figures are highly case-specific.

IV. CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR THE REDUCTION OF PCDD/FEMISSIONS

A. Waste incineration

13. Waste incineration includes municipal waste, hazardous waste,medical waste and sewage sludge incineration.

14. The main control measures for PCDD/F emissions from wasteincineration facilities are:

a) Primary measures regarding incinerated wastes;b) Primary measures regarding process techniques;c) Measures to control physical parameters of the combustion proc-

ess and waste gases (e.g. temperature stages, cooling rate, 0, content,etc.);

d) Cleaning of the flue gas; ande) Treatment of residuals from the cleaning process.15. The primary measures regarding the incinerated wastes, involv-

ing the management of feed material by reducing halogenated sub-stances and replacing them by non-halogenated alternatives, are not

288 62

appropriate for municipal or hazardous waste incineration. It is moreeffective to modify the incineration process and install secondary meas-ures for flue-gas cleaning. The management of feed material is a usefulprimary measure for waste reduction and has the possible added benefitof recycling. This may result in indirect PCDD/F reduction by decreas-ing the waste amounts to be incinerated.

16. The modification of process techniques to optimize combustionconditions is an important and effective measure for the reduction ofPCDD/F emissions (usually 85OC or higher, assessment of oxygen sup-ply depending on the heating value and consistency of the wastes, suf-ficient residence time - 85OC for ca. 2 sec - and turbulence of the gas,avoidance of cold gas regions in the incinerator, etc.). Fluidized bedincinerators keep a lower temperature than 85OC with adequate emissionresults. For existing incinerators this would normally involve redesign-ing and/or replacing a plant - an option which may not be economicallyviable in all countries. The carbon content in ashes should be minimized.

17. Flue gas measures. The followinn g measures are possibilities forlowering reasonably effectively the PCDD/F content in the flue gas. Thede novo synthesis takes place at about 250 to 450C. These measures area prerequisite for further reductions to achieve the desired levels at theend of the pipe:

a) Quenching the flue gases (very effective and relatively inexpen-sive):

b) Adding inhibitors such as triethanolamine or triethylamine (canreduce oxides of nitrogen as well), but side-reactions have to be consid-ered for safety reasons;

c) Using dust collection systems for temperatures between 800 andlOOOC, e.g. ceramic filters and cyclones;

d) Using low-temperature electric discharge systems; and

e) Avoiding fly ash deposition in the flue gas exhaust system.

18. Methods for cleaning the flue gas are:

a) Conventional dust precipitators for the reduction of particle-boundPCDD/F;

b) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic re-duction (SNCR);

c) Adsorption with activated charcoal or coke in fixed or fluidizedsystems;

d) Different types of adsorption methods and optimized scrubbingsystems with mixtures of activated charcoal, open hearth coal, lime andlimestone solutions in fixed bed, moving bed and fluidized bed reactors.The collection efficiency for gaseous PCDD/F can be improved with theuse of a suitable pre-coat layer of activated coke on the surface of a bagfilter;

e) H,O,-oxidation; andf) Catalytic combustion methods using different types of catalysts

(i.e. Pt/Al,O, or copper-chromite catalysts with different promoters tostabilize the surface area and to reduce ageing of the catalysts).

19. The methods mentioned above are capable of reaching emissionlevels of 0.1 ng TE/m³ PCDD/F in the flue gas. However, in systemsusing activated charcoal or coke adsorbers/filters care must be taken toensure that fugitive carbon dust does not increase PCDD/F emissionsdownstream. Also, it should be noted that adsorbers and dedustinginstallations prior to catalysts (SCR technique) yield PCDD/F-laden resi-dues, which need to be reprocessed or require proper disposal.

20. A comparison between the different measures to reduce PCDD/Fin flue gas is very complex. The resulting matrix includes a wide rangeof industrial plants with different capacities and configuration. Costparameters include the reduction measures for minimizing other pollut-ants as well, such as heavy metals (particle-bound or not particle-bound). A direct relation for the reduction in PCDD/F emissions alonecannot, therefore, be isolated in most cases. A summary of the availabledata for the various control measures is given in table 1.

21. Medical waste incinerators may be a major source of PCDD/F inmany countries. Specific medical wastes such as human anatomicalparts, infected waste, needles, blood, plasma and cytostatica are treatedas a special form of hazardous waste, while other medical wastes arefrequently incinerated on-site in a batch operation. Incinerators operat-ing with batch systems can meet the same requirements for PCDD/Freduction as other waste incinerators.

22. Parties may wish to consider adopting policies to encourage theincineration of municipal and medical waste in large regional facilitiesrather than in smaller ones. This approach may make the application ofBAT more cost-effective.

288 66

23. The treatment of residuals from the flue-gas cleaning process.Unlike incinerator ashes, these residuals contain relatively high concen-trations of heavy metals, organic pollutants (including PCDD/F), chlo-rides and sulphides. Their method of disposal, therefore, has to be wellcontrolled. Wet scrubber systems in particular produce large quantitiesof acidic, contaminated liquid waste. Some special treatment methodsexist. They include:

a) The catalytic treatment of fabric filter dusts under conditions oflow temperatures and lack of oxygen;

b) The scrubbing of fabric filter dusts by the 3-R process (extraction of heavy metals by acids and combustion for destruction of organic mat-

ter);c) The vitrification of fabric filter dusts;d) Further methods of immobilization; ande) The application of plasma technology.

B. Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry

24. Specific processes in the metallurgical industry may be importantremaining sources of PCDD/F emissions. These are:

a) Primary iron and steel industry (e.g. blast furnaces, sinter plants,iron pelletizing);

b) Secondary iron and steel industry; andc) Primary and secondary non-ferrous metal industry (production of

copper).PCDD/F emission control measures for the metallurgical industries

are summarized in table 2.25. Metal production and treatment plants with PCDD/F emissions

can meet a maximum emission concentration of 0.1 ng TE/m³ (if wastegas volume flow > 5000m³/h) using control measures.

Sinter plants

26. Measurements at sinter plants in the iron and steel industry havegenerally shown PCDD/F emissions in the range of 0.4 to 4 ng TE/m³.A single measurement at one plant without any control measures showedan emission concentration of 43 ng TE/m³.

27. Halogenated compounds may result in the formation of PCDD/Fif they enter sinter plants in the feed materials (coke breeze, salt contentin the ore) and in added recycled material (e.g. millscale, blast furnacetop gas dust, filter dusts and sludges from waste water treatment). How-ever, similarly to waste incineration, there is no clear link between the

chlorine content of the feed materials and emissions of PCDD/F. Anappropriate measure may be the avoidance of contaminated residualma-terial and de-oiling or degreasing of millscale prior to its introductioninto the sinter plant.

28. The most effective PCDD/F emission reduction can be achievedusing a combination of different secondary measures, as follows:

a) Recirculating waste gas significantly reduces PCDD/F emissions.Furthermore, the waste gas flow is reduced significantly, thereby reduc-ing the cost of installing any additional end-of-pipe control systems;

b) Installing fabric filters (in combination with electrostatic precipi-tators in some cases) or electrostatic precipitators with the injection ofactivated carbon/open-hearth coal/limestone mixtures into the waste gas;

c) Scrubbing methods have been developed which include pre-quenching of the waste gas, leaching by high-performance scrubbingand separation by drip deposition. Emissions of 0.2 to 0.4 ng TE/m³ canbe achieved. By adding suitable adsorption agents like lignite coalcokes/coal slack, an emission concentration of 0.1 ng TE/m³ can bereached.

288 70

Table 1: Comparison of different flue-gas cleaning measures and proc-ess modifications in waste incineration plants to reducePCDD/F emissions

5

It

:f

Managementoptions

Emission Estimatedlevel(%)‘) costs

Managementrisks

Primary measuresby modification of‘eed materials:

- Elimination ofprecursors andchlorine-containing feedmaterial: and

- Management ofwaste streams.

Resultingemission levelnot quantified;seems not tobe linearly

dependent onthe amount of

the feedmaterial.

Pre-sorting offeed materialnot effective;only parts couldbe collected;other chlorine-containingmaterial, forinstance kitchensalt, paper, etc.,cannot beavoided. Forhazardouschemical wastethis is not desir-able.

Useful primarymeasure andfeasible inspecial cases(for instance,waste oils. elec-trical compo-nents, etc.) withthe possibleadded benefit ofrecycling of thematerials.

288 72

Managementoptions

Emission Estimatedlevel(%)‘) costs

Managementrisks

Modification ofprocess technology:

Optimized c o m -bustion condi-tions;

Retrofitting ofthe wholeprocess needed.

Avoidance of.temperaturesbelow 850°C andcold regions influe gas;

- Sufficient oxygencontent; controlof oxygen inputdepending on theheating valueand consistencyof feed material;and

- Sufficient resi-dence time andturbulence.

Flue gas measures:

Avoiding particledeposition by:

288 74

Managementoptions

Emissionlevel(%)‘)

Estimatedcosts

Soot cleaners, Steam sootmechanical blowing canrappers, sonic or increasesteam soot PCDD/F forma-blowers. tion rates.

Dust removal, gen-erally in wastencinerators:

< 10 Medium Removal ofPCDD/Fadsorbed ontoparticles.Removalmethods of par-ticles in hot fluegas streamsused only inpilot plants.

- Fabric filters; 1 - 0.1 Higher Use at tempera-tures < 150°C.

- Ceramic filters;

- Cyclones; and

Lowefficiency

Lowefficiency

Medium

Use at tempera-tures of 800-1000°C.

288

C

:

Managementoptions

- Electrostatic pre-cipitation.

Catalytic oxidation.

Gas quenching.

High-performanceadsorption unitwith added acti-vated charcoal par-icles (electrody-namic venturi).

76

Emissionlevel(%)‘)

Mediumefficiency

Estimatedcosts

Managementrisks

Use at a tem-perature of450°C; promo-tion of the denovo synthesisof PCDD/Fpossible, higherNO, emissions,reduction ofheat recovery.

Use at tempera-tures of 800-1000°C.

Separate gasphase abate-ment necessary.

288 78

vlanagementoptions

Emission Estimatedlevel(%)‘) costs

Management

/ risks

jelective catalytic,eduction (SCR).

High invest-ment and low

operating costs NO, reductionif NH, isadded; highspace demand,spent catalystsand residues ofactivated carbon(AC) or lignitecoke (ALC)may bedisposed of,catalysts can bereprocessed bymanufacturersin most cases,AC and ALCcan be com-busted understrictly control-led conditions.

288 80

Managementoptions

IEmission I Estimated Management

/ Ilevel(%)‘) ’ costs risks

Different types ofwet and dryadsorption methodswith mixtures ofactivated charcoal,open-hearth coke,ime and limestone;olutions in fixedbed, moving bedand fluidized bedreactors:

- Fixed bedreactor, adsorp-tion with acti-vated charcoal oropen-hearthcoke; and

<2(0.1 ngTE/m³)

High invest- Removal ofment, medium residuals: highoperating costs demand of

space.

- Entrained flowor circulatingfluidized bedreactor withadded activatedcoke/lime orlimestone solu-tions and subse-quent fabricfilter.

< 10 Low invest- Removal of(0.1 ng ment, medium residuals.TE/m³) operating costs

4ddition of H,O,. 2 - 5(0.1 ngTElm’)

Low invest-ment, low

operating costs

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

288 82

Table 2: Emission reduction of PCDD/F in the metallurgical industry

I-

rI!

r!

i-

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(%)I) costs

/ Managementrisks

Sinter plants

Primary measures:

- Optimization/encapsulation ofsinter conveyingbelts;

Low Not 100%achievable

- Waste gas recir-culation e.g.emission opti-mized sintering(EOS) reducingwaste gas flowby ca. 35%(reduced costsof further sec-ondarymeasures by thereduced wastegas flow), cap.1 millionNm³/h;

40 Low

Secondarymeasures:

- Electrostatic Medium effi- Mediumprecipitation + ciencymolecular sieve;

- Addition of High efficiency Mediumlimestone/ (0.1 ng TE/m³)activated carbonmixtures;

L/c/

P1CC

Managementptions

Emission level Estimated(%)I) costs

Managementrisks

High- High efficiency Medium 0.1 ng TE/m³performance emission could bescrubbers - reduction to reached withexisting installa- 0.2-0.4 ng higher energytion: AIRFINE TE/m³ demand; no(Voest Alpine existing instal-Stahl Linz) lation.since 1993 for600 000Nm³/h;second installa-tion planned inthe Netherlands(Hoogoven) for1998.

ion-ferrous pro-duction (e.g.opper)

Primary measures:

- Presorting ofscrap, avoid-ance of feedmaterial likeplastics andPVC-contaminatedscrap, strippingof coatings anduse of chlorine-free insulatingmaterials;

86

Mangementoptions

Emission level(%)I)

Estimatedcosts

Management/ risks

Secondarymeasures:

- Quenching the Highhot waste gases; efficiency

Low

- Use of oxygenor of oxygen-enriched air infiring, oxygeninjection in theshaft kiln (pro-viding completecombustion andminimization ofwaste gasvolume);

5 - l(1.5-2

TE/m³)

High

- Fixed bedreactor or fluid-ized jet streamreactor byadsorption withactivatedcharcoal oropen-hearthcoal dust;

- Catalytic oxida-tion; and

- Reduction ofresidence timein the criticalregion of tem-perature in thewaste gassystem.

(0.1 ngTE/m³)

(0.1 ngTE/m³)

High

High

288 88

r;II

Ii.

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(%I’) costs

Managementrisks

Iron and steel pro-duction

Primary measures.

- Cleaning of thescrap from oilp r i o r t ocharging of pro-duction vessels;

- Elimination oforganic trampmaterials suchas oils, emul-sions, greases,paint andplastics fromfeedstockcleaning;

Low

Low

Cleaningsolvents have tobe used.

- Lowering of thespecific highwaste gasvolumes;

Medium

- Separate collec- Lowtion and treat-ment of emis-

is?dis- ~ ~ 1

288 90

t

Managementoptions

Emission level(B)‘)

Estimatedcosts

Managementrisks

- Separate collec-tion and treat-ment of emis-sions fromloading and dis-charging; and

Low

- Fabric filter in < I Mediumcombinationwith coke injec-tion.

secondary alu-ninium production

- Avoidance ofhalogenatedmaterial (hex-achloroethane);

- Avoidance ofchlorine-containinglubricants (forinstance chlo-rinated paraf-fins); and

Low

Low

288 92

Lr

I

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(S)‘) costs

Managementrisks

- Clean-up andsorting of dirtyscrap charges,e.g. by swarfdecoating anddrying, swim-sink separationtechniques andwhirling streamdeposition;

Secondarymeasures:

- Single- andmulti-stagefabric filter withadded activationof limestone/activated carbonin front of thefilter;

- Minimizationand separateremoval andpurification ofdifferently con-taminated wastegas flows;

< I (0.1 ngTE/m³)

Medium/ high

Medium/ high

288 94

t

I-

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(56)‘) costs

Managementrisks

- Avoidance ofparticulatedeposition fromthe waste gasand promotionof rapid passingof the criticaltemperaturerange; and

Medium/ high

- Improved pre-treatment ofaluminiumscrap shreddersby using swim-sink separationtechniques andgrading throughwhirling streamdeposition.

Medium/ high

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

Primary and secondary production of copper

29. Existing plants for the primary and secondary production of cop-per can achieve a PCDD/F emission level of a few picograms to 2 ngTE/m³ after flue-gas cleaning. A single copper shaft furnace emitted upto 29 ng TE/m³ PCDD/F before optimization of the aggregates. Gener-ally, there is a wide range of PCDD/F emission values from these plantsbecause of the large differences in raw materials used in differing aggre-gates and processes.

30. Generally, the following measures are suitable for reducingPCDD/F emissions:

a) Pre-sorting scrap;b) Pretreating scrap, for example stripping of plastic or PVC coat-

ings, pretreating cable scrap using only cold/mechanical methods;

288 96

c) Quenching hot waste gases (providing utilizationreduce residence time in the critical region of temperaturegas system;

of heat), toin the waste

d) Using oxygen or oxygen-enriched air in tiring, or oxygen injec-tion in the shaft kiln (providing complete combustion and minimizationof waste gas volume);

e) Adsorption in a fixed bed reactor or fluidized jet stream reactorwith activated charcoal or open-hearth coal dust; and

f) Catalytic oxidation.

Production of steel

-- 31. PCDD/F emissions from converter steelworks for steel produc-tion and from hot blast cupola furnaces, electric furnaces and electric arcfurnaces for the melting of cast iron are significantly lower than 0.1 ngTE/m³. Cold-air furnaces and rotary tube furnaces (melting of cast iron)have higher PCDD/F emissions.

32. Electric arc furnaces used in secondary steel production canachieve an emission concentration value of 0.1 ng TE/m³ if the follow-ing measures are used:

a) Separate collection of emissions from loading and discharging;and

b) Use of a fabric filter or an electrostatic precipitator in combinationwith coke injection.

33. The feedstock to electric arc furnaces often contains oils, emul-sions or greases. General primary measures for PCDD/F reduction canbe sorting, de-oiling and de-coating of scraps, which may contain plas-tics, rubber, paints, pigments and vulcanizing additives.

Smelting plants in the secondary aluminium industry

34. PCDD/F emissions from smelting plants in the secondary alu-minium industry are in the range of approximately 0.1 to 14 ng TE/m³.These levels depend on the type of smelting aggregates, materials usedand waste gas purification techniques employed.

3.5. In summary, single- and multi-stage fabric filters with the addi-tion of limestone/activated carbon/open-hearth coal in front of the filtermeet the emission concentration of 0.1 ng TE/m³, with reduction effi-ciencies of 99%.

36. The following measures can also be considered:a) Minimizing and separately removing and purifying differently

contaminated waste gas flows;

b) Avoiding waste gas particle deposition;c) Rapidly passing the critical temperature range;d) Improving the pre-sorting of scrap aluminium from shredders by

using swim-sink separation techniques and grading through whirlingstream deposition; and

e) Improving the pre-cleaning of scrap aluminium by swarf decoat-ing and swarf drying.

37. Options (d) and (e) are important because it is unlikely that mod-ern fluxless smelting techniques (which avoid halide salt fluxes) will beable to handle the low-grade scrap that can be used in rotary kilns.

38. Discussions are continuing under the Convention for the Protec-tion of the Marine Environment of the North-east Atlantic regarding therevision of an earlier recommendation to phase out the use of hexachlo-roethane in the aluminium industry.

39. The melt can be treated using state-of-the-art technology, forexample with nitrogen/chlorine mixtures in the ratio of between 9: 1 and8:2, gas injection equipment for fine dispersion and nitrogen pre- andpost-flushing and vacuum degreasing. For nitrogen/chlorine mixtures, aPCDD/F emission concentration of about 0.03 ng TE/m³ was measured(as compared to values of > 1 ng TE/m³ for treatment with chlorineonly). Chlorine is required for the removal of magnesium and otherundesired components.

C. Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers

40. In the combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers(>50 MW thermal capacity), improved energy efficiency and energyconservation will result in a decline in the emissions of all pollutantsbecause of reduced fuel requirements. This will also result in a reduc-tion in PCDD/F emissions. It would not be cost-effective to removechlorine from coal or oil, but in any case the trend towards gas-fired sta-tions will help to reduce PCDD/F emissions from this sector.

41. It should be noted that PCDD/F emissions could increase signifi-cantly if waste material (sewage sludge, waste oil, rubber wastes, etc.)is added to the fuel. The combustion of wastes for energy supply shouldbe undertaken only in installations usin g waste gas purification systemswith highly efficient PCDD/F reduction (described in section A above).

100

42. The application of techniques to reduce emissions of nitrogenoxides, sulphur dioxide and particulates from the flue gas can alsoremove PCDD/F emissions. When using these techniques, PCDD/Fremoval efficiencies will vary from plant to plant. Research is ongoingto develop PCDD/F removal techniques, but until such techniques areavailable on an industrial scale, no best available technique is identifiedfor the specific purpose of PCDD/F removal.

D. Residential combustion

43. The contribution of residential combustion appliances to totalemissions of PCDD/F is less significant when approved fuels are prop-erly used. In addition, large regional differences in emissions can occurdue to the type and quality of fuel, geographical appliance density andusage.

44. Domestic fireplaces have a worse burn-out rate for hydrocarbonsin fuels and waste gases than large combustion installations. This isespecially true if they use solid fuels such as wood and coal, withPCDD/F emission concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 ng TE/m³.

45. Burning packing material added to solid fuels increases PCDD/Femissions. Even though it is prohibited in some countries, the burningof rubbish and packing material may occur in private households. Dueto increasing disposal charges, it must be recognized that householdwaste materials are being burned in domestic firing installations. The useof wood with the addition of waste packing material can lead to anincrease in PCDD/F emissions from 0.06 ng TE/m³ (exclusively wood)to 8 ng TE/m³ (relative to 11% 0, by volume). These results have beenconfirmed by investigations in several countries in which up to 114 ngTE/m³ (with respect to 13% oxygen by volume) was measured in wastegases from residential combustion appliances burning waste materials.

46. The emissions from residential combustion appliances can bereduced by restricting the input materials to,good-quality fuel and avoid-ing the burning of waste, halogenated plastics and other materials. Pub-lic information programmes for the purchasers/operators of residentialcombustion appliances can be effective in achieving this goal.

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E. Firing installations for wood (<50 MW capacity)

47. Measurement results for wood-firing installations indicate thatPCDD/F emissions above 0.1 ng TE/m³ occur in waste gases especiallyduring unfavourable burn-out conditions and/or when the substancesburned have a higher content of chlorinated compounds than normaluntreated wood. An indication of poor firing is the total carbon concen-tration in the waste gas. Correlations have been found between CO emis-sions, burn-out quality and PCDD/F emissions. Table 3 summarizessome emission concentrations and factors for wood-firing installations.

Table 3: Quantity-related emission concentrations and factors for wood-firing installations

Natural wood (beech tree)Natural wood chips fromforestsChipboardUrban Waste wood

Residential wasteCharcoal

Emissionconcentra-

tion (ngTE/m³)

0.02 - 0.100.07 - 0.21

0.02 - 0.082.7 - 14.4

1140.03

Emission Emissionfactor (ng factor (ng/TE/kg) GJ)

3230

/

12 - 7043 - 140

16 - 501400 - 9400

48. The combustion of urban waste wood (demolition wood) in mov-ing grates leads to relatively high PCDD/F emissions, compared to non-waste wood sources. A primary measure for emission reduction is toavoid the use of treated waste wood in wood-firing installations. Com-bustion of treated wood should be undertaken only in installations withthe appropriate flue-gas cleaning to minimize PCDD/F emissions.

V. CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR THE REDUCTION OF PAHEMISSIONS

A. Coke production

49. During coke production, PAHs are released into the ambient airmainly:

288

When the oven is charged through the charging holes;By leakages from the oven door, the ascension pipes and the

charging hole lids; and

104

c) During coke pushing and coke cooling.

50. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration varies substantially betweenthe individual sources in a coke battery. The highest BaP concentrationsare found on the top of the battery and in the immediate vicinity of thedoors.

5 1. PAH from coke production can be reduced by technically improv-ing existing integrated iron and steel plants. This might entail the clo-

-sure and replacement of old coke batteries and the general reduction incoke production, for instance by injecting high-value coal in steelproduction.

52. A PAH reduction strategy for coke batteries should include the fol-lowing technical measures:

a) Charging the coke ovens:- Particulate matter emission reduction when charging the coal

from the bunker into the charging cars;- Closed systems for coal transfer when coal pre-heating is used;

- Extraction of filling gases and subsequent treatment, either bypassing the gases into the adjacent oven or by passing via a col-lecting main to an incinerator and a subsequent dedusting de-vice. In some cases the extracted filling gases may be burnedon the charging cars, but the environmental performance andsafety of these charging-car-based systems is less satisfactory.Sufficient suction should be generated by steam or water injec-tion in the ascension pipes;

b) Emissions at charging hole lids during coking operation should beavoided by:

- Using charging hole lids with highly efficient sealing;- Luting the charging hole lids with clay (or equally effective

material) after each charging operation;- Cleaning the charging hole lids and frames before closing the

charging hole;- Keeping oven ceilings free from coal residuals;

c) Ascension pipe lids should be equipped with water seals to avoidgas and tar emissions, and the proper operation of the seals should bemaintained by regular cleaning;

d) Coke oven machinery for operating the coke oven doors shouldbe equipped with systems for cleanin,g the seals’ surfaces on the ovendoor frames and oven doors;

e) Coke oven doors:

288 106

- Highly effective seals should be used (e.g. spring-loaded mem-brane doors);

- Seals on the oven doors and door frames should be cleanedthoroughly at every handling operation;

- Doors should be designed in a manner that allows the installa-tion of particulate matter extraction systems with connection toa dedusting device (via a collecting main) during pushing op-erations;

f) The coke transfer machine should be equipped with an integratedhood, stationary duct and stationary gas cleaning system (preferably afabric filter);

g) Low-emission procedures should be applied for coke cooling, e.g.-dry coke coolin g. The replacement of a wet quenching process by dry

coke cooling should be preferred, so long as the generation of wastewater is avoided by using a closed circulation system. The dusts gener-ated when dry quenched coke is handled should be reduced.

53. A coke-making process referred to as “non-recovery coke-making” emits significantly less PAH than the more conventional by-product recovery process. This is because the ovens operate under nega-tive pressure, thereby eliminating leaks to the atmosphere from the cokeoven doors. During coking, the raw coke oven gas is removed from theovens by a natural draught, which maintains a negative pressure in theovens. These ovens are not designed to recover the chemical by-productsfrom raw coke oven gas. Instead, the offgases from the coking process(including PAH) are burned efficiently at high temperatures and withlong residence times. The waste heat from this incineration is used toprovide the energy for coking, and excess heat may be used to generatesteam. The economics of this type of coking operation may require acogeneration unit to produce electricity from the excess steam. Currentlythere is only one non-recovery coke plant operating in the United States,and one is in operation in Australia. The process is basically a horizon-tal sole-flue non-recovery coke oven with an incineration chamber ad-joining two ovens. The process provides for alternate charging and cok-ing schedules between the two ovens. Thus, one oven is always providingthe incineration chamber with coke gases. The coke gas combustion inthe incineration chamber provides the necessary heat source. The incin-eration chamber design provides the necessary dwell time (approxi-mately 1 second) and high temperatures (minimum of 900°C).

54. An effective monitoring programme for leakages from coke ovendoor seals, ascension pipes and charging hole lids should be operated.

This implies the monitoring and recording of leakages and immediaterepair or maintenance. A significant reduction of diffuse emissions canthus be achieved.

55. Retrofitting existing coke batteries to facilitate condensation offlue gases from all sources (with heat recovery) results in a PAH reduc-tion of 86% to more than 90% in air (without regard to waste watertreatment). Investment costs can be amortized in five years, taking intoaccount recovered energy, heated water, gas for synthesis and savedcooling water.

56. Increasing coke oven volumes results in a decrease in the totalnumber of ovens, oven door openings (amount of pushed ovens per day),number of seals in a coke battery and consequently PAH emissions. Pro-ductivity increases in the same way by decreasing operating and person-nel costs.

57. Dry coke cooling systems require a higher investment cost thanwet methods. Higher operating costs can be compensated for by heatrecovery in a process of pre-heatin,g the coke. The energy efficiency of acombined dry coke cooling/coal pre-heating system rises from 38 to65%. Coal pre-heating boosts productivity by 30%. This can be raisedto 40% because the coking process is more homogeneous.

58. All tanks and installations for the storage and treatment of coaltar and coal tar products must be equipped with an efficient vapourrecovery return and/or vapour destruction system. The operating costs ofvapour destruction systems can be reduced in an autothermal after-burning mode if the concentration of the carbon compounds in the wasteis high enough.

59. Table 4 summarizes PAH emission reduction measures in cokeproduction plants.

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Table 4: PAH emission control for coke production

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(%)I) costs

Managementrisks

Retrofitting of old Total < 10 High Emissions toplants with conden- (without waste waste water bysation of emitted water) wet quenchingiue gases from all are very high.sources includes This methodhe following should beneasures: applied only if

the water isreused in aclosed cycle.

- Evacuation andafter-burning ofthe filling gasesduring chargingof ovens orpassing thegases into theadjacent ovenas far aspossible;

5 (Amortizationof investmentcosts, takinginto account

energyrecovery,

heated water,gas for synthe-sis and savedcooling water,

may be 5years.)

288 114

I-I

I-i:

Managementoptions

Emission level(%)I)

Estimated Managementcosts risks

Low emission pro-cedures for cokecooling, e.g. drycoke cooling.

No emissions ’ Higher invest-into water ment costs

than for wetcooling (but

lower costs bypreheating ofcoke and use

of waste heat.)

ncreasing the useof high-volumeovens to lower thenumber ofopenings and thesurface of sealingtreas.

Considerable Investmentabout 10%higher than

conventionalplants.

In most casestotal retro-fitting or theinstallation of anew cokery isneeded.

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

B. Anode production

60. PAH emissions from anode production have to be dealt with in asimilar fashion as those from coke production.

61. The following secondary measures for emission reduction ofPAH-contaminated dust are used:

a) Electrostatic tar precipitation;b) Combination of a conventional electrostatic tar filter with a wet

electrostatic filter as a more efficient technical measure;c) Thermal after-burning of the waste gases; andd) Dry scrubbing with limestone/petroleum coke or aluminum oxide

(Al,&).

288 6

62. The operating costs in thermal after-burning can be reduced in anautothermal after-burning mode if the concentration of carbon com-pounds in the waste gas is high enough. Table 5 summarizes PAH emis-sion control measures for anode production.

Table 5: PAH emission control for anode production

Managementoptions

Modemization ofold plants by-educing diffuseemissions with thefollowingmeasures:

- Reduction ofleakages;

- Installation offlexible sealantsat the ovendoors;

- Evacuation offilling gases andsubsequenttreatment, eitherby passing thegases into theadjacent ovenor by passingthe gases via acollecting mainto an incineratorand a subse-quent dedustingdevice on theground;

Emission level(%I’)

3-10

Estimatedcosts

Managementrisks

High

288 118

t

I’

I’

Managementsptions

Emission level Estimated(8)‘) costs

Managementrisks

- Operating andcoke ovencoolingsystems; and

- Evacuation andpurification ofparticulateemissions fromcoke.

Established tech-nologies for anodeproduction in theNetherlands:

45-50 Implemented inthe Netherlandsin 1990. Scrub-bing with lime-stone or petro-leum cokes iseffective for

reducing PAH;with aluminium

not known.

- New kiln withdry scrubber(with limestone/petroleum cokesor with alu-minium)

- Effluent recy-cling in pasteunit.

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Management Emission leveloptions (%)‘I

Estimatedcosts

Managementrisks

BAT:

- Electrostaticdust precipita-tion; and

2-5

- Thermal aft&-burning.

auto-thermalautothermal

the concentra-tion of PAH in

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

63. Aluminium is produced from aluminium oxide (A&O,) by elec-trolysis in pots (cells) electrically connected in series. Pots are classifiedas prebake or Soederberg pots, according to the type of the anode.

64. Prebake pots have anodes consisting of calcined (baked) carbonblocks, which are replaced after partial consumption. Soederberg anodesare baked in the cell, with a mixture of petroleum coke and coal tar pitchacting as a binder.

65. Very high PAH emissions are released from the Soederberg proc-ess. Primary abatement measures include modernization of existingplants and optimization of the processes, which could reduce PAH emis-sions by 70-90%. An emission level of 0.015 kg B(a)P/tonne of Al couldbe reached. Replacing the existing Soederberg cells by prebaked oneswould require major reconstruction of the existing process, but wouldnearly eliminate the PAH emissions. The capital costs of such replace-ments are very high.

66. Table 6 summarizes PAH emission control measures for alu-minium production.

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Table 6: PAH emission control for aluminium production using theSoederberg process

Managementoptions

Emission level Estimated(So)‘) costs

Managementrisks

Replacement ofSoederberg elec-trodes by:- Prebaked elec-

trodes (avoid-ance of pitchbinders);

- Inert anodes.

3-30 Higher costs Soederbergfor electrodes electrodes are

about US$ 800 cheaper thanmillion prebaked ones,

because noanode bakingplant is needed.Research is inprogress, butexpectations arelow. Efficientoperation andmonitoring ofemission areessential partsof emissioncontrol. Poorperformancecould cause sig-nificant diffuseemissions.

288

Managementoptions

Closed prebakesystems with pointfeeding of aluminaand efficientprocess control,hoods covering theentire pot andallowing efficientcollection of airpollutants.

Soederberg potwith verticalcontact bolts andwaste gas collec-tion systems.

Sumitomo technol-ogy(anode briquettesfor VSS process).

Gas cleaning:

- Electrostatic tarfilters;

124

Emission level(S)‘)

l-5

> 10

2-5

Estimatedcosts

Retrofit ofSoederberg

technology byencapsulationand modifiedfeeding point:US$ 50,000 -

10,000 perfurnace

Low - medium

Managementrisks

Diffuse emis-sions occurduring feeding,crust breakingand lifting ofiron contactbolts to ahigher position.

288 126

Management Emission leveloptions (%I’)

Estimatedcosts

Managementrisks

- Combination ofconventionalelectrostatic tarfilters with elec-trostatic wet gascleaning;

> I LowMedium

High rate ofsparking andelectricalarcing; Wet gas-cleaning gener-ates wastewater.

- Thermal after-burning.

Pitch use withhigher meltingpoint (HSS +VSS).

High MediumLow - medium

Use of dry scrub-bing in existingHSS + VSS plants. Medium - high

L

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

D. Residential combustion

67. PAH emissions from residential combustion can be detected fromstoves or open fireplaces especially when wood or coal is used. House-holds could be a significant source of PAH emissions. This is the resultof the use of fireplaces and small firing installations burning solid fuelsin households. In some countries the usual fuel for stoves is coal. Coal-burning stoves emit less PAH than wood-burning ones, because of theirhigher combustion temperatures and more consistent fuel quality.

68. Furthermore, combustion systems with optimized operation char-acteristics (e.g. burning rate) effectively control PAH emissions fromresidential combustion. Optimized combustion conditions include opti-mized combustion chamber design and optimized supply of air. Thereare several techniques which optimize combustion conditions and reduceemissions. There is a significant difference in emissions between differ

288 128

ent techniques. A modern wood-fired boiler with a water accumulationtank, representing BAT, reduces the emission by more than 90% com-pared to an outdated boiler without a water accumulation tank. A mod-ern boiler has three different zones: a fireplace for the gasification ofwood, a gas combustion zone with ceramics or other material whichallow temperatures of some 1000°C, and a convection zone. The con-vection part where the water absorbs the heat should be sufficiently longand effective so that the gas temperature can be reduced from 1000°Cto 250°C or less. There are also several techniques to supplement oldand outdated boilers, for example with water accumulation tanks, ce-ramic inserts and pellet burners.

69. Optimized burning rates are accompanied by low emissions ofcarbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC) and PAHs. Settinglimits (type approval regulations) on the emission of CO and THCs alsoaffects the emission of PAHs. Low emission of CO and THCs results inlow emission of PAHs. Since measuring PAH is far more expensive thanmeasuring CO, it is more cost-effective to set a limit value for CO andTHCs. Work is continuing on a proposal for a CEN standard for coal-and wood-fired boilers up to 300 kW (see table 7).

288 130

Table 7: Draft CEN standards in 1997/ I I I I I I I I IJclass~ j 3 / 2 / 1 ~ 3 I2 j 1 13 / 2 1 I

I / / 1 / I

Effect CO ’ THC Particulates(kW

Ma- < 50 5000 8000 25000 150 300 2000 150/ 180/ 200/nual 125 150 180

50- 2500 5000 12500 1 0 0 200 1500 150/ 180/ 200/150 125 150 180

150- 1200 2000 12500 100 200 1500 150/ 180/ 200/300 1 / 125 150 180

Auto- < 50 3000 5000 I 15000 100 200 1750 150/ 180/ 200/matic 125 150 180

4

i

i

~

Note: Emission levels in mg/m³ at 10% Oz.

70. Emissions from residential wood combustion stoves can be re-duced:

a) For existing stoves, by public information and awareness pro-grammes regarding proper stove operation, the use of untreated woodonly, fuel preparation procedures and the correct seasoning of wood formoisture content; and

b) For new stoves, by the application of product standards as de-scribed in the draft CEN standard (and equivalent product standards inthe United States and Canada).

71. More general measures for PAH emission reduction are thoserelated to the development of centralized systems for households andenergy conservation such as improved thermal insulation to reduceenergy consumption.

72. Information is summarized in table 8.

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Table 8: PAH emission control for residential combustion

I

IManagement options Emission Estimated

level (%)I) costsManagement

risks

Use of dried coal and wood(dried wood is wood storedfor at least 18-24 months).

High effec-tiveness

Use of dried coal. High effec-tiveness

Design of heating systemsfor solid fuels to provideoptimized complete burningconditions:

55 Medium Negotiationshave to beheld with

stove manu-facturers tointroduce an

approvalscheme for

stoves.

- Gasification zone;

- Combustion withceramics;

- Effective convectionzone.

Water accumulation tank.

288 134

Management options Emission Estimatedlevel (%)I)

i Managementcosts risks

Technical instructions forefficient operation.

3 0 4 0 Low Might beachievedalso by

vigorouspublic edu-

cation,combined

with practi-cal instruc-tions andstove typeregulation.

Public information pro-gramme concerning the useof wood-burning stoves.

1) Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

E. Wood preservation installations

73. Wood preservation with PAH-containing coal-tar products may bea major source of PAH emissions to the air. Emissions may occur dur-ing the impregnation process itself as well as during storage, handlingand use of the impregnated wood in the open air.

74. The most widely used PAH-containing coal-tar products are car-bolineum and creosote. Both are coal tar distillates containing PAHs forthe protection of timber (wood) against biological attack.

75. PAH emissions from wood preservation, installations and storagefacilities may be reduced using several approaches, implemented eitherseparately or in combination, such as:

a) Requirements on storage conditions to prevent pollution of soiland surface water by leached PAH and contaminated rainwater (e.g. stor-age sites impermeable to rainwater, roof cover, reuse of contaminated

288 136

water for the impregnation process, qualityproduced);

demands for the material

b) Measures to reduce atmospheric emissions at impregnation plants(e.g. the hot wood should be cooled down from 90°C to 30°C at leastbefore transport to storage sites. However, an alternative method usingpressure steam under vacuum conditions to impregnate the wood withcreosote should be highlighted as BAT);

c) The optimum loading of wood preservative, which gives adequateprotection to the treated wood product in situ, can be regarded as a BATas this will reduce the demand for replacements, thereby reducing emis-

sions from the wood preservation installations;

d) Using wood preservation products with a lower content of thosePAHs that are POPS:

- Possibly using modified creosote which is taken to be a distillationfraction boiling between 270°C and 355°C which reduces both theemissions of the more volatile PAHs and the heavier, more toxic PAHs;

- Discouraging the use of carbolineum would also reduce PAH emis-sions;

e) Evaluating and then using, as appropriate, alternatives, such asthose in table 9, that minimize reliance on PAH-based products.

76. Burning of impregnated wood gives rise to PAH emissions andother harmful substances. If burning does take place, it should be donein installations with adequate abatement techniques.

Table 9: Possible alternatives to wood preservation involving PAH-based products

Management options

Use of alternative materials for applica-tion in construction:

- Sustainably produced hardwood (riv-erbanks, fences, gates);

- Plastics (horticulture posts);Concrete (railway sleepers);

Management risks

Other environmental problemshave to be evaluated such as:

- Availability of suitablyproduced wood;

288 138

tions by natural ones (such as river-

There are several alternative wood-preserving techniques in developmentwhich do not include impregnation withPAH-based products.

Annex VI

Timescales for the application of limit values and best availabletechniques to new and existing stationary sources

The timescales for the application of limit values and best availabletechniques are:

a) For new stationary sources: two years after the date of entry intoforce of the present Protocol;

b) For existing stationary sources: eight years after the date of entryinto force of the present Protocol. If necessary, this period may be

-extended for specific existing stationary sources in accordance with theamortization period provided for by national legislation.

288 142

Annex VII

Recommended Control Measures for Reducing emissions ofpersistent organic pollutants from mobile sources

1. Relevant definitions are provided in annex III to the present Pro-tocol.

I. ACHIEVABLE EMISSION LEVELS FOR NEW VEHICLES ANDFUEL PARAMETERS

A. Achievable emission levels for new vehicles

2. Diesel-fuelled passenger cars

Year Reference mass Limit values

01.1.200001.1.2005(indicative)

I

T AllAll

Mass of hydrocar- Mass of particu-bons and NO, lates

0.56 g/km 0.05 g/km0.3 g/km 0.025 g/km

_L / I

3. Heavy-duty vehicles

Year/test cycle Limit values

Mass of hydrocarbons Mass of particulates

0 1. I .2000/ESCC cycle 0.66 g/kWh 0.1 g/kWh0 1.1.2000/ETCC cycle 0.85 g/kWh 0.16 g/kWh

288 144

4. Off-road enginesStep 1 (reference: ECE regulation No. 96)*

* “Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression ignition (C.I.)engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors with regard to the emis-sions of pollutants by the engine.” The regulation came into force on 15 Decem-ber 1995 and its amendment came into force on 5 March 1997.

Step 2

Net power (P) (kW) Mass of hydrocarbons Mass of particulates

O<=P< 1818 <= P < 3737 <= P < 7575<=P< 130130 <= P < 560

1.5 g/kWh 0.8 g/kWh1.3 g/kWh 0.4 g/kWhI .O g/kWh 0.3 g/kWhI .O g/kWh 0.2 g/kWh

5. Diesel fuelB. Fuel parameters

Parameter Unit Limits

Minimum Maximumvalue value

(2000 / (2000/2005)* 2005)*

Cetane number 5 1/N.S.Density at 15°C kg/m³ 845/N.S.Evaporated 95% °C 360/N.S.

PAH mass % I l/N.S.Sulphur ppm 350/50**

N.S.: Not specified.* 1 January of year specified.

** Indicative value.

Test method

IS0 5165IS0 3675IS0 3405

prIP 39 1IS0 14956

2 8 8 146

II. RESTRICTION OF HALOGENATED SCAVENGERS, ADDI-TIVES IN FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

6. In some countries, 1,2-dibromomethane in combination with 1,2-dichloromethane is used as a scavenger in leaded petrol. Moreover,PCDD/F are formed during the combustion process in the engine. Theapplication of three-way catalytic converters for cars will require the useof unleaded fuel. The addition of scavengers and other halogenated com-pounds to petrol and other fuels and to lubricants should be avoided asfar as possible.

7. Table 1 summarizes measures for PCDD/F emission control fromthe exhaust from road transport motor vehicles.

Table 1: PCDD/F emission control for the exhaust from road transportmotor vehicles

Management options Management risks

Avoiding adding halogenated compoundsto fuels

- 1,2-dichloromethane

Halogenated scavengers will bephased out as the market forleaded petrol shrinks because ofthe increasing use of closed-loop three-way catalytic con-verters with spark ignitionengines.

- 1,2-dichloromethane and correspond-ing bromo compounds as scavengersin leaded fuels for spark ignitionengines (Bromo compounds may leadto the formation of brominateddioxins or furans.)

Avoiding halogenated additives in fuelsand lubricants.

III. CONTROL MEASURES FOR EMISSIONS OF POPs FROM MO-BILE SOURCES

A. POP emissions from motor vehicles

8. POP emissions from motor vehicles occur as particle-bound PAHs

288 148

emitted from diesel-fuelled vehicles. To a minor extent PAHs are alsoemitted by petrol-fuelled vehicles.

9. Lubrication oil and fuels may contain halogenated compounds asa result of additives or the production process. These compounds maybe transformed during combustion into PCDD/F and subsequently emit-ted with the exhaust gases.

B. Inspection and maintenance

10. For diesel-fuelled mobile sources, the effectiveness of the control of emissions of PAHs may be ensured through programmes to test themobile sources periodically for particulate emissions, opacity during freeacceleration, or equivalent methods.

11. For petrol-fuelled mobile sources, the effectiveness of the controlof emissions of PAHs (in addition to other exhaust components) may beensured through programmes to test periodically the fuel metering andthe efficiency of the catalytic converter.

C. Techniques to control PAH emissions from diesel- und petrol-fuelledmotor vehicles

1. General aspects of control technologies

12. It is important to ensure that vehicles are designed to meet emis-sion standards while in service. This can be done by ensuring conform-ity of production, lifetime durability, warranty of emission-control com-ponents, and recall of defective vehicles. For vehicles in use, continuedemission control performance can be ensured by an effective inspectionand maintenance programme.

2. Technical measures for emission control

13. The following measures to control PAH emissions are important:

a) Fuel-quality specifications and engine modifications to controlemissions before they are formed (primary measures); and

b) Addition of exhaust treatment systems, e.g. oxidizing catalysts orparticle traps (secondary measures).

288 1.50

a) Diesel engines

14. Diesel-fuel modification can yield two benefits: a lower sulphurcontent reduces emissions of particles and increases the conversion effi-ciency of oxidizing catalysts, and the reduction in di- and tri-aromaticcompounds reduces the formation and emission of PAHs.

15. A primary measure to reduce emissions is to modify the engineto achieve more complete combustion. Many different modifications arein use. In general, vehicle exhaust composition is influenced by changes

in combustion chamber design and by higher fuel injection pressures. Atpresent, most diesel engines rely on mechanical engine control systems.Newer engines increasingly use computerized electronic control systemswith greater potential flexibility in controlling emissions. Another tech-nology to control emissions is the combined technology of turbocharg-ing and intercooling. This system is successful in reducing NOx as wellas increasing fuel economy and power output. For heavy- and light-dutyengines the use of intake manifold tuning is also a possibility.

16. Controlling the lubricating oil is important to reduce particulatematter (PM), as 10 to 50% of particulate matter is formed from engineoil. Oil consumption can be reduced by improved engine manufacturingspecifications and improved engine seals.

17. Secondary measures to control emissions are additions of exhausttreatment systems. In general, for diesel engines the use of an oxidizingcatalyst in combination with a particulate filter has been shown to beeffective in reducing PAH emissions. A particle trap oxidizer is beingevaluated. It is located in the exhaust system to trap PM and can pro-vide some regeneration of the filter by burning the collected PM, throughelectrical heating of the system or some other means of regeneration. Forproper regeneration of passive system traps during normal operation, aburner-assisted regeneration system or the use of additives is required.

b) Petrol engines

18. PAH-reduction measures for petrol-fuelled engines are primarilybased on the use of a closed-loop three-way catalytic converter, whichreduces PAHs as part of the HC emission reductions.

288 152

19. Improved cold start behaviour reduces organic emissions in gen-eral and PAHs in particular (for instance start-up catalysts, improved fuelevaporation/atomization, heated catalysts).

20. Table 2 summarizes measures for PAH emission control from theexhaust from road transport motor vehicles.

Table 2: PAH emission control for the exhaust from road transportmotor vehicles

rl

c/:

I!

Management options Emission Management riskslevel(%)

Spark ignition engines:

- Closed-loop three-way cata-lytic converter,

- Catalysts for reducing coldstart emissions.

Fuel for spark ignition engines:

- Reduction of aromatics,

IO-20

5-15

Availability of unleadedpetrol.Commercially available insome countries.

Availability of refinerycapacity.

- Reduction of sulphur.

Diesel engines:- Oxidizing catalyst,

20-70

- Trap oxidizer/particulatefilter.

Diesel fuel modification:

- Reduction of sulphur toreduce particulate emissions.

Availability of refinerycapacity.

L

7

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Management options Emission Management riskslevel(%)

Improvement of diesel enginespecifications:- Electronic control system,

injection rate adjustment andhigh-pressure fuel injection,

Existing technologies.

- Turbocharging and inter-cooling,

- Exhaust gas recirculation.

t

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Annex VIII

Major stationary source categories

I. INTRODUCTION

Installations or parts of installations for research, development and thetesting of new products are not covered by this list. A more completedescription of the categories may be found in annex V.

II. LIST OF CATEGORIES

Category Description of the category

1 Incineration, including co-incineration. of municipal, hazardousor medical waste, or of sewage sludge.

2 Sinter plants.

3 Primary and secondary production of copper.

4 Production of steel.

5 Smelting plants in the secondary aluminium industry.

6 Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers with athermal capacity above 50 MW,,.

Residential combustion.

Firing installations for wood with a thermal capacity below 50MW,h.

Coke production.

Anode production.

Aluminium production using the Soederberg process.

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j Category Description of the category

12 Wood preservation installations, except for a Party for which thiscategory does not make a significant contribution to its totalemissions of PAH (as defined in annex III).

: