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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF EC COMPETITION LAW
D.WaelbroeckASHURSTBrussels
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
THE CONTEXT
• The Commission desires to promote:
- deterrence - awareness of competition rules- compliance- and justice through compensation of the victim
• But also:
→ it is aware of a need to avoid excesses and to ensure the right balance
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
I. THE FIRST STEP – THE « DIAGNOSIS »
THE ASSIGNMENT TO ASHURST:
1. Give a « photographic picture » of the situation. Be neutral – Not taking sides
2. - Discuss damages actions only and not: injunction nor « Eurodefense »
- 800 pages giving a wealth of details (but some cases may still have been missed)
- The « methodology »: one general rapporteur; 25 national reports; one economic report; questionnaire of
the Commission (strict deadlines, and permanent review by the Commission)
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
THE MAIN FINDING
• In 50 years of EC law, in the whole EU (25 Member States)
• 12 successful actions
• 12 unsuccessful actions (and a couple of actions under national competition law) (settlements are not taken into account as they are not
public and there is no record of them)
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
II. THE BENCHMARK : COMPARISON WITH THE US
• More than 800 federal antitrust cases every year
• In addition, many indirect purchasers cases are filed in state courts each year
• Most cases are settled, but there are several antitrust trials each year (at least 10-15% of antitrust cases are tried to
judgment)
CONCLUSION:
In the US: 90-95% is « private enforcement », whilst in the EC, it is probably the reverse
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
WHY THIS DIFFERENCE AND WHY SO FEW IN THE EU?
• Partly « cultural » (US is more litigious)
• Partly not the incentives that exist in the US
• « astonishing diversity » of rules
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
III. THE SECOND STEP: THE REMEDY
• Clarify the rules (both procedural and substantive rules)
• Clarify the facts (facilitate evidence gathering, burden of proof)
• Readjust the balance of the law
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
A. CLARIFY THE LAW
• Astonishing diversity of rules, even on most basic procedural rules, e.g.
- Competent court (e.g. Italy)- Standing (e.g. “Schutznorm in Germany”)- Is infringement a fault?
• Clarify also substantive rules (direct link between private enforcement and per se rules)
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
B. « CLARIFY THE FACTS »Evidence gathering and burden of proof
THE FINDINGS:
• No pre-trial discovery (except in the UK, Ireland and Cyprus) and need to mention specific documents (see p.52 et seq, and 108 and seq of summary of the report)
THE QUESTIONS:
• Should the EU follow the US model? But:– Pre-trial discovery can be burdensome and intrusive– This is a major change in the procedural system of most Member States– Even in the US, 50% of cases are « follow on » and the others are « section 2 » cases
(no discovery of big cartels)• Alternatives: instead introduce « presumption »? Reduce standard of proof?• Should « fault » be proved if there is an infringement?• Should other methods of proof (such as cross-examination) be more widely
allowed?
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
C. MAKE THE LAW MORE BALANCED?
- Introduce incentives? Reduce costs?- Many highly controversial issues:
1. Pass on defense/indirect purchaser2. Collective actions 3. Punitive damages or other incentives4. Contingency fees? And who bears costs?
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
1. PASS ON DEFENCE / INDIRECT PURCHASER
THE FINDINGS:
– So far, very little case-law on this (see p.77 et seq., 110 et seq., 126 et seq of the summary of the study)
– Basic principle in all Member States: damages should be restitutive only
THE QUESTIONS:
– Should the EU exclude the defence?– In favour: « probatio diabolica »; risk of endless and uncertain litigation; where do
you end? (cascades of indirect purchasers, suppliers upstream, suppliers of complementary products, customers of companies not participating in the cartel but beneffitting from the « umbrella » effect of the cartel…)
– But excluding the defence as in the US would give a windfall to purchasers and risk of double compensation
– ECJ case law allows the defence (and Courage/Crehan requires compensation)
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
2.COLLECTIVE ACTIONS
THE FINDINGS:
• Joint actions are generally possible, but not class actions in the US sense (see p.42 et seq., 105, 119 of summary of the report)
• Tendency however to move into a facilitation of group actions, representative actions… (e.g. Sweden, discussion in France, the Netherlands, GLO’s in the UK)
THE QUESTIONS:
• Does the EU want to promote collective actions and what type?
• Risk of « ambulance chasing ». See US « Class Action Fairness Act »
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
3. PUNITIVE DAMAGES OR OTHER INCENTIVES
THE FINDINGS:
• In most Member States, damages are only compensatory; punitive damages are contrary to public policy
• Only UK, Ireland and Cyprus recognise exceptionnally some form of punitive damage (see pages 12, 46 et seq, 83 et seq, 110 et seq and 127 of summary report)
THE QUESTION:
• What further incentive need to be built into the system?– Double or treble damages?– Cost rules (plaintiff never paying costs of defendant)?– Contingency fees?– Pre-judgment interest?
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
4. CONTINGENCY FEES AND WHO BEARS COSTS?
- In most EU Member States, contingency fees are prohibited contrary to US.
- In the US, the plaintiff never pays the costs of the defendant.
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BRUSSELS DUBAI FRANKFURT LONDON MADRID MILAN MUNICH NEW DELHI NEW YORK PARIS SINGAPORE STOCKHOLM TOKYO
IV. CONCLUSION
• Many basic questions unresolved.
• Commission has created a momentum but clarification will only come slowly and will have to be carefully balanced.