B3 Spaced learning

Molecules of life

Mitochondria – respiration produces energy here, found in cytoplasm.

Genetic code – controls cell activity and organisms characteristics

Genes - Coded information- each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein

DNA - Controls production of proteins (enzymes) for growth and repairStructure worked out by by Watson

and Crick – used data from other scientists – X-ray of double helix and data on bases in pairs – (not accepted immediately, need for repeat by others

Muscle and liver cells – large number

DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four different bases form cross links between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.

Long coiled molecule – divided into genes

Gene can not leave nucleus – copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Protein – amino acid code is 3 bases, base sequence amino acid sequenceB3

Proteins and MutationsLong chains of amino acids, Example - Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone, Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule

Enzymes – Biological catalyst - proteins that speed up reactions, respiration, photosynthesis protein synthesis.

Different cells and different organisms make different proteins

Mutations - Changes to genes – occurs spontaneously, radiation and chemicals– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein

Optimum temp and pH. (affect rate of reaction)

Different proteins, different number and sequence of amino acids, different shape, different function.

Extreme pH and high temperature – denature(irreversible – shape of active site changed)

Q10 = rate at higher temperature rate at lower temperature

Function of cell determined by switched off/on genes

RespirationMakes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).

Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.

Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate

RQ = Carbon dioxide produced Oxygen used

Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.

Glucose Lactic acid (+little energy)

Lactic acid causes pain and fatigue.

Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH

Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

Cell divisionSimple organisms - Unicellular

Multicellular organisms- Allows organisms to be larger- Allows for cell differentiation- Allows complexity- Requires specialised organs systems

- Cell Communication - Supply of nutrients- Exchange control

Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)

Mitosis

Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.

Meiosis

Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.

Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles

Sperm – produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation. - Many mitochondria to provide energy- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

The circulatory systemComponents of blood:Red blood cells– no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio.White blood cells – fight disease.Platelets – help the blood to clot.Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body.HormonesAntibodiesNutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitaminsWaste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.

Blood travels in:Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.

Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)Right side – lungsLeft side (Ventricle thicker) - body

Transports substances around the body

Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues

Growth and developmentVacuole - Contains cell sap, support

Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support

Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts

Stained slide of onion:

Growth: Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)

Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.

2 phases of Rapid growthBirthAdolescents

Ads and dis advantagesLength – AliveDry mass – Dead – water removed. Wet mass - Alive

Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

Growth of parts differ from whole organism

Plant growth Animal

ContinuousCell division in meristemsEnlargement to gain heightDifferentiate

Final sizeCell division everywhere to gain heightLoose ability to differentiate

1.Cut open an onion2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis 3.Lay on a microscope slide4.Add a drop of iodine solution.5.Place a cover slip over.

New genes for old

Selective breeding:How:• Select desired characteristic• Cross breed• Select suitable offspring over many

generationsDisadvantage:• Reduced gene pool• Inbreeding – health problems• Accumulation of harmful recessive

characteristics• Reduced variationUse: Improve Agricultural yield

Genetic engineering/ Genetic modificationHow:• Select desired characteristic• Isolation of genes responsible• Selected genes transferred artificially from one

type of organism and inserted into another.• Replication of organism.• Produces organisms with different

characteristicsAdvantages:• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders• Desired organisms produced rapidlyDisadvantage:• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect• Ethical issuesExamples:• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –

humans convert to vitamin A• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes

transferred.

Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.Involves body cells or gametesGametes - controversial

CloningExample of asexual reproduction.Produces genetically identical copies.Naturally occurs cloning - twins

Dolly the sheepFirst mammal cloned from an adult body cell.

Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.Advantages - sure of characteristics as identical- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seedDisadvantages-Lack of genetic variation-All plants affected by disease or environmental change

Uses of cloning– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products. - Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.

surrogate mother sheep

Plantlets

Branch cut off, lower leaves removed, put in damp compost (plant hormone – rooting powder used) Covered, roots develop, new plant grows

Tissue cultureSelect characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate

Lets Dance

Molecules of life

Mitochondria – what happens here and where are they found?

Genetic code – definition

Genes – definition?

each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein

DNA – Controls ?

Structure worked out by ?Used data from other scientists ?(not accepted immediately?

Large numbers in?

DNA as two strands coiled to form a __________, four different bases form ________between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs ___ and ___.

Chromosome – definition?

Gene can not __________– copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ________ in the ________.

Protein – amino acid code is ? Base sequence?

Molecules of life

Mitochondria – respiration produces energy here, found in cytoplasm.

Genetic code – controls cell activity and organisms characteristics

Genes - Coded information- each a different sequence of bases for a particular protein

DNA - Controls production of proteins (enzymes) for growth and repairStructure worked out by by Watson

and Crick – used data from other scientists – X-ray of double helix and data on bases in pairs – (not accepted immediately, need for repeat by others

Muscle and liver cells – large number

DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four different bases form cross links between the strands (pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.

Long coiled molecule – divided into genes

Gene can not leave nucleus – copied (mRNA) and protein made (synthesised) in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Protein – amino acid code is 3 bases, base sequence amino acid sequence

Proteins and MutationsDefinition? Example? Type of protein?

Enzymes –definition?Examples of reactions?

______ cells and _______ organisms make ________ proteins

Mutations – definition? occurs spontaneously, _________________– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein

Optimum temp? Definition?

Extreme pH and high temperature – ________?

Q10 = ?

Function of cell determined ______________________genes

Different proteins, have?

Causing adifferent shape and different function.

Proteins and MutationsLong chains of amino acids, Example - Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone, Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule

Enzymes – Biological catalyst - proteins that speed up reactions, respiration, photosynthesis protein synthesis.

Different cells and different organisms make different proteins

Mutations - Changes to genes – occurs spontaneously, radiation and chemicals– different proteins – harmful or beneficial. Alter, prevent production of protein

Optimum temp and pH. (affect rate of reaction)

Different proteins, different number and sequence of amino acids, different shape, different function.

Extreme pH and high temperature – denature(irreversible – shape of active site changed)

Q10 = rate at higher temperature rate at lower temperature

Function of cell determined by switched off/on genes

RespirationMakes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).

Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.

Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate

RQ = Carbon dioxide produced Oxygen used

Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.

Glucose Lactic acid (+little energy)

Lactic acid causes pain and fatigue.

Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH

Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

RespirationMakes ATP produces energy – in plants and animals for muscle contractions, protein synthesis and body temperature control (mammals).

Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.

Experiment – 1 - Resting rate and recovery time - pulse rate taken at intervals. 2- compare respiration rates, O2 and CO2Oxygen consumption – measure of metabolic rate

RQ = Carbon dioxide produced Oxygen used

Anaerobic respiration - When not enough oxygen can be supplied.

Glucose Lactic acid (+little energy)

Lactic acid causes pain and fatigue.

Controlled by enzymes – affected by temperature and pH

Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose, lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.

Cell divisionSimple organisms - Unicellular

Multicellular organisms- Allows organisms to be larger- Allows for cell differentiation- Allows complexity- Requires specialised organs systems

- Cell Communication - Supply of nutrients- Exchange control

Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)

Mitosis

Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.

Meiosis

Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.

Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles

Sperm – produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation. - Many mitochondria to provide energy- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

Cell divisionSimple organisms - Unicellular

Multicellular organisms- Allows organisms to be larger- Allows for cell differentiation- Allows complexity- Requires specialised organs systems

- Cell Communication - Supply of nutrients- Exchange control

Asexual reproduction – Mitosis (copy – genetically identical)

Mitosis

Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic variation.Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid 46). Each one genetically different due to 2 divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.

Meiosis

Required for replacement and repair of tissues and new cells for growth.

Replicate - unzip and form complimentary base pairs, then divide – line up, divide and move to poles

Sperm – produced in large numbers for increased chance of fertilisation. - Many mitochondria to provide energy- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg

The circulatory systemComponents of blood:Red blood cells– no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio.White blood cells – fight disease.Platelets – help the blood to clot.Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body.HormonesAntibodiesNutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitaminsWaste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.

Blood travels in:Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.

Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)Right side – lungsLeft side (Ventricle thicker) - body

Transports substances around the body

Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues

The circulatory systemComponents of blood:Red blood cells– no nucleus – increases space in cell, - contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens in tissues, - size - small, - shape – increased surface area. Large surface area to volume ratio.White blood cells – fight disease.Platelets – help the blood to clot.Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance and transports them around the body.HormonesAntibodiesNutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitaminsWaste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea.

Blood travels in:Arteries – higher pressure, transport blood away from the heart, thick muscular and elastic.Veins – to the heart, large lumen and valves.Capillaries – exchanging material with tissue, permeability.

Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)Right side – lungsLeft side (Ventricle thicker) - body

Transports substances around the body

Double circulatory system – higher pressures, greater flow to tissues

Growth and developmentVacuole - Contains cell sap, support

Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support

Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts

Stained slide of onion:

Growth: Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)

Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.

2 phases of Rapid growthBirthAdolescents

Ads and dis advantagesLength – AliveDry mass – Dead – water removed. Wet mass - Alive

Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

Growth of parts differ from whole organism

Plant growth Animal

ContinuousCell division in meristemsEnlargement to gain heightDifferentiate

Final sizeCell division everywhere to gain heightLoose ability to differentiate

1.Cut open an onion2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis 3.Lay on a microscope slide4.Add a drop of iodine solution.5.Place a cover slip over.

Growth and developmentVacuole - Contains cell sap, support

Cell wall - Made of cellulose, support

Bacteria cells are smaller and simpler – no true nucleus (single circular strand DNA), no mitochondria, no chloroplasts

Stained slide of onion:

Growth: Measured by Height/length, wet mass and Dry mass(best).Is cell division followed by differentiation (specialisation)

Animals– grow in early stages, all parts grow.Plants – grow their whole life, specific parts of the plant grow.

2 phases of Rapid growthBirthAdolescents

Ads and dis advantagesLength – AliveDry mass – Dead – water removed. Wet mass - Alive

Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow

Growth of parts differ from whole organism

Plant growth Animal

ContinuousCell division in meristemsEnlargement to gain heightDifferentiate

Final sizeCell division everywhere to gain heightLoose ability to differentiate

1.Cut open an onion2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of epidermis 3.Lay on a microscope slide4.Add a drop of iodine solution.5.Place a cover slip over.

New genes for old

Selective breeding:How:• Select desired characteristic• Cross breed• Select suitable offspring over many

generationsDisadvantage:• Reduced gene pool• Inbreeding – health problems• Accumulation of harmful recessive

characteristics• Reduced variationUse: Improve Agricultural yield

Genetic engineering/ Genetic modificationHow:• Select desired characteristic• Isolation of genes responsible• Selected genes transferred artificially from one

type of organism and inserted into another.• Replication of organism.• Produces organisms with different

characteristicsAdvantages:• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders• Desired organisms produced rapidlyDisadvantage:• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect• Ethical issuesExamples:• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –

humans convert to vitamin A• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes

transferred.

Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.Involves body cells or gametesGametes - controversial

New genes for old

Selective breeding:How:• Select desired characteristic• Cross breed• Select suitable offspring over many

generationsDisadvantage:• Reduced gene pool• Inbreeding – health problems• Accumulation of harmful recessive

characteristics• Reduced variationUse: Improve Agricultural yield

Genetic engineering/ Genetic modificationHow:• Select desired characteristic• Isolation of genes responsible• Selected genes transferred artificially from one

type of organism and inserted into another.• Replication of organism.• Produces organisms with different

characteristicsAdvantages:• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders• Desired organisms produced rapidlyDisadvantage:• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect• Ethical issuesExamples:• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –

humans convert to vitamin A• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes

transferred.

Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in an attempt to cure disorders.Involves body cells or gametesGametes - controversial

CloningExample of asexual reproduction.Produces genetically identical copies.Naturally occurs cloning - twins

Dolly the sheepFirst mammal cloned from an adult body cell.

Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.Advantages - sure of characteristics as identical- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seedDisadvantages-Lack of genetic variation-All plants affected by disease or environmental change

Uses of cloning– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products. - Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.

surrogate mother sheep

Plantlets

Branch cut off, lower leaves removed, put in damp compost (plant hormone – rooting powder used) Covered, roots develop, new plant grows

Tissue cultureSelect characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate

CloningExample of asexual reproduction.Produces genetically identical copies.Naturally occurs cloning - twins

Dolly the sheepFirst mammal cloned from an adult body cell.

Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.Advantages - sure of characteristics as identical- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seedDisadvantages-Lack of genetic variation-All plants affected by disease or environmental change

Uses of cloning– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products. - Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical dilemmas).- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans (controversial)

Occurs naturally in spider plants, strawberries - runners, potatoes.

surrogate mother sheep

Plantlets

Branch cut off, lower leaves removed, put in damp compost (plant hormone – rooting powder used) Covered, roots develop, new plant grows

Tissue cultureSelect characteristic, - large number of small pieces of tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and conditions.Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate

Exam questions