Building Science II (ARC3413)

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION WITH DESIGN STUDIO 5

Sentul Community Library

Final Report & Calculation

Tutor: Mr. Siva

Carmen Chee Cha Yi 0313893

Table of Content

1.0 Lighting

1.1 Daylighting 1.1.1 Daylighting of Study Area1.1.2 Daylighting of Children's Play Area

1.2 Artificial Lighting1.2.1 Artificial Lighting of Cafe1.2.2 Artificial Lighting of References Collection Library

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)2.1.1 Sound Pressure Level of Cafe2.1.2 Sound Pressure Level of Study Area

2.2 Reverberation Time, RT 2.2.1 RT of Computer Lab2.2.2 RT of Study Area.

References

1.0 Lighting 1.1.1 Day Lighting (Study Area)

Figure: Third-floor plan

According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution>6 Very bright with thermal & glare

problem3-6 Bright1-3 Average0-1 Dark

The selected area (Study Area) located at third floor. This is an outdoor reading area, façades are openable to allow natural sunlight penetrate into this area. Hence, there are no artificial lighting will be using in this area.

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area (m2)Area of facade that exposed to sunlight

32.539

Exposed Facade to Floor Area Ration/ Daylight Factor, DF

[(39)/32.5]= 1.2=120% x 0.1= 12%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example120,000 lux Brightest sunlight110,000 lux Bright sunlight20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue

sky, midday1,000 - 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds,

midday400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day

(ambient illumination)40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds,

sunset/sunrise

E external = 20,000 lux DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100%DF = 12 x 20 000 / 100= 2400 lux

Conclusion

The daylight contour diagram is based on Dialux stimulation at 12pm, April. The Study Area has a daylight factor of 12 and natural illumination of 2400 lux. MS 1525 recommended illumination level for a study area is 400. This will cause thermal and glare problem. Hence, adjustable shading device is implemented to reduce the heat gain and solving the glare issue.

Shadotimber is a fixed or controllable wooden louvre shading system that is proposed to install in front of the facade of the building. A shadotimber system can reduce solar heat gain and also reduce air conditioning running cost.

1.1.2 Day Lighting (Children's Play Area)

Figure: First floor plan

According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution>6 Very bright with thermal & glare

problem3-6 Bright1-3 Average0-1 Dark

The selected area (Children's Play Area) is located at first floor. Both facades for this area are openable and totally exposed to sunlight. Therfore, there is no need of artificial lighting in this area.

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area (m2)Area of facade that exposed to sunlight

45.345.6

Exposed Facade to Floor Area Ration/ Daylight Factor, DF

[(45.6)/45.3]= 1=100% x 0.1= 10%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example120,000 lux Brightest sunlight110,000 lux Bright sunlight20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue

sky, midday1,000 - 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday

<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination)

40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds,

sunset/sunrise

E external = 20,000 lux DF = (Ei/Eo) x 100% DF = 10 x 20 000 / 100= 2000 lux

Conclusion

The Children's Play Area area has a daylight factor of 10 and natural illumination of 2000 lux. This will result in thermal and glare problem. Therefore, shading device and double glazed low e-value glass will be proposed to solve the glare problem and also to reduce the heat gain in the space.

Double glazed low-e value glass are proposed to minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that can pass through without compromising the amount of visible light that is transmitted.

Task Illuminance (Lux)

Example of Applications

Lighting for infrequently used area

Lighting for working interiors

Localized lighting for exacting task

20100100100100150100100100100200200300 – 400300 – 400 150200150 – 300150150100100300 – 500200 – 75030050010002000

Minimum service illuminanceInterior walkway and car-parkHotel bedroomLift interiorCorridor, passageways, stairsEscalator, travellatorEntrance and exitStaff changing room, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, storesEntrance hall, lobbies, waiting roomInquiry deskGate houseInfrequent reading and writingGeneral offices, shops and stores, reading and writingDrawing officeRestroomRestaurant, canteen, cafeteriaKitchenLoungeBathroomToiletBedroomClassroom, libraryShop/ Supermarket/ Department storeMuseum and galleryProof readingExacting drawingDetailed and precise work

Table: Recommended average illuminance levels

1.2.1 Artificial Lighting ( Cafe)

The cafe is located on the ground floor that operates from day till night. Although natural lighting can be acquired but it is insufficient. Hence, artifical lighting is important for this space.

Figure: Ground floor plan

According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level required for a cafe is 200 lux.

Type of luminaire used as showed below:

Type of fixture LED DownlightType of light bulb

Material of fixture AluminiumProduct Brand & Code

LEDXION K01116

Nominal Life (Hours) 50, 000Wattage Range (W) 44CRI 85Colour Temperature (K)

3000

Colour Designation Warm WhiteLumens 3735

Material Function Colour Area (m2)

Surface Type

Reflectance Value

Concrete Finish

Ceiling Grey 40.8 Reflective 0.30

Glass Wall Transparent

52.8 Absorptive 0.10

Timber Wall frame Brown 105 Absorptive 0.14Timber Flooring

Floor Brown 40.8 Absorptive 0.14

Timber Furniture (table)

Brown 3.63 Absorptive 0.14

Table: LLMF graph

Lumen method and calculation for Cafe (from 1.5m height)

Location CafeDimension Length (L) = 8.5m

Width (W) = 4.8mHeight of the ceiling = 6m

Area (A) 40.8m2Luminaries height 6mMounting height (Hm) 6.0-0.8= 5.2mRecommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 (E)

200 lux

Reflectance value Ceiling:0.3, Floor: 0.14, Wall: 0.24Room index 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 / (𝐿 + 𝑊)𝐻𝑚

= 8.5 𝑥 4.8 / (8.5 + 4.8)5.2= 0.19

Utilisation factor From table, UF= 0.26Maintenance factor Luminaire category = C (closed top

reflector)Time between cleaning (years) =1MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMFMF = 0.7 x 1.0 x 0.89 x 0.9MF = 0.56

Type of Light LED light with 1 bulb,3735 x 1 = 3735 lumen (F)

Number of light required 𝑁 = (𝐸 𝑥 𝐴) / (𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)𝑁 = (200 𝑥 40.8) / (3735 𝑥 0.26 𝑥 0.56)𝑁 = 15

15 luminaries are needed to reach the minmum requirement for MS1525 = 200 lux

Spacing to height ratio (SHR) 𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 1/H𝑚 𝑥 √ 𝐴/𝑁𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 1/5.2 𝑥 √ 40.8/15= 0.31𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 𝑆 /5.2 = 0.31𝑆 = 5.2 𝑥 0.31 = 1.61

Approximate fittings layout/m Fittings required along 8.9m wall;8.9/ 1.61 = 5 rows

Therefore, approximately 5 x 3 = 15 luminaries required;Spacing along 4.8m wall;4.8/3= 1.6m

FINAL LAYOUT

Figure: Fittings layout of the Cafe

Conclusion

15 LED lights are used to illuminate the cafe to achieve the minimum of 200 lux stated by MS 1525. With sufficient level of illumination, the users can enjoy food and good times in a well illuminated atmosphere. 1.2.2 Artificial Lighting (References Collection Library)

The references collection library is located on the third floor. Artificial lighting is vital for the space as there is insufficient natural light.

Figure: Third floor plan

According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level requried for a library room is 300 lux.

Type of luminaire used as showed below:

Type of fixture Flurescent tube with reflectorType of light bulb

Material of fixture AluminiumProduct Brand & Code F39W/TS/830/ECONominal Life (Hours) 36,000Wattage Range (W) 39CRI 85Colour Temperature (K) 3000Colour Designation Warm WhiteLumens 3500

Material Function Colour Area (m2)

Surface Type

Reflectance Value

Concrete Finish

Ceiling Grey 55.88 Reflective 0.30

Glass Wall Transparent

38.1 Absorptive 0.10

Concrete Wall Brown 26.4 Reflective 0.30Timber Flooring

Floor Brown 55.88 Absorptive 0.14

Timber Furniture (shelfs & table)

Brown 12.69 Absorptive 0.14

Lumen method and calculation for References collection library (from 1.5m height)

Location References Collection LibraryDimension Length (L) = 12.7m

Width (W) = 4.4mHeight of the ceiling = 3.2m

Area (A) 55.88m2Luminaries height 3.2 mMounting height (Hm) 3.2 -0.8= 2.4mRecommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 (E)

300 lux

Reflectance value Ceiling:0.3, Floor: 0.14, Wall: 0.24Room index 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 / (𝐿 + 𝑊)𝐻𝑚

= 12.7 𝑥 4.4 / (12.7 + 4.4) 2.4= 1.36

Utilisation factor From table, UF= 0.4Maintenance factor Luminaire category = C (closed top

reflector)Time between cleaning (years) =1MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMFMF = 0.92 x 1.0 x 0.81 x 0.82MF = 0.61

Type of Light LED light with 1 bulb,3500 x 2 = 7000 lumen (F)

Number of light required 𝑁 = (𝐸 𝑥 𝐴) / (𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)𝑁 = (300 𝑥 55.88) / (7000 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 0.61)𝑁 = 1010 luminaries are needed to reach the minmum requirement for MS1525 = 300 lux

Spacing to height ratio (SHR) 𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 1/H𝑚 𝑥 √ 𝐴/𝑁𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 1/2.4 𝑥 √ 55.88/10= 0.99𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 𝑆 /2.4 = 0.99𝑆 = 2.4 𝑥 0.99 = 2.38

Approximate fittings layout/m Fittings required along 12.7m wall;12.7/ 2.38 = 5 rows

Therefore, approximately 5 x 2 = 10 luminaries required;Spacing along 4.4m wall;4.4/2= 2.2m

FINAL LAYOUT

Figure: Fittings layout of References Collection Library

Conclusion

10 fluorescent lamps are used to achieve a minimum of 300 lux for this area according to MS 1525. The whole floor area is well illuminated so that performance is not weakened due to poor lighting and comfort.

Table: Typical lumen maintenance and lamp survival data. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Table: Luminaire categories and a list of typical locations where the various environmental conditions may be found (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Table: Typical changes in light output from a luminaire caused by dirt deposition, for a number of luminaire and environment categories. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Table: Typical changes in the illuminance from an installation that occur with time due to dirt deposition on the room surfaces. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

Table: Utilization factor (UF) value. (source: Phillips, 2015)

2.0 Acoustics

2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) 2.1.1 Cafe

Figure: Ground Floor plan

Noise source:

a) Shoplots nearby = 60 dB60 = 10log(I1 / I0) log-1 6 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]

1 x 106 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]I1 = 1.0 x 10 -6 W

b) Busy traffic noise = 70dB 70 = 10log(I1 / I0) log-1 7 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]1 x 107 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]I1 = 1.0 x 10 -5 W

Total intensities, I = (1.0 x 10 -6 ) + (1.0 x 10 -5 )= 1.1 x 10 -5

Combined SPL = 10log(I1 / I0)= 10log [(1.1 x 10 -5) + (1.0 x 10 -12)= 49.6dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for cafe is within the range of NC-45- NC-50 (medium loud). The combined SPL of the shoplots nearby and busy traffic noise surrounding the cafe is 49.6 dB, which are within the given range. However, seeing as 49.6dB is very close to the maximum given range of NC-50, design strategies such as using vegetation as a buffer zone to deflect the noises.

Plantings of two staggered rows where space allowed to provide visual screening which it is more efficient to reduce noise.

2.1.2 Study Area

Figure: Third floor plan

Noise Source:

a) Busy traffic noise = 70dB 70 = 10log(I1 / I0) log-1 7 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]1 x 107 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]I1 = 1.0 x 10 -5 W

b) Corridors = 65dB65 = 10log(I1 / I0) log-1 6.5 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]3.16 x 106 = [I1 / (1.0 x 10-12)]I1 = 3.16 x 10 -6 W

Total Intensities, I = (1.0 x 10 -5) + (3.16 x 10 -6 )= 1.32 x 10 -5

Combined SPL = 10log(I1 / I0)= 10log [(1.32 x 10 -5) + (1.0 x 10 -12)= 71 dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for a study area is within the range of NC-35- NC40. The combined SPL of the traffic noise and the corridors surrounding the study area = 71dB, exceeds the noise criteria for the study area, making discussion and learning hardly possible. Design strategies such as using double facade to filter and deflect noise.

Double skin facade The cavity of the double skin facade is only ventilated to the outside and is built to reduce noise.

2.2 Reverberation time, RT

Table: Sound Absorption Coefficient

2.2.1 Computer Lab

Figure: Third floor plan

Component Materials Surface area/m2 (A) or quantity

Absorption Coefficient (S) [500Hz]

Sound Absorption (SA)

Wall Plaster wall (8.6+8.6) x 3.2 = 55.04

0.06 3.3

Glass (5.8+5.8) x 3.2 = 37.12

0.04 1.48

Floor Carpet 8.6 x 5.8 = 49.88

0.30 14.96

Ceiling Concrete 49.88 0.5 24.94People peak 20 0.5 10

Total Absoption, A 54.68

Volume = area of the room x height = 49.88 x 3.2 = 159.6 m3

RT = 0.16 (V/A)= 0.16 x (159.6/54.68)

= 0.47s

The reverberation time for the computer lab in 500Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.47s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for computer lab is between 1.0-1.2s. So the reverberation time of the computer lab on 500Hz is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

2.2.2 Study Area

Figure: Third floor plan

Component Materials Surface area/m2 (A) or quantity

Absorption Coefficient (S) [500Hz]

Sound Absorption (SA)

Wall Plaster wall 2.8 x 3.2 = 8.96

0.06 0.54

Glass (12.7+ 12.7 +2.8) x 3.2 = 90.24

0.04 3.6

Floor Carpet 12.7 x 2.8 = 35.56

0.30 10.7

Ceiling Concrete 35.56 0.5 17.78People peak 20 0.5 10Total Absorption, A 42.62

Volume = area of the room x height = 35.56 x 3.2 = 113.8 m3

RT = 0.16 (V/A)= 0.16 x (113.8/42.62)

= 0.42s

Conclusion

The reverberation time for the study area in 500Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.42s. According to the standards of reverberation time, the standard comfort reverberation for study area is between 1.0-1.2s. So the reverberation time of the study area on 500Hz is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

3.0 References

Architects’ Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating, Refrigerating &.

In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd.

Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.