Issue: 922nd March 2013

BA307C & BA308CIntrinsically safe loop-powered3½ digit panel

mounting indicatorsissue 9

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1. Description

2. Operation

3. Intrinsic Safety Certification3.1 ATEX certificate3.2 4/20mA input3.3 Zones, gas groups & T rating3.4 Certification label information

4. System Design for HazardousAreas CENELEC certification

4.1 Transmitter loops4.2 Remote indication

5. Installation5.1 Location5.2 Installation procedure5.3 EMC

6. Calibration6.1 Zero adjustment6.2 Span adjustment6.3 Decimal point6.4 Reverse action6.5 Calibration example6.6 Over and under-range

7. Maintenance7.1 Fault finding during commissioning7.2 Fault finding after commissioning7.3 Servicing7.4 Routine maintenance7.5 Guarantee7.6 Customer comments

8. Accessories8.1 Scale card8.2 Tag strip8.3 Internal calibrator8.4 Root extractor

8.4.1 Calibration example8.5 Display backlights

8.5.1 Separately powered8.5.2 Loop powered

Appendix 1 FM & cFM Approval for use in USA and Canada.

Appendix 2 IECEx Certification

CONTENTS

The BA307C and BA308C indicators are CE marked toshow compliance with the European Explosive Atmospheres Directive 94/9/EC and the

European EMC Directive 2004/108/EC

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1. DESCRIPTIONThe BA307C and BA308C are intrinsically safeloop powered 3½ digit indicators that display thecurrent flowing in a 4/20mA loop in engineeringunits. Both instruments introduce less than a 1.1Vdrop which allows them to be installed into almostany 4/20mA current loop. No additional powersupply or battery is required.

The two indicators are electrically similar, but havedifferent size displays and enclosures.

Model Display height Bezel size

BA307C 12.7mm 96 x 48mm

BA308C 25.4mm 144 x 72mm

The main application of the BA307C and BA308Cis to display a measured variable or control signalin a hazardous process area. The zero and spanof the display are independently adjustable so thatthe indicators can be calibrated to display anyvariable represented by the 4/20mA current, e.g.temperature, flow, pressure or level.

The BA307C and BA308C have been certifiedintrinsically safe for use in gas hazardous areas byNotified Body Intertek Testing and Certification Ltdwhich has been used to confirm compliance withthe European ATEX Directive 94/9/EC. TheEC-Type Examination certificate specifies thatunder fault conditions the output voltage, currentand power at the 4/20mA input terminals will notexceed those specified for simple apparatus inClause 5.7 of EN 60079-11, which simplifiesinstallation and documentation.

The BA307C and BA308C are also FM approvedfor use in the USA and cFM approved for use inCanada, these approvals are described inAppendix 1.

International IECEx certification is described inAppendix 2.

2. OPERATIONFig 1 shows a simplified block diagram of bothmodels. The 4/20mA input current flows throughresistor R1 and forward biased diode D1. Thevoltage developed across D1, which is relativelyconstant, is multiplied by a switch mode powersupply and used to power the analogue to digitalconverter and liquid crystal display. The voltagedeveloped across R1, which is proportional to the4/20mA input current, provides the input signal forthe analogue to digital converter.

Fig 1 Simplified block diagram of BA307C and BA308C

3. INTRINSIC SAFETY CERTIFICATION

3.1 ATEX certificateThe BA307C and BA308C were issued with anEC-Type Examination Certificate numberITS02ATEX2027 by Notified Body ITS Testing andCertification Ltd. This confirmed compliance withEuropean ATEX standards for Group II, Category1G equipment, EEx ia IIC T5 at the time ofcertification. Please see the BEKA productDeclaration of Conformity for confirmation ofcompliance with current harmonised ATEXstandards. Both indicators carry the CommunityMark and, subject to local codes of practice, maybe installed in any of the European Economic Area(EEA) member countries. ATEX certificates arealso acceptable for installations in Switzerland.This manual describes installations that conformwith EN 60079: Part 14 Electrical Installationsdesign, selection and erection in hazardous areas.When designing systems for installation outsidethe UK, the local Code of Practice should beconsulted.

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3.2 4/20mA inputIn Europe, sources of energy which do notgenerate more than 1.5V; 100mA or 25mW are, forintrinsic safety purposes, considered to be simpleapparatus (Clause 5.7 of EN 60079-11).

Although the BA307C and BA308C indicators donot themselves comply with the requirements forsimple apparatus, the EC-Type ExaminationCertificate specifies that under fault conditions thevoltage, current and power at the 4/20mA inputterminals 1 & 3 will not exceed those specified forsimple apparatus. This allows the BA307C andBA308C to be connected into any intrinsically safecircuit protected by a Zener barrier or galvanicisolator providing the output parameters of thecircuit do not exceed:

Uo = 30V dcIo = 200mAPo = 0.85W

The EC-Type Examination Certificate specifies thatthe maximum equivalent capacitance andinductance between the two 4/20mA inputterminals 1 and 3 is:

Ci = 20nFLi = 10H

To determine the maximum permitted cableparameters, these figures should be subtractedfrom the maximum cable capacitance andinductance permitted by the certificate for the loopinto which the indicator is installed.

3.3 Zones, gas groups and T ratingThe BA307C and BA308C have been certified asGroup II, Category 1G, EEx ia IIC T5 apparatus atTamb –40 to 60oC. When connected to a suitablesystem the instruments may be installed in:

Zone 0 explosive gas air mixturecontinuously present.

Zone 1 explosive gas air mixture likely tooccur in normaloperation.

Zone 2 explosive gas air mixture notlikely to occur, and if it doeswill only exist for a short time.

Be used with gases in groups:Group A propaneGroup B ethyleneGroup C hydrogen

Having a temperature classification of:T1 450oCT2 300oCT3 200oCT4 135oCT5 100oC

At ambient temperatures between –40 & +60oC.Note: Operation only specified between –20oC and+ 60oC.

This allows both indicators to be installed in allZones and to be used with most common Industrialgases.

WARNING installation in Zone 0When installed in a Zone 0 potentiallyexplosive atmosphere requiring apparatusof Category 1G, the indicator shall beinstalled such that even in the event of rareincidents, an ignition source due to impactor friction between the aluminium enclosureat the rear of the instrument mounting paneland iron/steel is excluded.

3.4 Certification label informationThe certification label is fitted in a recess on thetop outer surface of the enclosure. It shows theATEX certification information, instrument serialnumber, year of manufacture plus BEKAassociates’ name and location. Non Europeancertification information may also be included.

BA307C certification label

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4. SYSTEM DESIGN FOR HAZARDOUSAREAS

4.1 Transmitter loopsThe BA307C and BA308C may be connected inseries with almost any intrinsically safe 4/20mAcurrent loop and calibrated to display themeasured variable or control signal in engineeringunits. There are two basic design requirements:

1. The intrinsic safety output parameters of the4/20mA loop, which are defined by the Zenerbarrier or galvanic isolator, must be equal toor less than:

Uo = 30V dcIo = 200mAPo = 0.85W

2. The loop must be able to tolerate theadditional 1.1V required to operate theindicator.

Fig 2 illustrates a typical application in which anindicator is connected in series with a 2-wiretransmitter protected by a Zener barrier.

Fig 2 BA307C or BA308C in a transmitter loop

4.2 Remote indicationBA307C and BA308C indicators may be driven viaan intrinsically safe interface from a 4/20mA safearea signal to provide a remote indication within ahazardous area. The type of interface is notcritical, either a Zener barrier or a galvanic isolatormay be used, providing that Uo, Io and Po are notexceeded.

If one side of the 4/20mA current loop may beearthed, a single channel Zener barrier providesthe lowest cost protection. If the 4/20mA signal isnot isolated, then two Zener barriers, a twochannel Zener barrier or a galvanic isolator shouldbe used. Again it is necessary to ensure that thevoltage capability of the 4/20mA signal is sufficientto drive the indicator plus the voltage dropintroduced by the intrinsically safe interface. Fig 3shows the alternative circuits which may be used.

Fig 3 Alternative circuits for remote indication in hazardous area

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5. INSTALLATION

5.1 LocationBA307C and BA308C indicators are housed inrobust aluminium enclosures with a polyester frontpanel and a Noryl bezel. The front of bothinstruments provide IP65 protection and a gasketseals the joint between the instrument and thepanel. The indicators may be installed in anyinstrument panel providing the environmental limitsshown in the specification are not exceeded.

Figs 4A and 4B show the overall dimensions ofeach instrument and the size of the required panelcut-out. To achieve an IP65 seal between theinstrument enclosure and the instrument panel thesmaller tolerance aperture should be used and theBA308C must be secured with four mounting clips.

Fig 4A BA307C dimensions

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Fig 4B BA308C dimensions

5.2 Installation Procedure

a. Insert the indicator into the panel aperturefrom the front of the panel.

b. Fix two panel mounting clips to oppositesides of the instrument enclosure and tightenuntil the indicator is secure as shown in Fig5. Four clips are required to achieve anIP65 seal between a BA308C enclosure andthe instrument panel.

c. Connect the panel wiring to the rear terminalblock(s) as shown in Figs 4A and 4B. Tosimplify installation, the terminals areremovable so that the panel wiring can becompleted before the instrument is installed.

Fig 5 Fitting panel mounting clips

5.3 EMCBoth instruments comply with the requirements ofthe European EMC Directive 2004/108/EEC. Forspecified immunity all 4/20mA wiring should be inscreened twisted pairs with the screen earthedwithin the safe area. The indicator enclosure maybe earthed locally by putting a tag under one of therear panel corner fixing screws. EMCperformance is shown in the instrumentspecification, and copies of the test report areavailable from BEKA associates.

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6. CALIBRATIONThe BA307C and BA308C will be suppliedcalibrated as requested at time of ordering. Ifcalibration is not requested, the indicator will be setto display 00.0 with 4.000mA input, and 100.0 with20.000mA input.

Both instruments are conditioned and calibrated byplug-in links and two multi-turn potentiometers.The potentiometers are accessible through holes inthe rear panel, but the rear panel must be removedto gain access to the plug-in links - see Fig 6.

For maximum accuracy, indicators should becalibrated using an external traceable currentsource with an accuracy greater than 4A.However, when verification is not required theindicator can be fitted with an optional internalcalibrator which allows rapid calibration without theneed for external instruments. See section 8.3 fordetails.

6.1 Zero adjustmentZero is defined as the number displayed by theindicator with a 4.000mA input current, and may beadjusted between -1000 and 1000. The zeropotentiometer has two ranges, 0 to 500 and 500 to1000. Zero polarity is defined by the position ofthe suppression / elevation links which are shownin Fig 7.

Fig 6 Removal of rear panel

Fig 7 Position of plug-in calibration links and potentiometers

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Suppression / elevation linksPositionsee Fig 7

Display with 4mAinput adjustableBetween

ElevationSuppression

0 and 10000 and -1000

Zero linkPositionsee Fig 7

Display with 4mAInput adjustableBetween

0 to 500500 to 1000

0 and 500500 and 1000

6.2 Span adjustmentSpan is defined as the difference between thenumber displayed with 4.000mA input and thenumber displayed with 20.000mA input. It isadustable between 0 and 1999 in four ranges. Fig7 shows the position of the span links and the spanpotentiometer.

Span linksPositionsee Fig 7

Difference inDisplay with4 & 20mA inputadjustable between

000 to 500 500 to 10001000 to 15001500 to 1999

000 and 500 500 and 10001000 and 15001500 and 1999

6.3 Decimal pointA decimal point may be displayed between any ofthe four digits. The position or absence of thisdummy decimal point is determined by theposition of the decimal point link shown in Fig 7.When calculating the required span and zerosetting, the decimal point should be ignored.

6.4 Reverse actionNormally the instrument display increases as theinput current increases, but this can be reversed.Please contact BEKA associates for details.

6.5 Calibration exampleA BA307C is required to display: 25.0 with a 4.000mA input 115.0 with a 20.000mA input

i.e. A zero of positive 250 IgnoringA span of 900 decimal pointA decimal point in position 00.0

The following adjustments are required:

Step 1 The BA307C is required to display apositive zero therefore the suppression/ elevation links should be put in theelevation position.

Step 2 The required zero is 250, therefore thezero link should be put in the 0 to 500position.

Step 3 The required span is 900, therefore thespan links should be placed in the 500to 1000 position.

Step 4 The decimal point is required before theleast significant digit, therefore thedecimal point link should be placed inthe 00.0 position.

Step 5 With 4.000mA input adjust the zeropotentiometer until the indicatordisplays 25.0

Step 6 With 20.000mA input adjust the spanpotentiometer until the indicatordisplays 115.0

Step 7 Repeat steps 5 and 6 until bothcalibration points are correct. The spanand zero controls are almostindependent so it should only benecessary to repeat each adjustmenttwice.

6.6 Over and under-rangeIf the indicator display range is exceeded, the threeleast significant digits will be blanked. Under-range is indicated by -1 and over-range by 1. Ifthe display range is not exceeded, both indicatorswill produce accurate readings outside the 4/20mAcurrent range. Although not guaranteed, mostBA307C and BA308C indicators will operatebetween 3 and 25mA.

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7. MAINTENANCE

7.1 Fault finding during commissioningIf a BA307C or BA308C fails to function duringcommissioning the following procedure should befollowed:

Symptom Cause SolutionNo display Incorrect

WiringThere shouldbe 1Vbetweenterminals1 & 3 withterminal 1positive.

No displayand 0Vbetweenterminals 1and 3.

Incorrectwiring orno powersupply.

Insufficientloop voltageto operateindicator.

Check that acurrent isflowing in theloop.

Check supplyvoltage andvoltage dropscaused by allcomponentsin the loop.

Indicatordisplays 1

Positiveover-range

The indicatorhas beenincorrectlycalibrated &is trying todisplay anumbergreater than1999.

Indicatordisplays -1

Negativeover-range

The indicatorhas beenincorrectlycalibrated &is trying todisplay anumber lessthan -1999.

Unstabledisplay

4/20mAinput has alarge ripple

Check loopsupplyvoltage.

7.2 Fault finding after commissioning

ENSURE PLANT SAFETY BEFORESTARTING MAINTENANCE

Live maintenance is permitted onintrinsically safe equipment installed in ahazardous area, but only certified testequipment should be used unless a gasclearance certificate is available.

If a BA307C or BA308C fails after it has beenfunctioning correctly, the following procedureshould be followed:

Symptom Cause SolutionNo displayand 0Vbetweenterminals 1and 3

No powersupply

Check that acurrent isflowing in theloop.

Unstabledisplay

4/20mA inputhas a largeripple

Check loopsupplyvoltage.

If this procedure does not reveal the cause of Thefault, it is recommended that the indicator isreplaced.

7.3 ServicingAll standard BA307C and BA308C indicatorassemblies are interchangeable and a single sparemay be used to replace any instrument which fails.

We recommend that faulty instruments andinstrument assemblies are returned to BEKAassociates or your local BEKA agent forrepair.

7.4 Routine maintenanceThe mechanical condition of the instrument andthe electrical calibration should be regularlychecked. The interval between inspectionsdepends upon the environmental conditions. Werecommend that initially instrument calibration ischecked annually.

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7.5 GuaranteeIndicators which fail within the guarantee periodshould be returned to BEKA associates or our localagent. It is helpful if a brief description of the faultsymptoms is provided.

7.6 Customer commentsBEKA associates is always pleased to receivecomments from customers about our products andservices. All communications are acknowledgedand whenever possible suggestions areimplemented.

8. ACCESSORIES

8.1 Scale cardThe BA307C and the BA308C have a window onthe right hand side of the display to hold a cardshowing the units of measurement e.g. ºC, mBar,RPM. Indicators can be supplied with a printedscale card showing any units specified at the timeof ordering. If a printed scale card is notrequested, a blank card will be supplied.

Scale cards can easily be marked on site asfollows:

a. Remove the rear terminal block and the rearpanel as shown in Fig 6.

b. Carefully pull the indicator assembly from theenclosure.

c. Gently pull and then slide the blank scalecard towards the display window until it isfree. Mark the card with the required legendand replace in the slot.

8.2 Tag stripThe BA307C and the BA308C can be suppliedwith a thermally printed tag number on the rearpanel. This tag number is not visible from the frontof the instrument after installation.

8.3 Internal CalibratorBoth indicators can be supplied with an optionalinternal calibrator which simulates 4 and 20mAinput currents. This allows rapid calibration withoutthe need for external instruments or disconnectionfrom the 4/20mA input current, but it is not asubstitute for calibration with a traceable externalcurrent source. Fig 8 shows the position of thecalibration links.

The internal calibrator can not be fitted to aninstrument with a root extractor.

To calibrate the instrument using the internalcalibrator, the following procedure should befollowed. This may be done with any input currentbetween 4 and 20mA.

Step 1 Put the suppression / elevation, zero,span and decimal point links in therequired position.

Step 2 Put the calibrator link in the 4mAposition and adjust the zeropotentiometer to give the requireddisplay at 4mA.

Step 3 Put the calibrator link in the 20mAposition and adjust the spanpotentiometer to give the requireddisplay at 20mA.

Step 4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until bothcalibration points are correct. The spanand zero controls are almostindependent so it should only benecessary to repeat each adjustmenttwice.

Step 5 Return the calibrator link to 'indicate'position. The indicator will nowrespond to the 4/20mA input currentwith the revised calibration.

Fig 8 position of internal calibrator links

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8.4 Root extractorA square root extractor can be fitted to both theBA307C and BA308C enabling them to accuratelydisplay the output from a differential flow meter inlinear engineering units between 10 and 100% offull flow (4.16 to 20mA). The lineariser continuesto operate with reduced accuracy down to 2.5% ofmaximum flow, or clip-off can be selected whichwill force the display to zero at flows below 5%(4.04mA). The location of the clip-off plug-in link isshown in Fig 9.

When calibrating a BA307C or BA308C fitted witha root extractor the zero potentiometer should beadjusted to give the required display at 10% of flow(4.16mA). The zero potentiometer should not beused to set the display to zero with a 4mA input.Zero suppression or elevation may not be used,i.e. 4mA must correspond to zero flow.

For reference, the following table shows the outputcurrent from a non-linearised differential flowmeter.

% of full flow Current output mA2.5 4.01

10.0 4.1625.0 5.0050.0 8.0075.0 13.00

100.0 20.00

A root extractor can not be fitted to an instrumentwith an internal calibrator.

Fig 9 Location of clip-off link

8.4.1 Calibration example with root extractorThe indicator is required to display rate of flow ingallons per minute, with a resolution of 0.1 gallons.The differential flowmeter has an output of 20mA ata flow rate of 140.0 gallons per minute.

i.e. A span of 1400 ignoring the decimal pointA decimal point in position 00.0

The following adjustments are required:

Step 1 Put the suppression / elevation links inthe elevation position.

Step 2 Put the zero link in the 0 to 500position.

Step 3 The required span is 1400, thereforethe span links should be placed in the1000 to 1500 position.

Step 4 The decimal point is required betweenthe least two significant digits, thereforethe decimal point link should be placedin the 00.0 position.

Step 5 With 4.160mA input current adjust thezero potentiometer until the indicatordisplays 14.0 (10% of flow). If there isinsufficient adjustment to achieve this,put the elevation/suppression links inthe suppression position and continuewith the calibration procedure.

Step 6 With 20.000mA input current adjust thespan potentiometer until the indicatordisplays 140.0

Step 7 Repeat steps 5 and 6 until bothcalibration points are correct.

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8.5 Display backlightsThe BA307C & BA308C indicators can be suppliedwith one of two types of backlight. The looppowered backlight produces green backgroundillumination enabling the display to be read at nightor in poor lighting conditions. No additional powersupply, IS interface or field wiring are required, butthe indicator voltage drop is increased.Alternatively, the separately powered backlight hasa bright orange output which enhances daylightviewing, but an additional IS interface and fieldwiring are reequired.

8.5.1 Separately powered backlightThe separately powered backlight is segregatedfrom the measuring circuit and has been certifiedas a separate intrinsically safe circuit, but it doesnot comply with the requirements for simpleapparatus.

This backlight must be powered from the safe areavia a Zener barrier or a galvanic isolator as shownin Fig 10. Any certified device may be used,providing the output parameters do not exceed:

Uo = 28V dcIo = 110mAPo = 0.77W

The EC-Type Examination Certificate specifies thatthe maximum equivalent capacitance andinductance between terminals 12 and 13 is:

Ci = 0.045µFLi = 0.02mH

To determine the maximum permitted cableparameters, these figures should be subtractedfrom the maximum permitted cable capacitanceand inductance specified by the certificate for theZener barrier or galvanic isolator powering thebacklight.

Fig 10 Backlight power supply

The display brilliance depends upon the currentflowing through the backlight which is determinedby the supply voltage and the end-to-endresistance of the Zener barrier or output resistanceof the galvanic isolator. Brilliance will not besignificantly reduced until the current falls below20mA.

The BA307C backlight requires a minimumsupply voltage of 14V, and the largerBA308C backlight a minimum supply voltage18V. The backlight current can be calculatedfrom:

For a BA307C

Backlight current = Vsupply –14 End-to-end resistance of barrier#

For a BA308C

Backlight current = Vsupply –18 End-to-end resistance of barrier#

# or output resistance of galvanic isolator

Two indicator backlights may be powered inparallel from a single 28V 300 Zener barrier orgalvanic isolator, but the display brilliance will bereduced.

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8.5.2 Loop powered backlightThis backlight may be connected in series with the4/20mA measuring circuit so that like the indicatorit is loop powered. This eliminates the need for aseparate Zener barrier or galvanic isolator andassociated wiring for the backlight, thussignificantly reducing the installation cost.

A shown in Fig 11 the backlight may be connectedin series with the indicator. Any Zener barrier orgalvanic isolator certified EEx ia IIC by a EuropeanNotified Body may be used providing the outputparameters do not exceed:

Uo = 30V dcIo = 200mAPo = 0.85W

Fig 11 Loop powered backlight

Connecting the backlight in series with theindicator will increase the total voltage drop in the4/20mA measuring loop from 1.1V to 5.0V

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Appendix 1FM & cFM Approval for use in USA &Canada.

A1.0 Factory Mutual ApprovalFor installations in the USA and Canada, theBA307C, BA308C and accessories have beenapproved intrinsically safe and nonincendive by FMApprovals, project identification 4B3A7.AX-1 and3032632. Copies of the Certificates of Complianceare available from the BEKA associates salesoffice and from the BEKA web sitewww.beka.co.uk.

A1.1 Intrinsic safey approvalThe BA307C and BA308C are approved to the FMClass 3610 intrinsic safety standard and CanadianStandard C22.2. Installations must comply withBEKA associates Control Drawing CI300-22, whichis attached to this Appendix, ANSI/ISA RP12.06.01‘Installation of Intrinsically Safe Systems forHazardous (Classified) Locations’ and with theNational Electrical Code ANSI/NFPA70.Canadian installations must comply with CanadianStandard C22.2.

The BA307C and BA308C have a T4 rating atambient temperatures between –20oC and +60oCand may be used in the following divisions with thefollowing gases:

Intrinsic SafetyDivision 1 or 2

Class I Group A & B Group C Group D

The FM entity parameters are similar to the ATEXparameters. The intrinsically safe circuits shown inthis manual may therefore be used for installationsin the USA, providing the Zener barriers andgalvanic isolators are FM Approved and complywith BEKA associates Control Drawing CI300-22.For Canadian installations Zener barriers andgalvanic isolators must be cFM or CSA Approved.

A1.2 Nonincendive approvalThe BA307C and BA308C have been approved tothe Class 3611 nonincendive standard by FactoryMutual allowing them to be installed in Division 2Classified Areas without the need for Zenerbarriers or galvanic isolators. Installations mustcomply with the National Electrical CodeANSI/NFPA70.

The BA307C and BA308C have a T4 rating atambient temperatures between -20oC and +60oCand may be used with the following gases:

NonincendiveDivision 2

Class I Group A & B Group C Group D

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Appendix 2IECEx Certification

A2.0 The IECEx Certification SchemeIECEx is a global certification scheme for explosionprotected products which aims to harmoniseinternational certification standards.For additional information about the IECExcertification scheme and to view the BEKAassociate certificates, please visit www.iecex.com

A2.1 IECEx Certificate of ConformityThe BA307C and BA308C loop powered indicatorshave been issued with an IECEx Certificate ofConformity number IECEx ITS 05.0002 whichspecifies the following certification code andmarking:

Ex ia IIC T5Ta = -40oC to 60 oC

The specified intrinsic safety parameters areidentical to the ATEX safety parameters.

The IECEx certificate may be downloaded fromwww.beka.co.uk, www.iecex.com or requestedfrom the BEKA sales office.

A2.2 InstallationThe IECEx and ATEX certificates specify identicalsafety parameters and installation requirements forboth approvals is defined by IEC.EN 60079-14.The ATEX installation requirements specified insection 5 of this manual may therefore be used forIECEx installations, but the local code of practiceshould also be consulted.