Week 26Week 26

Ch. 13.1-2 pg 336 Ch. 13.1-2 pg 336

Cats p 1066-7Cats p 1066-7

Applied Genetics – playing with genes to get traits you want

Q: What do you get when you cross an insomniac, an Q: What do you get when you cross an insomniac, an agnostic, and a dyslexic?agnostic, and a dyslexic?A: Someone who stays up all night wondering if there is a A: Someone who stays up all night wondering if there is a Dog.”Dog.”

Q: What do you get if you cross a chicken with a cement Q: What do you get if you cross a chicken with a cement mixer? mixer? A: A brick layer!A: A brick layer!

What do you get if you cross an octopus with a cow? What do you get if you cross an octopus with a cow? An animal that can milk itself.An animal that can milk itself. What do you get if you cross an elephant with a kangaroo What do you get if you cross an elephant with a kangaroo Big holes all over Australia.. Big holes all over Australia.. What do you get if you cross an insect with the Easter What do you get if you cross an insect with the Easter

rabbit?rabbit?Bugs Bunny. Bugs Bunny.

What do you get when you cross a stream and a brook?What do you get when you cross a stream and a brook?Wet feet. Wet feet.

What do you get when you cross poison ivy with a 4-leaf What do you get when you cross poison ivy with a 4-leaf clover? clover? A rash of good luck. A rash of good luck.

What do you get when you cross an elephant with a jar What do you get when you cross an elephant with a jar of peanut butter? of peanut butter?

An elephant that sticks to the roof of your mouth.An elephant that sticks to the roof of your mouth. What do you get if you cross a shark with a snowman? What do you get if you cross a shark with a snowman? Frostbite.Frostbite. What do you get if you cross a sheep with a vegetable?What do you get if you cross a sheep with a vegetable?

A colliflower. A colliflower. What do you get if you cross a chicken with a kangaroo?What do you get if you cross a chicken with a kangaroo?

Pouched eggs.Pouched eggs. How can you tell a elephant from spaghetti?How can you tell a elephant from spaghetti?

An elephant doesn't slip off the end of your fork.An elephant doesn't slip off the end of your fork. What do you get if you cross a space ship with bacon?What do you get if you cross a space ship with bacon?

An unidentified frying object.An unidentified frying object.

selective breedingselective breeding SelectingSelecting and and matingmating organisms with desired traits of the organisms with desired traits of the

SAME SPECIESSAME SPECIES to produce offspring that also possess desired to produce offspring that also possess desired traitstraits

high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate, high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate, featherless chickens featherless chickens

used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selectionnatural selection, and to support it. , and to support it.

The term is synonymous with "Artificial selection"

All our modern breeds of dog are descended

from the wolf.

So how come they all look and act so differently?

Loyal and intelligent

Small and friendly

Large and strong

Hard-working with a thick coat

Courageous, with a very strong jaw

Very fast and agile

Gamekeepers in the 1800s had a problem. Poachers were entering their land and stealing their game-birds before the shooting season. Their dogs (mastiffs) were big, strong dogs and great companions but they were not aggressive or fast enough to chase after the poachers.

Mastiff Bulldog

Another breed known to them was the bulldog. This was quick and aggressive but not strong enough to pull the poachers down and hold them until a gamekeeper arrived.

What could they do?

Humans have changed the way dogs look and act by choosing which dogs to breed together.

Mastiff – large and strong but slow and not aggressive.

Bulldog – Aggressive and quick but small.

Bullmastiff – Large, quick, strong and aggressive

This is called

Selective Breeding

Perfect!

+

Selective Breeding in AnimalsSelective Breeding in Animals Modern farm animals are quite different from Modern farm animals are quite different from

those 200 years ago due to selective breeding. those 200 years ago due to selective breeding. Egg hens lay more eggs.Egg hens lay more eggs.

For each of the animals below write down one For each of the animals below write down one thing the breeders might have wanted to improvething the breeders might have wanted to improve

Beef cattleBeef cattle Dairy cattleDairy cattle Sheep bred for meatSheep bred for meat Sheep bred for woolSheep bred for wool Pigs Pigs

inbreedinginbreeding

Mating individuals of the Mating individuals of the SAME SAME SPECIESSPECIES that are that are closely relatedclosely related, , resulting in offspring that are resulting in offspring that are homozygoushomozygous for most traits for most traits

Results in more recessive traits being expressed

aa AA

Why is Inbreeding a Problem?

•Most animals carry a few (unknown) recessive genes with undesirable effects on health or performance•These are expressed only when the same allele is inherited from both the mother and father•Inbred animals are more likely to inherit the same recessive gene from both parents

hybridhybrid

An organism whose parents have An organism whose parents have different forms of a trait, different forms of a trait, heterozygous, carrierheterozygous, carrier

test crosstest cross A cross of an individual of A cross of an individual of unknown genotypeunknown genotype

with an individual of with an individual of knownknown (usually (usually homozygous homozygous recessiverecessive) genotype for the trait in question) genotype for the trait in question

nitrogenous basenitrogenous base

A, T, G, C – rungs of A, T, G, C – rungs of the DNA double helixthe DNA double helix

Three code for an Three code for an amino acidamino acid

40 or more amino 40 or more amino acids are called a acids are called a proteinprotein

It’s the order of these It’s the order of these that control traitsthat control traits

genetic engineeringgenetic engineeringaka GEaka GE

cutting DNA from one cutting DNA from one organism and organism and inserting it into inserting it into another organism of another organism of the the same or differentsame or different speciesspecies, ,

creates acreates a genetically modified genetically modified organism (GMO)organism (GMO)

recombinant DNArecombinant DNA

DNA made by DNA made by connecting or connecting or recombiningrecombining fragments of fragments of DNADNA from from different different organismsorganisms

transgenic organismtransgenic organism

Organisms that Organisms that have have recombinant recombinant DNA DNA from a from a different genus, different genus, or even different or even different kingdomkingdom by by means of genetic means of genetic engineering engineering

One type of GMOOne type of GMO

GloFish: the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet

restriction enzymerestriction enzyme

Bacterial Bacterial proteins that proteins that have the have the ability ability to cut both to cut both strands of a strands of a DNA moleculeDNA molecule at a specific at a specific nucleotide nucleotide sequencesequence

vectorvector

The means by The means by which DNA can be which DNA can be transferred into the transferred into the desired organism, desired organism, including viruses including viruses and plasmidsand plasmids

plasmidplasmid

A small ring A small ring of DNA found of DNA found in a bacterial in a bacterial cell, has cell, has different different genes from genes from the the chromosomachromosomal DNA l DNA

cloneclone

Genetically Genetically identical identical copiescopies

Snuppy (right), the first successfully cloned dog, is shown at 67 days after birth with Tai, the three-year-old Afghan hound whose skin cells were used to clone him. South Korean scientists at Seoul National University performed the cloning procedure, and Snuppy was born on April 24, 2005

It all began with Dolly the Sheep in 1996. Dolly (5 July 1996 14 February 2003), a ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell.

electrophoresis p 346electrophoresis p 346

Process that separates DNA Process that separates DNA fragments of different sizesfragments of different sizes

Click here to see!!!!

And now the quiz…..And now the quiz…..

The means by The means by which DNA can be which DNA can be transferred into the transferred into the desired organism, desired organism, including viruses including viruses and plasmidsand plasmids

Organisms that Organisms that have have recombinant recombinant DNA DNA from a from a different genus, different genus, or even different or even different kingdomkingdom by by means of genetic means of genetic engineering engineering

One type of GMOOne type of GMO

GloFish: the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet

Bacterial Bacterial proteins that proteins that have the have the ability ability to cut both to cut both strands of a strands of a DNA moleculeDNA molecule at a specific at a specific nucleotide nucleotide sequencesequence

A cross of an individual of A cross of an individual of unknown genotypeunknown genotype with an individual of with an individual of knownknown (usually (usually homozygous homozygous recessiverecessive) genotype for the trait in question) genotype for the trait in question

A, T, G, C – rungs of A, T, G, C – rungs of the DNA double helixthe DNA double helix

Three code for an Three code for an amino acidamino acid

40 or more amino 40 or more amino acids are called a acids are called a proteinprotein

It’s the order of these It’s the order of these that control traitsthat control traits

A small ring A small ring of DNA found of DNA found in a bacterial in a bacterial cell, has cell, has different different genes from genes from the the chromosomachromosomal DNA l DNA

Genetically Genetically identical identical copiescopies

Snuppy (right), the first successfully cloned dog, is shown at 67 days after birth with Tai, the three-year-old Afghan hound whose skin cells were used to clone him. South Korean scientists at Seoul National University performed the cloning procedure, and Snuppy was born on April 24, 2005

Process that separates DNA Process that separates DNA fragments of different sizesfragments of different sizes

Click here to see!!!!

Selecting and mating organisms with desired traits of the Selecting and mating organisms with desired traits of the SAME SPECIESSAME SPECIES to produce offspring that also possess desired to produce offspring that also possess desired traitstraits

high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate, high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate, featherless chickens featherless chickens

used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selectionnatural selection, and to support it. , and to support it.

The term is synonymous with "Artificial selection"

Mating individuals of the Mating individuals of the SAME SAME SPECIESSPECIES that are that are closely relatedclosely related, , resulting in offspring that are resulting in offspring that are homozygoushomozygous for most traits for most traits

Results in more recessive traits being expressed

aa AA

An organism whose parents have An organism whose parents have different forms of a trait, different forms of a trait, heterozygous, carrierheterozygous, carrier

cutting DNA from one cutting DNA from one organism and organism and inserting it into inserting it into another organism of another organism of the the same or differentsame or different speciesspecies, ,

creates acreates a genetically modified genetically modified organism (GMO)organism (GMO)

DNA made by DNA made by connecting or connecting or recombiningrecombining fragments of fragments of DNADNA from from different different organismsorganisms

Mahalo!!!Mahalo!!!