b4 revision questions · b6 revision cards b6 revision questions higher only questions are in bold....
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B6 Revision cards
B6 Revision Questions
Higher only questions are in bold
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B6 Revision cards
Question 1
• What is the size of a bacterium compared to a plant or animal cell?
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Answer 1
• A bacterium is about 10 times smaller ( a few micrometres)
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Question 2
• List the uses of bacteria
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Answer 2
• Yoghurt
• Cheese
• Fermenters to make many useful substances eg insulin
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Question 3
• What are the four different shapes of bacteria?
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Answer 3
• Rod shaped
• Curved rod
• Spherical
• spiral
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Question 4
• How do bacteria reproduce?
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Answer 4
• Asexual reproduction called binary fission where the bacterium splits into 2
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Question 5
• Some bacteria are producers, how do they feed?
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Answer 5
• Some bacteria that are producers use light energy for photosynthesis, others use chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide or ammonia to make their own food.
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Question 6
What is aseptic technique?
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Answer 6
• When handling bacteria:
• Wear disposable gloves
• Wash hands before and after working with bacteria
• Disinfect work areas
• Sterilise equipment before and after use
• Replace all lids on containers
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Question 7
• What problems are caused by the rapid reproduction of bacteria?
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Answer 7
• Food spoilage
• Inside the body, diseases such as food poisoning, cholera, whooping cough, typhoid, tetanus
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Question 8
• What is the use of a flagellum, cell wall and DNA in a bacterium?
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Answer 8
flagellum – allows bacterium to move
cell wall – keeps the shape and prevents bursting
DNA – controls activities and replication of the bacterium
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Question 9
• Which kingdom is yeast included in?
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• fungus
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Question 10
• How is yeast similar to but different from a plant cell?
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Answer 10
• Yeast has a cell wall and a vacuole but is different because it has no chloroplasts
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Question 11
• How does yeast reproduce?
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Answer 11
• Yeast reproduces asexually by budding
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Question 12
• What is a virus made up of?
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Answer 12
• Viruses are made up of a protein coat containing a strand of genetic material
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Question 13
• What are the optimum conditions for the growth of yeast?
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Answer 13
• Food source
• Optimum pH
• Optimum temperature
• Removal of waste products
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Question 14
• What happens to the rate of growth in yeast when the temperature rises by 10°C?
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Answer 14
• The rate of reaction would double until the optimum temperature when enzymes would begin to denature and the yeast would die
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Question 15
• How do viruses reproduce?
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B6 Revision cards
Answer 15
• Viruses reproduce inside cells:
• Virus attaches to the cell
• Virus injects genetic material into the cell
• Viral DNA enters the nucleus
• mRNA is made which travels to the ribosomesto build proteins
• The host cell dies and splits open releasing many viruses
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Question 16
• What is the name for a harmful microorganism?
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Answer 16
• A pathogen
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Question 17
• Give an example of a disease caused by a bacterium, virus and fungus
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Answer 17
• Bacterium – cholera, food poisoning
• Virus – flu, chickenpox
• Fungus – athlete’s foot
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Question 18
• What are the stages in an illness?
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Answer 18
• Pathogen enters the body
• Incubation period – pathogen numbers increase
• Pathogen makes harmful toxins
• Symptoms appear, fever, high temperature
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Question 19
• How are diseases spread?
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Answer 19
• Contact eg sexually transmitted diseases
• Droplet infection – sneezing etc eg flu
• Contaminated water eg cholera
• Contaminated food eg food poisoning (salmonella)
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Question 20
• What is an epidemic and a pandemic?
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Answer 20
• Epidemic – out break of a disease within a population
• Pandemic – a disease that spreads across the world
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Question 26
what is the problem of overuse of antibiotics?
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Answer 26
• Bacteria have become resistant to diseases
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Question 27
• What did Louis Pasteur discover?
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Answer 27
• ‘germ theory of disease’, bacteria in the air make food decay
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Question 28
• What did Lister discover?
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Answer 28
• Antiseptics killed microorganisms in infected wounds
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Question 29
• What did Fleming discover?
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Answer 29
• Antibiotics. He found that penicillin killed bacteria
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Question 30
• How does resistance arise in bacteria?
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Answer 30
• Mutations give some an advantage
• Bacteria pass DNA to other bacteria passing on resistance
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Question 31
• How can resistance in bacteria be slowed down?
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Answer 31
• Only prescribe antibiotics when needed
• Complete the whole course of antibiotics
• Hand hygiene etc between patients in hospital
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Question 32
• What are the uses of bacteria?
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Answer 32
• Yoghurt, silage, cheese, vinegar, compost
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Question 33
• What is fermentation?
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Answer 33
• When yeast respires anaerobically to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
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Question 34
• What are the stages in yoghurt production?
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Answer 34
• Pasteurise milk at 95°C
Add bacterial culture and incubate at 46°C
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Question 35
• How are spirits made?
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Answer 35
• by distillation
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Question 36
• How are different flavoured wines made and why do they contain different amounts of alcohol?
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Answer 36
• Using different strains of yeast that have different tolerances to alcohol
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Question 37
• What is a biofuel?
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Answer 37
Fuel made from a organic material eg biogas and wood
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Question 38
• What is biogas?
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Answer 38
A mixture of gases usually 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide with traces of hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide
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B6 Revision cards
Question 39
• what is the best temperature for biogas production?
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Answer 39
• 45°C
• Above this temperature enzymes denature
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Question 40
• What is biogas used for?
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Answer 40
• To make enzymes used in respiration and photosynthesis
• So they don’t have discoloured leaves and poor fruit/flower growth
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B6 Revision cards
Question 41
• Why do plants need phosphates?
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Answer 41
• To generate electricity
• To produce hot water and steam
• As a fuel for vehicles
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B6 Revision cards
Question 42
• What are the advantages of biofuels?
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Answer 42
• Recycles carbon dioxide used by plants
• No particulates are formed
• Alternative to fossil fuels
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B6 Revision cards
Question 43
• What are the disadvantages of biogas?
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Answer 43
• May use large areas of land that could be used for food production
• Destroys natural habitats and reduces diversity
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B6 Revision cards
Question 44
• What is soil made up of?
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Answer 44
• Mineral particles
• Living organisms
• Decaying remains of organisms
• Air
• Water
• Dissolved minerals
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Question 45
• Why do plants grow in soil?
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Answer 45
• Absorb water
• Absorb minerals
• anchorage
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Question 46
• What are the advantages/disadvantages of sandy soil?
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Answer 46
• Large particles so drains well
• Big air spaces
• Minerals may leach away
• Soil dries out quickly
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B6 Revision cards
Question 47
• What are the advantages/disadvantages of a clay soil?
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Answer 47
• Small particles mineral rich
• Easily water logged
• Little air
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B6 Revision cards
Question 48
• What is a loam soil?
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Answer 48
• Contains clay and sand
• Large amounts of humus that retain water, add minerals and create air spaces
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B6 Revision cards
Question 49
• How can soils be improved?
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Answer 49
• Add sand to clay to improve drainage
• Add humus to sandy soils to retain water
• Aerate the soil by adding sand, humus and ploughing to allow oxygen for roots and animals
• Add lime to acid soils to neutralise them
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Question 50
• How do earthworms improve soil structure?
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Answer 50
• Burrows aerate the soil and allow drainage
• Burrows mix the soil layers
• Moving organic materials from the surface into the soil forms humus
• Adds chalk from its digestive gland to neutralise soil
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