b.1 introduction to explosives.pdf

8/19/2019 B.1 Introduction to Explosives.pdf

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Blasting Competency ProgramB1. Introduction to ExplosivesMay 2010

Introduction to Explosives

! "

%


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What is an explosive?

Take 1 kg of

Coal and Explosive

Which produces more energy?

Coal produces more energy!

Approximately 6.5 x more

(Coal 20 to 30 MJ/kg vs. Anfex 3.8 MJ/kg)


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So why don’t we use coal as an explosive?

TimeCoal burns slowly!

An explosive requires:

A rapid reaction,

A shock wave andExpansion of gases


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Coal needs additional elements

&!'(

")

")

"!*

+'

+*!

,

,!*

!'

!

, -.*/

0 1 )

Safety with explosives

Explosives

DO NOT

require presence of

a r xygento function


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Definition of an explosive…

0 ' '

2

3

.. 2

Definition of an explosive

0 2 .


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Evolution of explosives…

4 53 ,6 2 )

• 2 1*778

• 9 : :2 ' 1-778

• '

•

Evolution of explosives…


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Development of modern explosives

,

• "4 ' 2 )

The explosive reaction

To react with the oxygen

e.g. Ammonium Nitrate Solution

e.g. Fuel Oil and/or Aluminum,Carbohydrates

Provides the “Hot Spot” to drivereaction, more surface area

e.g. Detonator, Booster,cartridge etc.

e.g. Chemical gassing: Sodium NitriteMechanical: Micro balloons

No, creation of more surface area bythe size/breakdown of prills


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Definition- Combustion

)2

Definition

- Detonation

) 2

2 2 )

'

, ;


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Definition- Deflagration

) 2 2

2

,) ; %

=' )

2

Low and High explosives

>2

9

, 4 4

?

3 4 ' 4

+

9

@0

?

3!4 4 9 4 )


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Detonator sensitive explosive

) )' )' -

7.A- #4 &' (

A Typical detonator contains more than double this amount of PETN

Properties of explosives


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Properties of explosives

+

9'

,'

='

"

'

!' )

9

,

#

Handling characteristics

3 2

,' 0

'

"


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Density Mass

Volume

What is Density?

Thus more massof explosives forsame volume ofblasthole

Rock

!

"#

$ %

&'(

(')(

&'*+

&'(

&'*)

(',)

Why is density critical to explosive performance?

9' ?

,'4

=' 94

" 94

'


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Sensitivity

# 2 2 ) '

=' '

> B 9 )'

' 2 '

+ 2 $

Detonator sensitive

)' - " 17


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Primer sensitive

)'

@ )

Initiatings stem

What’s happening here?

Booster

Stemming

Proposed

Floor

Booster

Rock(Weight)

Explosive


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Velocity of detonation

# 2 2

=!9 A 777 C 777 D

=!9 2 2 2

+ =!9 '' ' ) 2 '

Critical diameter

# )2 2 ) 2

?

% + 4 C/

,177 % + 4 C/

,91A7 % + 4 177


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Ideal detonation

#

)

'4 '4 4 .

=; "

! "E4 # .

Non Ideal detonation

) )

3

=; &+,% ,(

";

&= F *7 %(

#2 >?

@ '

@ ,


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Relative Effective Energy -Relative Weight Strength (RWS)

- 33 3 4 #4

5 3

0//

/33 / 3 /4

&((

/ /

ANFO – 0.8 g/cc (94.3% AN 5.7% FO), 2.9 MJ/kg

Relative Bulk Strength

- 33 3 4 #4

3 5 3

06

0// $

&((

$ 3


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180

200

Energy of AEL Bulk Explosives

% Emulsion

Density g/cc*100

60

80

100

120

140

160 RBS

0

20

Pump Pump Augur Augur

AN + PPAN AN + PPAN AN + ANFO AN + ANFO

Post detonation fumes

; ) '?

") 9

#?

") %

!


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Storage life

2 ?

"

%B

#'

3

4 4

Temperature effects

+ #

" )

"

) 2 '

"

>2 #

%

! "

' )2

@' )

# $

%

& %


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Ammonium Nitrate

)

! -7G !

' ) ,

> 3>!4 4 3E4 3E >2 9'

, 4 */ )

AN Properties

3 2 ) ' 7.C* 7.CH

+ ))

% 1C7I" ' )

Temperature Cycling

• Becomes a problem if the temperature moves above and thenbelow 32°C repeatedly

• Prills will fracture and cake

• Storage needs to be cool and dry


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Bulk Explosives

>2 ' ?

,

3

,

'

>

3E

J &9(4 "! 2 2 4 J :

, J &3 ! ( J :

1944, Discovery of ANFO

# "' ,


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Mixing ANFO

ANFO Properties

• AEL Trade name, ANFEX

• Fuel Oil content

• Density – 0.76 to 0.78

• Water Resistance – a limitation

• Charge Diameter

• Particle size – affects sensitivity

• Sensitivity

Sensitivity/Energy

7

&((

)(

8(

9(

/

*(

7

( 8 &*: ;


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Bulk Emulsion…

Bulk Emulsion…

2

0

>04 )'

> 4 '

& ( ,'' 177

&' ( ,'' K77

9 & J J :(

,'' ,1*74 ,1A74 ,1A/


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Blasting Agent- “Non detonability test”

*&( #

9(( 6

Bulk Heavy ANFO


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Synergy S1000 Heavy ANFO Range

+' 3!

9' ) 4 ,17/K ,17/K 2 )

J

> 4 ,'' ,17CK4 ,17-K4 ,17-74 ,17/C4 ,17/K ,17/K

Bulk vs. ANFO

@

@ '


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• Emulsion

• Is an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids, with one liquid

Packaged Explosives

phase dispersed uniformly throughout the second phase. The oilof fuel phase surrounds and coats all the oxidiser droplets.

• Watergel

• Typically a thickened aqueous (water) solution of oxidiser and/orfuel salts in which is dispersed additional solid oxidisers and/or

fuels as well as sensitisers

Emulsion based

2 >2 ' + ' =!9 ) %

3 ' ' ' 2 "

, ' &/7 ( 2

4 ; H17 F 7G 4 H1A F A./G 4 H1- F -G ) 2 2


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Emulsion based

2

>2

-9

+ ' =!9

)

4 H7 F 7G 4 HA F A./G 4 H- F -G

) 2 2

Watergel Explosives

2 )

@

" ) &/4 H 17 D(

-9 ;

1H

: +


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-


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Caterpillar Study

C o s t / t o n n e

ea

Fine Coarse

Acknowledgement: David Carletti, Caterpillar Australia

Mass of explosives in Blasthole (kg)

# " > L 17./

E x pl o si

% L C.1/ D

• Total Charge (kg) = Total Charge Length x Mc

= 10.5 x 7.15

Stemming

T o t al C h ar g eL

= 75.1 kg

e

ProposedFloor

en g t h


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?

" > &>( L M.C

,); &( L 7.H

# " > L > J

L M.C J 7.H L 17./

+ L HM


E x pl o si

Stemming

C h ar g eL en g t h

-

4

2 177

@ ' L 1.1/

en g t h

e

Proposed

Floor S u b - d r i l l - U

Mass of explosives – Mc (kg/m)

I nche s ( mm) 0. 65 0. 70 0 .75 0. 80 0. 85 0. 90 0. 95 1. 00 1. 05 1. 10 1. 15 1. 20 1. 25 1. 30 1. 35 1. 403 76 2.95 3.18 3.40 3.63 3.86 4.08 4.31 4.54 4.76 4.99 5.22 5.44 5.67 5.90 6.12 6.35

31 / 2 89 4.04 4.35 4.67 4.98 5.29 5.60 5.91 6.22 6.53 6.84 7.15 7.47 7.78 8.09 8.40 8.71

4 102 5. 31 5. 72 6. 13 6.54 6.95 7.35 7. 76 8. 17 8.58 8.99 9.40 9. 81 10.21 10.62 11.03 11.44

Hole diameter Density of Explosives (g/cc)

7.15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 / 4 10 8 5 .95 6 .41 6. 87 7 .3 3 7 .7 9 8 .2 4 8. 70 9. 16 9 .6 2 1 0. 08 1 0. 54 1 0. 99 1 1. 45 11 .9 1 1 2. 37 1 2. 83

41 / 2 11 4 6 .63 7 .14 7. 66 8 .1 7 8 .6 8 9 .1 9 9. 70 1 0. 21 1 0. 72 11 .2 3 1 1. 74 1 2. 25 1 2. 76 13 .2 7 13 .7 8 1 4. 29

47 / 8 12 4 7 .85 8 .45 9. 06 9 .6 6 1 0. 26 10 .8 7 1 1. 47 1 2. 08 1 2. 68 13 .2 8 1 3. 89 1 4. 49 1 5. 10 15 .7 0 16 .3 0 1 6. 91

5 12 7 8 .23 8 .87 9. 50 1 0. 13 1 0. 77 11 .4 0 1 2. 03 1 2. 67 1 3. 30 13 .9 3 1 4. 57 1 5. 20 1 5. 83 16 .4 7 17 .1 0 1 7. 73

51 / 8 130 8 .63 9 .29 9 .95 10.62 11.28 11.95 12.61 13.27 13.94 14.60 15.26 15.93 16.59 17.26 17.92 18.58

51 / 4 133 9 .03 9 .73 10.42 11.11 11.81 12.50 13.20 13.89 14.59 15.28 15.98 16.67 17.37 18.06 18.76 19.45

51 / 2 140 10.01 10.78 11.55 12.32 13.08 13.85 14.62 15.39 16.16 16.93 17.70 18.47 19.24 20.01 20.78 21.55

55 / 8 143 10.44 11.24 12.05 12.85 13.65 14.45 15.26 16.06 16.86 17.67 18.47 19.27 20.08 20.88 21.68 22.48

57 / 8 149 11.33 12.21 13.08 13.95 14.82 15.69 16.56 17.44 18.31 19.18 20.05 20.92 21.80 22.67 23.54 24.41

6 152 11.79 12.70 13.61 14.52 15.42 16.33 17.24 18.15 19.05 19.96 20.87 21.78 22.68 23.59 24.50 25.40

61 / 4 159 12.91 13.90 14.89 15.88 16.88 17.87 18.86 19.86 20.85 21.84 22.83 23.83 24.82 25.81 26.81 27.80

63 / 4 171 14.93 16.08 17.22 18.37 19.52 20.67 21.82 22.97 24.11 25.26 26.41 27.56 28.71 29.86 31.00 32.15

73 / 8 187 17.85 19.23 20.60 21.97 23.34 24.72 26.09 27.46 28.84 30.21 31.58 32.96 34.33 35.70 37.08 38.45

75 / 8 194 19.21 20.69 22.17 23.65 25.13 26.60 28.08 29.56 31.04 32.52 33.99 35.47 36.95 38.43 39.90 41.38

77 / 8 200 20.42 21.99 23.56 25.13 26.70 28.27 29.85 31.42 32.99 34.56 36.13 37.70 39.27 40.84 42.41 43.98

81 / 2 216 23.82 25.65 27.48 29.31 31.15 32.98 34.81 36.64 38.48 40.31 42.14 43.97 45.80 47.64 49.47 51.30

9 229 26.77 28.83 30.89 32.95 35.01 37.07 39.13 41.19 43.25 45.31 47.37 49.42 51.48 53.54 55.60 57.66

97 / 8 251 32.16 34.64 37.11 39.58 42.06 44.53 47.01 49.48 51.95 54.43 56.90 59.38 61.85 64.33 66.80 69.27

10 254 32.94 35.47 38.00 40.54 43.07 45.60 48.14 50.67 53.20 55.74 58.27 60.80 63.34 65.87 68.41 70.94

105 / 8 270 37.22 40.08 42.94 45.80 48.67 51.53 54.39 57.26 60.12 62.98 65.84 68.71 71.57 74.43 77.29 80.16

111 / 4 279 39.74 42.80 45.85 48.91 51.97 55.02 58.08 61.14 64.19 67.25 70.31 73.36 76.42 79.48 82.53 85.59

123 / 4 311 49.38 53.18 56.97 60.77 64.57 68.37 72.17 75.96 79.76 83.56 87.36 91.16 94.96 98.75 102 .55 106.35

13 349 62.18 66.96 71.75 76.53 81.31 86.10 90.88 95.66 100.45 105.23 110.01 114.79 119.58 124.36 129.14 133.93

15 381 74.11 79.81 85.51 91.21 96.91 102.61 108.31 114.01 119.71 125.41 131.11 136.81 142.51 148.21 153.91 159.61

161 / 2 406 84.15 90.62 97.10 103.57 110.04 116.52 122.99 129.46 135.93 142.41 148.88 155.35 161.83 168.30 174.77 181.25

17 445 101.09 108.87 116.65 124.42 132.20 139.98 147.75 155.53 163.30 171.08 178.86 186.63 194.41 202.19 209.96 217.74


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Mass of explosives – Mc (kg/m)

D

2

×=

1273

C

kg/m 1273

891.15 M

2

C

×=

kg/m 7.15=

# " > L 17./


% L C.1/ D

# " &( L # " > %L 17./ C.1/

L C/.1


E x pl o si

Stemming

en g t h

e

ProposedFloor


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On Bench control- Total mass of explosives?...

Not to scale

Total mass of explosives?

) ) L 20

% L

# L 75.1 x 20 = 1502 kg

75.1 kg


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Stock of initiating systems and boosters onbench?...

Not to scale

Stock of initiating systems and boosters on

bench?

) ) L

) 2 L

20

20

) L

) ..98 L

) 2

19

1

Not to be brought on to the bench!

IED – Instantaneous Electric Detonator


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Powder factor

20 m

30 m

Not to scale

10 m

Powder Factor

- Volume

= ) ) &%A(

L 3 9 ) &2(

L 17 A7 *7

L -777 A

% L 1/7*

2 L %

= ) )

L 1/7*D-777 L 7.*/ DA


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Powder Factor- Mass

% ) ) &(

L 9' =

L *.K -777

L 1KK77

% L 1/7*

2 L %

L 1/7*D1KK77 L 7.17 D

# '

b.1 introduction to explosives.pdf

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