B1 Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines – Questions Q1. In 2014, nearly 155 000 people died from cardiovascular disease in the UK. Figure 8 shows information about the BMI and the lifestyle of two males, P and Q, who have the same height and age.

Figure 8

(i) Which measurements are used to calculate BMI? (1)

A waist and hip

B hip and mass

C height and mass

D waist and height

(ii) Explain which male has a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

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Q2. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Yogurt can be produced in a fermenter. Fermenters should be free from contamination by unwanted microorganisms. Contamination can be prevented by (1)

A adding oxygen B agitation C controlling the temperature D using aseptic precautions

Q3. The sugar content of drinks is not the only dietary factor that can affect health. Give one other dietary factor that a person should consider when choosing a drink. (1)

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Q4. In 2014, nearly 155 000 people died from cardiovascular disease in the UK. Figure 9 shows the use of a stent to treat cardiovascular disease.

Figure 9

Explain how a stent works to treat cardiovascular disease. (3)

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(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q5. The human immune system helps defend the body against disease.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell that can cause disease.

Figure 1

In 1796, the work of Edward Jenner led to the development of a vaccine used to immunise people against a disease called smallpox.

Describe how the body responds to immunisation. (3)

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Q6. This newspaper extract is from 2012.

Suggest why a parent might decide not to have their child immunised. (2)

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.............................................................................................................................................. Q7. The photograph shows a potato with powdery scab disease. This disease causes damage to the potato skin.

In an investigation, equal numbers of two varieties of potato were planted in a field.

The potato plants were harvested and checked for the disease.

The results are shown in the table.

(a) (i) Calculate the percentage of Pentland Javelin potatoes affected by powdery scab disease. (2)

........................................................... % (ii) Using the information in the table, suggest a reason why a farmer would grow Charlotte potatoes.

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............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Using the information in the table, suggest a reason why a farmer would grow Pentland Javelin potatoes.

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(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Microorganisms that cause diseases such as powdery scab are known as (1)

A antibodies

B antigens

C lymphocytes

D pathogens

(c) Suggest one reason for the difference in the number of potatoes affected by powdery scab disease. (1)

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(d) Powdery scab disease is caused by a fungus. The fungus Fusarium is used to produce mycoprotein. Explain one advantage of using mycoprotein as a food source. (2)

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Q8. In 2014, nearly 155 000 people died from cardiovascular disease in the UK. Coronary heart disease is a type of cardiovascular disease.

Figure 7 shows the number of deaths worldwide in 2002 for coronary heart disease for different age groups.

Figure 7

Describe the relationship between coronary heart disease and age. (2)

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Q9. Red blood cells can be stored for use in blood transfusions. They are stored in a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the blood cells. (i) Explain why the storage solution must have the same concentration of solutes as the red blood cells.

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(ii) Describe how scientists could determine the concentration of solutes needed for the storage of red blood cells. (2)

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(iii) State why the scientists should repeat their investigation. (1)

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(iv) Give a potential risk associated with handling blood samples. (1)

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(v) Suggest one way to minimise this risk. (1)

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Q10. The human immune system helps defend the body against disease.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell that can cause disease.

Figure 1

Bacteria and other microorganisms can cause infectious diseases.

Use the words in the box to complete the passage about treating infectious diseases. (3)

Bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infectious diseases are called ........................................................................ .

Drugs called ........................................................................ can be used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria.

These drugs do not work against infectious diseases caused by ........................................................................ .

(Total for question = 3 marks) Q12. The flow diagram is about Edward Jenner's work on vaccines.

(a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about vaccines.

The cowpox virus from the milkmaid caused the boy to become ................................. to smallpox.

His body produced ................................. which stopped the smallpox virus from causing an infection.

(b) This newspaper extract is from 2012.

Suggest why a parent might decide not to have their child immunised.

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(c) The graph shows the number of bacteria growing in a fermenter during a period of five hours.

(i) Draw the curve of best fit on the graph.

(1) (ii) Use your curve of best fit to estimate the number of bacteria at four hours.

(1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe the trend shown in the graph.

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(d) Describe the optimum conditions for the rapid growth of bacteria. (2)

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(Total for Question = 9 marks) Q13. In 2014, nearly 155 000 people died from cardiovascular disease in the UK. Give the reason why cardiovascular disease is a non-communicable disease. (1)

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Q14. Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes communicable infections.

Scientists tested the ability of two antiseptics to kill Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.

They spread Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria on two agar jelly plates and placed a small disc of filter paper containing antiseptic in the centre of each dish.

Figure 14 shows the results of the test after 24 hours of incubation.

Figure 14

(i) Calculate the area of the zone of inhibition for antiseptic 2. Give the answer to 3 significant figures. (π = 3.14)

(3)

zone of inhibition for antiseptic 2 = ........................................................... mm2

(ii) Give the antiseptic that is the most effective. (1)

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(iii) Both plates were incubated for 24 hours. State two other variables the scientist would need to control during the test.

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Q15. Natural antiseptics

Some plant extracts contain natural antiseptics.

A scientist spread bacteria on an agar plate.

She then soaked a paper disc in a plant extract and placed the disc on the agar plate.

The diagram shows how the agar plate looked after 24 hours.

(a) Suggest why there is no bacterial growth around the paper disc. (1)

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(b) The scientist then tested three more plant extracts A, B and C.

The table shows the results for the three different plant extracts.

The area of a circle can be calculated using the following formula Area of a circle = πr2

The value for π is 3.14 r = radius (i) Calculate the area with no bacterial growth for plant extract C.

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........................................................... mm2 (ii) Compare the antiseptic properties of plant extracts A, B and C.

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(c) Suggest why plants may produce natural antiseptics.

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(d) Photoperiodicity is important in plants.

(i) State the stimulus that results in photoperiodicity in plants.

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............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain why photoperiodicity is important in plants.

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Q16. Antigens are involved in the development of herd immunity. Explain how herd immunity can develop in a population. (2)

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Q17. Garlic is a plant that produces antiseptic chemicals.

Explain one benefit to garlic plants of producing antiseptic chemicals. (2)

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Q18. Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes communicable infections.

Scientists tested the ability of two antiseptics to kill Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.

They spread Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria on two agar jelly plates and placed a small disc of filter paper containing antiseptic in the centre of each dish.

Figure 14 shows the results of the test after 24 hours of incubation.

Figure 14

The wire loop used to spread bacteria on an agar plate was heated in a Bunsen burner flame before being used.

(i) Explain why this aseptic precaution was used. (2)

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(ii) State one additional aseptic technique which would have been used for this investigation.

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(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q19. In 2014, nearly 155 000 people died from cardiovascular disease in the UK.

Drugs have been developed to treat people with cardiovascular disease.

Developing drugs involves many stages. One stage involves testing a drug on other mammals before testing it on humans.

Give one disadvantage of using other mammals for drug testing. (1)

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Q20. The blood groups of 1400 individuals from England were screened. Figure 6 shows the percentage of individuals in each blood group.

Figure 6

(i) Calculate the number of individuals with blood group O. (2)

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(ii) People with blood group O are known as universal donors as they do not have antigens for blood group A or B.

Blood group O can be used for a blood transfusion for any individual. Give one reason why an individual may refuse a blood transfusion. (1)

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Q21. Figure 10 shows the human eye.

Figure 10

(a) (i) What is the part labelled X? (1)

A cornea B pupil C lens D iris

The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the eyeball and inner surface of the eyelid. (ii) Describe how the conjunctiva helps protects the eye from infection.

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Cataracts are caused by cloudy patches that develop on the lens. The chance of being affected by cataracts is related to age.

Figure 11 shows the percentage of people affected by cataracts in different age categories.

Figure 11

(b) (i) Explain one conclusion that can be made about the occurrence of cataracts, using the data above.

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............................................................................................................................................. In a survey of one of the age categories, 80 people out of 256 showed signs of developing cataracts. (ii) Calculate which age category the 256 people are most likely to be taken from.

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Age category ...........................................................

The retina is a light receptor consisting of rod and cone cells.

(c) Describe how the information detected by the retina is transmitted to the brain. (2)

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Q22. (a) The graph shows the effect of temperature on the time taken to make yogurt.

(i) Use the graph to estimate the optimum temperature for yogurt production.

(1) .....................................°C

(ii) Describe how microorganisms change milk into yogurt. (3)

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(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Yogurt can be produced in a fermenter. Fermenters should be free from contamination by unwanted microorganisms. Contamination can be prevented by

(1) A adding oxygen B agitation C controlling the temperature D using aseptic precautions (c) Many other foods are made using microorganisms. Describe the advantages of using microorganisms to produce food.

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(d) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. An enzyme produced by genetically modified yeast can be used in the production of cheese.

This enzyme is called

(1)

A chymosin B invertase C lipase D protease (ii) Describe the advantages of making cheese using the enzyme produced by genetically modified yeast.

(2)

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(Total for Question = 10 marks)