b100 guideline
TRANSCRIPT
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European AutomobileManufacturers
Association
Alliance of AutomobileManufacturers
Engine ManufacturersAssociation
Japan Automobile ManufacturersAssociation
March2009
Subject: WorldwideBiofuelsHarmonisationDearBiodieselGuidelinesRecipient:
Onbehalfofautomobileandenginemanufacturersfromaroundtheworld,wearepleasedtopresentthisFirst
EditionofBiodieselGuidelinesfromtheWorldwideFuelCharter(WWFC)Committee.WecreatedtheWWFCin
1998topromotegreaterunderstandingoftheimpactoffuelqualityonengineandvehicleemissionsand
performanceandtopromoteharmonizationoffuelqualityworldwideinaccordancewithengineandvehicle
needsindifferentmarkets.
RapidgrowthintheuseofethanolandbiodieselpromptedtheWWFCCommitteetoaddresstheneedformore
informationabouttheseimportantrenewablefuels. Aswithconventionalgasolineanddieselfuel,biofuelquality
mustmatchtheneedsandcapabilitiesofengineandvehicletechnologies,especiallyasthesetechnologies
becomemoreadvancedtomeetultracleanemissionstandards. Thisdocumentprovidesourguidanceon
biodieselquality;acompaniondocumentprovidesguidanceonethanolquality.
Giventhewidevariationinperformanceandmeasurementmethodsofbiofuelblendsatdifferentblendlevels,
thisguidancefocusesonthequalityoftheblendstockusedtomakefinishedbiofuelblends,ratherthanonthe
finishedfuelsthemselves. Specifically,wecreatedthisdocumenttoguideblenderswhoproduceanduse100%
biodieselanddieselfuelblendstockstomakefinished5%biodieselblends. Theresultingfinishedfuelsshould
continuetomeettherecommendationscontainedintheWWFCforthevariouscategoriesofmarketfuels.
Theuseofethanolandbiodieselfuelsisimportanttohelpextendsuppliesofgasolineanddieselfuel. Asrenewablefuels,theyhavethepotentialtohelpreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases. Properformulationalso
canhelpassureloweremissionsofconventionalpollutants. Thekeytoachievinglowemissionsistosustainably
producegoodqualityblendstocksandtoblendanddistributethefinishedfuelsinawaythatpreservestheir
qualitywhentheyreachtheconsumer.
Thisdocumentrepresentsourbestcollectivejudgmentatthistime,basedonexperiencewithbiodieselproduced
fromconventionalfeedstocks,suchasrapeseedandsoyandaidedbycommentsfrominterestedparties.We
recognizethatitstechnicalinformationwillcontinuetoevolve,sothisdocumentwillalsochangeaswelearn
more.Weappreciatetheeffortsofthosewhoprovidedinformationandcomments,andweareespeciallygrateful
tothosewhoexpressedsupportforthisendeavor.
Welookforwardtoworkingwithyoutosupportthedevelopmentanduseofhighqualityrenewablefuelsforthe
benefitofconsumersandtheenvironmentworldwide.
IvanHodac
SecretaryGeneral
ACEA
DaveMcCurdy
President&CEO
Alliance
JedR.Mandel
President
EMA
YoshiyasuNao
President
JAMA
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ii
ListofMembers
ACEAmembercompanies
BMWGroup,DAFTrucksNV,DaimlerAG,FiatSpA,FordofEuropeGmbH,GeneralMotorsEuropeAG,MAN
NutzfahrzeugeAG,PorscheAG,PSAPeugeotCitron,RenaultSA,ScaniaAB,ToyotaMotorEurope,
VolkswagenAG,ABVolvo.
Alliancemembercompanies
BMWofNorthAmerica,ChryslerLLC,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,JaguarLandRover,
MazdaNorthAmericanOperations,MercedesBenzUSA,MitsubishiMotorSalesofAmerica,Inc.,PorscheCars
NorthAmerica,Inc.,ToyotaMotorNorthAmerica,Inc.,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica.
EMAmembercompanies
AmericanHondaMotorCo.,Inc.,Briggs&StrattonCorporation,CaterpillarInc.,ChryslerLLC,CNHGlobalN.V.,
CumminsInc.,Daimler Trucks North America LLC, Deere&Company,DeutzCorporation,DresserWaukesha,
FiatPowertrainTechnologiesS.p.A,FordMotorCompany,GeneralMotorsCorporation,HinoMotors,Ltd.,
IsuzuManufacturingServicesofAmerica,Inc.,KohlerCompany,KomatsuLtd.,KubotaEngineAmerica
Corporation,MTUDetroitDiesel,Inc.,Navistar,Inc.,OnanCumminsPowerGeneration,PACCARInc,ScaniaCVAB,VolkswagenGroupofAmerica,Inc.,VolvoPowertrainCorporation,WrtsilNorthAmerica,Inc.,
YamahaMotorCorporation,YanmarAmericaCorporation
JAMAmembercompanies
DaihatsuMotorCo.Ltd.,FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,HinoMotorsLtd.,HondaMotorCo.Ltd.,IsuzuMotors
Limited,KawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,MazdaMotorCorporation,MitsubishiFusoTruckandBus
Corporation,MitsubishiMotorsCorporation,NissanDieselMotorCo.Ltd.,NissanMotorCo.Ltd.,Suzuki
MotorCorporation,ToyotaMotorCorporation,YamahaMotorCo.Ltd.
Associatemembers
AssociationofInternationalAutomobileManufacturers(AIAM)
AssociationofInternationalAutomotiveManufacturersofCanada(AIAMC)
AssociacionMexicanadelaIndustriaAutomotriz,A.C.(AMIA)
BrazilianAssociationofmotorvehicleandmotorisedagriculturalmachinerymanufacturers(ANFAVEA)
CanadianVehicleManufacturers Association(CVMA)
ChamberofAutomotiveManufacturersofthePhilippines,Inc.(CAMPI)
ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(CAAM)
IndonesiaAutomotiveFederation(IAF)
KoreaAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(KAMA)
NationalAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersofSouthAfrica(NAAMSA)
MalaysianAutomotiveAssociation(MAA)
ThaiAutomotiveIndustryAssociation(TAIA)
VietnamAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(VAMA)
Supportingorganisations:
OrganisationInternationaledesConstructeursdAutomobiles(OICA)
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iii
Acronyms
ABNTNBR AssociaoBrasileiradeNormasTcnicas(BrazilianStandardsNumber)
ACEA AssociationdesConstructeursEuropensdAutomobiles(Europeanautomotive
manufacturersassociation)
Alliance AllianceofAutomobileManufactures
ASTM ASTMInternational(formerlyAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)
Biodiesel Thisdocumentdefinesbiodieselasanesterbasedfuel,createdbyreactingvegetableoranimalfatswithalcohol,meetingcertainspecificationsandableto
beusedindieselengines. BiodieselisoftensynonymouswithFAME.
BTL BiomasstoLiquid
BXX Biodieselblendcontainingaspecifiedamountofbiodieselbyvolume(e.g.,B20
contains20%biodieselbyvolume)
Ca Calcium
CEC CoordinatingEuropeanCouncilfortheDevelopmentofPerformanceTestsfor
TransportationFuels,LubricantsandOtherFluids
CEN/TR ComitEuropeandeNormalisation(EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization)
/TechnicalReport
DPF Dieselparticulatefilter
EMA EngineManufacturersAssociation
EN EuropeanNorm
FAEE FattyAcidEthylEster
FAME FattyAcidMethylEster
HVO Hydrotreatedvegetableoil
ICP Inductivelycoupledplasma
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
JAMA JapanAutomobileManufacturers Association
JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandards
K Potassium
KOH Potassiumhydroxide
Mg Magnesium
mod Modified
Na SodiumNaOH Sodiumhydroxide
ppm Partspermillion
prEN ProvisionalEuropeanNorm
PSADW AfamilyofPSAGroupdieselengines manufacturedforuseinPeugeot and
Citronautomobiles.
TAN TotalAcidNumber
WWFC WorldwideFuelCharter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Group -
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CONTENTS
ListofMembers ............................................................................................. ii
Acronyms ..................................................................................................... iii
Introduction .................................................................................................. 1
GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends ................................ 2
SummaryofGuidelines ................................................................................ 11
SummaryofTestMethods............................................................................ 13
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Introduction
ThepurposeoftheWorldwideFuelCharteristopromotehighqualityandharmonizedfuelsonaglobal
basis,consideringtheneedforoptimumengineandvehicleperformanceanddurabilityandforthe
cleanestpossibleoperationofengineandvehicletechnologies. Meetingthisobjectivewillbenefit
consumers,simplifyfuelmarkets,facilitatetradeandhelpgovernmentsmeetpublicpolicygoals.
Biofuelsareofparticularinteresttodayduetotheirpotentialtohelpreducetheuseofpetroleumbased
fuels,improveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions. Biodieselisoneofthesefuelsthat
isviableandinusetoday,alongotherpromisingalternativedieselfuelssuchasrenewabledieselfuel
(hydrotreatedvegetableoil(HVO))andbiomasstoliquid(BTL)fuels. Goodbiodieselqualityis
fundamentaltoitscontinuedsuccessasafuel. Theguidancepresentedherecontainsmanufacturer
recommendationsregardingthebiodieselqualityneededforproperengineandvehicleoperation.
Therecommendedlimitsintheseguidelinesarespecificallyestablishedfor100%biodiesel(B100)
blendstockintendedforblendingwithpetroleumbaseddieselfueltomakeablendcontaininga
maximumof5%biodieselbyvolume(B5)suitableforuseinvehicleswithcompressionignition
engines. Higherlevelblendsmayrequiredifferentspecifications,labeling,andothercontrolsto
adequately
protect
consumers.
Finished
biodiesel
diesel
fuel
blends,
as
well
as
finished
petroleum
baseddieselfuel,shouldcontinuetomeettherequirementsoftheappropriatedieselfuelcategoryin
theWorldwideFuelCharter.
Biodieselqualitychangesovertimeduetotheinherentnatureofthefuel. Oxidationreactionsbeginto
affectthefuelassoonasthebiodieseliscreated. Storageconditions,especiallytemperature,exposure
towaterandexposuretooxygenwhichisnaturallypresentinambientair,influencetherateof
oxidation. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpslowthisdegradationprocessandimprovefuelstabilityupto
apoint. Theireffectivenessdependsontheiradditiontothebiodieselduringorassoonafter
productionaspractical. Theoveruseofantioxidantscanleadtotheadditionalformationofsludge.
Thus,caremustbetakeninchoosingtheantioxidanttypeandamountformaximumeffectiveness. Itis
alsocriticalforbiodieselblendstockstomeetthelimitsspecifiedinthisguidance. Afterblending,
distributorsandretailersshouldavoidstoringblendsforexcessivetimeperiodsorunderadverseconditions,andtheyshouldmonitortheblendsqualityatleastuntilthefuelistransportedorsold.
Theseguidelinesarebasedonengineandvehiclemanufacturerexperiencewithbiodieselfuelsmade
fromfeedstockscommonlyusedtodayinvariousmarketsaroundtheworld. Theguidelinesare
performancebasedandfeedstockneutral. Asnewfeedstocksareidentified,thepropertiesandlimits
specifiedheremayrequirerevisiontoensuretheircontinuedsuitability.
Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmusthaveuniformpropertiesthroughout,toensureaconsistent
qualitybothpriortoandafterblending. Highspeedinjectionblendingispreferredtosplashblendingas
ameanstoensureuniformqualitythroughoutthefinalfuelblend. Theblendingprocessand
confirmationofuniformpropertiesisveryimportant,especiallywhensplashblendingisused. Blenders
andconsumersshouldcheckwiththeirsuppliersandrequestconfirmationoffeedstockandfinished
productuniformity.
Biodieselfuelandbiodieselfuelblendsmustcomplywithalllegalrequirementsregardinglabeling. Both
blendersandconsumerswillbenefitfromhavingaccurateinformationaboutbiodieselcontent. Engine
andvehiclemanufacturerswillcontinuetoevaluatetheseGuidelinesforongoingapplicabilityto
increasinglysophisticatedvehiclesystemsandcomponents,whichmustcomplywithnumerous
governmentregulations. TheWWFCCommitteewillreviewandrevisetheserecommendationsas
necessarytoreflectchangesinengineandvehicletechnologies,biodieselproductionandmarketing
practicesandtestmethods.
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GuidelinesforB100BlendstockforuseinuptoB5Blends
Property Limit Units TestMethods
Estercontent 96.5min %m/mEN14103mod
Other: ABNTNBR15342
LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103mod
Polyunsaturatedacid
methylester( 4double
bonds)
1max %m/m prEN15779
Estercontent
ThefuelsestercontentindicatestheamountofFAMEinthefuel,andtherefore,itisanindicatorofthe
fuels
quality.
A
low
amount
of
ester
may
indicate
that
unreacted
compounds,
such
as
tri
glycerides,
or
processrelatedcompounds,suchascatalysts(KOH/NaOH)ormethanol,remaininthefuel. Lowlevels
alsomayindicatecontaminationwithnonFAMEcompounds. Theseimpuritiesmaycausefuelfilter
plugging,enginedepositsorotherproblems. Locallawmayrequiremeasuringthefuelsestercontent;
estermeasurementalsocanhelppreventorminimizefraudunderincentiveprograms.
LinolenicAcidMethylEster
Thisester,whichisinherenttocertainfeedstocks,containsthreedoublebondswhichmakethe
moleculehighlyunstable. Thus,thesemoleculesoxidizeorpolymerizeeasily,therebycreatingacidsor
sludge.
Polyunsaturatedacidmethylester( 4doublebonds)
These
esters
will
rapidly
polymerize
and
should
be
absent
from
the
fuel
to
protect
against
sludge.
Limitingotherpolyunsaturatedmoleculeswiththreeormoredoublebondswillimprovefuelstability.
Notesregardingtestmethods:EN14103isvalidforbothmethylandethylestersbuthasalimitedrangewhenusedforethylesters.
Thistestisbeingimprovedtocovermoreesters. Methodsformeasuringlargeesterswithfourormore
doublebondsareunderdevelopment.
OxidationStability:
prEN15751orEN14112as
alternativeInductionPeriod 10min hr
Oxidationstabilityisveryimportant. InadditiontooxidationstabilityasmeasuredbyInductionPeriod,
seediscussionbelowrelatedtochangeinTotalAcidNumber.
OxidationstabilityisoneofthemostimportantpropertiesbecauseFAMEoxidizeseasilycomparedwith
petroleumdieselfuelandproducesreactionproductsthatcandamagetheengineorvehicle. Fuelswith
ahighnumberofmoleculeswithmethylenegroupsadjacenttodoublebondsareparticularly
susceptibletooxidation. Theoxidationprocessbeginsassoonasthevegetableoiliscreatedand
continuesuntilthebeginningofreesterification. Oxidationproducesperoxides(hydroperoxides)
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whichundergofurtherreactiontoformacids,whicharethemselvesoxidizingagents. Moleculesmay
alsopolymerizeandformgums,sludgeorotherinsolublecompounds;unlikeperoxides,whichusually
disappearatsomepointduringreesterification,polymersthatformduringoxidationdonotdisappear
andremaininthemixture. Theoxidationreactioncontinuesuntilthereactivesitesoravailableoxygen
aredepleted. TheRancimattestmethod,EN14112(orprEN15751),providesanindicationofthe
amountoftime(inductionperiod)thefuelcanbestoredbeforetheproductionofacidsindicatesthe
fuelisbecomingunstable.
Peroxidescandamageordegradeplasticsandelastomers,particularlyathightemperatures. Theacids
corrodemetalsusedinvehicleanddistributionfuelhandlingsystems. Theimpactofacidsonmetalfuel
tanksisespeciallysevere. Evenlightcorrosionfromcarbonicacidsaltswillcausestickydepositsinside
thefuelpumpandinjectors. Thesemetalandcarbonicacidsreactagaintoformsalts. Thesesalts,
whicharesolubleinthefuel,passthroughthefuelfilterbutthensticktothesurfacesofthefuelpump
andfuelinjectors. Thesaltsalsocanformsludgelikeinjectordeposits. Polymers,sludgeandother
insolublematerialsformedduringoxidationcancausefuelfilterblockage.
Historically,petroleumdieselfuelshavebeensuccessfullystoredforextremelylongperiodswithout
oxidizing,butevenlowconcentrationsofFAMEcanreducethestabilityoffinishedblends. Afewcases
ofloweroxidationstabilitythanexpectedhavebeenobservedwithbiodieselblendsmadewithverylowsulfurpetroleumdieselfuels;sometheorizethischangemayberelatedtothetypeofprocessing
requiredtoproducetheverylowsulfurlevels.
Dependingonstorageconditions(e.g.,temperature,humidityintheairspace,presenceofwater,and
otherfactors),FAMEthatmeetsthespecifiedlimitatthetimeofretailsaleshouldprovidesixmonthsof
storagecapabilitybeforeunacceptabledegradationoftheFAMEorblendsoccurs.
Toreducethepotentialformarketproblems,theoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockmustexceedthe
recommendedminimuminductionperiod,andthefinishedfuelalsomustmeetitsownoxidation
stabilityrequirement. Iftheoxidationstabilityoftheblendstockispoor,theoxidationstabilityofthe
finishedfuelwillbepoor. Antioxidantadditivescanhelpachievetherecommendedlimit;researchis
continuingintoantioxidanttypes,effectivenessanddosinglevels. Whenusingantioxidantstoimprove
theoxidationstability,producersshouldaddtheantioxidantstofreshlymadeFAMEorevenduring
FAMEproductionformaximumeffectiveness. Duetofuelchangesovertime,fuelprovidersshould
monitorthefuelqualityandtakestepstominimizedegradationandavoidtheuseofdegradedfuel.
Notesregardingtestmethods:TheprovisionalmethodprEN15751isknownasthemodifiedRancimattestmethodforB100and
biodieselblends. WhentestingB100,testmethodstomeasureinsolublessuchaspolymers,sludgeand
othersubstances(EN12205orASTMD2274)mustbemodifiedtouseglassfiberfilterstoavoid
degradingthefiltermedia.
IodineNumber 130max* gI2/100g EN14111
Iodinenumberindicatesthetotalnumberofdoublebonds(i.e.,levelofsaturation)inthemixtureof
molecules. Opinionsdifferregardingwhethertheiodinenumberhelpsindicateoxidationstability,
whereahigheriodinenumberrepresentsloweroxidationstability. Totheextentitdoeshelpindicate
oxidationstability,theiodinenumbermayprovideinformationaboutthefuelstendencytoform
sludge,affectlubricantqualityand/orcausecorrosion.
*Limitingtheiodinenumberto130maxcanprecludetheuseofcertainfeedstocksthatareprominent
indifferentregions,especiallysoybean,sunflowerandotherunsaturatedoils,butcontrolmaybe
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Notesregardingtestmethods:Thesetestmethodsdonotmeasureotheralcoholsthatmaybepresentintheesterproduct,buta
preliminaryinvestigationhasshownthatasmallchangetoEN14110willallowethanolmeasurement.
Glycerides EN14105
Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Glycerin(glycerol)
Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m
EN14105/14106
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15341
Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15344
Glycerides: Mono,Di,andTri
Glycerides,whicharehighmolecularweightreactantsinthebiodieselproductionprocess,canremain
unreactedintheFAMEafterprocessing. Theyareundesirablebecausetheycancausefilterplugging,
especiallyatcoldtemperatures,andinjectorandenginedeposits;theycanalsolimitvehicleoperability
overawiderangeofconditions. Monoglyceridescanleadtoincreasedinjectordeposits. Highmono
glyceridecontenthasbeenlinkedtosoliddepositsinB5wherethefuelwasstoredintanksunder
Scandinavianwinterconditions. Atsuchlowtemperatures,amaximumlimitof0.40%m/mis
recommended. Thelimitmayberevisitedafterinvestigationsarecomplete. Diglyceridescanleadto
filterplugging. Triglyceridecontentisagoodindicatorofunreactedoilsorgreasesinthebiodiesel.
Glyceridescanbecontrolledtolowlevelsthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingproceduresduring
production.
Glycerin(glycerol),TotalandFree
Glycerin,whichisabyproductofthechemicalreactionthatproducesbiodiesel,mayremaininthefuelif
theesterisinadequatelyseparatedorwashed. Glycerinalsomayseparateoutoftheliquidduring
storageafteranymethanol,whichactsasasolvent,hasevaporated. Onceseparated,theglycerinwill
falltothetankbottomandattractsuchpolarcompoundsaswater,monoglyceridesandsoapsthatcan
blockfilters,damageinjectors,causeinjectorcokingandotherenginedeposits,andotherwisemakethe
fuelincompatiblewithvehiclematerialsandreduceenginedurability.
Glycerincanbecontrolledthroughtheuseofgoodoperatingpracticesduringproduction.
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Notesregardingtestmethods:Infinishedfuelblends,petroleumdieselfuelcomponentscaninterferewiththeabilitytodirectly
measureglycerininthefuel. Whenanacceptabletestmethodforglycerininafuelblendisavailable,a
limitvalueforblendswillbeestablished.
Anew,simplifiedcoldfiltrationtestprocedurerelatedtosomeglyceridesisindevelopment.
Duetothepresenceofhydroxylgroupsinthemainestercarbonchain,theonlymethodlistedthatis
suitableforusewithcastoroilderivedFAMEistheBrazilianABNTNBR15344.
Glyceridemeasurementscanbeusedtocalculatetotalandfreeglycerin.
Density Report g/ml
ENISO3675
ASTMD4052
JISK2249
Other: ENISO12185,ABNTNBR
7148/14065
Biodieseldensityisusuallyhigherthanthatoffossildieselfuel,withthespecificvaluesdependingon
fattyacidcompositionandpurity. MostbatchesofFAMEcontainonlyabouttendifferentmolecules
withdensitiesusuallywithinaverynarrowrange. ContaminationcansignificantlyaffectFAMEdensity,
sothispropertycanbeusedtoindicatecontaminationbysomeunwantedcompoundsandtomonitor
fuelquality.
KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.0 mm2/s
ENISO3104
ASTMD445
JISK2283
Other: ABNTNBR10441
KinematicviscosityisaninherentpropertyofFAMEsdifferentfeedstocksthataffectsinjector
lubrication
and
fuel
atomization.
Biodiesel
fuel
blends
generally
have
improved
lubricity;
however,
their
higherviscositylevelstendtoformlargerdropletsoninjectionwhichcancausepoorcombustionand
increasedexhaustsmokeundercertainoperatingconditions. AtFAMEblendinglevelsupto5%by
volume,thesuggestedlimitsprovideanacceptableleveloffuelsystemperformanceforthefinished
fuelblendsandallowblendingwithoutchangingtheviscosityofthebasedieselfuel. Adheringtothe
limitswillalsohelpharmonizeFAMEquality.
Fortemperaturesatorbelow 20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm2/stoavoidpotentially
dangerousloadsonthefuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.
FlashPoint 100min CISO3679
ASTMD93
Theflashpointtemperatureistheminimumtemperatureatwhichthefuelwillignite(flash)on
applicationofanignitionsourceunderspecifiedconditions. Itisusedtoclassifyfuelsfortransportand
storageaccordingtohazardlevel;minimumflashpointtemperaturesarerequiredforpropersafetyand
handlingofthefuel.
Flashpointvariesinverselywiththefuelsvolatility,andbiodieselsflashpointcandecreaserapidlyas
theamountofresidualalcoholincreases. Thus,thebiodieselflashpointmeasurementhelpsindicate
thepresenceofmethanol. Fuelprovidersmustmeasurethebiodieselflashpointpriortoblendingwith
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fossildieselfuel;sincethepetroleumcomponentsflashpointwillbemuchlower,onecannotrelyon
theblendsflashpointmeasurementtoindicatethepresenceofmethanol.
CetaneNumber 51min
ISO5165
ASTMD613
JIS
K2280
Cetanenumberisameasureofthefuelsignitionandcombustionqualitycharacteristics. Fuelswithlow
cetanenumberswillcausehardstarting,roughoperation,noiseandincreasedsmokeopacity. Finished
blendsshouldmeetrelevantWWFCcategorylimits.
Water 500max mg/kg EN12937
WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709
TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662
ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217
WaterandSediment/TotalContamination
Thefuelshouldbeclearinappearanceandfreeofvisiblewaterandsediment/totalcontamination. The
presenceofthesematerialscanshortenfilterlifeorplugfuelfilters,whichcanleadtoenginefuel
starvation.
Wateracceleratesoxidation,dramaticallyincreasescorrosivityandpromotesmicrobialgrowth. Since
FAMEiscapableofabsorbingsignificantlymorewaterthanpetroleumdieselfuel,itisespecially
importanttodehydrateFAMEduringproductionandtominimizethepotentialtocreatefreewater
duringblendingordistribution. Thelevelofwaterspecifiediswithinthesolubilitylevelofwaterinfuel
and,assuch,doesnotrepresentfreewater.
Esterificationandproductrefiningprocesses,alongwithfeedstockselection,tendtoproducemany
typesofcontamination,suchasbysoap. PoorfuelhandlingpracticescanintroduceothercontaminantsorcompoundsthatarenotsolubleinFAME. Smallamountsofsuchcontaminationwillcausefuelfilter
pluggingandinjectordepositsandshouldbewellcontrolledtopreventproblems. Ifwaterismeasured
independentlyfromsediment,thefuelshouldalsomeetaseparateTotalContaminationlimit.
Engineandfuelinjectionequipmentmanufacturerscontinuetodevelopfuelsystemstoreduce
emissionsandfuelconsumptionandtoimproveperformance. Injectionpressureshaveincreased
dramatically;currentinjectorsoperateatpressuresashighas2400bars,andinjectorswithevenhigher
pressurecapabilitiesareindevelopment. Suchlevelsofinjectionpressuredemandreducedorificesizes
andcomponentclearances,typicallyrangingfrom2to5mininjectors. Small,hardparticles,which
mayremaininthefuelthatarecarriedintotheseengineparts,arepotentialsourcesofinjectorand
subsequentenginefailure.
Therecommendedlimitsallowcomparingmeasuredresultstoamaximumlevelacceptableforproper
engineoperation.
Notesregardingmethods:Measuringfuelparticlecontaminationnecessarilyconsiderstotalmass,sizeandnumberofparticlesper
sizeclass(i.e.,particlesizedistribution). TheISO4406protocolprovidesameansofexpressingthelevel
ofcontaminationbysizedistribution. ASTMD2276allowslinesamplinginthefield. Whatevermethod
isused,glassfiberfiltersshouldbeusedinsteadofamembranefilter.
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AshContent 0.001max %m/m
ISO6245
ASTMD482
JISK2272
SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m
ISO3987
ASTMD874
Other: ABNTNBR984
Ash SulfatedandOther
Ashisameasureoftheamountofmetalsandotherinorganiccontaminantscontainedinthefuel. Ash
precursorsmaybepresentinthreeforms(i)abrasivesolids,(ii)solublemetallicsoaps,and(iii)residual
biodieselcatalyst;whenoxidizedduringcombustion,thesematerialsformash.
Ashhasbeenlinkedtoenginedepositsandfilterplugging,andmetallicsoapscancontributetodeposits
inthefuelsystem. Abrasivesolidsandbiodieselcatalystmaterialsalsocauseincreasedwearofinternal
fuelsystemenginecomponentsexposedtofuelafterinjection.
Dieselparticulatefilters(DPF),whichbeganappearinginmid2000toachieveextremelylowparticulate
emissionsandstringentemissionstandards,areparticularlysusceptibletoimpairmentfromash. Allash
formingcompoundscancontributetotheaccumulationofmaterialonthesefilters. Rapidaccumulation
ofashrequiresmorefrequentfiltermaintenanceandwillreducevehiclefueleconomy.
Thelevelsspecifiedareconsideredacceptableforengineperformance,andslightlylessstringentlimits
maybeacceptableforvehicleswithoutaDPF(seetheWorldwideFuelCharterforlimitsinCategories1,
2and3). Morestringentlimitsthanshownabove,however,maybenecessaryforoptimalparticulate
filtermaintenanceintervals.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Forthegivenmethods,alargesamplesize(min100g)isneededtoobtainprecisiontothreesignificant
digits. Moresensitiveandprecisetestmethodsareneededtodetermineashatthelowestlevels.
CarbonResidue:
Ramsbottom,on100%
distillationresidue
0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530
Carbonresidue,whichformsoncombustion,isasourceofparticulatematterwithinthevehiclesystem.
Thispropertyservesasameasureofthetendencytoformdepositsoninjectorsandinthecombustion
chamberandshouldbeminimized.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Sampleshouldbedistilledundervacuumtopreventpolymerization. Ifdistilledatatmosphericpressure,
theamountofresiduewillincreaseandmayproducemisleadingresults.
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Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,
maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA
Corrosiontestingindicatespotentialcompatibilityproblemsbetweenfuelsandfuelsystemcomponents
madeofvariousmetals.
Notesregardingtestmethods:Theratingismadeafter3hoursat50Cbycomparingthesampletoastandard.
Sulfur 10max ppm
EN20846/20884
ASTMD5453/D2622
JISK35411, 2, 6or 7
Manygovernmentsregulatesulfurlevelsinfueltoassurecompatibilitywithemissioncontrolsystems
andtoenablethesesystemstomeetemissionstandards. Biodieselblendsmaynotexceedthe
applicablemaximumsulfurlevelsdefinedforpetroleumdieselfuel;fortunately,mostbiodieselnaturally
containslessthan10ppmsulfur. SeetheWorldwideFuelCharterforadditionaldiscussionabout
sulfursnumerousadverseimpactsandotherlimitsthatmayapplyinmarketswithlessstringent
requirements.
Notesregardingtestmethods:UseASTMD5453forfuelsanticipatedtohavelessthan20ppmsulfur,forthebestaccuracywhenusing
ASTMtestmethods.
Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107
ASTMD4951,D3231
Phosphoruswillbepresentinbiodieselattracelevelsfromphospholipidcompoundsnaturallyfoundin
plantoils,andlargerquantitiescansometimesbefoundasaresultoftheuseofphosphoruscontaining
fertilizertogrowthebiomassfeedstockandinorganicsaltsthatmaybecontainedinusedcookingoils.
Phosphoruscangreatlyimpairtheeffectivenessofemissioncontrolsystems. Itsinfluenceiscumulative,
whichmeansthatevenverylowlevelsinthefuelmayleadtoprematuredeteriorationovertime,
especiallywhenanengineconsumesasignificantamountofcontaminatedfuel. Thelimitmaybe
loweredwhenbettertestmethodsareavailable.
Notesregardingtestmethods:TheISOtestmethodisapplicableandaccuratedownto4ppm. ASTMD4951isprecisedownto0.05%
bymass,+/ 10%;lowervaluesmaybemeasurable,dependingonthesensitivityoftheICPinstrument.
ASTMD3231,amethodformeasuringphosphorusingasoline,maybeacceptablebecauseituses
techniquesthatdecomposetheorganicmaterials,soitisindependentofthematrix. ASTMD3231candetectphosphorusatlevelsbelow1mg/L.
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Alkali(GroupI)metals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538
Alkaline(GroupII)metals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538
Alkalimetals(Na+K)
Biodiesel
producers
who
use
sodium
and
potassium
to
catalyze
biodiesel
production
should
remove
thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Residualalkalimetalscan
formdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoisonemissioncontrolsystems. Sodiumand
potassiumarealsoassociatedwithashformation.
Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg)
Biodieselproducerswhousealkalinemetalsasabsorbentsduringbiodieselproductionshouldremove
thesemetalsbeforeallowingthebiodieseltoleavetheproductionprocess. Hardwateralsocan
contributealkalinemetalstotheFAME,soproducersshouldusesoftordeionizedwaterduring
processing. Residualalkalinemetalscanformdepositsinfuelinjectionsystemcomponentsandpoison
emissioncontrolsystems. Calciumsoapscancauseinjectionpumpstostick.
TraceMetals/Elements Nointentionaladdition ASTMD7111
TraceMetals/Elements
Metalcompoundsshouldnotbeaddedtothefuel.
Notesregardingtestmethods:ASTMD7111canmeasuretraceelementsbetweenapproximately0.1to0.2mg/kginmiddledistillate
fuels(withaboilingrangebetween150Cto390C).
AdditionalProperties
ConsulttheWorldwideFuelCharterforrecommendedlimitsandtestmethodsforadditional
propertiessuchascoldtemperatureoperability,injectorcleanliness,biologicalgrowthandlubricitythatrequirecontrolinthefinishedbiodieselblend.
GoodHousekeepingPractices
BlendersshouldmanageblendsaccordingtothepracticesoutlinedinthetechnicalreportCEN/TR
15367. ProducersshouldcreateB100fuelsthathavetheminimumpropertiesidentifiedinthis
guidelineatthetimeofdeliveryorblending. Blendersshouldevaluatefinishedproductsforuniform
blendinglevelsandmonitorfuelpropertychangesovertimeincludingacidnumber,appearanceoffree
water,andmicrobialcontamination.
ProducersandblendersalsoshouldbeawarethatragssaturatedwithB100,perhapsduringspillclean
up,mayspontaneouslycombustandposeasafetyhazardundercertainconditions. Handlersshould
consulttheirprofessionalassociationsforfurtherguidance.
Labeling
Vehicleandenginemanufacturersdesigntheirproductsforcompatibilitywithdifferentconcentrations
ofbiodiesel. TheseguidelinesareforB100usedforblendingatlevelsuptoB5only. Vehicleandengine
manufacturerconcernsaboutbiodieselcompatibilityandqualityincreaseasthebiodieselcontent
increasesandthereforeanyblendsgreaterthanB5dispensedfrompumpsshouldbelabeledtoidentify
theblend.
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SummaryofGuidelines
Property Value Units TestMethodsEstercontent 96.5min %m/m
EN14103mod
Other: ABNTNBR15342
LinolenicAcidMethylEster 12.0max %m/m EN14103modPolyunsaturatedacidmethyl
ester(4doublebonds)1max %m/m prEN15779
OxidationStability:
InductionPeriod10min hr
prEN15751orEN14112as
alternative
IodineNumber 130max1 gI2/100g EN14111
TotalAcidNumber 0.5max mgKOH/g
ISO6618
ASTMD664,D974
JISK2501
Other: ABNTNBR14448
Methanol 0.20max %m/m
EN14110
JISK2536Other: ABNTNBR15343
Glycerides EN14105
Monoglyceride 0.80max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Diglyceride 0.20max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Triglyceride 0.20max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15342
Glycerin(glycerol)
Freeglycerin 0.02max %m/m
EN14105/14106
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15341
Totalglycerin 0.25max %m/m
EN14105
ASTMD6584
Other: ABNTNBR15344
Density report g/ml
ENISO3675
ASTMD4052
JISK2249
Other: ENISO12185,
ABNTNBR7148/14065
KinematicViscosity@40C 2.0 5.02 mm2/s
ENISO3104
ASTMD445
JISK2283
1Thislimitmayunnecessarilyprecludecertainfeedstocks. Someenginetechnologiesmayneedamorestringentlimit.
2Fortemperaturesatorbelow20C,viscosityshouldbeatorbelow48mm
2/stoavoidpotentiallydangerousloadsonthe
fuelinjectionpumpdrivesystem.
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Property Value Units TestMethodsOther: ABNTNBR10441
FlashPoint 100min CISO3679
ASTMD93
CetaneNumber 51min
ISO5165
ASTMD613
JISK2280
Water 500max mg/kg(ppm) EN12937
WaterandSediment 0.05max %v/v ASTMD2709
TotalContamination 24max mg/kgEN12662
ASTMD2276,D5452,D6217
AshContent 0.001max %m/m
ISO6245
ASTMD482
JISK2272
SulfatedAsh 0.005max %m/m
ISO3987
ASTMD874
Other: ABNTNBR984
CarbonResidue:
Ramsbottom,on100%
distillationresidue
0.05max %m/m ASTMD4530
Corrosion: Ferrouslightrusting,
maxRating ASTMD665ProcedureA
Sulfur 10max ppm
EN20846/20884
ASTMD5453/D2622
JISK35411, 2, 6or 7
Phosphorus 4max mg/kgEN14107
ASTMD4951,D3231
Alkalimetals(Na+K) 5max mg/kg EN14108/14109,EN14538
Alkalinemetals(Ca+Mg) 5max mg/kg EN14538
TraceMetals noaddition ASTMD7111
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SummaryofTestMethods3
(seemaintextforadditionalnotes)
Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other
Ester
content
%
m/m
EN
14103
mod
ABNT
NBR
15342
LinolenicAcidMethyl
Ester%m/m EN14103mod
Polyunsaturatedacid
methylester(4
doublebonds)
%m/m prEN15779
OxidationStability:
InductionPeriodhr
prEN15751or
EN14112asalternative
IodineNumber gI2/100g EN14111
TotalAcidNumber mgKOH/g ISO6618 D664,D974 K2501 ABNTNBR14448
Methanol %m/m EN14110 K2536 ABNTNBR15343
Glycerides %m/m EN14105
Monoglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342
Diglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342
Triglyceride %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15342
Glycerin(glycerol)
Freeglycerin %m/mEN14105,
EN14106D6584 ABNTNBR15341
Totalglycerin %m/m EN14105 D6584 ABNTNBR15344
Density g/ml ENISO3675 D4052 K2249
ENISO12185
ABNTNBR
7148/14065
KinematicViscosity mm2/s ENISO3104 D445 K2283 ABNTNBR10441
FlashPoint C ISO3679 D93
CetaneNumber ISO5165 D613 K2280
Water mg/kg EN12937
WaterandSediment %v/v D2709
TotalContamination mg/kg EN12662D2276,D5452,
D6217
AshContent %m/m ISO6245 D482 K2272
3TestmethodsmaybeusedwithB100;consultmethodtodetermineifalsoapplicabletoblends.
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14
Property Units CEN/ISO ASTM JIS Other
SulfatedAsh %m/m ISO3987 D874 ABNTNBR984
CarbonResidue:
Ramsbottom,on
100%distillationresidue
%m/m D4530
FerrousCorrosion ratingD665
ProcedureA
Sulfur ppm EN20846/20884 D5453/D2622 K35411, 2, 6or 7
Phosphorus mg/kg EN14107 D4951,D3231
Alkalimetals(Na,K) mg/kgEN14108/EN14109,
EN14538
Alkalinemetals(Ca,
Mg)mg/kg EN14538
Tracemetals D7111
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FourteenorganizationsandindividualssubmittedcommentsontheproposedFirstEditionofBiodiesel
Guidelines from the Worldwide Fuel Charter (WWFC) Committee. All comments were carefully
reviewedandconsidered. Forbrevity, thefollowingdiscussionhasbeenorganizedbyconceptrather
thanbyindividualcomments. Severalhelpfuleditorialandtechnicalcorrectionswereadoptedbutare
not described in this document. For reasons of confidentiality, the individual commenters are not
identified. AswiththeWWFC,theBiodieselGuidelinesrepresentrecommendationsforaglobalmarket,
andassuch,maydifferfromthestandardsofanyparticularcountryorlocation.
GeneralCommentsontheBiodieselGuidelines
Comment: Thescopeshouldincludeotherrenewablefuelsforcompressionignitionengines.
Response: While other renewable fuels are being developed, methyl ester fuels are already
being produced and distributed worldwide today in significant quantities. The
CommitteedecidedtomakemethylesterblendstocksthefocusoftheseGuidelines.
Comment: Theinclusionoffinishedfuel(B5)propertiesconflictswiththeGuidelinesscopeof
B100forblending.
Response: TheGuidelinesareforB100tobeblendedinB5andlowerblends. Incertainplaces
inthetext,however,theCommitteehasidentifiedcertainareasthatrelatetoboth
B100andfinishedfuelspecifications.
Comment: TheGuidelinesincludetoomanyparametersandtakenintotalaremorerestrictive
thananyindividualregionalrequirement.
Response: The Guidelines are intended to provide information regarding allparameters that
are involved in defining a quality blendstock. Certain parameters may not be
applicabletospecificregions.
Comment: TheGuidelinesshouldincluderecommendationsregardingantioxidantusagerates
thatwillprovidestabilitywithoutoveradditizing.
Response: The type and amount of antioxidant required vary depending on the feedstock,
productionprocessandothervariables; therefore, it is impractical to recommend
specificusagetypesandrates.
Comment: The Guidelines include overlapping and potentially conflicting requirements
regardingestercomponentsandstability.
Response:
The
Guidelines
are
intended
to
provide
information
regarding
all
parameters
involved in defining a quality fuel. Certain parameters may not be applicable to
specificregions,but iftheGuidelinesaremetoverall,worldwideB100distribution
wouldbefacilitated.
Comment: Theproposedoxidationstabilitylimitistoostringent,andtherequirementexceeds
therequirementsinmajorregionalstandards.
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Response: Fuelproduction,storage,useandclimatevarysignificantlyaroundtheworld. The
Committee established the Guidelines to apply to engines and vehicles over this
widerangeofconditions.
Comment: TheproposedinclusionofchangeinTAN(deltaTAN)forthefinishedblendconflicts
withtheGuidelinesscopeanddoesnotaddvalue.
Response: DeltaTANisnotincludedamongtherecommendedB100limits. TheCommitteeis
very concerned with finished fuel stability, however, particularly when the fuel is
stored for extended periods, as is common in some regions. The text discusses
deltaTAN to increase awareness and educate fuel distributors and users of the
potential for using this property and method to evaluate finished biodiesel fuel
blends.
Comment: TheinclusionofalimitforIodineNumberandthenoteregardingdifferingopinions
isconfusingandpotentiallymisleading.
Response:
The
Committee
determined
that
inclusion
of
a
limit
value
combined
with
the
note
wasthebestwaytoaccommodateconflictinginformationavailableatthistime.
Comment: Flashpoint isneitherrequirednorappropriatelyset,basedonregionalsafetyand
transportationregulations.
Response: The specified limit provides an appropriate safety guideline. That said, it is not
intendedto,anddoesnot,supersedelocalregulations.
Comment: The proposed limits for water, water and sediment, and total contamination are
overlappingandpotentiallyincompatible.
Response: Different regions have different testing capabilities. Although separate limits for
water and contamination are preferred, the Committee has recommended a
combined water and sediment limit for regions where separate analysis is not
available.
Comment: The proposed limit for ash is not required or supported by the prescribed test
method.
Response: The proposed limit is designed toaddress known problems that higherash levels
causewithdieselparticulateemissioncontrols. AlthoughtheCommittee isaware
ofdeficienciesintheprescribedtestmethod,italsoisawarethatenhancementsto
themethodareavailablethatallowforadequatetesting.
Comment: Theproposedlimitsforalkaliandalkalinemetalsarenotrequired. Theirinfluenceis
controlledbythespecifiedashlimit.
Response: Alkaliandalkalinemetalsareknowntoincreasefuelinjectordepositsindependent
oftheirinfluenceonashcontent.
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3
Comment: Theproposed limit forphosphorus isnot requiredorsupportedby thegiven test
method.
Response: Theproposed limit isdesignedtoaddressproblems thathigherphosphorus levels
causewithexhaustemissioncontrolsystems. AlthoughtheCommitteeisawareof
deficiencies in theprescribed test method, it also is aware thatenhancements to
themethodareavailablethatallowforadequatetesting.
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