b4g and beyond

2

Table of Contents

B4G and BeyondB4G and Beyond

Full Dimension MIMOFull Dimension MIMO

Licensed Assisted AccessLicensed Assisted Access

Next Generation Carrier AggregationNext Generation Carrier Aggregation

Enhanced Machine Type CommunicationsEnhanced Machine Type Communications

5th Generation Cellular Systems5th Generation Cellular Systems

Other TechnologiesOther Technologies

3

B4G and Beyond

4

3rd Generation Partnership Project

• Initiated in December, 1998 for development of wireless communication standards

• Collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations– China: CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)

– Europe: ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

– Japan: ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses), TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee)

– Korea: TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association)

– USA: ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)

– India: TSDSI (Telecommunications Standards Development Society of India)

• Specification work done in Technical Specification Groups– GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network): GERAN specifies GSM radio technology, including GPRS and EDGE– RAN (Radio Access Network): RAN specifies the UTRAN and the E-UTRAN– SA (Service and System Aspects): SA specifies service requirements and overall architecture of 3GPP system– CT (Core Network and Terminals): CT specifies the core network and terminal parts of 3GPP

W-CDMA (1999)

W-CDMA (1999)

HSDPA(2002)HSDPA(2002)

HSUPA(2005)HSUPA(2005) LTE (2008)LTE (2008) LTE-A

(2010)LTE-A (2010) B4G (2014)B4G (2014) B4G (2016)B4G (2016)

CDMA, QPSK DL: 16QAMAMC, HARQ

UL: AMC, HARQ DL: OFDMA, MIMOUL: SC-FDMA

CoMP, CA, eICICUL: MIMO

backward compatible backward compatible

Rel-99 Rel-5 Rel-6 Rel-8/Rel-9 Rel-10/Rel-11

Small cells, TDD-FDD

CA

Rel-12

FD-MIMO, LAA, eMTC

Rel-13

?

5

Industry Participation in 3GPP

• Over 100 companies involved in LTE specification development– Mobile Vendors: Samsung, Nokia, Blackberry, LGE, ZTE, Pantech, Motorola, HTC, Apple, …– System Vendors: Ericsson, Huawei, Alcatel Lucent, Nokia Siemens Network, …– Chipset Vendors: Qualcomm, Intel, MediaTek, Broadcom, NVIDIA, …– Service Operators: CMCC, Vodafone, Orange, Verizon, AT&T, KDDI, Sprint, Deutsche Telekom, Korea

Telecom, SK Telecom, NTT DOCOMO, Telecom Italia, Softbank, …– Measurement Instrument Vendors: Agilent Technology, NI, Rohde & Schwarz, …– Terminal Location Providers: TruePosition, Polaris Wireless, ..– Research Firms: InterDigital, ETRI, ITRI, III, …

6

LTE Roadmap

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H 1H 2H

Rel-12

Rel-13

Rel-14

Rel-15

2014.12 2015.3

Stage 3 ASN.1Start of deployment

Stage 3

2015.12

Start of deployment

Stage 3

2017.06

Start of deployment

Stage 3

2018.12

LTE Rel-8: First release of LTE specification (developed in 2008)LTE-A Rel-10/Rel-11: LTE with 4G capabilities (developed in 2010/2012)LTE-A Rel-12/Rel-13: LTE with Beyond 4G capabilities

7

LTE Release 8: First LTE Specification

10ms radio frame, Tf

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9Subframe

Slot, Tslot 0.5 msec

1msec

#0

Resource Block (RB) Resource element

(k,l)

l=0 l=NsymbDL-1

Symbol

Subcarrier15kHz

k = nPRB*NSCRB

4x4 DL MIMO

OFDMA / SC-FDMA: 1.4MHz – 20MHz Flat RAN architecture

Key

tech

nolo

gies

Requirements Target

Peak transmission rate (Mbps) >100 (DL), >50 (UL)

Peak spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) >5 (DL), >2.5 (UL)

Average cell spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/cell) >1.6–2.1 (DL), >0.66–1.0 (UL)

Cell edge spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/user) >0.04–0.06 (DL), >0.02 –0.03 (UL)

User plane latency / Control plane latency (ms) < 10 / <100

8

LTE-Release 10: LTE Advanced (LTE-A)Ke

y te

chno

logi

esCarrier Aggregation

8x8 DL MIMO

4x4 UL MIMO

Time-domain Inter-cell Interference Coordination

Cell range expansion

Almost Blank Subframe

Requirement Target

Peak transmission rate (Mbps) 1000 (DL), 500 (UL)

Peak spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) 30 (DL), 15 (UL)

Average cell spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/cell) 2.4–3.7 (DL), 1.2–2.0 (UL)

Cell edge spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/user) 0.07–0.12 (DL), 0.04 –0.07 (UL)

9

LTE-Release 11: Network Coordination

• Key Technology: CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception)

– Allows network to coordinate wireless resources (time, frequency, transmission power, etc)

– Significant improvement in system performance (Average: 20~30%, Edge: 30~40%)

– Well suited for C-RAN (Centralized Radio Access Network)

10

Small Cell Enhancements

Discovery

Dual Connectivity: Inter-eNB CA

11

TDD-FDD Carrier Aggregation

• Carrier Aggregation– Utilization of multiple LTE carriers to increase UE throughput and peak rate– Key feature of LTE-A currently supported in the latest LTE terminals and networks

• TDD-FDD Joint Operation– A terminal will have support for both TDD and FDD carriers– A network can assign both TDD and FDD carriers to a terminal simultaneously or separately

• Why is it important?– Market demand: Operators with both TDD and FDD carriers (via merger, refarming, etc)– Benefits of both TDD and FDD systems– Flexible load balancing between TDD and FDD carriers

12

eIMTA (Enhanced Interference Mitigation and Traffic Adaptation)

• Time-Division Duplex

– Key benefit: Ratio of uplink and downlink resources can be configured

– Key limitation: Ratio of uplink and downlink resources cannot be configured dynamically

• eIMTA (Enhanced Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation)

– Provide mechanisms to allow dynamic switching between uplink and downlink resources

– Allows network to adapt resources considering uplink and downlink traffic

D S U U U D S U U U

D S U D S UD D D D

dynamically over time,

also between nodes

Hotspot area 1: change UL resource to DL resource

13

Machine Type Communications

§ Mobile devices that we might not be aware of:

§ Machine Type Communications: Communication between machines• Quality of service, quality of experience as not important (devices do not complain)• Data rate is less important compared to coverage (devices do not have ability to move at will)• Modem cost is very important ($30 modem on $1000 smart phone is okay but not on $50 meter)

§ Current mobile networks were designed for humans (i.e. human-human or human-machine)• Internet access, telephony, multi-media downloading or streaming, SMS/MMS

§ Mobile devices that we are used to:

14

Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications

§ Peer discovery• UE discovers other UEs proximate to itself• Mainly for commercial use case

§ Direct communication• UE transmits data to other UE(s) with network

assistance inside network coverage• Broadcast communication is studied in Rel-12

§ Out of network coverage• D2D communication should also be supported in

out of network coverage• Key feature for public safety use case

15

LTE/LTE-A Evolutions

• Carrier Aggregation (Rel-10)• Carrier Aggregation Enhancement (Rel-11)• TDD-FDD Joint Operation (Rel-12)• Dual Connectivity (Rel-12)• Licensed Assisted Access (Rel-13)• Carrier Aggregation Beyond 5 Carriers (Rel-13)

Efficient Frequency Usage

• Downlink MIMO (Rel-8)• Downlink MIMO Enhancement (Rel-9, Rel-10)• Uplink MIMO (Rel-10)• Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (Rel-10)• Coordinated Multi-Point TX/RX (Rel-11)• Network Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression (Rel-12)• Full Dimension MIMO (Rel-13)

Higher Spectral Efficiency

• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (Rel-9)• Voice over LTE (Rel-9)• Machine Type Communications (Rel-12)• Device-to-Device (Rel-12)• Enhanced Machine Type Communications (Rel-13)

Support of New Services

16

Full Dimension MIMO

17

Concept of Full Dimension MIMO

© SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary

3 dimensional beamforming operation with 2D antenna arrayw Dynamic/flexible vertical or horizontal or 3D sectorization

w 3D UE-specific beamforming with high-order multiuser MIMO

w Legacy systems only have freedom in horizontal domain

Vertical sectors

Hotspot

Flexible V/H sectorizationFlexible V/H sectorization 3D beamforming3D beamforming

18

Concept of Full Dimension MIMO (2/2)

Full Dimension MIMO system: 2D array structure with AAS (Active antenna system)w 2D patch antenna array with PA integration

w Flexible port to antenna array mapping (UE specific and/or cell-specific)

w Enable 3D (vertical and horizontal) beamforming

Patch antenna

Feed network

8TX(8Hx1V)

32TX(8Hx4V)

FD-MIMO baseband

CPRIs

IP

LTE infrastructure

FD-MIMO systemFD-MIMO system

Baseband+PA

Passive antennas

Legacy systemLegacy system Flexible systemFlexible system

Flexible 2D port mapping

19

3D Channel Model (1/3)

3D extension of spatial channel model (SCM)w Long-term channel characteristics of UE height (e.g LOS probability of UE and pathloss)

w Short-term channel characteristics of vertical domain and UE height (e.g. Zenith angle spread in departure as well as arrival)

x

x

y

y

horizontalplain

2D Cluster

path

z

z3D Cluster

3D antennapattern

Short-term channel extensionShort-term channel extensionLong-term channel extensionLong-term channel extension

NLOS

Increase chance of LOS

Increase chance of LOS

Reduce pathloss(height gain)

subpath

20


25m

1.5m

View at eNB antenna

Horizon

3D UMa3D UMa2D UMa2D UMa25m

1.5m

3D extension of deployment modelw UMa (Urban Macro model): eNB antenna is above rooftops (25m from ground)

3D extension of UE dropping modelw 80% UE location on 1st ~ 8th floor in indoor buildingsw Higher chance of MU-MIMO (ex: center and edge UEs on different floors)

21


3D extension of deployment modelw UMi (Urban Micro model): eNB antenna is below rooftops (10m from ground)

3D extension of UE dropping modelw 80% UE location on 1st ~ 8th floor in indoor buildingw For cell center UEs, increased beamforming angle in vertical domain

10m

1.5m

View at eNB antenna

Horizon

3D UMi3D UMi2D UMi2D UMi

10m

1.5m

View at eNB antenna

22

Potential Specification Impact

• Enhanced CSI-RS– For measurement of large number of antennas in 2-D antenna array panel

• Enhanced DMRS– For providing large number of orthogonal DMRS ports for high order multi-user

multiplexing

• Enhanced CSI (Channel Status Information)– For reporting preferred precoding information with accuracy but with low

overhead

– For provisioning accurate link adaptation in the presence of multi-user interference

• New transmission schemes– Open loop, semi-closed loop transmission schemes for lowering CSI overhead

23

Preliminary Performance Evaluation (1/3)

Evaluation of FD-MIMO with system level simulationw Based on new channel model: 3D UMa, 3D UMi

w Number of antenna ports: 8, 16, 32, 64 ports

w Overhead assumption: no overhead

Scheduling algorithmScheduling algorithmEvaluation scenarioEvaluation scenario

Simple PF scheduling is applied

• Step1: Select best UE with SU-CSI

• Step2: Add UE if sum of PF metric is increased

with considering MU interference

• Step3: Recalculate CQI for MU scheduling

Parameter Value

Layout 19 cells with 3 sector

Scenario 3D UMa (ISD:500m), 3D UMi (ISD:200m)

TX power 46dBm(3D UMa), 41dBm (3D UMi)

Carrier frequency 2GHz

Bandwidth 10MHz

Number of UEs 10 UEs per cell

HARQ scheme IR asynchronous retransmission

Link adaptation LTE MCS selection with 10% BLER

CSI feedback Ideal subband Rel.10 SU-CSI

Channel estimation Ideal estimation without error

Element configuration 60º for both vertical and horizontal with 6.5dBi

UE mobility 3Km/h with 3D dropping

24


Zenith angle distributionZenith angle distributionGeometry distributionGeometry distribution

Results of geometry and UE’s zenith angle distributionw No significant change on geometry with new 3D UE distribution

w Slightly better geometry in 3D UMi (due to high LOS probability) than 3D UMa

w Large zenith angle of interest in 3D UMi (90~120º in 3D UMa, 57~130º in 3D UMi)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00

CDF

[%]

Geometry [dB]

3D UMi geometry3D UMa geometry

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.00 30.00 60.00 90.00 120.00 150.00 180.00

CDF

[%]

ZoD [degree]

3D UMa3D UMi

25


System performance of MU-MIMOw By increasing number of antennas in V or H domain:

Narrower beam provides significant MU gain (1x8)à(1x64): x2.2 in avg, x4 in edge

w With 2D array structure:Can achieve significant gain with 3D beamforming (1x8)à(8x8): x1.76 in avg, x3.3 in edge

Cell vs 5% edge throughputCell vs 5% edge throughputCell throughputCell throughput64 ports

32 ports

16 ports

8 ports

1x64

2x32

4x16

8x81x32

2x164x8

8x44x4

26

PoC Status - Overview (1/4)

“World’s First FD-MIMO system”w Indoor/outdoor tests for LTE TDD with 10MHz bandwidth @ 2.582GHz

w 128 elements configured as 32Tx/32Rx (subarray of 1x4 elements)

UE emulators

FD-MIMO RF unitwith antenna panel

Front view

Back view

FD-MIMOBaseband unit

• Compliant with LTE air interface

• 32 channel precodingwith sounding

• 4-UE MU-MIMO

• 128 elements• 32 TX/RX• TDD, 2.582GHz• Automatic self

calibration• Size: 50x100cm

• Indoor testv 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ adaptive beamforming based on

SRS• Outdoor test

v Test 1: 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ fixed beamformingv Test 2: 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ adaptive beamforming

based on SRS

• Indoor testv 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ adaptive beamforming based on

SRS• Outdoor test

v Test 1: 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ fixed beamformingv Test 2: 2-UE MU-MIMO w/ adaptive beamforming

based on SRS

Over-the-air testOver-the-air test

UE emulator#1

27

PoC Status - Overview (2/4)

Indoor PoC test set upw 2-UE MU-MIMO with adaptive BF based on SRS with beam tracking update every 10 msw Measured receiver SNR: ~44dB SNR @ 64QAM SU-MIMO

~21dB SNR @ 64QAM 2-UE MU-MIMO

FD-MIMO baseband with GPS clock source

~0.6% EVM @ 64QAMUE monitors

FD-MIMO RFU

16⁰ azimuth6⁰ elevationbeam width

8dBi UE2 antenna

UE emulator 2

8dBi UE1 antenna

UE emulator 1

28

PoC Status – Outdoor Field Test#1 (3/4)

Outdoor PoC test #1 (fixed beamforming)w Purpose was to compare single UE SU-MIMO and 2-UE MU-MIMOw UEs were located 100m away from FD-MIMO antennaw Compared to SU-MIMO, 2-UE MU-MIMO achieved ~1.8x capacity

MU-MIMO test locations

SNR Code rate Throughput Cell capacity

Reference: 1 UE SU 38dB 0.95 37.8Mbps 37.8Mbps

FD-MIMO UE#1 19dB 0.9 35.4Mbps68.9Mbsp

FD-MIMO UE#2 19dB 0.85 33.5MbpsRFU setup

UE setup

29

PoC Status – Outdoor Field Test#2 (4/4)

Outdoor PoC test #2 (adaptive beamforming based on SRS)w Azimuth/elevation beam-tracking test for 1-UE SU-MIMO and 2-UE MU-MIMO

Beam tracking consistently performs well with narrow beams (6º/12º in V/H 3dB)w Single user case: SNR 26~34dB with 2~5% EVMw MU-MIMO case: SNR 16~21dB with 8~15% EVM

eNB height (~10m)32-ch TRX

128-element antenna eNB

Route#1

Route#0

Route#2

UE#1

UE#2

Route 1 MU

UE1UE2

30

Licensed Assisted Access

31

Licensed vs Unlicensed Band

Licensed BandLicensed Band Unlicensed BandUnlicensed Band

• License typically requires a fee (a big one)

• Operator retains exclusive rights for use

• For macro coverage with cell planning

• High transmission power (ex. 46dBm)

• Suitable for providing large coverage

• A frequency resource is used by single radio access technology (ex. LTE, WCDMA)

• Communication based on resource allocation, link adaptation, HARQ, scheduling, interference control

• QoS can be guaranteed

• No license and therefore no fee (free)

• Anyone can use

• For local coverage with limited planning

• Low transmission power (ex. 23dBm)

• Coverage is limited

• A frequency resource is used by multiple radio access technologies (ex. Bluetooth, WiFi)

• Communication based on collision avoidance

• QoS cannot be guaranteed

32

Licensed vs Unlicensed Band

• Licensed band is preferable for providing consistent user experience– The amount of available licensed spectrum is limited and costly

– Radio technologies: LTE, W-CDMA, cdma2000, HRPD, GSM, IS-95, etc

• Unlicensed band is preferable for providing inexpensive wireless services– Significant amount of unlicensed spectrum in 2.4GHz and 5GHz for free

– Radio technologies: Bluetooth, wireless phones, IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac, etc

• What if technologies for licensed spectrum can be used on unlicensed spectrum?– LTE on unlicensed band (LTE-U or LAA)

33

Unlicensed Spectrum

• Two main unlicensed spectrum bands in use globally:

– 2.4GHz: Extensively used for Bluetooth, WiFi (IEEE 802.11b), wireless phones

– 5GHz: Relatively new and used mainly for WiFi (IEEE 802.11a/n/ac)

• Up to 500MHz available 5GHz unlicensed spectrum

– Depends on regional regulations

– Additional WiFi spectrum under consideration to be discussed and decided after WRC-15

(5350MHz~5470MHz and 5825MHz~5925MHz)

34

• Conventional LTE/LTE-A: Data and control signaling on licensed carrier

• WiFi: Data and control signaling on unlicensed carrier

• LAA: Data on licensed and unlicensed carrier but control on licensed carrier only

Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) Concept

Licensed

Data

f

Licensed

Data

f

Licensed

Control

f

Unlicensed

Data

f

Unlicensed

Data

f

Unlicensed

Control

f

Licensed

Data

f

UnLicensed

Data

f

Licensed

Control

f

Licensed Assisted

35

LAA Operation

• Basic operation relies on LTE-A carrier aggregation mechanism

• Two LTE carriers are utilized for a single LAA terminal

– One LTE carrier on licensed band à Mobility support, reliable data/control pipe

– One LTE carrier on unlicensed band à Data fat pipe

Source: Qualcomm

36

LAA Network Architecture

• Existing core network is reused

– Unified authentication and security management, OSS and radio resource management

– No need for two separate networks (i.e. one for LTE/LTE-A and another for LTE-U)

• All network functionality enhancements are on the eNB side

– Only eNB upgrade is necessary

Source: Huawei

37

Benefits of LAA

• Extending the benefits of LTE/LTE-A to unlicensed spectrum

• Despite benefits, LAA deployment depends on coexistence with pre-existing networks

Enhanced User Experience Unified LTE Network

Cellular mechanism over unlicensed band

(coverage, mobility, QoS control)Same core elements

Improved spectral efficiency vs WiFi

(link adaptation, HARQ, interference management)Same mobility and security framework

38

WiFi Deployment Status in Korea

• Korea’s three operators have heavily invested in deployment of WiFi APs

– Example: Korea Telecom has close to 100,000 WiFi zones in operation (ref: http://zone.wifi.olleh.com/index.action)

– Large portion of commercial APs operate on 5GHz using IEEE 802.11n

– Since 2013, commercial IEEE 802.11ac APs have been deployed throughout Korea

– All latest flagship smart phones have 802.11ac capability

<Wi-Fi Deployment Korea, August 2012>

AP Types KT SKT LGU+ Total

Wi-Fi Zones(APs Deployed)

99,000(174,000)

73,000(102,000)

19,000(82,000)

191,000(358,000)

Coffee shops, residential 1.58 million 0.34 million 1.93 million 3.85 million

Total 1.75 million 0.44 million 2.01 million 4.21 million

39

LAA and Coexistence

• Regulation on unlicensed band differs by region

– US: No LBT requirement, Europe/Japan: LBT requirement enforced

• Even for regions without LBT, coexistence of WiFi and LTE is very important

– LTE is designed for harsh interference environments

– WiFi is designed to avoid collisions à to protect itself and to protect other terminals

• Support of coexistence mechanism for is the most important part LAA standardization in Rel-13

– Without a coexistence mechanism, WiFi performance could be degraded

Requirements on Unlicensed Band

Listen Before Talk (LBT) Before transmitting, terminal scans for channel usage by other terminals

Transmit power control (TPC)Used to ensure a mitigation factor of at least 3 dB on the aggregate power

from a large number of devices

Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) Upon detection of radar activity, terminal reallocates to another channel

40

LAA Deployment Scenarios

41

LAA Evaluation Results

• LAA-WiFi coexistence performance– Baseline: performance of Wi-Fi network (Operator 1) coexisting with Wi-Fi network (Operator 2)

– Target: performance of Wi-Fi network (Operator 2) coexisting with LAA network (Operator 1)

• Case 1: LBE-based LAA with 4ms and 10ms maximum channel occupancy time

• Case 2: FBE-based LAA with 5ms and 10ms fixed frame duration

* Evaluation assumptions- Indoor scenario- 4 AP/eNBs per operator- 40 UE per operator- 4 channel for both operators- High load condition (72% buffer occupancy)

42

Next Generation Carrier Aggregation(Carrier Aggregation Beyond 5 Carriers)

43

Carrier Aggregation Beyond 32 CCs

• Carrier aggregation history– Rel-10: Introduction of CA (up to 5 carriers, 100MHz)

– Rel-11: TDD CA enhancement (flexible UL/DL ratios)

– Rel-12: TDD-FDD CA, dual connectivity (inter-eNB CA)

– Rel-13: CA beyond 32 CCs

• Carrier aggregation (CA) is the most successful LTE-A feature– Every year, CA capability in terminals are enhanced à 4CC CA coming soon

• In order to fully utilize unlicensed band, next generation CA is necessary– Up to 32 component carriers: up to 640MHz and 25.6Gbps

44

Key Specification Support

PUCCH on Scell

CA of up to 32 CCs CA of up to 32 CCsCA of up to 32 CCs

PUCCH on ScellPUCCH on Scell

Licensed band Unlicensed band

…

PUCCH PUCCH

PCell

SCellIdeal backhaul

1 2 3 4 5 6 32

- In Rel-12, PUCCH on Scell was introduced to support dual connectivity between inter-eNBCA with non-ideal backhaul

- For Rel-13, PUCCH on Scell will be specified to support intra-eNB CA with ideal backhaul

- Until Rel-12, CA with only 5 CCs was

supported

- For Rel-13, CA of up to 32 CCs will be specified

with necessary enhancements in DL/UL

control channels

45

Enhanced Machine Type Communications

46

Rel-12 Low Cost & Enhanced Coverage MTC (1/2)

• 3GPP work schedule: 2013.6 ~ 2014.12

• Rapporteur: Vodafone

• Key objectives

– 1 Rx antenna

– Reduced maximum Transport Block Size (TBS) (downlink/uplink)

– Reduced channel bandwidth (BW)• Reduced downlink channel bandwidth of 1.4 MHz for data channel in baseband

(à eventually, no bandwidth reduction is specified in Rel-12)

• The control channels are still allowed to use the carrier bandwidth

• Uplink channel BW and BW for uplink and downlink RF remains the same as that of normal LTE UE

* The scope was reduced by removing coverage improvement aspects ( à deferred to Rel-13)

Reduced Max TBS à cost reduction in terms of soft buffer, decoding process, etc. Reduced Max TBS à cost reduction in terms of soft buffer, decoding process, etc.

1 Rx antenna à cost reduction in terms of Rx filter, FFT process, channel estimator, ADC, post-FFT data buffer, etc.1 Rx antenna à cost reduction in terms of Rx filter, FFT process, channel estimator, ADC, post-FFT data buffer, etc.

47

Rel-12 Low Cost & Enhanced Coverage MTC (2/2)

• Rel-12 specification details– 1 Rx antenna (à New RAN4 requirements)– New UE category (Category 0)

• Max spatial layer for downlink and uplink: 1• No 64 QAM in uplink• Max TBS size is reduced 1000 bits for unicast traffic

– For broadcast traffic, 2216 bits (à to support current SIB)• No restriction on the number of PRBs for broadcast traffic (à i.e. no cost saving in terms of PRB)

– For unicast traffic, the number of PRBs is restricted by Max 1000-bit TBS• Total number of soft channel bits: 25344 bits

– Half-duplex FDD operation• Rx-to-Tx guard period: UE not receiving the downlink subframe immediately preceding an uplink subframe• Tx-to-Rx guard period: UE not receiving the downlink subframe immediately following an uplink subframe

UE Category Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received

within a TTI (Note 1)

Maximum number of bits of a DL-SCH transport block

received within a TTI

Total number of soft channel bits

Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in

DLCategory 0 1000 1000 25344 1

UE Category Maximum number of UL-SCH transport block bits transmitted within a TTI

Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI

Support for 64QAM in UL

Category 0 1000 1000 No

<Downlink>

<Uplink>

48

Rel-13 Further LTE PHY Layer Enhancements for MTC

• 3GPP work schedule: 2014.9 ~2015.12• Rapporteur: Ericsson• Key objectives

– UE Cost reduction (e.g. 1.4MHz narrowband operation)– Coverage enhancement (15 dB improvement)– UE Power Consumption reduction

• Expected benefits– New revenue generation for operators by means of boosting LTE based MTC UE– Enable cellular IoT

49

Rel-13 Further LTE PHY Layer Enhancements for MTC

• Rel-13 candidate solutions– Low complexity

• Reduced UE bandwidth of 1.4 MHz in downlink and uplink• Reduced maximum transmit power• Reduced support for downlink transmission modes• UE processing relaxations (e.g. reduced number of HARQ process, reduced CSI reporting mode, etc.)

– Coverage improvement• Subframe bundling• Elimination or repetition of control channel• Cross-subframe scheduling

– Power consumption reduction• Reduced active transmit/receive time• Reduction of measurement time/reporting, feedback signalling, etc

• Cost reduction estimation (RP-141180)

Feature Cat-4 Cat-1 Rel-12 Low Complexity UE

Rel-13 Low Complexity UE

UE RF Bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 1.4 MHzDL Peak Rate 150 Mbps 10 Mbps 1 Mbps ~200 kbps

Max No of DL Layers 2 1 1 1UL Peak Rate 50 Mbps 5 Mbps 1 Mbps ~200 kbps

No of RF Rx chains 2 2 1 1Max UE Tx power 23 dBm 23 dBm 23 dBm ~20 dBm

Duplex Mode Full Full Half (optional) Half (optional)Relative BOM Cost 125% 100% 50% 20-25%

50

Enhanced Device to Device Communications

§ Rel-12 D2D• D2D communication is based on broadcast.

— Unicast and groupcast are supported by broadcast D2D communication• Discovery is supported only inside the network coverage• Relay is not supported

§ Potential D2D enhancements in Rel-13• Enhanced D2D unicast communication by introducing feedback scheme.

— AMC and HARQ can be supported for D2D communication

• Support of NW to UE relay and/or UE to UE relay• Discovery for out of network coverage

Rel-12 D2D satisfies basic requirements of public safety.Some requirements are still unsatisfied, e.g., unicast, relay functionalities, etc.Public safety community may try to enhance D2D in Rel-13.

51

Enhanced NAICS

§ Rel-12 NAICS specification supports• Inter-TP interference scenario without tight inter-TP coordination and scheduling restriction

— Network assistance by higher-layer signalling (subset of interference parameters)

• Large part of NAICS relies on blind detection — Feasibility was proved only for up to 2 CRS ports and up to 2 DMRS ports— Still FFS for CRS TMs in case of 4 CRS ports

§ Potential NAICS enhancements in Rel-13• Network assistance for dynamic interference parameters

— In MU-MIMO scenarios or tight network coordination scenarios

• Support for CRS TMs in case of 4 CRS ports• Support for larger than 2 DMRS ports• IS/IC for PDCCH or ePDCCH• Study on further advanced receivers, e.g. CWIC or Iterative ML

Rel-12 NAICS focuses onSL-IC/R-ML receivers for PDSCH IS/IC of without tight network coordination

IS/IC for up to 2 CRS ports and up to 2 DMRS ports

eNAICS could consider MU-scenarios, more CRS/DMRS ports, or other receiver types

52

Indoor CoMP

§ Rel-11 CoMP specification supports:• Feedback enhancement and L1 signaling enhancement for CoMP (CS/CB, DPS and JT)

• Coordination between up to three TPs— Up to three CSI-RS/CSI-IM resources for channel/interference measurement

§ Rel-12 eCoMP specification supports:• Inter-eNB coordinated scheduling assuming non-ideal backhaul

— L3 signalling enhancement to support tight coordination between eNBs

§ Potential further enhancement of CoMP in Rel-13 (from Ericsson):• Main scenario would be indoor office environment with many interfering nodes

• To support coordination between in indoor environment— Enhancements to reduce IMR overhead

— Enhancements to CSI feedback for larger number of nodes

Rel-11 CoMP considers coordination between up to 3 TPs assuming ideal backhaul

Rel-12 eCoMP focuses on inter-eNB coordination assuming non-ideal backhaul

Proposal for Rel-13 is to expand and focus on indoor scenarios (many interfering nodes)

Indoor nodes interfering with each other

source: Ericsson

53

Flexible Duplex (1/2): Motivations

§ Mobile data traffic share by application type (Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, 2013)

§ The asymmetric nature of downlink and uplink traffic in reality• Downlink is heavier in most cases (ex: for video streaming, UL is less than 5% of DL)

• However, depending on location, time, and application type, uplink could account for a large portion (ex: social networking)

Downlink and uplink traffic volume is expected to become more asymmetricw Due to larger dominance of video traffic (DL:UL>20:1) in mobile data

FDD’s equally divided downlink/uplink doesn’t fit well with realistic traffic situationsw On the other hand, TDD is able to control the ratio of DL/UL (UL/DL configurations, eIMTA)

2012 2018

Video Video

54

Flexible Duplex (2/2): Further Discussions

§ Consider different duplex directions on the same band of a FDD cell• Uplink frequency can be used for both uplink and downlink transmission to cope with asymmetric

uplink and downlink traffic ratio

• Consider transmitting uplink SRS transmissions on downlink frequency to allow FDD systems to utilize channel reciprocity for downlink MIMO

§ Consider eIMTA-like specification support for FDD• Configuration of UL/DL subframes on the two bands switched in a small time scale

Considering the current limitations of FDD in terms of traffic adaptation, flexible duplex could be one of the enhancements for consideration in Rel-13w eIMTA-link specification support for FDD

55

5th Generation Cellular Systems

56

5G Vision

Network architecture design is expected to be evolved in the 5G erato enable flexible deployment and smart operation.

Access Network

Core Network

Platform Management Plane

Service Mgmt.EMS*/NMS*

Data from CRM*, SNS* etc.

PM* data from Network

Big Data

§ Optimization of network-control related parameters

§ VNF* migration§ VNF scale in/out or scale up/down

SON

AnalyticsUtilization to industries for the business insight

*CRM: Customer Relationship Management

*SNS: Social Network Service*PM: Performance Management

VNF (e.g. SGW/PGW/MME, Cache, Local contents…) Probe NFV platform (Server/Storage)

57

7 Key Requirements for 5G

Peak Data Rate [Gbps]

Cell EdgeData Rate

[Mbps]

Cell SpectralEfficiency[bps/Hz]

IMT-2020

IMT-Adv

Mobility [km/h]Cost Efficiency [Bit/$]

SimultaneousConnection[104/km2]

Latency[msec]

58

Ultra Fast Data Transmission

Order of Magnitude Improvement in Peak Data Rate

Peak Data Rate

[1] Theoretical Peak Data Rate[2] Data Rate of First Commercial Products

Peak Data Rate > 50 Gbps

‘10‘00 ‘20‘07

50 Gbps

1 Gbps

Year

Data Rate

384 kbps[2]

75 Mbps[2]

6 Gbps[2]

14 Mbps[1]

1 Gbps[1]

50 Gbps[1]

More than x50 over 4G

59

Ultra Fast Data TransmissionLatency

Cell EdgeData Rate

E2E Latency < 5 msec

Air Latency < 1 msec

10 ms

1 ms

5 ms

50 ms

E2E Latency

Air Latency

A Tenth of Air Latency

A Tenth of E2E Latency

10 ms

QoEBS Location

Cell Edge

QoEBS Location

Uniform ExperienceRegardless of User-location

1 Gbps Anywhere

Uniform Experience of Gbps Speed andInstantaneous Response

60

Spectrum Candidates

Candidates for Large Chunks of Contiguous Spectrumw 13.4~14 GHz, 18.1~18.6 GHz, 27~29.5 GHz, 38~39.5 GHz, etc

Higher Frequency Candidates

EESS (Earth Exploration-Satellite Service) FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) RL (RadioLocation service), MS (Mobile Service) FS (Fixed Service) P-P (Point to Point) LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Services)

ITU

13.4 14 27 29.5 38 39.5

26.5 29.5 31.3 33.4 40.2 42.5

27.5 29.5 31.3 33.8 41 42.538.6 40

MOBILE Primary MOBILE Primary

No MOBILE No MOBILE

MSFS

FSS

EESSFSSRL

MSFS

FSS

MSFS

FSS

Current UsageUS: LMDS, FSSEU: Fixed P-P link , FSS earth sta.China: Mobile, FSSKorea : Maritime use

Current UsageUS: Fixed P-P systemEU: Fixed P-P link Korea : None

18.618.1

61

mmWave Propagation : Modern Office

Electric Field Measurements in Typical Office Environmentsw High data rate support is possible with proper deployment of low power BSs

Electric field measurements Office pathloss model

□ Measurements at 148 Rx locationsü Tx: 2 beams with HPBW 30° each, Rx: Dipole antenna

□ Pathloss model from ref. location

□ Possible to provide coverage over whole office with 2 BSsü SNR is expected to be above 5 dB (BS Power 23 dBm, 500MHz BW)ü Min. 500 Mbps can be supported (Noise Figure 5dB)

ü Reference : 3m distance LoSü Measured location: 4m ~ 63m LoS/NLoS

□ Exponent 2.1 is observed by regression

Path

loss

[dB

]

Distance [m]

62

Channel Measurement – Indoor

Channel sounder and structure map

□ Measurements at Total 16 Rx Locations

ü Tx-Rx Distance : 10m ~ 40mü Max. RMS delay spread : 83.7 [ns] at location 13

16 2

9

416 15

310

□ Perspective from the 3rd FL Tx Location

□ Exemplary Channel Parameter Modeling (location 1)

ü AoA/AoD power distributionü Clustering

Exce

ss D

elay

[ns]

AoD [deg.]AoA [deg.]

Pow

er [d

B]Po

wer

[dB]

AoA [deg.]

AoD [deg.]

□ Tx-Rx Channel Sounder

[ KAIST KI Bldg., Korea ]

Extensive channel measurements have been conducted and ongoing in Koreaw Horn-Ant. based channel sounder with Tx-Rx Sync. has been developed w Omni-directional channel modeling of small scale parameters underway (e.g. Clustering, AoA/AoD)

63

Channel Measurement – Outdoor

Similar path-loss exponent & smaller delay spread measured (w.r.t. current cellular bands)w Measurements were made by using horn-type antennas at 28 GHz and 38 GHz in 2011

UT Austin Campus, USSamsung Campus, Korea

101 102-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Distance [m]

Rec

eive

d po

wer

[dB

m]

Received power for 10->60

LOSn=2.22, s=4.18dBNLOS-bestn=3.69, s=3.58dBNLOS-alln=4.20, s=7.38dB

5

[Received Power]

LOS NLOSPath Loss Exponent 2.22 3.69

RMS Delay Spread [ns]

Median 4.0 34.299% 11.4 168.7


RMS Delay Spread [ns]

Median 1.9 15.599% 13.7 166

[Received Power]

Tx (10o) Rx (60o)28 GHz

Tx (7.8o) Rx (49o)

37.6 GHz

University of Texas at Austin, TX

* Reference : Prof. Ted Rappaport, UT Austin, 2011

64

Channel Measurement – Dense Urban

Manhattan, New York, US

[New York, Manhattan – NY University] [Path Loss]


Delay Spread [ns] Expected to be larger than the previous,But to be still smaller than current bands

Tx (10o) Rx (10o)

28GHz

• Reference : Prof. Ted Rappaport, NYU, 2012- T. S. Rappaport et.al. “Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!”, IEEE Access Journal, May 2013

Slightly higher but comparable path loss measured in New York City in 2012

65

mmWave Beamforming Prototype

45 mm

42 mm

5 mm

25 mm

World’s first mmWave mobile technologyw Adaptive array transceiver operating in the mmWave frequency bands for outdoor

environment

66

Test Results – Range

LoS range

- 1710m LOS 측정자료로수정예정

1.7 km

Base Station

Mobile Station

Suwon Campus, Korea□ Support wide-range LoS coverage

ü 16-QAM (528Mbps) : BLER 10-6

ü QPSK (264Mbps) : Error Free

Outdoor Line-of-Sight (LoS) range testw Error-free communications possible at 1.7 km LoS with > 10dB Tx power headroom

w Pencil beamforming at both TX/RX supporting long range communications

67

Test Results – Coverage

Outdoor Non Line-of-Sight (NLoS) coverage testsw Block error rate less than 0.01% up to NLoS 200m distance

Wonil Roh, et al., “Millimeter-Wave Beamforming as an Enabling Technology for 5G Cellular Communications:Theoretical Feasibility and Prototype Results,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb. 2014.

68

Test Results – Mobility

Outdoor-to-indoor penetration testsw Most signals successfully received by indoor MS from outdoor BS

Wonil Roh, et al., “Millimeter-Wave Beamforming as an Enabling Technology for 5G Cellular Communications:Theoretical Feasibility and Prototype Results,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb. 2014.

69

Test Results – Multi-User Support

Carrier Frequency 27.925 GHzBandwidth 800 MHz

Max. Tx Power 37 dBmBeam-width (Half Power) 10o

Channel Coding LDPCMIMO Configuration 2 x 2

1.24Gbps 1.24Gbps

MS Modem 1 MS Modem 2

MS RFU 2MS RFU 1

BS RFU

BS Modem

Multi-User MIMO testsw 2.48 Gbps aggregate throughput in MU-MIMO

mode

70

Simulation Analysis

Bare PCB Package

Broadside Beamforming

EndfireBeamforming

Head EffectChassis / Hand-Held Effect

Penetration depth = 40~45 mm, Average = 0.29, MAX = 1 mW/g

w/o head w/ head

① Penetration depth = 3 mm, Average = 0.15, MAX = 90 mW/g② Penetration depth = 3 mm, Average = 0.016, MAX = 2.11 mW/g

① ①

② ②

①

②

Power Absorption of 1.9 GHz Omni-Antenna

Power Absorption of 28 GHz Beamforming Array

Beamforming compensate the effects of chassis/hand/headw Lower power penetration through skin at higher frequencies

71

Antenna Implementation

Measurement Results“Zero Area” Design

16 Element Array

Negligible Areafor Antennason Edges

16 Element Array

< 0.2 mm

32 elements implemented on mobile device with “zero area” and 360o coverage

72

5G Deployment Scenarios

Bird’s eye view of Chicago

73


Bird’s eye view of Chicago

4G base stations

74

5G Deployment Scenarios5G Deployment Scenarios

5G small cells

5G small cells overlayed on existing 4G networkw Reduced CAPEX/OPEX for initial deployment

75


5G macro/pico cells

5G macro/pico cells

5G standalone systemw Full capability standalone 5G systems will provide coverage for the entire city

76

Conclusions

77

Concluding Remarks

§ Wireless standards have evolved throughout the years

• 1G (AMPS) à 2G (GSM, IS-95) à 3G (W-CDMA, cdma2000) à 4G (LTE, Wibro) à 5G (?)

§ With each generation came new features and capabilities

• 1G à 2G (1990’s): Analog à Digital (10kbps)

• 2G à 3G (~2000): higher than 200kbps, CDMA

• 3G à 4G (~2010): higher than 1Gbps, OFDMA, MIMO

• 4G à B4G (~2015): FD-MIMO, small cell enhancement, D2D

• B4G à 5G: ?

§ B4G and 5G evolution will bring in yet another set of features

• To allow more efficient frequency usage

• To achieve higher spectral efficiency

• To handle new and different services

b4g and beyond

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