b1c cargo handle stow (2)

8/12/2019 B1c Cargo Handle Stow (2)

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Part B Paper 1 General Ship Knowledge (3 hrs, 50% pass)

Function (2): Cargo handling and stowage at the operational level

Competence: Monitor the loading, stowage, securing, care during the voyageand the unloading of cargoes Inspect and report defects and damages to cargo

spaces, hatch covers and ballast tans

Criteria: Cargo operations are carried out in accordance with the cargo plan or

other document and established safety rules and regulations, e!uipment operating

instructions and shipboard stowage limitations" #he handling of dangerous,

ha$ardous and harmful cargoes complies with international regulations and

recogni$ed standards and codes of safe practice" Communications are clear,

understood and consistently successful" #he inspections are carried out in accordance

with laid down procedures and defects and damages are detected and properly

reported"

Cargo handling and stowage

1. Cargo handling, stowage & securing.

i.

. Knowledge o! the effect of cargoin"l#ding hea$ li!ts on the seaworthiness and

stabilityo! the ship.

i. &hen loading d#e regard '#st e had !or the $essels stailit. *he "argo

sho#ld e so distri#ted that there is a reasonale G+ on "o'pletion o!

loading.

3. Knowledge o! sa!e handling, stowage and se"#ring o! "argoes in"l#ding solid

bulk"argoes and dangerous, hazardous and harmful cargoesand their e!!e"t

on the sa!et o! li!e and o! the ship.

i. e!er to -+G Code

/. ilit to estalish and 'aintain e!!e"ti$e communicationsd#ring loading and

#nloading.

i.

5. Definitions of the various terms used in the carriage of goods, i.e. bale

capacity, grain capacity, stowage factors, broken stowage, measurement

cargoes, deadweight cargoes.

i. Bale capacity "#i" "apa"it o! a spa"e when the readth is taen !ro'

the inside o! the "argo attens, the depth !ro' the wood "eiling to the

#nderside o! the de" ea's and the length !ro' the inside o! the

#lhead sti!!eners.


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ii. Grain capacity "#i" "apa"it o! a spa"e when the lengths, readths

and depths are taen right to the plating. n allowan"e is 'ade !or the

$ol#'e o""#pied !ra'es and ea's.

iii.towage factors

the $ol#'e o""#pied #nit weight o! "argo. 2s#all

epressed as "#i" 'eters per tonne. -t does not tae into a""o#nt an

spa"e whi"h 'a e lost d#e to roen stowage.

i$. Broken stowage it is the spa"e etween pa"ages whi"h re'ains

#n!illed. *he per"entage that has to e allowed $aries with the tpe o!

"argo and with the shape o! the hold. -t is greatest when large "ases ha$e

to e stowed in an end hold

$. !easurement cargoes "argo on whi"h !reight is #s#all "harged on the

$ol#'e o""#pied the "argo and this "argo is #s#all light, #l "argo

stowing at 'ore than 1.'34tonne #t 'a also e hea$ "astings o! an

awward shape where a lot o! spa"e is o""#pied.

$i. Deadweight cargoes "argo on whi"h !reight is "harged on its weight.

Cargo stowing at less than 1.'34tonne is liel to e rated as deadweight

"argoes.

. "argo handling e#uipment. *he 'eaning o! afe $orking %oad. *he "orre"t

riggingand safe operation o! derri"s, "ranes, and stores hoists, et".

"argo andling '#uipment(

i. 2nion p#r"hase

1. speed 'ethod o! woring "argo.

. -t sho#ld not e #sed !or loads in e"ess o! .55 tonnes or 143 o! the

S&6 o! the lowest rated derri" #sed, whi"he$er is the least.

3. derri"s are #sed, one eing positioned so as to pl#' the

hat"h and the other to pl#' o$erside.

/. *he r#nners o! the derri"s are 7oined a #nion hoo.

5. S"hooner g# is !ied etween derri"s to a$oid the' splaing apart

as the rise. derri"s sho#ld e topped together

. *he derri"s are held in position slewing g#s. So the derri"s do

not 'o$e d#ring operation. 8nl "argo r#nners 'o$e. Pre$enter g#s

sho#ld e !itted in addition to slewing g#s, passing o$er the derri"

head on"e the derri"s ha$e een !loated !ro' "r#t"hes.

9. *he derri" whi"h pl#'s the load !irst taes the weight and when the

load has een li!ted ao$e g#nwale height, the weight is grad#all

trans!erred to the se"ond derri".

:. &hen the se"ond derri" has all the weight, its !all sho#ld e sla"ed


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awa #ntil the load is landed in the desired position.

;. -t sho#ld e noted that i! the angle etween !alls is 10 degree and the

load is 'idwa etween the derri"s, the tension on ea"h !all is

approi'atel e


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li!e sho#ld e !laed down the de" "lear o! the operational area. ll

persons sho#ld stand "lear

iii. &hen topping li!ts are se"#red to itts, 3 "o'plete t#rns sho#ld e taen

e!ore the / "ross t#rns on top. Pla"e a light lashing to pre$ent spring o!!

o! the wire.

i$. &hen the rig is to e "hanged, the derri" head sho#ld e lowered to the

"r#t"h or to de" le$el !or sa!et

$. *he pawl o! win"h sho#ld e li!ted to allow the derri" to e lowered.

Sea'an sho#ld pa attention when per!or'ing this d#t and read to

release the pawl.

$i. &in"h dri$er sho#ld tae instr#"tions !ro' a single "ontroller with a "lear

$iew o! operation. *he win"h speed sho#ld e in "onsistent with the sa!e

handling o! the g#s

$ii. Cargo r#nners sho#ld e se"#red to win"h arrels 2 olts and

'ini'#' 3 t#rns sho#ld re'ain on the arrel when !#ll etended.

$iii. &hen dragging hea$ "argo !ro' tween de", the r#nner sho#ld e #sed

dire"t !ro' the heel lo" $ia snat"h lo"s

afe andling )ractice for *nion )urchase +ig

i. Sa!e woring angle etween 'arried "argo r#nners sho#ld not e"eed ;0

degrees to a$oid e"essi$e tension

ii. Cargo sling sho#ld e ept as short as possile to "lear the hat"h "oa'ing

iii. erri" sho#ld e topped as high as possile

i$. erri" sho#ld e 'ared with the S&6 when rigged !or #nion p#r"hase.

8therwise, the S&6 sho#ld not e 'ore than 143 o! single derri"

$. Pre$enter g#s o! ade


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steading lines on the / "orners o! the load to "ontrol os"illations d#ring

li!ting

9. ig and test stea' g#s and power g#s to ens#re "orre"t leads. &in"hes

sho#ld all e in do#le gear

:. Che" the l#gs on the load. Che" the "rate4"ontainer o! the load is

rein!or"ed

;. ll non=essential person "lear awa

10. Che" no ostr#"tion #t eno#gh d#nnage on pla"e to land

11. id !ender as ne"essar

1. *ae weight slowl then stop and inspe"t all ro#nd e!ore pro"eed.

13. *he ship 'a ret#rn sharpl a!ter landing the load. *he o!!shore g# "o#ld

e ease o#t as the load lands and li!ting p#r"hase $eer s'artl. &in"h dri$er

sho#ld e "o'petent and #nder "ontrol o! single person

9. *pes o! hatch coversin general #se and their sa!e opening, "losing, sealing and

se"#ring. *an lids, tr#nwa doors, $entilation sste's, hat"hes and other

openings to cargo spaces.

i.

:. *he stowage o! general and 'ied or #nitied tpes o! "argoes in general "argo

ships. *he 'aing and #se o! cargo plans. Preparation o! holds. 2se o!

dunnage. eparationo! "argoes. 6oading and dis"harging pro"esses and the

se"#ring o! di!!erent tpes o! "argo in"l#ding hea$ ite's. >ow to pre$ent or

'ini'ie "argo da'age d#e to sweatand pilferage.

i. "argo plans

1. "argo plan "an help to pre$ent o$er="arring, help the ste$edores at

the port o! dis"harge

ii. )reparation of holds

1.

iii. *se of Dunnage

1. Ship side spar "eiling4"argo attens. -t "onsist o! ti'er !it o$er the

side !ra'es horiontall into "leats on the !ra'es. -t 'a also e !it on

the #lheads at the end o! the "o'part'ent

. *an top "o$ered with a do#le laer o! d#nnage to ens#re !ree

drainage to the ilges.

3. *ween de" "are to ha$e a laer o! d#nnage at ship side o$er the

stringer plate sin"e water tends to a""#'#lated there

/. *op o! "argo prote"ted "o$ering 'atting, wood d#nnage.


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iv. eparation of "argo

1. +ethod depends on tpe o! "argo

-nstan"e=agged "argo separation "loths 'ade o! #rlap

Steel rails "hal 'ars, water paint or strands o! wire

B#l "argo old tarpa#lins or separation "loths

Bales rope arns

*i'er water paints

. 2se polthene sheeting in $ario#s "olo#r to separated "argo !or

di!!erent ports

3. $oid 'iing "argo ade


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5. Che" hat"hes are properl "losed and lo"ed a!ter wor !inished !or

that hold

;. *he stowage o! dr "argoes in bulk carriers. %oading and discharging

'ethods. "tions to e taen in the "ase o! gra damage. *he preparation ofholds !or the 'ore "o''on tpes o! #l "argoes. *he principal hazards to

ship and "rew asso"iated with the "arriage o! solid #l "argoes, and how the

e!!e"ts o! these 'a e minimized.

i. 6oading and dis"harging 'ethods

1. 6oading

2s#all loaded !ro' a spo#t or a tip. *he #l is dire"ted into the

re


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5. 6i'er oards sho#ld e "o$ered with separation "loths or old

tarpa#lins so as to pre$ent the #l getting into the ilges

. ll hat"h ea's sho#ld e in position. *he "ondition o! hat"h oards

and tarpa#lins sho#ld e "he"ed.

9. Shi!ting oards sho#ld e rigged where re


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10. *he handling, stowage, se"#ring and "arriage o! deck cargoes.

i. Aessel '#st ha$e ade


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H. (see Shipoard 8peration, se"ond edition, > - 6a$er, P.3;=/0)

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. es"rie how inerted tans are "leaned and 'ade gas !ree in a A6CC prior to

drdo"ing.

&hen it is desired to gas !ree a tan a!ter washing the "on"entration o!

hdro"aron $apo#r sho#ld e red#"ed p#rging the inerted "argo tan

with -.G

P#rge pipes4 $ents sho#ld e opened to at'osphere and inert gas introd#"ed

into tan #ntil hdro"aron $apo#r "on"entration red#"ed to %

Gas !reeing 'a e e!!e"ted pne#'ati"all, hdra#li"all or stea'=

dri$en portale lower or !ied e


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H.:

(i)

Pre$ent its 'o$e'ent d#ring the $oage

$oid an #nd#l sti!! ship whi"h wo#ld !inall res#lted to ship da'age

Considerale hea$ wood d#nnage will e reea$ plan sho#ld e arranged at the #lhead to a$oid da'age and also

a$oid the' !ro' 'o$ing !orward and a!t dire"tion. #ring pit"hing, whilst

"ho"ing with ti'er at the sides o! the "o'part'ent

Pro$ide e!!i"ient "hain and wire lashing whilst lengths o! old rope laid

etween tier help to pro$ide "o'pa"t stow

*o''ing !ro' de" head ea' or stowed on top hea$ "ases 'a also

pre$ent 'o$e'ent

(ii)

li'e wash the hold e!ore loading, dr #p and $ent thoro#ghl

salt is s#7e"ted to e$aporation and loss weight 5%, so eep it "lear !ro'

those dr "argo liale to tae har' !ro' 'oist#re

neither sho#ld salt e stowed near to wet or 'oist good

do not stow in ins#lated "o'part'ent or re!rigerated "ontainer

spillage sho#ld e re'o$ed i''ediatel when dis"harging so as to a$oid

"orrosion on ship h#ll

dr #p the ilge well and eep "lean

"argo hold shall e !ree !ro' 'oist#re so#r"es, $entilation 'a e re


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(i$)

stowed solid and well "ho"ed o!! to a$oid 'o$e'ent

handle with so!t rope slings o$er whi"h r#er t#ing is !itted to a$oid

tearing the paper

handle !or li!t tr#"s e


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e"eed ;0 and never e"eed 10 . *his is to a$oid e"essi$e tension in the rig.

1;;1, 1;;9

:. 6ist all the in!or'ation that sho#ld e "ontained in a cargo plan.

Cargo PlanI

1. Showing the disposition o! "argo thro#gho#t the $essel on a genero#s s"ale, not

ne"essaril ea"tl to s"ale, to indi"ate the "o'parati$e $ol#'e and sie o!

di!!erent par"el in an "o'part'ent.

. ll pillar, ea', lo"ers and position o! doors sho#ld e sho#ld and it is good

pra"ti"e to indi"ate n#'er and tpe o! derri"s4 "ranes o! ea"h hat"h and length

and readth o! hat"h. *he position o! "argos par"el sho#ld e shown a""#ratel

in relation to these !eat#res.

3. S#itale details sho#ld e ad$isedI whether "argo is on palletsJ whether showed

!or li!t tr#"s an whether or not pre=sling.

/. separation 'ethods to e #sed in "ase that or 'ore tpes o! "argoes loaded in

the sa'e hold

5. an attention ha$e to e drawn the 88& in respe"t to the "argo !eat#re,

re


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patternJ and ens#re s"#pper pl#gs tightened

/. pre$ent !ire and eplosion stopping air intae into a""o''odation and engine

roo'J an all s'oingJ and 'an !ire station on de".

5. re'o$e !#el !ro' de" starting air dri$en p#'ps !or trans!er o! spilled !#elJ

retain s#itale ships tri'J or trans!er spilled !#el into other "argo tan

. restri"t the spread o! spillage on the water s#r!a"e. *he #se o! so'e !or' o!

arrier, i! a$ailale and appropriate to the pre$ailing weather "ondition, 'a ser$e

to red#"e the oil spread

9. report sho#ld e 'ade to appropriate port a#thorit. ll rele$ant in!or'ation ao#t

the in"ident sho#ld e ad$ised as well

:. "lose all a""ess doors and sh#t down $ent sste'

;. "ons#lt S8P@P

10. "lean #p de" 'op #p non=p#'pale re'ainders with loose asorentJ or

"olle"t re'ainder4 asorent in plasti" ags !or disposal "ontra"tors

11. lower the le$el o! sa$e=all

1;;

3. (a) e!ine I (i) broken stowage

(ii) measurementcargo

(iii) deadweight cargo

() hold o! "apa"it 1;; '3 has to e "o'pletel !illed with 11 tonnes o!

ales o! 7#te and ales o! g#nnies.

*he ales o! 7#te 'eas#re 100"' 50"' 0"' and weigh 1:0 Kg ea"h. *he

ales o! g#nnies 'eas#re 100"' 50"' :0"' and weigh 50 Kg ea"h.

"alculate the n#'er o! ales o! ea"h "o''odit that ha$e to e loaded to

"o'pletel !ill the hold with the re


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6et a and e the a'o#nt o! ales o! 7#te and g#nnies to e loaded respe"ti$el

*here!ore 0.1:a L 0.5 11 ======== i)

0.3a L 0./ 1;; ======== ii)

Dro' ii) /;:0 0.95a ====== iii)

P#tting iii) into i), 0.1:a L 1/5 0.1:95a 11

Ma //00 ales

M 1:0 ales

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B;. (a) e!ine (i)Stowage !a"tor

(ii) Broen stowage

() i!!erentiate etween 'eas#re'ent "argoes and deadweight "argoes.

H. B; Stowage !a"tor = the n#'er o! "#i" 'etre o""#pied one tonne o! "argo.

Broen stowage the a'o#nt o! #n#sed spa"e d#e to the irreg#larit o! shape o! the

"argo or "argo spa"e, or the inailit to stow other "argo o$er the top. -t is epressed

as a per"entage o! total spa"e a$ailale.

eadweight "argo "argo that o""#pies less than 1 s


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water and 'oist#re

-! there is an sign o! inse"t in!estation or s'all $er'in, rats or 'i"e, these

'#st e attended to either spraing with appropriate inse"ti"ide or

sealing the holds and !#'igating with so'e appro$ed tpe !o s'oe o'.

S#"h operation sho#ld nor'all "arr o#t appro$ed pro!essional in a sa!e

'anner.

#ring the "leaning pro"ess, "lose attention sho#ld e paid to tan top,

"eiling o, ea's, !ra'es, spar "eiling, hat"h ea', et".

o#le #rlap warping sho#ld e applied on the ilge "o$er plate and

adhered with 'asing tape

>at"h "o$er sho#ld e !#ll weather=tight and a$oid an "han"e o! 'oist#re

'igration.

i"e 'a also "onta'inated odo#r whi"h "an e deodoried

introd#"ing oone thro#gho#t the "argo hold oidiing the o!!ending

'ole"#les

Cargo hoos sho#ld not e #sed !or agged "argo. Dlat weed slings and

"an$as and pre=slinging 'a help to red#"e the "argo loss

*he sho#ld e prote"ted against ostr#"tion s#"h as ea's, ra"ets,

stringers, et", e"a#se as the "argo settles, press#re on the #ns#pported or

pro7e"ting part o! the ag 'a res#lt in tearing and spilling the "ontents.

*he will e ene!it eing prote"ted 'ats, paper, et". !ro' are steel

wor and !ro' liel so#r"es o! 'oist#re r#nning down #lhead, pillar, et"

and ser$e to prote"t the ags !ro' dis"oloration r#st 'etal

Sheeting sho#ld e pro$ided where loss o! "argo 'ight e epe"ted

parti"#larl !or $al#ale "argo, so that sweeping 'a e "olle"ted ad

in"l#ded in the dis"harge.

(see also sea'anship *e"hni - 6a$er, P.5=)

1;;/, 1;;

B;. es"rie how a "argo hold sho#ld e prepared to load a "argo o! ri"e in ags a!ter

"o'pletion o! dis"harging a "argo o! "oal.

PreparationI

"argo hold '#st e properl "leaned and prepared and all "o'part'ents,

in"l#ding sides, stringers, po"ets, ra"ets, et", '#st e "lean, swept, well

$entilated and dried.

#st and s"ale whi"h 'ight "onta'inate the "argo '#st e re'o$ed, paint


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and li'e wash 'a e applied as appropriate to a$oid the dire"t "onta"t o!

s"aled ship side with the grain and also pro$ide a so#nd and hgiene

"ondition to "arr "argo

ll the resid#al gas '#st e, thoro#ghl

ll the ilge well sho#ld e "lean and !ree !ro' an last "argo resid#al, ilge

water and 'oist#re

-! there is an sign o! inse"t in!estation or s'all $er'in, rats or 'i"e, these

'#st e attended to either spraing with appropriate inse"ti"ide or

sealing the holds and !#'igating with so'e appro$ed tpe !o s'oe o'.

S#"h operation sho#ld nor'all "arr o#t appro$ed pro!essional in a sa!e

'anner.

#ring the "leaning pro"ess, "lose attention sho#ld e paid to tan top,

"eiling o, ea's, !ra'es, spar "eiling, hat"h ea', et".

o#le #rlap warping sho#ld e applied on the ilge "o$er plate and

adhered with 'asing tape

>at"h "o$er sho#ld e !#ll weather=tight and a$oid an "han"e o! 'oist#re

'igration.

i"e 'a also "onta'inated odo#r whi"h "an e deodoried

introd#"ing oone thro#gho#t the "argo hold oidiing the o!!ending

'ole"#les

Cargo hoos sho#ld not e #sed !or agged "argo. Dlat weed slings and

"an$as and pre=slinging 'a help to red#"e the "argo loss

*he sho#ld e prote"ted against ostr#"tion s#"h as ea's, ra"ets,

stringers, et", e"a#se as the "argo settles, press#re on the #ns#pported or

pro7e"ting part o! the ag 'a res#lt in tearing and spilling the "ontents.

*he will e ene!it eing prote"ted 'ats, paper, et". !ro' are steel

wor and !ro' liel so#r"es o! 'oist#re r#nning down #lhead, pillar, et"

and ser$e to prote"t the ags !ro' dis"oloration r#st 'etal

Sheeting sho#ld e pro$ided where loss o! "argo 'ight e epe"ted parti"#larl !or $al#ale "argo, so that sweeping 'a e "olle"ted ad

in"l#ded in the dis"harge.

(see also sea'anship *e"hni - 6a$er, P.5=)

1;;

;. &hile loading containerson de" on a ship not spe"iall !itted !or "ontainersI

(i) des"rie the lifting gearo# wo#ld #se


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(ii) state how the "ontainers sho#ld e positionedand secured.

6i!ting gearI

Crane and derri"s these re


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$iii. *i'er shoring sho#ld not e"eed ' in length

i. &ire "lips sho#ld e ade


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Plasti" sheet (ens#re restri"ted $ent wo#ld not res#lt to spoiling "argo)

Eat#ral separation ("argo o! di!!erent !ro', shape or pa"ing)

1;;/

3. es"rie how inerted tanks are "leaned and gas=!reed in a A6CC prior to

drdo"ing.

&hen it is desired to gas !ree a tan a!ter washing the "on"entration o!

hdro"aron $apo#r sho#ld e red#"ed p#rging the inerted "argo tan

with -.G

P#rge pipes4 $ents sho#ld e opened to at'osphere and inert gas introd#"ed

into tan #ntil hdro"aron $apo#r "on"entration red#"ed to %

Gas !reeing 'a e e!!e"ted pne#'ati"all, hdra#li"all or stea'=

dri$en portale lower or !ied e


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and a!ter operations in a "ell#lar ship.

H.3

(a) (see Ship Constr#"tion, Dirth @dition, ? @res P. 1:0)

() Aario#s tpes o! "ontainersI

1. General p#rpose "ontainers. Standard 'eas#re'ents are 0 (or /0) : :.

*he are #sed to "arr wide range o! general "argo.

. B#l "ontainers are si'ilar to 0 (or /0) GP "ontainers e"ept that the ha$e

three "ir"#lar hat"hes in the roo! !or the loading o! #l 'aterial, and a !#rther

hat"h at the otto' o! one o! the doors !or dis"harge.

3. Aentilation "ontainer are also si'ilar to 0 GP "ontainers e"ept that the are

!itted with a passi$e $entilation sste' ad7a"ent to the top and otto' side rails

/. 8pen=sided "ontainers are another $ariation o! the standard 0 #nit. *he ha$e

one open side that is !itted with a gate (in !o#r se"tions) and a roll down "#rtain

that 'a e se"#red to the top rail. *heir 'a7or #se is !or transporting li$esto"

and so'e perishale "o''odities

5. 8pen=top "ontainers 'a e 0 or /0 #nits that are #sed !or large hea$, tall or

awward ite's that "annot e loaded thro#gh the doors o! GP "ontainers.

. >al!=height "ontainers are o! standard length and readth #t onl /3 tall. *heir

#se a$oids wasted spa"e when loading high densit "argoes lie steel rods and

pipe.

9. Dlat=ra" "ontainers are si'pl 0 or /0 "ontainers with no sides or tops. *he

"an there!ore e #sed !or #n#s#all large or awward loads. 8ne parti"#lar #se is

!or loading "argo that "on!or's with "ell g#ide widths #t will not !it within the

internal di'ensions o! an open=top "ontainer e"a#se o! the width o! the top side

rails.

:. e!rigerated "ontainers are ins#lated against heat loss, ha$e *=se"tion !looring and

attens on the doors to allow !ree "ir"#lation o! re!rigerated air and ha$e integral

re!rigerated #nits that are powered !ro' the ships s#ppl. *he 'a e 0 or /0

in length.

;. *an "ontainers are si'pl stainless steel tans !itted within a standard 0 or /0

!ra'ewor. *he ha$e a !illing port at the top "entre and a dis"harge port at the

otto' o! one end and are #sed !or "arriage o! a $ariet o! oth haardo#s and

non=haardo#s li


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(") Container stowage pre"a#tionsI

Be!ore 8perationI

i. Ship stresses in $ario#s stage o! "argo operation shall e appropriate.

ii. Ship shall not e s#!!ered !ro' e"essi$e tri' to ens#re the "ell g#ides

are $erti"al

iii. nti=heeling sste' shall e operational to ens#re the ship #pright.

i$. Container shall e stowage in a""ordan"e with their P8 so as to a$oid

o$er=stowage4 re=handling.

$. G shall e properl stowed and segregated as per -+G Code

$i. e!rigerated "argo shall e stowed in position where ships power s#ppl

a$ailale

$ii. Ballast plan shall e drawn #p

$iii. Cargo loading and dis"harge se


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lashing not 'ore than 3' apart !or "argo height #p to /' ao$e the weather

de" and not 'ore than 1.5' apart !or "argo height o$er '. the spa"ing o!

lashings !or "argo etween these tow height is "al"#lated interpolation

*he reaing strain o! the lashing '#st e at least 13.t

2pright "an e #sed as addition to these lashing whene$er ne"essar to

ens#re a "o'pa"t and se"#re stow.

6ashing '#st e pro$ided with a 'ethod o! ad7#sting their tension on

passage

s#itale walwa '#st e pro$ided on top o! the stow to ens#re sa!e

a""ess, with ladders t de" where appropriate

Sa!et li!elines sho#ld e rigged where ne"essar

-n addition to independent lashing not 'ore than 3' apart, a hog wire is

ro$e etween port and staroard #pright when the logs rea"h a height o! 34/

o! #pright

s other logs are stowed on top o! this wire, it is tightened and the #pright

are p#lled inoard

d#al "ontin#o#s wiggle wire is passed !ro' side to side o$er the top o!

the "argo, thro#gh snat"h lo"s held in pla"e !oot wire to the de" edge

and tensioned leading the wire to win"h.

(see also Shipoard 8peration, se"ond edition, > - 6a$er, P./3=/)

B. (a) State the ad$antages o! "r#de oil washing o$er water washing.

() State whi"h tans sho#ld e "r#de oil washed prior to "o'pletion o! "argo

dis"harge.

C8& ad$antagesI

1. red#"ed ris o! poll#tion

. red#"tion in ti'e o! passage tan "leaning

3. red#"tion in the "ost o! tan "leaning (oth ro#tine and !or dr do")

/. red#"tion in de=sl#dging "osts

5. red#"tion o! salt water dis"harged to the re!iner

. red#"ed "orrosion as less salt water is introd#"ed into the tans d#ring washing

9. in"reases the ti'e a$ailale !or 'aintenan"e

:. in"reased "arring "apa"it (less slops "arried)

;. in"reased dis"harge rates on o$erall stripping ti'e

10. in"reased in the re!inale 'aterial dis"harged.

(see Shipoard 8peration, Se"ond @dition, > - 6a$er, P.1;)


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*ans to e C8& is laid down in +P86

ll "argo tans that are to "ontain allast. Dor a single h#lled taner this

will 'ean the depart#re (dirt) and arri$al ("lean) allast tans. Dor an

segregated allast tan taner onl the "argo tan designated as the hea$

weather tan need e washed !or allast p#rposes.

dditionall approi'atel 5% o! tans on a rotational asis shall e

washed !or resid#al "ontrol p#rposes. Eo tan need e washed 'ore than

on"e e$er / 'onths.

(see Shipoard 8peration, se"ond edition, > - 6a$er, P.1;9)

b1c cargo handle stow (2)

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