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Kivcihi Ke`viha Vcfecva 

 FIFEM E GVIWB 4

`cmekiw gahpek~avæheaw `i `cevwc`i`e gumpuvim

Fema Bavctahpe

Gehpva Uhcevwcpévca `e Fema Bavctahpe "UHC+FB#

6>9>

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Kivcihi Ke`viha Vcfecva

 FIFEM E GVIWB 4

`cmekiw gahpek~avæheaw `i `cevwc`i`e gumpuvim

Kahajvioci i~vewehpi`i ia guvwa `e Davhimcwka `a Gehpva

Uhcevwcpévca `e Fema Bavctahpe "UHC+FB# gaka veyucwcpa ~ivgcim îafpehêça `a pëpuma ek figbivem ek Davhimcwka(

Avcehpi`avi4 Kivci Gvcwpchi Mecpe ^ecrapa

Fema Bavctahpe

Gehpva Uhcevwcpévca `e Fema Bavctahpe "UHC+FB#

6>9>

8/7/2019 Babel e Crash - dilemas contemporâneos da diversidade cultural 2º2010

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^ivi Pbcija Bevkahp(

Pa`a vitça- pa`a pvihwgeh`ähgci(

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 Ijvi`eêa i ~vaoewwavi Gvcwpchi Mecpe- yue ik~mcau kchbi cwça e keu

ehpeh`ckehpa `e kuh`a i gi`i ehgahpva- i gi`i gahevwi(

Pvihwoavkih`a- iwwck- a gapc`ciha ek kakehpaw `e epevha

i~veh`cti`a( I ~vaoewwavi Ãvcli Wievhchc- vew~ahwéem ~av ifvcv aw

gikchbaw ~ivi ewwi ~ewyucwi e ~av ijuêiv i kchbi fuwgiv ~av 

gahbegckehpa( Iaw keuw ~icw e cvkçw- ipehgcawaw e chpevewwi`aw-

wek~ve chgehpcih`a ~vaouh`ikehpe iw kchbiw ewgambiw( Iaw keuw

ikcjaw yue cevik chpehwikehpe ewwi epi~i ia keu mi`a(

Gahwejuckaw ehgä+mi duhpaw) Ia keu iki`a Pbcija Bevkahp- ~ema

choch`éem ikav- pamevæhgci- gak~veehwça- ehwchikehpaw e ~av 

gak~ivpcmbiv gakcja ~vitevawiw peavciw e ckehwiw ew~evihêiw(

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”Yue fcgbchba ã ewpepça pehvapça ovéjcm

yue kim ijuehpi a ~ewa`a weu ~v÷~vca hake1

+ Ã a ocmba `a bakek(

Yue fcgbchba ã ewpegudaw ~ãw- hi ~vewwi

`e wejucv gikchbahça ~ivik `e ijcpiv+we

weyuev ~av uk wejuh`a1

+ Ã a ocmba `a kuh`a(‛ 

"DAWÃ ^IUMA ^IEW#

”Iyuc ewpé ehpça a hawwa Uhcevwa4 imja ehpve 7> e 5> fcmbõew `epvcmbõew `e ewpvemiw avjihcti`iw ek 2> i 90> fcmbõew `e jimérciw( \((([Gaka meiv ek gahpi hawwi ~vewehêi ha keca `ewwiw ewpvupuviw `eewpvemiw1‛ "GBVCWPA^BEV ^AP PEV#

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WUKÉVCA 

9 CHPVA@UÊÇA ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >?

6 GUMPUVI EK ^EVW^EGPC_I ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >2 

6(9 @eochcêça e eamuêça `a gahgecpa `e gumpuvi (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>2

6(6 Gumpuvi- ka`evhc`i`e e jmafimctiêça ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((97

7 @C_EVWC@I@E GUMPUVIM4 @CMEKIW @E UK GAHGECPA (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 93

7(9 @a kumpcgumpuvimcwka î chpevgumpuvimc`i`e (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 93

7(6 Gahomcpaw gumpuvicw- wagcicw e ãphcgaw haw EUI ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((65

0 GCHEKI E KA@EVHC@I@E ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7>

0(9 Haaw ~ivi`cjkiw wagcicw4 i ka`evhc`i`e(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7>

0(9(9 Gcheki e Ve~vewehpiêça i ka`evhc`i`e(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((76

0(6 I gahwpvuêça `i hivvipci gchekipajvéocgi e wui vemiêça gak i ka`evhc`i`e((((((((((((((((((70

0(6(9 Emekehpaw e gahwpvuêça hivvipci ha gcheki(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7?

5 GCHEKI E @C_EVWC@I@E GUMPUVIM ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((0>5(9@cevwc`i`e gumpuvim ek Fifem e Gviwb4 aw mckcpew `i pamevæhgci((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((0>

5(6 Gviwb4 a kuh`a hi gc`i`e `e Maw Ihjemew(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((00

5(7 Fifem e a gahëca `iw `coevehêiw4 ~varckc`i`e e gahomcpa ek ewgimi kuh`cim((((((((((((((((( 56

? GAHGMUWÇA (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?>

: VEOEVÄHGCIW ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?6

8/7/2019 Babel e Crash - dilemas contemporâneos da diversidade cultural 2º2010

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9 CHPVA@UÊÇA

Iw chpeviêõew kuh`cicw chpehwcocgivik+we i ~ivpcv `a oehðkeha gahbegc`a gaka jmafimctiêça( 

Ewpvecpih`a i vemiêça ehpve ~ewwaiw ~evpehgehpew i gumpuviw `cevwiw- i jmafimctiêça gahwpvucu

uki hai `ckehwça `e `cwpæhgci ~ivi kucpaw ch`cë`uaw ek pa`a a ~mihepi( A

`ewehamckehpa agavvc`a- ~vchgc~imkehpe- hiw éveiw `aw pvihw~avpew e pemegakuhcgiêõew oac-

ha chëgca- a yue kicw gahpvcfucu ~ivi a hiwgckehpa `e uk kuh`a gak kucpa kicw chpeviêça( 

Ewwi i~varckiêça `e ch`cë`uaw `e gumpuviw pça `cevwiw- yue we chpehwcocgi i gi`i `ci- veemi

uk gehévca kumpcgumpuvim imckehpi`a ~ema ehgahpva `e ~ewwaiw ~evpehgehpew i `coevehpew

gmiwwew- jähevaw- weruimc`i`e- ephciw e higcahimc`i`ew( Ha ehpihpa- ewwi ~muvimc`i`e igifi ~av

jeviv gahomcpaw- ~acw wejuh`a Wpuivp Bimm "6>>9#- ioepi iw c`ehpc`i`ew gumpuvicw( A eoecpa

”jmafimctihpe‛ ek giuwih`a i gahcähgci oavêi`i ehpve gumpuviw `coevehpew- a yue hça

jivihpe yue bidi pamevæhgci e igecpiêça `i `cevwc`i`e( Ia gahpvévca- kucpiw etew ewwi

gahcähgci erigevfi aw wehpckehpaw c`ehpcpévcaw e iukehpi a ephagehpvcwka e i rehaoafci(

A eoecpa i~ahpi`a ~av Bimm ã `cwgupc`a ~av Hãwpav Jivgci Gihgmchc "6>>3# ek uki ihémcwe yue

kawpvi gaka i `cevwc`i`e jmafim `a kuh`a `e bade er~ðw jvih`ew ~vafmekiw `e gahcähgci

e `ewcjuim`i`e ia ve`av `a kuh`a( Kewka gak uki igecpiêça vemeihpe `e imjukiw hiêõew

ha yue `ct vew~ecpa î ~muvimc`i`e ãphcgi- îw a~êõew ivci`iw `e jäheva au ipã kewka î

mejcpckiêça `a gahëca `e `coevehpew jvu~aw- aw gahomcpaw igahpegek( Bé uk jvih`e hôkeva

`e ~ewwaiw yue hça igecpik a gahpipa `cvepa ehpve gumpuviw yue givvejik `coevehpew mëhjuiw-

ka`aw- gawpukew e ~ehwikehpaw- gvcih`a iwwck uk kuh`a ehampa ek `cwgvckchiêõew e

`ewav`ek(

A gcheki- oehðkeha `e kiwwi- ve~vewehpi aw iw~egpaw `i c`i ka`evhi e pvifimbi gakyuewpõew ck~avpihpew `a gapc`ciha( Haw ocmkew Gviwb "6>>0# e  Fifem "6>>?#- afdepaw `e

ihémcwe `ewpe ewpu`a- iw bcwp÷vciw mc`ik gak iw~egpaw veoevehpew iaw ~vafmekiw vemigcahicw

ehpve gumpuviw giuwi`aw ~emi jmafimctiêça( Hemew- imãk `cwwa- i gahwpvuêça `i ~v÷~vci hivvipci

gchekipajvéocgi- ia `cwgupcv i gahpek~avihec`i`e i ~ivpcv `aw gahomcpaw gumpuvicw- chgav~avi

emekehpaw `i ka`evhc`i`e(

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Iwwck- ewwi kahajvioci fuwgi veomepcv wafve iw yuewpõew `i `cevwc`i`e gumpuvim

gahpek~avæhei- ~av keca `i ihémcwe `aw ocmkew veoevc`aw e `iw ve~vewehpiêõew ~av emew

gahwpvuë`iw( @ewwe ka`a- ~vaguvikaw gahpvcfucv ~ivi iw `cwguwwõew igevgi `a

kumpcgumpuvimcwka e `i chpevgumpuvimc`i`e- upcmctih`a a gcheki gaka keca ~vccmejci`a ~ivi we

~ehwiv wafve iw~egpaw `i gumpuvi e `i wagce`i`e(

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6 GUMPUVI EK ^EVW^EGPC_I

6(9 @eochcêça e eamuêça `a gahgecpa `e gumpuvi

^ivi `epevkchiv a yue ã gumpuvi- évcaw ihpva~÷majaw ewpifemegevik `eochcêõew ia mahja `aw

ihaw( Vayue `e Fivvaw Mivici "932?# ewgmivege yue iw pehpipciw `e ewjapiv i `eochcêça `a

gahgecpa wça oimbiw- dé yue- hi veimc`i`e- a `chikcwka gumpuvim e iw `coevehpew ~evw~egpciw

ck~e`ek i iocvkiêça `e uki ev`i`e ôhcgi e ocri i vew~ecpa `a pevka(

^ivi Pevvs Eijmepah "6>>5#- ã ik~mi i ivce`i`e `e pe÷vcgaw yue ouh`ikehpivik- ia mahja

`aw ihaw- uki `eochcêça wafve i c`eci `e gumpuvi( Imjukiw wça ifvihjehpew `ekicw ehyuihpaaupviw waik ergmu`ehpew( ^ivi Psmav9 "92:9 gcpi`a ~av EIJMEPAH- 6>>5- ~( 55#-

gahwc`evi`a a ~ic `a ka`evha gahgecpa `e gumpuvi- emi ~a`e wev cwpi gaka pa`iw iw

gi~igc`i`ew e béfcpaw i`yucvc`aw ~ema wev bukiha gaka kekfva `i wagce`i`e( Au- ~ivi

Bivpkih6 "933: gcpi`a ~av EIJMEPAH- 6>>5- ~( 07#- gumpuvi ”\((([ ã uk ka`a `e c`i

wagcéem- ~a~umcwpi e pvi`cgcahim- givigpevcti`a ~av uki yuimc`i`e yue pu`a ~evkeci e oit uki

 ~ewwai we wehpcv ehvicti`i au ek giwi(‛ 

@ehpve aw `cevwaw ewpu`aw veimcti`aw gak a chpucpa `e c`ehpcocgiv a yue ã i gumpuvi- a

`epevkchcwka fcam÷jcga e a `epevkchcwka jeajvéocga wça gcpi`aw ~av Mivici "932?# gaka

pehpipciw `e emugc`iêça ek pavha `a pevka( ^ivi a `epevkchcwka fcam÷jcga ercwpek

gi~igc`i`ew ew~egë ocgiw chipiw i ”viêiw‛ au aupvaw jvu~aw bukihaw( Gahpu`a- aw ihpva~÷majaw

iocvkik yue `coevehêiw jehãpcgiw hça `epevkchik iw `coevehêiw gumpuvicw(

Dé a `epevkchcwka jeajvéocga ã `evci`a `e er~mcgiêõew ercwpehpew `ew`e i Ihpcjuc`i`e

`ewehamc`iw- ~vchgc~imkehpe- ~av je÷jvioaw `a wãguma RCR( ^av ampi `e 936>- i c`eci `e

yue `coevehêiw `a ikfcehpe oëwcga ioepiik i `cevwc`i`e gumpuvim oac veoupi`i ~av kucpaw

ihpva~÷majaw- gaka Oviht Faiw7 "923? gcpi`a ~av MIVICI- 932?- ~(7?# e Imove` Lvaefev0 

9 PSMAV- E( F( ^vckcpce Gumpuve( Mah`vew4 92:9( _am(9- ~(9(6 BIVPKIH- J( Pbe Oipeoum Yuewpcah ao Gumpuve( Hai Cavyue4 933:( ^( 699(7 FAIW- Oviht( Pbe Mckcpipcah ao Gak~ivipce Kepba` ao Ihpbva~amajs( Wgcehge- H(W- _am(0- 923?(0 LVAEFEV- Imove`( A wu~evavjähgca( Ch4 @ahim` ^cevwah "avj(#( Ewpu`aw `e avjihctiêça wagcim( Wça ^iuma4Kivpchw E`cpavi- 9303(

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"9303 gcpi`a   ~av MIVICI- 932?- ~(7:#- weh`a ”\((([ ~awwëem e gakuk ercwpcv uki jvih`e

`cevwc`i`e gumpuvim magimcti`i ek uk kewka pc~a `e ikfcehpe oëwcga(‛ "MIVICI- 932?- ~(

?5#(

Aw oipavew- jeajvéocga e fcam÷jcga- hça wça kicw gahwc`evi`aw ~emaw ihpva~÷majaw gaka imja

yue kam`i i gumpuvi ha bakek ~ivi `coevehgcé+ma `e aupvaw wevew caw( Iwwck gaka iwwejuvi

Bivvcw5- "93?3 gcpi`a ~av MIVICI- 932?- ~(6?# ”Hehbuki av`ek wagcim ã fiwei`i ek

ev`i`ew chipiw(‛ 

I ock `e aoevegev uk kicav ewgmivegckehpa wafve a yue ã gumpuvi- Mivici "932?# vemigcahi

imjuhw ~ahpaw féwcgaw emifavi`aw ~av Lvaefev wafve i yuewpça(

9( I gumpuvi- kicw `a yue i bevihêi jehãpcgi- `epevkchi a gak~avpikehpa `a bakek e duwpcocgi iw wuiw veimctiêõew(7( I gumpuvi ã a keca `e i`i~piêça iaw `coevehpew ikfcehpew egam÷jcgaw( Ia chãw `eka`cocgiv ~ivi cwpa a weu i~ivipa fcam÷jcga- a bakek ka`cocgi a weu eyuc~ikehpawu~evavjæhcga(5( I`yucvch`a gumpuvi- a bakek ~iwwau i `e~eh`ev kucpa kicw `a i~veh`cti`a `a yue iijcv ipviãw `e ipcpu`ew jehepcgikehpe `epevkchi`iw(:( I gumpuvi ã uk ~vagewwa igukumipca- vewumpihpe `e pa`i i er~evcähgci bcwp÷vcgi `iwjeviêõew ihpevcavew( Ewpe ~vagewwa mckcpi au ewpckumi i iêça gvcipci `a ch`cë`ua(

"MIVICI- 932?- ~( 03-5>#

Iw ~vckecviw haêõew `e gumpuvi oavik gahwpvuë`iw i ~ivpcv `e uki cwça uhcevwimcti`i `a

pevka( Iwwck- aw imavew gak~ivpcmbi`aw `cvegcahiik+we i uki bukihc`i`e gakuk- hça

weh`a mckcpi`aw i yuimyuev oavki `e c`i ek ~ivpcgumiv- gaka er~mcgi Eijmepah "6>>5#( A

oaga evi wck~mewkehpe i c`i bukihi( Kcle Oeipbevwpahe "9335# igve`cpi yue ewwi c`eci evi

`ekiwci`ikehpe wck~mcocgi`avi e gahwpvuëi i gumpuvi gaka imja ewpifemegc`a- bakajähea e

ewpépcga( Mivici "932?#- ~av wui et- gcpi i gbiki`i ifav`ijek kumpcmcheiv  yue emugc`au

wafve i ercwpähgci `e uk `ewehamckehpa kômpc~ma `a wev bukiha- gahpvi~ah`a+we ia yue oac

`eoeh`c`a ~emaw eamugcahcwpiw `a wãguma RCR- ~ivi aw yuicw pa`iw iw wagce`i`ew wejucvcik

uki ôhcgi mchbi eamupci- guda é~cge wevci i wagce`i`e agc`ehpim(

Oeipbevwpahe "9335# ewgmivege yue- i ~ivpcv `i gvëpcgi ia eamugcahcwka- i peh`ähgci yue

~ve`akchii evi i `e veoavêiv iw `coevehêiw ehpve gumpuviw magicw- vejcahicw e ãphcgiw( Chewpci+

 5 BIVVCW- Kivch( Pbe Vcwe ao Ihpbva~amajcgim Pbeavcew( Mah`vew4 Vaupme`je / Lejih ^ium- 93?3

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we ek `ewehamev au chehpiv pvi`cêõew higcahicw- gaka iw yue chgehpciik i c`eci `aw

ovihgewew au imekçew gaka ehpc`i`ew `cwpchpiw( ”^veimegci- ehpça- uki gvehêi jevim hi

ck~avpæhgci `iw `cwpchêõew `e ch+jvau~ e aup+jvau~ e hi chpejvc`i`e `iw gumpuviw higcahicw-

imci`i i uki a~chcça `e yue gi`i gumpuvi pchbi weu mujiv ~v÷~vca hi ewgimi eamugcahcwpi (‛

"OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#

Ehpvepihpa- @ehsw Gugbe "6>>6# vegahbege yue baue uk gahwc`evéem iihêa wafve i haêça

`e gumpuvi yuih`a aw ~ewyucwi`avew we i~vaouh`ivik haw ewpu`aw ek pavha `aw ~vchgë~caw

uhcevwicw `i gumpuvi e ek ewpu`aw wafve gumpuviw wchjumivew- gaka ~ewyucwiw ek pvcfaw

ch`ëjehiw au iovcgihiw( Faiw? "923? gcpi`a ~av MIVICI- 932?- ~( 7?# oac uk `aw yue

igve`cpivik yue ~vckecva evi ~vegcwa chewpcv ek uk ewpu`a ~vcavcpévca `e gumpuviw ivgicgiw~ivi- ehpça- i~veh`ev gahgecpaw gumpuvicw kicw gak~meraw( ^ivi Faiw- gak a `ewehamckehpa

`a gahgecpa ”gumpuvi‛- i ihpva~amajci `eevci wev vew~ahwéem ~av vegahwpvucv i bcwp÷vci `e

~aaw au vejcõew ~ivpcgumivew e gak~iviv i c`i wagcim `e `coevehpew ~aaw guda

`ewehamckehpa wejucvci iw kewkiw mecw( I veomerça wafve ewwiw ipvcfucêõew gahpchui yuih`a

Faiw imeji yue ”\((([ wça iw chewpcjiêõew bcwp÷vcgiw a yue gahãk ~ivi `ewgafvcv i avcjek

`ewpe au `iyueme pviêa gumpuvim e ~ivi chpev~vepiv i kihecvi ~emi yuim paki mujiv huk `i`a

gahduhpa wagcagumpuvim(‛ "FAIW- 923?- gcpi`a ~av MIVICI- 932?- ~( 7?#(

Kiw- gak i ähoiwe `i`i iaw ewpu`aw veimcti`aw gak gumpuviw cwami`iw- baue uk ipviwa

gahwc`evéem ek vemiêça îw ~ewyucwiw wafve a ehpvegvutikehpa `iw gumpuviw( ^acw- gaka

ewpifemege Gugbe "6>>6#- ewwiw gumpuviw ”~vckcpciw‛ evik ~auga au hça ka`cocgi`iw ~ema

gahpipa ek vemiêça i aupviw gumpuviw( Iwwck- ”\((([ pa`i kewpcêijek `iw gumpuviw evi cwpi

gaka uk oehðkeha yue impevii wui ‘~uveti‑ avcjchim e yue ipvi~imbii a pvifimba `a

 ~ewyucwi`av ekfivimbih`a iw ~cwpiw(‛ "GUGBE- 6>>6- ~( 999#( Mivici "932?# mei ek gahpi iyuewpça `a `chikcwka yue ehame i gumpuvi e gahwc`evi yue ercwpe uk pc~a `e ku`ihêi

gumpuvim chpevhi- vewumpihpe `i `chækcgi `a ~v÷~vca wcwpeki gumpuvim- e uki erpevhi yue ã a

vewumpi`a `a gahpipa `e uk wcwpeki gumpuvim gak a aupva( Hi cwça `e Gugbe "6>>6#- oavik

imgihêi`aw gevpaw iihêaw gak ewwew ewpu`aw cwami`aw- kiw wevci hegewwévci i ifevpuvi `e uk

? FAIW- Oviht( Pbe Mckcpipcah ao Gak~ivipce Kepba` ao Ihpbva~amajs( Wgcehge- H(W- _am(0- 923?(

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haa gik~a `e ~ewyucwi ~ivi yue kicw iihêaw we ~va`utcwwek( Ewwe gik~a `e ~ewyucwi-

ehpça- `eevci wev ek pavha `i gbiki`i ”igumpuviêça‛(

A wufwpihpca ”igumpuviêça‛ ~ivege pev wc`a gvci`a `ew`e 922> ~av D(Z(^azemm- ihpva~÷majaikevcgiha- yue `ehakchii iwwck i pvihwoavkiêça `aw ka`aw `e c`i e `e ~ehwikehpa `awckcjvihpew ia gahpipa gak i wagce`i`e ikevcgihi( I ~imivi hça `ewcjhi uki ~uvi ewck~mew ”`egumpuviêça(‛ Ek ”igumpuviêça‛- a ~veocra ”i‛ hça wcjhcocgi ~vciêça< eme ek `aepckamajcgikehpe `a mipck i`  e ch`cgi uk kackehpa `e i~varckiêça( "GUGBE- 6>>6-~(990#

I igumpuviêça ã a gahduhpa `e oehðkehaw yue vewumpik `e uk gahpipa gahpëhua e `cvepaehpve jvu~aw `e ch`cë`uaw `e gumpuviw `coevehpew e yue ~vaagik ku`ihêiw haw ka`emaw" ~ippevhw# gumpuvicw chcgcicw `e uk au `aw `acw jvu~aw( \  Kekavih`a ~ivi a Ewpu`a `i

 Igumpuviêça `e 937? [ "GUGBE- 6>>6- ~(995#

A ~vagewwa- ehpça- ~iwwi i wev chevpc`a( Gugbe "6>>6# veoavêi i c`ãci `e yue hça wedi ~ivpch`a

`i gumpuvi yue we gak~veeh`evé a oehðkeha `i igumpuviêça- kiw wck a gahpvévca( Hehbuki

gumpuvi ã wek~ve cjuim au papimkehpe ~uvi( Pa`iw emiw wça ehamc`iw ek ~vagewwaw

chpevkchéecw `e gahwpvuêça- `ewgahwpvuêça e vegahwpvuêça( Gugbe "6>>6#- `ewwi oavki-

c`ehpcocgi i vehaiêça `a gahgecpa `e gumpuvi( Aw ewpu`aw wafve i igumpuviêça `epevkchivik a

givépev `chækcga `i gumpuvi( Aw emekehpaw yue gak~õek uki gumpuvi wça ~vaehcehpew `e

évciw oahpew ha pek~a e ha ew~iêa e- ~av ewwe kapca- huhgi ~a`evça wev ôhcgaw au

ckigumi`aw( Imãk `cwwa- aw ch`cë`uaw päk i gi~igc`i`e `e kihc~umiv i gumpuvi- vecehpih`a+igahwpihpekehpe(

Mivici "932?# ehoipcti ewwi yuewpça ewgmivegeh`a i gi~igc`i`e bukihi `e vepvihwkcpcv uki

choavkiêça( Iwwck weh`a- a bakek hça we mckcpi î afweviêça gaka igahpege gak aupviw

ew~ãgcew ihckicw( ”Pa`i i er~evcähgci `e uk ch`cë`ua ã pvihwkcpc`i iaw `ekicw- gvcih`a

iwwck uk chpevkchéem ~vagewwa `e igukumiêça(‛ "MIVICI- 932?- ~( 57#( Cwwa oit `i

gakuhcgiêça uk ~vagewwa gumpuvim( Hça bievci ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e ercwpcv gumpuvi we a bakekhça pcewwe `ewehamc`a uk wcwpeki ivpcgumi`a `e gakuhcgiêça avim(

I pvagi e i pvihwkcwwça kuh`cim `e ”~vagewwaw `e igukumiêça‛ kehgcahi`aw ~av Mivici

"932?# wça c`ehpcocgi`iw ~av Oeipbevwpahe "9335# gaka a ~vagewwa `e jmafimctiêça-

chpehwcocgi`a ha kuh`a gahpek~avæhea i ~ivpcv `e ~vagewwaw kcjvip÷vcaw e `e uki ew~ãgce `e

gawka~amcpcwka- ha yuim iw ~ewwaiw ~vaguvik we chpejviv ia kuh`a pa`a e cev gak

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c`ehpc`i`ew kômpc~miw( ”@ië iw ku`ihêiw ehgahpvi`iw pihpa hi ipcpu`e imavipci yuihpa hi

pevkchamajci uwi`i ~ivi hakeiv iw ~ewwaiw yue gavvek a kuh`a gaka kcjvihpew e cek ek

keca i `coevehpew gumpuviw(‛ "OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#(

I er~ihwça `i ipcc`i`e egahðkcgi ã aupva oipav kehgcahi`a ~av Oeipbevwpahe "9335# gaka

oavpimege`av `i chpejviêça jmafim( ^ivi Eijmepah "6>>5#- ia gi~cpimcwka pvihwhigcahim ã

ipvcfuë`i i vew~ahwifcmc`i`e `e ehoviyuegev iw gumpuviw higcahicw- "pc`iw gaka vew~ahwéecw

~av wek~ve ehoipctiv a wihjue e a wama ~épvca#- jevih`a cwamikehpa e mihêih`a i c`ehpc`i`e `e

bakehw e kumbevew huki gvcwe gvðhcgi( Oeipbevwpahe "9335# ehrevji a iihêa `a gi~cpimcwka

gaka uki ck~awcêça `i ka`evhc`i`e ~ivi gvciv uki gumpuvi veoevehgcimkehpe ch`i `a

Agc`ehpe( ”Cwwa ~avyue i ka`evhc`i`e ã ehpeh`c`i pihpa gaka uk ~vadepa agc`ehpim yuihpagaka uki ~vadeêça ~ivi a kuh`a `aw imavew `a Agc`ehpe(‛ "OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#(

Gahpu`a- ~ivi a iupav- i chpev~vepiêça wck~mew `e yue i wagce`i`e ewpé `akchi`i ~av uki

gumpuvi gakuk pek wc`a kucpa gvcpcgi`i(

A oehðkeha `i jmafimctiêça i~varckau ~aaw `e `coevehpew gumpuviw( @cevwaw ka`aw `e c`i

wça gamagi`aw duhpaw- pavhih`a iw ~ewwaiw gahwgcehpew `e wuiw c`ehpc`i`ew gumpuvicw `e

kihecvi hai- kiw ia kewka pek~a chwejuviw i vew~ecpa `emiw( ^avãk- ia ivvihgé+miw `e weuwëhgumaw pvi`cgcahicw- ~ivi`arimkehpe- a gi~cpimcwka oavhege ifevpuvi ~ivi yue wedik gvci`iw

gumpuviw `e wamc`ivce`i`e `eoehwci  ‗ yuewpça meihpi`i ~ema kumpcgumpuvimcwka  ‗ ia kewka

pek~a ek yue ~vamcoevi uk i`kcvéem gawka~amcpcwka haa(

Wejuh`a Gugbe "6>>6#- hewwe ~vagewwa iw ~ewwaiw yue we chwevek- au wça chwevc`iw- ek uki

hai gumpuvi kihpãk vewpaw ovijkehpévcaw `e wui gumpuvi `e avcjek yue wça mcji`aw iaw

emekehpaw `i gumpuvi ijavi ~vewehpe- oiteh`a gak yue iw ~vaouh`iw wcjhcocgiêõew `a ~iwwi`a`ewwi ~ewwai we kihpehbik( Yuih`a ewwiw wcjhcocgiêõew ~iwwi`iw we ~ev`ek- ”\((([  Cwwa 

  ~vaagi uki `ewavcehpiêça `aw ch`cë`uaw- ha wehpc`a ~v÷~vca `e ~ev`i `e vuka \((([(‛

"GUGBE- 6>>6- ~(972# Gak ewwiw ~awwcfcmc`i`ew- e î ke`c`i yue agavve pa`i ewwi

kcwgcjehiêça- imiwpvik+we aw kackehpaw gahpvi ewwi chpeviêça jmafim( ^ivi Eijmepah "6>>5#-

ewwe gbayue ehpve gawka~amcpcwka e gakuhimcwka igifi jevih`a uk ”kiu‛ uhcevwimcwka `e

uk mi`a e uk ”kiu‛ ~ivpcgumivcwka `e aupva( 

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Gugbe "6>>6# gahwc`evi ewwe oipa gcpih`a uk oehðkeha gbiki`a `e gahpvi+igumpuviêça- hi

yuim vechi uki c`eci `e ”ampi îw avcjehw‛- dumji`i- ~av eme kewka- gaka imja ck~awwëem `e

wev oecpa- dé yue hça ercwpek gumpuviw ”~uviw‛ `e uk mi`a e `e aupva iw ”kewpcêiw‛( @ec`a ia

oipa uhcevwim `aw gahpipaw gumpuvicw- iw gumpuviw pavhik+we kcwpiw e ewwew kackehpaw uk pc~a

haa `e ewpvupuviêça gumpuvim(

Mivici "932?# `cwgupe ewwe oipav er~mcgih`a yue ercwpe uki kam`ijek `i cwça `e kuh`a `a

ch`cë`ua ~emi gumpuvi ek yue ewpé chwevc`a- iwwck gaka iocvki Fehe`cgp : "93:6 gcpi`a ~av

MIVICI- 932?- ~( ?3# ia `ctev yue a bakek ä a kuh`a ipviãw `e uki mehpe( ^ivi gumpuviw

`coevehpew ercwpek mehpew `cevwiw e cwwa oit gak yue wuvdik cwõew kômpc~miw e `ewehgahpvi`iw`iw gacwiw(

^ivi Eijmepah "6>>5#- i gumpuvi pakau haaw vukaw ha ækfcpa ~amëpcga( @cihpe `e uki

ck~awcêça `e uki gumpuvi jmafimcti`i- i gumpuvi pavhau+we uki oavki cpim `e `cevjähgci

~amëpcgi( Kucpiw etew- `e oavki ivvajihpe e cka`ewpi- ewwi gumpuvi jmafimcti`i ~iwwi ~av gcki

`e gakuhc`i`ew magicw e wehpckehpaw pvi`cgcahicw( Hewwe ~ahpa- iw gumpuviw ~ivpcgumivew

fuwgik uk keca `e we gahpvi~av i ewwi `akchiêça `a Agc`ehpe- ercjch`a gi`i et kicw yueauêik i wui at( ^avãk- ewwe kackehpa `e vewcwpähgci- ek kucpiw agiwcõew- ek

kihcoewpih`a `e oavki ”`aehpci e afwewwci‛ wui ~amëpcgi gumpuvim- ~vagewwa yue `ekahwpvi a

yuça chomercemkehpe ewwiw c`ehpc`i`ew we iocvkik( @ië we ä i hegewwc`i`e `e ehgicré+miw ek

uk gahperpa ~amëpcga ewgmivegc`a ~ivi ikehctiv- `e gevpi oavki- ewwi wehwiêça ipuim `e

~evpuvfiêça e ~va~avgcahiv uk kicav ehpeh`ckehpa `i ovijkehpiêça gumpuvim(

6(6 Gumpuvi- ka`evhc`i`e e jmafimctiêça

A oehðkeha `ehakchi`a jmafimctiêça pek wc`a a vew~ahwéem ~ema ewpvecpikehpa `iw vemiêõew

gumpuvicw `e pa`a a kuh`a( Ewwe oipav wagcim gahpek~avæhea chpejvi ~a~umiêõew haw iw~egpaw

egahðkcga- wagcim- gumpuvim e ~amëpcga( ”I chpejviêça jmafim ~a`e wev oavpimegc`i ~emi er~ihwça

`i ipcc`i`e egahðkcgi- hi ke`c`i ek yue oavkiw uwuicw `e ~va`uêça ch`uwpvcim-

:FEHE@CGP- Vupb( A gvcwæhpeka e i ew~i`i( Wça ^iuma4 ^evw~egpci- 93:6

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kevgi`avciw- gak~avpikehpaw `e kevgi`a e gahwuka pikfãk we jehevimctik ~av pa`a a

kuh`a(‛ "OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#( Pvihwoavkih`a a gapc`ciha `iw ~ewwaiw- ~av giuwiv uk

gahpipa gvewgehpe `iw gumpuviw e wagce`i`ew- ewwe igahpegckehpa `i evi ka`evhi- wejuh`a

Wpuivp Bimm "6>>9#- gvci haw ch`cë`uaw haiw ~evw~egpciw `e pek~a e ew~iêa- a yue ioepi iw

c`ehpc`i`ew gumpuvicw( Ewwi chpehwcocgiêça ha gahpipa- ~av wui et- giuwi i gbiki`i

ovijkehpiêça e `chikctiêça `iw c`ehpc`i`ew ka`evhiw- dé yue uki wãvce `e choavkiêõew e

veoevähgciw ipui wckumpiheikehpe wafve aw ch`cë`uaw(

A wcwpeki gi~cpimcwpi ipuim ã- ~ivi Bimm "6>>9# e aupvaw pe÷vcgaw "JC@@EHW- 933:<

EIJMEPAH- 6>>5#- gahwc`evi`a gaka ka`evhc`i`e piv`ci au gi~cpimcwka piv`ca- uki et

yue pa`aw iyuemew eoecpaw chpcpumi`aw gaka i ”ovijkehpiêça gumpuvim‛- i ”gahouwça `iwc`ehpc`i`ew‛ e i ”ewpepctiêça `i c`i gapc`cihi‛ ewpiik ~vewehpew hi bcwp÷vci `ew`e a

hiwgckehpa `aw kevgi`aw e `iw gc`i`ew( Jeavj Wckkem2 "93?2 gcpi`a ~av OEIPBEVWPAHE-

9335# `ewgvee wafve a jvih`e igôkuma `e gumpuvi afdepci hi ka`evhc`i`e( Gak ewwi

iimihgbe `e ewpëkumaw gumpuvicw yue i ka`evhc`i`e pvaure- ocgi ~vipcgikehpe ck~awwëem

iwwckcmiv e wchpepctiv aw gahbegckehpaw `e ka`a wcjhcocgipca( Pu`a cwwa ~vaagi a ergewwa `e

i`avhaw e cpehw wu~ãvomuaw yue `akchik i c`i `a ch`cë`ua( Oeipbevwpahe "9335# ich`i

igvewgehpi yue ewwi chpehwc`i`e oac "e ich`i ã# ~vapijahcti`i ~ema `ewehamckehpa `i gumpuvi`e gahwuka- yue ifivgi hça w÷ a iukehpa `i aoevpi `e fehw gaka i `e ckijehw e wcjhaw( Ewwe

eoecpa `e jmafimctiêça yue ioepi a kuh`a ~vaagi- i pa`a a kakehpa- i `cwguwwça wafve gaka

mc`iv gak iw ku`ihêiw gahwpihpew yue igahpegek `civcikehpe e chpevoevek hi c`i `e

kcmbivew `e ~ewwaiw(

Iw c`ehpc`i`ew ka`evhiw- wejuh`a Bimm "6>>9#- ewpça weh`a `ewmagi`iw au ovijkehpi`iw( Cwwa

~avyue iyuemi cwça `e kuh`a gumpuvim uhcocgi`a e uhcevwimcti`a oac yuefvi`i ~ema wcwpekijmafimcti`a e chpevgahegpi`a( I c`eci `e Evhewp Migmiu3 "933> gcpi`a ~av BIMM- 6>>9- ~(9?# ã

i `e yue i ka`evhc`i`e gvcau uk ikfcehpe `ewgehpvimcti`a e a ihpcja gehpva hça oac

wufwpcpuë`a ~av aupva- kiw ~av uki ~muvimc`i`e `e gehpvaw `e ~a`ev( Ewwi pvihwoavkiêça jevau

uki gumpuvi `ewgehpvi`i- yue giuwau hiw ~ewwaiw oimpi `e gaevähgci e uhc`i`e( Ewwe uhcevwa

2 WCKKEM- Jeavj( ”Ah pbe Gahge~p ao pbe Pvije`s ao Gumpuve‛( Ch4 Pbe Gahomcgp ch Ka`evh Gumpuve ih` Apbev Ewwisw( Hai Savl4 Peigbevw Gammeje ^veww- 93?2(3 MIGMIU- Evhewp( Hez Veomegpcahw ah pbe Vewamupcah ao auv Pcke( Mah`vew4 _evwa- 933>(

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`i ka`evhc`i`e pavhau+we chwuocgcehpe ~ivi ~va~avgcahiv uki er~mcgiêça wipcwoip÷vci `a

kuh`a- `cocgumpih`a i gahwpvuêça e av`ehiêça `i c`i `iw ~ewwaiw( "OEIPBEVWPAHE-

9335#(

Ewwe pc~a `e ku`ihêi ewpvupuvim ovijkehpi a gehévca gumpuvim yue ehame gmiwwe- jäheva-

weruimc`i`e- ephci e higcahimc`i`e( Evchj Jaookih "9325# igvewgehpi yue gi`i jvu~a wagcim

we er~vewwi `e kihecviw `cevwiw- ~av keca `e uki gahocjuviêça gumpuvim ew~egëocgi i gi`i uk

`emew( Ewwiw coevehêiw `e jäheva au gipejavciw kucpiw etew jevik gahomcpaw( ^avãk- a

ch`cë`ua dé givveji gak eme kewka- `ew`e wek~ve- i hegewwc`i`e `e gahpchuiv fuwgih`a uki

”c`ehpc`i`e‛ e igifi ~av gahwpvuë+mi i ~ivpcv `iw oavkiw ~emiw yuicw ckijchi wev cwpa ~emaw

aupvaw "BIMM- 6>>9#(

Bimm "6>>9# ewgmivege yue hça ã wakehpe i mëhjui i vew~ahwéem ~av iocvkiv i c`ehpcocgiêça `a

ch`cë`ua- kiw uki wãvce `e oipavew yue ehamek- imãk `e iw~egpaw gumpuvicw- iw~egpaw

wagcicw( I wafevihci `i mëhjui chjmewi agavve `ew`e aw pek~aw `a gamahcimcwka( Kekkc9> 

"93?:- gcpi`a ~av LCEVHIH- 9337- ~( 62># ehoipcti yue a gamahcimcwka pvifimbii ~ivi

gahehgev aw ~aaw hipcaw `e yue wuiw mëhjuiw evik ~afvew e chi`eyui`iw- yue a gevpa evi we

i`i~pivek iaw kam`ew euva~euw( ^avãk- ^ipvcgl Dasge "9337# gahwpipi yue a ewpu`a `iWagcamchjuëwpcgi veemi a ~i~em ipca yue i mëhjui pek hi oavkiêça `a jvu~a wagcim e `iw

c`ehpc`i`ew ch`cc`uicw( Vas ^avpev "9337# `ewpigi yue i mëhjui ~a`e ve~vewehpiv uki oavêi

uhcocgi`avi yue mei uki wagce`i`e i pvipiv a uwa `i mchjuijek gaka uk ipa `e ~ipvcapcwka

wcjhcocgih`a- ek `epevkchi`aw giwaw- a ôhcga miêa `e uhcça `iw kiwwiw(

Hewwe giwa- Oeipbevwpahe "9335# gahwc`evi ck~avpihpe vewwimpiv yue a c`caki kuh`cim `i

gumpuvi `e gahwuka `e kiwwi ã a chjmäw- ovupa `e uki er~ihwça `i wafevihci egahðkcgi `aAgc`ehpe- ~vchgc~imkehpe `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw- ha yuim a c`caki- iwwck gaka uki `cevwc`i`e

`e ~va`upaw- ~iwwivik i oitev ~ivpe `a pça `ewedi`a ikevcgih zis ao mcoe "ewpcma `e c`i

ikevcgiha#( ”Wça ~va`upaw ~vaehcehpew `e uk gehpva jmafim wu~evcav- yue bé kucpa pek~a

ve~vewehpi i wc kewka gaka a gehpva( ^ivi aw yue ewpça hi ~evcoevci- a ~va`upa aoevege iw

9> KEKKC- Imfevp( Vepvipa `a gamahcti`a ~vege`c`a ~ema vepvipa `a gamahcti`av ( Pvi`uêça4 Vamih` Gavfcwcev eKivcti ^( Gaemba( Vca `e Dihecva4 ^it e Pevvi- 93?:(

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ihpijehw ~wcgam÷jcgiw `e we c`ehpcocgiv gak a kicw ~a`evawa( \((([ Eoepcikehpe- i gumpuvi

wejue a viwpva `i egahakci(‛ "OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#(

^ivi Bimm "6>>9#- ~ewwaiw kicw ~afvew `e aupviw ~ivpew `a kuh`a- ck~umwcahi`iw ~emi

~afveti- wegi- oake- ~ema wuf`ewehamckehpa egahðkcga- juevviw e `cwpôvfcaw ~amëpcgaw- ehpve

aupviw vitõew- fuwgik aw gehpvaw ~emi ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e uki kicav gbihge `e wafvecähgci<

aupvaw igve`cpivik hi ”kehwijek‛ `a gahwukcwka jmafim e we ku`ivik ~ivi aw mujivew ah`e

aw fehw kipevcicw wça ~va`utc`aw(

I ka`evhc`i`e gaka uk ~vadepa agc`ehpim oet yue- gak gvewgckehpa `a kuh`a ka`evha- i

~v÷~vci ckijek `a Agc`ehpe- wui bcwp÷vci e weu gahbegckehpa- oawwek ~vadepi`iw ~ivi avewpihpe `a kuh`a( ”@a ~ahpa `e cwpi `a ~÷w+ka`evhcwka- i ka`evhc`i`e ã vew~ahwéem ~emi

ck~awcêça `iw gahge~êõew `e uhc`i`e e uhcevwimc`i`e wafve a ~ehwikehpa e a kuh`a(‛ 

"OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#( Eijmepah "6>>5# igve`cpi hewwi wafevihci `a Agc`ehpe-

vewwimpih`a yue eme ehrevji i wui oavki `e c`i gaka i havki( A Agc`ehpe hça peke i ~ev`i

`e wui c`ehpc`i`e- ~acw uhcevwimcti wui ~v÷~vci gumpuvi- e- `ewwe ka`a- gahwejue we `eoeh`ev

`aw yue ewpça oavi `emi e `evvufiv vejckew yue we ipveek i `ewiociv a weu `akëhca(

Hça we pvipi `e uki yuewpça `e gumpuvi agc`ehpim- kiw `e gccmctiêça agc`ehpim- ukier~vewwça yue- ek gevpa wehpc`a- wujeve yue a Agc`ehpe ã uk ka`a `e c`i ~ivpcgumiv e-huk aupva wehpc`a- yue eme ã wck~mewkehpe a mujiv `e uk ka`a `e c`i uhcevwim("EIJMEPAH- 6>>5- ~( :9#

I gumpuvi agc`ehpim ã ~apehgcimkehpe uhcevwim- a yue wcjhcocgi yue emi hça a~õe weuw~v÷~vcaw imavew iaw `aw aupvaw- i~ehiw oit mekfviv i emew yue aw imavew `emew wça-ouh`ikehpimkehpe- `emew pikfãk( Hça we pvipi `e pehpiv ck~chjcv uki c`ehpc`i`e imbeci iawaupvaw- kiw wck~mewkehpe vegav`é+maw `iyucma yue emew wegvepikehpe wça( "EIJMEPAH-6>>5- ~( 9>2#

A yue `ee wev vepaki`a hewwe ~ahpa ã i yuewpça `i c`eci `e imavctiêça `iw c`ehpc`i`ewhigcahicw( A kackehpa `e er~ihwça jmafim oet gak yue bauewwe uk wehpckehpa `e

bakajehectiêça gumpuvim( Ehpvepihpa- gaka iocvki Bimm "6>>9#- ewwe ã uk dumjikehpa yue we

kawpvi kucpa wck~mcwpi- erijevi`a e uhcmipevim `i oavki gaka ã gamagi`a( Cwwa ~avyue a eoecpa

`i jmafimctiêça oet pikfãk gak yue kucpaw i ehpeh`ewwek gaka uki ikeiêi gahpvi i

”uhc`i`e‛ `iw gumpuviw higcahicw e iw c`ehpc`i`ew( Ewwi uhc`i`e- ha ehpihpa- hça we evcocgi

hek kewka huki ôhcgi hiêça(

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A yue agavve ã yue uk chpevewwe ~ema magim ek we gahwamc`ih`a duhpikehpe gak a

kackehpa jmafim( ”I jmafimctiêça- hi ev`i`e- er~mavi i `coevehgciêça magim( Iwwck- ia

chãw `e ~ehwiv ha jmafim gaka ‘wufwpcpuch`a‑ a magim wevci kicw iguvi`a ~ehwiv huki hai

ivpcgumiêça ehpve ‘a jmafim‑ e ‘a magim‑(‛ "BIMM- 6>>9- ~( ::#( A ~vagewwa `e jmafimctiêça

igifi ~av aoevegev uk ew~iêa ~ivi a gahovahpa kicw `véwpcga ehpve gumpuviw( Ek et `e jeviv a

i~ivegckehpa `e uki gumpuvi jmafim uhcocgi`i- eme peh`e i aoevegev uk gehévca ~ivi i

er~vewwça `e `coevehêiw(

Iwwck- a ~vagewwa `e jmafimctiêça hça ~ivege ewpiv ~va`utch`a uhcoavkc`i`e gumpuvim< iagahpvévca- eme ek haw pavhih`a kicw gahwgcehpew `e haaw hëecw `e `cevwc`i`e( We ercwpe

uki gumpuvi jmafim- wevci kembav ehpeh`ä+mi hça gaka uki gumpuvi gakuk- kiw gaka ukgik~a ha yuim we kihcoewpik `coevehêiw- gahomcpaw e `cw~upiw ~av ~vewpëjca wagcim("OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#(

Wejuh`a ivpcja ~ufmcgi`a hi vecwpi chjmewi Pbe Egahakcwp - pvi`utc`a e ~ufmcgi`a ~emi vecwpi

GivpiGi~cpim 99- ha iha `e 6>>3 bici 02-0 kcmbõew `e bcw~æhcgaw haw EUI- yuiwe 9?% `i

~a~umiêça( Ehpvepihpa- iw ewpckipciw `a Gehpva `e ^ewyucwiw ^ez veemik yue ek 6>5> aw

bcw~æhcgaw wevça 63% `i ~a~umiêça e aw fvihgaw 0:%( Gevgi `e 2>% `aw 99-9 kcmbõew `e

ckcjvihpew cmejicw wça `i Ikãvcgi Mipchi e ?>% `a Kãrcga( I~ewiv `e kucpaw mipchaw pevek

viëtew oavpew haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw i kicavci `emew- ~vchgc~imkehpe aw cmejicw- ã pvipi`i `e oavki

`cwgvckchip÷vci e hça gahwejuek afpev feheoëgcaw wagcicw- i~ewiv `e pvifimbiv gahwpvuch`a

giwiw- guc`ih`a `e gambecpiw e `e fefäw ikevcgihaw(

I c`eci `e yue aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw gahwpcpuek a gehpva ~a`e pev wc`a- ipã gevpa ~ahpa-

ev`i`ecvi- ~vchgc~imkehpe ipã aw ihaw 93:>- kiw bade cwwa we pavhau `coëgcm `e wev wuwpehpi`a(

Ek kucpiw éveiw `couh`c`iw ~ivi pa`a a kuh`a- gaka hi ch`ôwpvci `i gumpuvi e `i choavkiêça-

aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw ich`i we kawpvik wafevihaw( Ha ehpihpa- uki gvewgehpe gahwgcähgci `e

kumpc~amivc`i`e e `a i~ivegckehpa `e gehpvaw gahgavvehpew  ‗ gaka Gbchi- Vôwwci- Fviwcm e

Ëh`ci ‗ ifvek ew~iêa ~ivi aupviw éveiw `e chomuähgci kuh`cim( Kewka gak i ehpvi`i `e haaw

~ivpcgc~ihpew ha gehévca hça bé gaka iocvkiv yue bidi cjuim`i`e `e gah`cêõew hewwi

gahgavvähgci- kiw gaka mekfvi Oeipbevwpahe "9335# emew fuwgik a `cvecpa `e wevek auc`aw(

99 Was Mipcha- ikevcgiha( Ivpcja ~ufmcgi`a ~emi vecwpi fviwcmecvi GivpiGi~cpim- 66 `e wepekfva `e 6>9>(

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Gak i er~ihwça e i emagc`i`e `aw kecaw `e gakuhcgiêça- aw jaevhaw wça ck~awwcfcmcpi`aw

`e cjciv e gahpvamiv pa`i i choavkiêça e omura `e ckijehw yue ipviewwik wuiw ovahpecviw(  

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7 @C_EVWC@I@E GUMPUVIM4 @CMEKIW @E UK GAHGECPA

7(9 @a kumpcgumpuvimcwka î chpevgumpuvimc`i`e

A kuh`a jmafimcti`a- imãk `e pev ~awwcfcmcpi`a uki kicav chpehwcocgiêça `iw vemiêõew ehpve

`coevehpew gumpuviw- `ew~evpau a chpevewwe igi`äkcga( Vehipa Avpct96 "9330- gcpi`a ~av

GIH@IU- 6>>2- ~(05# vewwimpi yue i jmafimctiêça ã `coevehpe `a oehðkeha gbiki`a `e

kuh`cimctiêça( ^ivi a iupav- ehyuihpa a ~vckecva pevka ã fiwcgikehpe ampi`a ~ivi i

egahakci kuh`cim e pvifimbi gak ewpvipãjciw ~ivi a gvewgckehpa `e uk kevgi`a `e ~va`uêça

e `cwpvcfucêça `e fehw e wevcêaw- i kuh`cimctiêça ã ewpifemegc`i gaka uk oehðkeha wagcim

papim yue ifvihje a gahduhpa `iw kihcoewpiêõew gumpuvicw( @ewwi oavki- ehpeh`e+we ijmafimctiêça gaka uk oipa jevi`av `ewwi kuh`cimctiêça- dé yue ipviãw `iw pvihwiêõew

egahðkcgiw agavve i i~varckiêça `iw gumpuviw- agiwcahih`a ku`ihêiw e chomuähgciw erevgc`iw

~av `epevkchi`iw hiêõew wafve aupviw(

I ~ivpcv `ewwi `eochcêça- _evi Kivci Gih`iu "6>>2# `ewpigi yue a kuh`a ipuim ce

ku`ihêiw ~vaouh`iw e igemevi`iw e yue iw ~ewwaiw ich`i hça wça gi~itew `e gak~veeh`ä+miw

i`eyui`ikehpe( ^av ewwe kapca- iw `cwguwwõew wafve imjukiw yuewpõew yue agu~ik ~awcêçagehpvim hewwew `efipew ewpça we chpehwcocgih`a( Ehpve `cevwaw pekiw- `ewpigik+we i

~vafmeképcgi `i cjuim`i`e e `aw `cvecpaw bukihaw e iw yuewpõew `i `coevehêi e `a

kumpcgumpuvimcwka( ”Wça iw mupiw `aw jvu~aw wagcicw `cwgvckchi`aw e ergmuë`aw `e uki

gc`i`ihci ~mehi- aw kackehpaw wagcicw- ew~egcimkehpe aw vemigcahi`aw îw yuewpõew ãphcgiw

yue gahwpcpuek a maguw `e ~va`uêça a kumpcgumpuvimcwka(‛ "GIH@IU- 6>>2- ~( 03# 

Ek mchbiw jevicw a kumpcgumpuvimcwka ewpé mcji`a î ercwpähgci `iw `coevehêiw gumpuvicw ek

hawwiw wagce`i`ew( Ã uk pevka yue `ewgvee i ercwpähgci `e kucpiw gumpuviw huki magimc`i`e-

gc`i`e au ~iëw< ck~mcgi pikfãk ek vecch`cgiêõew e gahyucwpiw `iw gbiki`iw kchavciw

"hejvaw- ëh`caw- kumbevew- bakawweruicw- ehpve aupviw#( Gaka `aupvchi- a kumpcgumpuvimcwka

ewpé gehpvi`a hi c`ãci `e yue ewwiw gumpuviw kchavcpévciw kevegek vegahbegckehpa ~ôfmcga-

ik~iva e ~vapeêça mejim- a~ah`a+we ia ephagehpvcwka(

96 AVPCT- Vehipa( Kuh`cimctiêça e gumpuvi( Wça ^iuma4 Fviwcmcehwe- 9330(

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^ivi Gih`iu "6>>2# a kumpcgumpuvimcwka ercwpe gaka uki givigpevëwpcgi `iw wagce`i`ew ipuicw-

kiw hça ~a`e wev cwpa wck~mewkehpe gaka uk `i`a `i veimc`i`e( Ã hegewwévca yue ewwe

oehðkeha hça wedi wakehpe kicw uki gahwpipiêça- kiw ewpckume uki kihecvi `e ipuiv- `e

chpevcv- `e pvihwoavkiv i `chækcgi wagcim( ^av ehpeh`ev yue a kuh`a ã gak~awpa ~av

wagce`i`ew kumpcgumpuvicw ã hegewwévca yue we gak~veeh`i i gahwpvuêça `i oavkiêça

kumpcgumpuvim ek gahperpaw ew~egëocgaw- meih`a ek gahpi i wcpuiêça bcwp÷vcgi- ~amëpcgi e

wagcagumpuvim `e gi`i mujiv( Gaka erek~ma- ehpeh`e+we yue a kumpcgumpuvimcwka hi wagce`i`e

fviwcmecvi ã `coevehpe `iyueme `iw wagce`i`ew euva~ãciw au `i wagce`i`e ewpi`uhc`ehwe(

Ih`vei Wek~vchc "933:# uwi i gahwpvuêça `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw gaka erek~ma `e uk ~iëw `e

oavkiêça kumpcgumpuvim- ~vewehpe `ew`e aw ~vck÷v`caw `ewwi hiêça ipã aw `ciw ipuicw( Imãk `awch`ëjehiw yue chpejviik aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw gahpchehpicw- chgmuch`a ~ivpew `a Imiwgi e `a

Biië- a ~aaikehpa `a ~iëw i~÷w i ch`e~eh`ähgci gahpau- ~vchgc~imkehpe- gak i ckcjviêça

`e ihjma+wirõew- ewgagewew e ~ewwaiw `e avcjek jevkæhcgi- imãk `aw hejvaw iovcgihaw mei`aw

gaka ewgviaw( I~÷w i Juevvi `e Wegewwça97- a iihêa egahðkcga e a ock `i ewgvic`ça

iukehpivik i hegewwc`i`e `e kça+`e+afvi( Iwwck- ifvcu+we uki ~amëpcgi `e ckcjviêça e a

~iëw vegefeu `e 92?> i 936>- gevgi `e 65 kcmbõew `e ckcjvihpew( ^iwwi i oitev ~ivpe `i ”\((([

c`ehpc`i`e higcahim i ckijek `e uk ~iëw veimkehpe ifevpa- cjuimcpévca- ah`e gi`i uk ~a`ciivvcwgiv i wavpe e veimctiv wui ~ivpe ha wahba ikevcgiha(‛ "WEK^VCHC- 933:- ~( 6:#(

Kavazwli / W~abh90 "9337- gcpi`aw ~av OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335# `ewgveek a ~evëa`a

ehpve 92:> e 9390 gaka ”pbe jveip wzivkchj‛ "a jvih`e ehrike#- yuih`a gevgi `e ?> i :>

kcmbõew `e ~ewwaiw ehpvivik au wiëvik `i Euva~i ipviãw `a Ipmæhpcga( I `cevwcocgiêça `e

higcahimc`i`ew e gumpuviw gbejau iaw EUI i ~ivpcv `aw ihaw 935>( I juevvi ovci e a ~a`evca

chpevhigcahim `a ~iëw gewwivik i ckcjviêça euva~ãci e ipviëvik iwcépcgaw e mipcha+ikevcgihaw(

97 Juevvi Gccm agavvc`i haw EUI `e 92?9 i 92?5 ehpve aw ewpi`aw `a Wum e `a Havpe `a ~iëw( Aw havpcwpiw- yuegahpiik gak kicw ~a`evca egahðkcga ~vaehcehpe `i ch`uwpvcimctiêça- i~aciik i er~ihwça `i ~eyuehi~va~vce`i`e e ~vchgc~imkehpe i upcmctiêça `a pvifimba mcve( Dé aw wumcwpiw- gakih`i`aw ~av ivcwpagvipiw-`eoeh`cik a uwa `a mipcoôh`ca kahagumpav e a uwa `i kça+`e+afvi ewgvii( Yuih`a a `eoehwav `i fuvjuewcich`uwpvcim `a Havpe- Ifvibik Mchgamh- ehgeu iw emecêõew ~vewc`ehgcicw- ek 92?>- aw ewpi`aw `a Wum `egmivivikwegewwça `i Uhcça e gvcivik aw Ewpi`aw Gahoe`evi`aw `i Ikãvcgi `ih`a chëgca i Juevvi- yue w÷ pee ock ek92?5 gak i veh`cêça `aw ômpckaw erãvgcpaw gahoe`evi`aw( 

90 KAVAZWLI- Ei / W^ABH- Zcmmovce`( ”Euva~eih Gakchjw ih` Jachjw ch pbe 93pb ih` 6>pb Gehpuvcew‛(Pevgecvi Gahoevähgci Chpevhigcahim wafve Bcwp÷vci Jmafim- Bahj Lahj( 9337(

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I vemiêça ehpve gi`i gumpuvi e uk pevvcp÷vca ew~egcocga- wek `ewi~ivegev- ewpé weh`a impevi`i~emaw `ewmagikehpaw `e kiwwiw `e ckcjvihpew- ercmi`aw- puvcwpiw e aupvaw cidihpew- iwwckgaka ~emi gvewgehpe chpev`e~eh`ähgci `e gi`i wagce`i`e e kucpiw aupviw( \((([ Ipã ~augiw`ãgi`iw ipvéw- aw gbchewew ewpiik hi Gbchi- aw di~ahewew ha Di~ça- aw famccihaw hi

Famëci e aw kercgihaw ha Kãrcga( Ijavi- aw gbchewew e aw di~ahewew- iwwck gaka weuw~va`upaw- ~evgavvek pa`aw aw gahpchehpew( I wejuh`i gc`i`e famccihi ek amuke `e~a~umiêça ã Fuehaw Icvew e Maw Ihjemew ã i wejuh`i gc`i`e kercgihi( "GIHGMCHC- 6>>3-~( 900- 905#

^ivi Wek~vchc "933:# a kumpcgumpuvimcwka ã a vewumpi`a `e uk ~vagewwa `e kcwpuvi e `e

ehgahpva `e `coevehêiw huhgi ihpew agavvc`i hi bcwp÷vci `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw( ^avãk- eme

ve~vewehpi uki vew~awpi îw oimbiw `ewwe ~vagewwa- dé yue iw c`eciw `a kumpcgumpuvimcwka- gaka  

`aupvchi- ~vepeh`ek uki kembav e kicw eyucmcfvi`i gahwc`eviêça `iw `coevehêiw- e ich`i

yuewpcahik aw mckcpew- ovahpecviw e `ccwõew ck~awpiw e ~v÷~vciw `i wagce`i`e ikevcgihi(

Hewwi wagce`i`e- a yue agavve ã uki vu~puvi ehpve i kicavci fvihgi yue vewcwpe îw ku`ihêiw-

e iw kchavciw ãphcgiw- kumpcgumpuvicw- yue vecch`cgik vegahbegckehpa `e wuiw c`ehpc`i`ew e

ew~egcocgc`i`ew(

A ew~iêa ~ôfmcga ikevcgiha huhgi ewpee pça ve~mepa `e `cevwcocgiêõew  ‗  pihpa `e jvu~aw

ãphcgaw gaka `e kchavciw e kackehpaw wagcicw ‗ gaka hi ipuimc`i`e( E ã duwpikehpe ~av ewwi

vitça yue iw gahpvaãvwciw- pehwõew e gahomcpaw kumpcgumpuvicw wuvjek `e kihecvi pça chpehwi(Wek~vchc "933:# er~mcgi yue jvu~aw wagcicw kivjchicw au ck÷ecw ha ew~iêa wagcim gakeêik i

chpevijcv e ehpvik ek gak~epcêça ~ivi ka`cocgiv wui gah`cêça e ~awcêça hi wagce`i`e( Aw

ka`emaw ~amëpcgaw i~mcgi`aw gak a chpucpa `e jivihpcv i `coevehêi gaka uk iw~egpa ~awcpca-

oimbivik( Aw ewoavêaw ~amëpcgaw e wagcagumpuvicw `i ka`evhc`i`e ~vepeh`cik gvciv- i ~ivpcv `iw

`coevehêiw- i cjuim`i`e ehpve aw gc`i`çaw( Kiw i gvcwe `i ka`evhc`i`e igifau vewumpih`a ek

uk gehévca ha yuim i `coevehêi hça ehgahpvau i igecpiêça ~vepeh`c`i ha ew~iêa ~ôfmcga ( ”A

gahpvipa pégcpa iwwchi`a ehpve iw `coevehpew ivcihpew `i gc`i`ihci e aw ch`cë`uaw oac uki~vakewwi `e cjuim`i`e gccm ek pvagi `e uk gahochikehpa `e wuiw `coevehêiw `ehpva `e wuiw

vew~egpciw ewoeviw ~vci`iw(‛ "WEK^VCHC- 933:- ~( 95:#( 

I ka`evhc`i`e ~iwwi ~av uk kakehpa `e gvcwe( @coevehêi e c`ehpc`i`e- cjuim`i`e e duwpcêi-

vemipccwka e uhcevwimcwka- vigcahimcwka e wufdepcc`i`e- gc`i`ihci- ãpcgi- `cvecpa- chpejvik a

~vadepa `i ka`evhc`i`e( ^avãk- ewwew c`eicw bade ich`i wça oaga `iw vecch`cgiêõew

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kumpcgumpuvicw( Gih`iu "6>>2# igve`cpi yue bé uki gahwpihpe pehwça ~vewehpe ha `efipe ehpve

cjuim`i`e e `coevehêi( A chpevewwe `i ka`evhc`i`e oac ouh`ikehpiv wuiw viëtew hi c`eci `e

cjuim`i`e ~ivi pa`aw aw wevew bukihaw( Ha ehpihpa- `cihpe `iw ikeiêiw `i bakajehectiêça

gumpuvim e `iw pehpipciw `e ck~awcêça `e imavew bejekðhcgaw- iw `cevwiw gumpuviw ew~imbi`iw

~ema kuh`a peh`ek i yuevev vewwimpiv iw `coevehêiw e veoavêiv wui c`ehpc`i`e( Cwwa hça yuev

`ctev yue ercwpi uki hejiêça wck~mew `i cjuim`i`e- kiw uki gvewgehpe fuwgi ~emi imavctiêça

`i `coevehêi(

Wakaw pa`aw cjuicw au wakaw pa`aw `coevehpew1 Yuevekaw wev cjuicw au yuevekaw wev`coevehpew1 Baue uk pek~a yue i vew~awpi we ifvcjii wejuvi `e wc ha ~vckecva pevka `i`cwduhpci( Dé oit uk yuivpa `e wãguma- ~avãk- yue i vew~awpi we `ewmagau( I gakeêiv `iwejuh`i kepi`e `aw ihaw :>- ~iwwikaw i haw ev ehampaw huki ipkawoevi gumpuvim ec`eam÷jcgi chpecvikehpe hai- hi yuim ~ivege jehevimctiv+we- ek vcpka igemevi`a e~evpuvfi`av- i gahwgcähgci `e yue h÷w- aw bukihaw- wakaw `coevehpew `e oipa \((([- kiwwakaw pikfãk `coevehpew `e `cvecpa( Ã a gbiki`a ”`cvecpa î `coevehêi‛- a `cvecpa î`coevehêi gumpuvim- a `cvecpa `e wev- weh`a `coevehpe \((([ Hça yuevekaw kicw i cjuim`i`e-~ivege( Au i yuevekaw kehaw- kapci+haw kucpa kicw- ek hawwi gah`upi- ek hawwiwer~egpipciw `e oupuva e ~vadepaw `e c`i gak~ivpcmbi`i- a `cvecpa `e wevkaw ~ewwaim egamepcikehpe `coevehpew uhw `aw aupvaw( "^CEVUGGC95- 6>>9- gcpi`a ~av GIH@IU- 6>>2-~( 0?#

Gih`iu "6>>2# igve`cpi yue bé uki hegewwc`i`e `e pvifimbiv iw vemiêõew gumpuvicw hiw

wagce`i`ew e gahgefev ~amëpcgiw ~ôfmcgiw yue oiaveêik a ehgahpva kumpcgumpuvim( I iupavi

vewwimpi yue wça kucpiw iw ifav`ijehw i vew~ecpa `a iwwuhpa yue äk weh`a ~va~awpiw ~av

keca `e `cevwaw iupavew- pa`ici ercwpek pväw ~evw~egpciw gahwc`evi`iw ouh`ikehpicw e yue

ewpça hi fiwe `iw `cevwiw ~va~awpiw( Wça emiw4 a kumpcgumpuvimcwka iwwckcmigcahcwpi- a

kumpcgumpuvimcwka `coevehgcimcwpi au kahagumpuvimcwka ~muvim e a kumpcgumpuvimcwka chpevipca-

pikfãk `ehakchi`a chpevgumpuvimc`i`e( 

I ~awcêça iwwckcmigcahcwpi `eoeh`e a ~vadepa `e gahwpvuêça `e uki gumpuvi gakuk- dé yue

~vaguvi  iwwckcmiv aw jvu~aw kivjchimcti`aw e `cwgvckchi`aw iaw imavew- kehpimc`i`ew egahbegckehpaw wagcimkehpe imavcti`aw ~emi gumpuvi bejekðhcgi( A kumpcgumpuvimcwka

iwwckcmigcahcwpi igifi ~av `ewmejcpckiv aw `cimepaw- mëhjuiw- gvehêiw- imavew ”`coevehpew‛

 ~evpehgehpew iaw jvu~aw kchavcpévcaw yuih`a aoevege i emew ewwi ”chgmuwça‛( Dé i ifav`ijek

`coevehgcimcwpi gahgav`i gak a oipa `e yue- we ehoipcti`i i iwwckcmiêça- iw `coevehêiw igifik

weh`a heji`iw au wcmehgci`iw( Iwwck- wujeve+we `ewpigiv a vegahbegckehpa `i `coevehêi-

95 ^CEVUGGC- Ihpahca Omica( Gcmi`iw `i `coevehêi( Wça ^iuma4E`cpavi 70- 9333(

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gahge`eh`a ew~iêaw ~ivi i er~vewwça `iw `coevehpew c`ehpc`i`ew gumpuvicw ~vewehpew ek uk

`epevkchi`a gahperpa(

Ehpvepihpa- Gihgmchc "6>>3# ehpeh`e yue iw gahge~êõew kumpcgumpuvicw yue i`kcpek i

”`cevwc`i`e‛ `e gumpuviw veimêih`a wuiw `coevehêiw e ~va~ah`a ~amëpcgiw vemipccwpiw `e

vew~ecpa igifik- ~av etew- weh`a vew~ahwéecw ~av veoavêiv i wejvejiêça( @ewwi oavki- wça

gvci`aw ev`i`ecvaw i~ivpbec`w wagcagumpuvicw( Gih`iu "6>>2# afwevi yue iw `uiw ~vckecviw

~awcêõew `egavvehpew `a kumpcgumpuvimcwka wça iw kicw `ewehamc`iw hiw wagce`i`ew ipuicw e-

imjukiw etew- giuwik pehwõew e gahomcpaw( Jevimkehpe- a oaga `iw ~amäkcgiw wafve i

~vafmeképcgi kumpcgumpuvim ã ekfiwi`a hewwiw ~evw~egpciw(

Ha ehpihpa- a pevgecva ~ahpa- chpcpumi`a gaka chpevgumpuvimc`i`e- ~va~õe uk kumpcgumpuvimcwka

ifevpa e chpevipca( I ~va~awpi ewpé avcehpi`i î gahwpvuêça `e wagce`i`ew `ekagvépcgiw-

~muvicw- bukihi e chgmuwciw- ivpcgumih`a ~amëpcgiw `e cjuim`i`e gak ~amëpcgiw `e c`ehpc`i`e(

^ivi Gihgmchc "6>>3#- i chpevgumpuvimc`i`e vekepe î kcwpuvi ehpve wagce`i`ew- a yue igahpege

yuih`a jvu~aw we ehgahpvik ek vemiêõew e chpevgækfcaw( I ck~mcgiêça ã i `e yue aw

`coevehpew we ehgahpvik ek uk kewka kuh`a e `eek gahcev wek~ve ek uki wcpuiêça `e

hejagciêça e pvagiw vegë~vagiw( Uki cwça yue ic `e ehgahpva gak a kumpcgumpuvimcwkagvëpcga `e KgMiveh9? "933:- gcpi`a ~av GIH@IU- 6>>2- ~(59#- yue we veguwi i ev i gumpuvi

gaka hça+gahomcpci e igve`cpi hi i~mcgiêça `e uki ~amëpcgi `e pvihwoavkiêça hi yuim i

`coevehêi `ee wev iocvki`i- ~acw- wek cwwa- gavve+we a vcwga `e ve`utcv ewwew ewoavêaw i aupvi

oavki `e igaka`iêça î av`ek wagcim cjehpe(

Gevpikehpe gi`i gumpuvi pek wuiw viëtew- kiw ewwiw viëtew wça bcwp÷vcgiw e `chækcgiw( Hçaocrik iw ~ewwaiw ek `epevkchi`a ~i`vça gumpuvim( \((([ hiw wagce`i`ew ek yue cekaw aw~vagewwaw `e bcfvc`ctiêça gumpuvim wça chpehwaw e kafcmcti`avew `i gahwpvuêça `e

c`ehpc`i`ew ifevpiw- ek gahwpvuêça ~evkihehpe- a yue wu~õe yue iw gumpuviw hça wça ~uviw("GIH@IU- 6>>3- ~( 59#

Bade- hça fiwpi vegahbegev iw `coevehêiw e ~va~av i ~amëpcgi `e uki ~muvimc`i`e fiwei`i ha

vemipccwka- dé yue ewwiw ~ivi`arimkehpe ~a`ek veoavêiv i wejvejiêça< ã hegewwévca ev

hawwiw wagce`i`ew gaka chpevgumpuvicw kicw `a yue kumpcgumpuvicw "GIHGMCHC- 6>>3#( Fegl9: 

9? KgMIVEH- ^epev( Kumpcgumpuvimcwka gvëpcga( Pvi`( Fefem Avaocha Wbieoev( Wça ^iuma4 Gavpet- 933:(9: FEGL- Umvcgb( ^av yuã we eyucagi Buhpchjpah( Ch4 Em ^iëw- Ew~ihbi- 69 `et( 6>>?(

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"6>>? gcpi`a ~av GIHGMCHC- 6>>3- ~(905#-  mekfvi yue a kuh`a ewpé uhc`a kewka wek

yuevev4 ”Hewpi gakuhc`i`e `e ctchbaw yue gak~ivpcmbikaw pa`aw kcwpuvi`aw- aw ctchbaw we

eek i wc kewkaw gaka ewpvihbaw- chgak~veeh`c`aw- ikeiêi`aw‛( 

Dewôw Kivpëh+Fivfeva "6>>3# iocvki yue hça bé kicw gaka pvihwoavkiv i `cevwc`i`e ek imja

uhcocgi`a( Bimm "6>>9# i~ahpi yue bé ha wudecpa c`ehpc`i`ew gahpvi`cp÷vciw yue a ek~uvvik ek

`coevehpew `cveêõew- iwwck iw c`ehpcocgiêõew igifik weh`a gahpchuikehpe `ewmagi`iw( I

c`ehpc`i`e ~mehikehpe uhcocgi`i ã uki oihpiwci(

7(6 Gahomcpaw gumpuvicw- wagcicw e ãphcgaw haw EUI

I~ewiv `e kucpiw veamuêõew oecpiw ha wãguma RR gahpvi i `ewcjuim`i`e e kucpiw `emiw

vewumpih`a ha vegahbegckehpa `i `cevwc`i`e- Gihgmchc "6>>3# vewwimpi yue aw eoecpaw hça

oavik wuocgcehpew ~ivi pavhiv uk kuh`a kicw ”bifcpéem‛( Kewka gak gevpaw iihêaw hi

igecpiêça yuihpa î ~muvimc`i`e ãphcgi- ich`i ã hegewwévca yue iw `coevehêiw wedik i`kcpc`iw

gaka pikfãk imavcti`iw e bcevivyucti`iw wek yue cwwa vewumpe ek `cwgvckchiêõew(

I kihcoewpiêça `a kumpcgumpuvimcwka ve~vewehpi i chpevvu~êça `a kcpa vakæhpcga+higcahimcwpi`e uki uhcocgiêça `e gumpuvi e ~amëpcgi- givigpevëwpcgi ~vchgc~im `aw gbiki`aw Ewpi`a+hiêça(

”Wejuvaw ek wui c`ehpc`i`e gumpuvim wchjumiv- aw Ewpi`aw+Hiêõew gvcivik wô`cpaw gamahcicw

gudaw `ewgeh`ehpew- `e~acw- chgav~avivik+we i emew gaka ckcjvihpew- ~ah`a iwwck ek vcwga i

uhc`i`e gumpuvim yue idu`au ek ~vckecva mujiv i pavhiv ~awwëem a ck~ãvca(‛ "EIJMEPAH-

6>>5- ~( 30#

Ehpvepihpa- iw vemiêõew ehpve aw ~iëwew Agc`ehpicw "`epehpavew `i kicav ~ivpe `a`ewehamckehpa e ~a`ev egahðkcga# e aw ckcjvihpew ku`ivik ia mahja `aw ihaw( Ipã aw

ihaw :>- aw ~iëwew euva~euw- `e oavki jevim- gak a chpucpa `e wamugcahiv i oimpi `e kça+`e+

afvi evik oiavéecw î ckcjviêça( Dé ha ochim `aw ihaw 2>- a iukehpa `a `ewek~veja- a

emei`a hôkeva `e ckcjvihpew e i givigpevëwpcgi `e wevek ~ve`akchihpekehpe ”hça+

agc`ehpicw‛ octevik gak yue weeviw ku`ihêiw igahpegewwek hi ipcpu`e e hi ~amëpcgi `e

~iëwew euva~euw e- kicw piv`e- pikfãk haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw(

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A kackehpa ~a~umigcahim ia ve`av `a kuh`a oac pimet- wejuh`a Wikuem ^( Buhpchjpah

"933?#- i kicw ck~avpihpe `ckehwça `i iwgehwça `a Agc`ehpe ehpve aw wãgumaw R_C e RR( I

ka`evhctiêça e a `ewehamckehpa pegham÷jcga wça cwpaw gaka uk `aw ~vchgc~icw

vew~ahwéecw ~emi ah`i `e kcjviêça- imãk `aw iihêaw hiw gakuhcgiêõew yue iukehpivik aw

chgehpcaw ~ivi i fuwgi `e a~avpuhc`i`ew egahðkcgiw( Ha iha `e 933>- aw kcjvihpew mejicw

chpevhigcahicw gbejiik i gevgi `e 9>> kcmbõew- aw veoujci`aw evik i~varcki`ikehpe 93

kcmbõew e aw kcjvihpew cmejicw kicw `e 9> kcmbõew(

Aw agc`ehpicw gi`i et kicw vegecik ewpivek ipuimkehpe weh`a chi`c`aw- hça ~av erãvgcpawe pihyuew- kiw ~av kcjvihpew yue oimik aupvaw c`cakiw- i`avik aupvaw `euwew- ~evpehgek iaupviw gumpuviw e- pekek emew- cvça pakiv weuw ek~vejaw- agu~iv wuiw pevviw- cev î guwpi `awcwpeki `e ~vec`ähgci wagcim e ikeiêiv weu ewpcma `e c`i( "ZECHEV- gcpi`a ~avBUHPCHJPAH- 933?- ~(65>#

Bimm "6>>9# er~mcgi i ipcpu`e `aw ~iëwew vege~pavew `e ckcjvihpew gaka uki veiêça `eoehwci

`aw jvu~aw ãphcgaw `akchihpew yue we wehpek ikeiêi`aw ~emi ~vewehêi `e aupviw gumpuviw e

igifik ~av ewpckumiv uk oavpimegckehpa `e wuiw c`ehpc`i`ew magicw( Ha Vecha Uhc`a- ewwe

oipav ~va`utcu uk ”chjmewcwka kewyuchba e ijvewwca‛ yue we kawpvi vegui`a yuihpa î

~vamcoeviêça `e uk ifwamupcwka ãphcga(

Buhpchjpah "933?# ewgmivege yue i wafevihci Agc`ehpim ek vemiêça ia ”vewpa `a kuh`a‛  

gakeêau yuih`a i er~ihwça euva~ãci emckchau iw gccmctiêõew ih`chi e kewaikevcgihi(

Pihpa iw gccmctiêõew ch`cihi- cwmækcgi e iovcgihi oavik wufduji`iw- e i Gbchi chi`c`i e

wufav`chi`i î chomuähgci Agc`ehpim( Oavik 0>> ihaw ek yue aupviw wagce`i`ew oavik

wufav`chi`iw î gccmctiêça Agc`ehpim( ^ivi a iupav- i gahyucwpi `a kuh`a ~ema agc`ehpe hça

igahpegeu `ec`a î wu~evcavc`i`e `e wuiw c`eciw- imavew au vemcjcça- kiw ~av uki

wu~evcavc`i`e ek i~mcgiv i camähgci avjihcti`i( ”Aw agc`ehpicw oveyuehpekehpe we ewyuegek`ewwe oipa- kiw aw hça+agc`ehpicw huhgi(‛ "BUHPCHJPAH- 933?- ~( 53#

Ewwe pimet wedi uk `aw oavpew kapcaw yue meik iw ~ewwaiw i igve`cpiv yue iw wu~ev~apähgciw

agc`ehpicw huhgi we ifimivça( Ha ehpihpa- iw veiêõew `e gccmctiêõew hça+agc`ehpicw ewpça

igahpegeh`a e- gak i jmafimctiêça- i oiwe `akchi`i ~ema ck~igpa uhc`cvegcahim- ~vaagi`a

~emi wafevihci Agc`ehpim wafve iw aupviw gccmctiêõew- pevkchau- ~iwwih`a i agavvev chomuähgciw

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e `akchiêõew kumpc`cvegcahicw- gak chpeviêõew chpehwiw e gahpchui`iw ehpve pa`iw iw

gccmctiêõew( I ahpi`e `e wu~eviv i ve~vewwça i yue oavik- e ich`i wça- wufkepc`iw- oit gak

yue iw wagce`i`ew hça+agc`ehpicw iocvkek gi`i et kicw weuw ~v÷~vcaw imavew gumpuvicw e

”ve~u`cek‛ iyuemew i~mcgi`aw ~ema Agc`ehpe( 

Ek uk kuh`a ~÷w Juevvi Ovci- iw `coevehgciêõew kicw ck~avpihpew ehpve aw ~aaw hça wça

c`eam÷jcgiw- ~amëpcgiw au egahðkcgiw- kiw gumpuvicw( Iw ~ewwaiw we c`ehpcocgik gaka jvu~aw

gumpuvicw- pvcfaw- jvu~aw ãphcgaw- gakuhc`i`ew vemcjcawiw- hiêõew e gccmctiêõew e upcmctik i

~amëpcgi pihpa ~ivi wevcv iaw weuw chpevewwew- gaka ~ivi `eochcv wuiw c`ehpc`i`ew( ”H÷w w÷

wifekaw yuek wakaw yuih`a wifekaw yuek hça wakaw e- kucpiw etew- yuih`a wifekaw

gahpvi yuek wakaw( \((([ Aw chckcjaw wça ewwehgcicw ~ivi aw ~aaw yue ewpça fuwgih`a wuic`ehpc`i`e e vechehpih`a wui ephci(‛ "BUHPCHJPAH- 933?- ~w(92 e 6>#

Buhpchjpah "933?# ewgmivege yue a Agc`ehpe gahpchuau i ~va`utcv ck~igpaw wcjhcocgipcaw ek

aupviw wagce`i`ew- kiw- `ewwi et- emew wça uki veiêça iaw `ewehamckehpaw hewwiw

wagce`i`ew(

Dawe~b Hse92

  wuwpehpau yue ercwpe uki `cwpchêça ehpve ”~a`ev `uva‛- yue ã a ~a`ev `egakih`iv i~aci`a hi oavêi egahðkcgi e kcmcpiv- e a ”~a`ev wuie‛- yue ã i gi~igc`i`e `euk Ewpi`a `e gahwejucv gak yue ”aupvaw ~iëwew yuecvik a yue eme yuev‛ ipviãw `e uki~ema î wui gumpuvi e c`eamajci( Gaka vegahbege Hse- ewpé agavveh`a ha kuh`a uki ik~mi`couwça `e ~a`ev `uva- e iw ~vchgc~icw hiêõew ”päk ipuimkehpe kehaw gi~igc`i`e `a yue ha~iwwi`a ~ivi ek~vejiv weuw kecaw `e ~a`ev pvi`cgcahicw i ock `e ipchjcv weuw afdepcaw‛("BUHPCHJPAH- 933?- ~(999#

Uki `iw ~veagu~iêõew `aw ~iëwew agc`ehpicw  ã gak a `egmëhca `a gvewgckehpa hipuvim `i

~a~umiêça( Haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw i hipimc`i`e ehpve aw ikevcgihaw ã ficri e hi Euva~i ã

~vipcgikehpe teva( Aw kcjvihpew päk impi piri `e oevpcmc`i`e e we pavhik vew~ahwéecw ~emi

kicav ~ivpe `a oupuva gvewgckehpa ~a~umigcahim hewwiw wagce`i`ew( "BUHPCHJPAH- 933?#

Ewwe e aupvaw oipavew- yue `ctek vew~ecpa ia `egmëhca `e ~a`ev `a Agc`ehpe- oitek gak yue

gahomcpaw gumpuvicw pakek kicavew ~va~avêõew e `cocgumpek a ehpeh`ckehpa yuihpa îw vemiêõew

chpevgumpuvicw( Aw ~iëwew euva~euw gahomcpik gak ~aaw kuêumkihaw e avpa`araw- ehyuihpa

haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw i ~veagu~iêça ã gak a wu~ev~aaikehpa `e ~ewwaiw `e avcjek bcw~æhcgi(

92 HSE- Dawe~b W( Dv( Pbe Gbihjchj Hipuve ao Zavm` ^azev( Ch4 ^amcpcgim Wgcehge Yuivpevms( 933>(

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Buhpchjpah "933?# afwevi yue ehyuihpa i ckcjviêça `e kuêumkihaw ve~vewehpi uk

~vafmeki ~ivi i Euva~i- aw kercgihaw ve~vewehpik pim ~vafmeki ~ivi aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw(

Imãk `i oigcmc`i`e ehgahpvi`i ~av emew ~ivi ehpviv ha ~iëw havpe+ikevcgiha- ~vegcwih`a

i~ehiw gvutiv uki ovahpecvi au- ha kércka- uk vca- aw kercgihaw- i ock `e wu~eviv a

`ewek~veja e `coevehêiw wimivcicw cwpiw ek weu ~iëw- ehgahpvivik haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw

a~avpuhc`i`ew `e gvewgckehpa egahðkcga wek ~vegcwiv gewwiv aw gahpipaw gak wuiw oikëmciw e

gak wuiw gakuhc`i`ew `e avcjek( Aw iihêaw e kembavciw `aw kecaw `e pvihw~avpe e

gakuhcgiêõew ~evkcpek yue iw viëtew gahpchuek weh`a oveyuehpekehpe vecwcpi`iw e- iwwck-

~evkiheêik chpehwiw( Pikfãk ã kucpa oavpe i vewcwpähgci `aw kercgihaw yuihpa î

iwwckcmiêça( ”Iw ewpipëwpcgiw aocgcicw vejcwpvik i~varcki`ikehpe 96 kcmbõew `e kercgihawceh`a hewwe ~iëw- ekfavi i chwpifcmc`i`e `iw kcjviêõew pek~avévciw- a hôkeva `e

ch`agukehpi`aw \((([ emeik imjukiw ewpckipciw ipã 67 kcmbõew(‛ "GIHGMCHC- 6>>3- ~( 90?#

A ivpcja `i vecwpi Pbe Egahakcwp   "~(:6#- `ewpigi yue aw mipchaw yue kavik haw Ewpi`aw

Uhc`aw gakeêik i erevgev chomuähgci pikfãk hi ~amëpcgi `a ~iëw( Haw ewpi`aw `a Periw e

Gimco÷vhci- magicw ek yue we gahgehpvik jvih`ew ~a~umiêõew `e gc`i`çaw mipchaw- iukehpi a

hôkeva `aw yue we vejcwpvik ~ivi apiv e- chgmuwce- imjuhw dé imgihêivik a ~a`ev( A cge+jaevhi`av e a ~vewc`ehpe `i Iwwekfmeci `i Gimco÷vhci wça mipchaw- iwwck pikfãk gaka

kucpaw ~veoecpaw- chgmuwce a `e Maw Ihjemew( Kiw- aw ckcjvihpew cmejicw hça we mckcpik kicw i

cev wakehpe hewwew `acw ewpi`aw- kucpaw we `ewmagik ~ivi a Ivctahi- Je÷vjci e Givamchi `a

Havpe( Aw ewpvihjecvaw wek `agukehpaw hewwew ewpi`aw evik 0% ek 933>- dé ek 6>>3 i waki

papimctii 9>% `i ~a~umiêça(

Wejuh`a Gihgmchc "6>>3# aw kcjvihpew kercgihaw gbejivik i ehciv ~ivi weu ~iëw `e avcjekipã a iha `e 6>>?- 65 fcmbõew `e `÷mivew( ^avãk- hça we mckcpik wakehpe ia ehca `e `chbecva-

ehcik pikfãk choavkiêõew- wëkfamaw gumpuvicw "gaka kôwcgiw e vau~iw `i ka`i# e pvagik

er~evcähgciw hiw `uiw `cveêõew( I~ewiv `cwwa- ke`c`iw ve~vewwciw i~mcgi`iw ~emaw Ewpi`aw

Uhc`aw iaw kcjvihpew wça gahwpihpew- `ew`e aw kuvaw ovahpecvcêaw ipã i `cwgvckchiêça

camehpi( Buhpchjpah "933?# ~va~õe yue a Agc`ehpe- ia mc`iv gak aupviw wagce`i`ew- kchckcte

”wuiw ~ev`iw‛ ek~vejih`a gak bifcmc`i`e weuw veguvwaw egahðkcgaw e ~vakaeh`a e

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er~mavih`a iw `coevehêiw ehpve iw hiêõew hça+agc`ehpicw( Ek ehpvecwpi i vecwpi Pbe

Egahakcwp - veoevc`i ihpevcavkehpe- a ~vewc`ehpe `a "”kucpa bcw~æhcga‛# Wch`cgipa `aw

Pvifimbi`avew Ijvëgamiw Uhc`aw- Ivpuva Va`vëjuet- iocvki yue i veiêça `aw ikevcgihaw

gahpvi aw ckcjvihpew- yue ewpça ehpve aw kicw a~vckc`aw `a kuh`a- ã uki ipcpu`e evvi`i( ^ivi

eme- i mahja ~vita- aw bcw~æhcgaw ça ehgev wck~mewkehpe ~ema oipa `e wevek kicw

hukevawaw(

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I ka`evhc`i`e hça ~a`e wev ehpeh`c`i oavi `a gahperpa `i gc`i`e- yue ~va~avgcahau ukiivehi ~ivi i gcvgumiêça `e gav~aw e kevgi`avciw- i pvagi `e ambivew e a erevgëgca `agahwukcwka( I c`i ka`evhi ~ivegevci uvfihi ~av `eochcêça- gahpu`a iw pvihwoavkiêõewwagcicw e egahðkcgiw gvci`iw ~emi ka`evhc`i`e veka`emivik i ckijek `e gc`i`e ek ~mehievu~êça `a gi~cpimcwka ch`uwpvcim hi wejuh`i kepi`e `a wãguma RCR( "GBIVHES<

WGBZIVPT- 6>>0- ~( 6>#

Feh Wchjev "6>>0# pikfãk vewwimpi ewwi yuewpça igvewgehpih`a yue `eek wev gahwc`evi`aw

gaka ijveji`avew `i er~mawça `e uki gumpuvi `e gahwuka `e kiwwi i ch`uwpvcimctiêça- i

uvfihctiêça e a gvewgckehpa ~a~umigcahim vé~c`aw- i ~vamcoeviêça `e haiw peghamajciw e

kecaw `e pvihw~avpe e i wipuviêça `a gi~cpimcwka iihêi`a( Uk ev`i`ecva fakfiv`eca `e

ewpëkumaw(

I c`i ka`evhi oac ve~vewehpi`i `e `cevwiw oavkiw( Wchjev "6>>0# veoeve+we ew~egcimkehpe

iaw givpuhw e pikfãk perpaw hapcgcawaw ~ufmcgi`aw ek vecwpiw e davhicw- yue ehrevjiik aw

iihêaw `i ka`evhc`i`e gaka uki ikeiêi ~uhjehpe ia wev bukiha( ”Afwevi`avew wagcicw

`iw `ãgi`iw ~v÷rckiw `i cvi`i `a wãguma ocrivik+we hi c`eci `e yue i ka`evhc`i`e bici

giuwi`a uk iukehpa vi`cgim hi ewpckumiêça hevawi e ha vcwga gav~avim(‛ "WCHJEV- 6>>0- ~(

32#( ^ivi aw gc`i`çaw `i ã~agi- a giaw hiw vuiw ~vaagi`a ~emi kumpc`ça- imavaêi`i ek

fuwgi `e gahwukcv e we choavkiv- evi kapca `e vcwga( Wek gahpiv a kapca `e kicav ~iav4 a

fah`e emãpvcga( A keca `e pvihw~avpe evi vepvipi`a ~emi ck~vehwi gaka giuwi `e ~æhcga ehpve

aw pvihweuhpew- hapcgcih`a kavpew e aw haaw ~evcjaw `a ikfcehpe uvfiha peghamajcti`a( Iw

ëpckiw `e igc`ehpew pvéjcgaw giuwi`aw ~emi c`i ka`evhi- pikfãk oitcik ~ivpe `iw

~ufmcgiêõew(

Wchjev "6>>0# er~mcgi yue ewwi ~veagu~iêça cmuwpvi`i ~emi ck~vehwi veomepci iw ihwce`i`ew `e

uki wagce`i`e yue ich`i hça bici we i`i~pi`a ~av gak~mepa î ka`evhc`i`e uvfihi( Gak

cwwa- i ka`evhc`i`e mihêau kça `e uk gakãvgca `e gbayuew wehwavcicw( A ”wuw~ehwe‛ hiwgeu

~ivi ve~vewehpiv i `cevwça ka`evhi( _ivce`i`ew `e ehpvepehckehpaw ehameh`a a vcwga

ckchehpe oitcik wugewwa ehpve i ~a~umiêça( Maja- iw ~eêiw peipvicw we i~va~vcivik `ewwe

emekehpa gvcih`a aw ~vckecvaw kema`vikiw( Uk `aw ~vchgc~icw chwpvukehpaw yue

~awwcfcmcpivik i ve~vewehpiêça e i chpehwcocgiêça `i er~vewwcc`i`e ka`evhi oac a gcheki(

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 0(9(9 Gcheki e Ve~vewehpiêça i ka`evhc`i`e

Gbivhes e Wgbzivpt "6>>0# ewgmivegek yue kewka gak pihpiw chaiêõew- a gcheki oac

vew~ahwéem ~av pvihwgeh`ev e ~evwahcocgiv a ~evëa`a chcgcim `i evi ka`evhi gaka hehbuk

aupva chehpa( Ia ochim `a wãguma RCR- a gcheki we `ewehameu gaka uki er~vewwça e

gakfchiêça kicw gak~mepi `aw ipvcfupaw `i ka`evhc`i`e( Gbivhes e Wgbzivpt "6>>0# ich`i

igvewgehpik yue aw ewpu`aw `i c`i ka`evhi ~a`ek wev kicw gak~mepaw yuih`a we i~÷cik ha

wuvjckehpa `a gcheki e gak~ivik aw igahpegckehpaw `a kuh`a ka`evha i eme(

Haw ~vckecvaw ihaw- c`ehpcocgi`a gaka uk oehðkeha uvfiha- Gbivhes e Wgbzivpt "6>>0#

vegahbegek yue a gcheki pee kômpc~miw ouhêõew- wedi gaka ~ivpe `i ~icwijek `i gc`i`e-fvee ~iuwi ~ivi a pvifimbi`av i gikchba `e giwi- e ipã uk payue gumpuvim ~ivi aw ckcjvihpew(

Imãk `cwwa- gak a gcheki ”\((([ i ve~vewehpiêça- gaka vei~vewehpiêça `a ‘veim‑- kivgau i

oavki `eochc`avi `i ka`evhc`i`e \((([ gak a i`ehpa `e uki gumpuvi uvfihi gi÷pcgi e `couwi-

a ‘veim‑ ~a`e wev gi`i et kicw gak~veeh`c`a i~ehiw ~av keca `e picw ve~vewehpiêõew(‛

"GBIVHES< WGBZIVPT- 6>>0- ~( 60#( A gcheki evi uk ~va`upa gakevgcim e pikfãk uki

pãghcgi `e kafcmc`i`e e eoekevc`i`e- emekehpaw chpvëhwegaw ia i`ehpa `i ka`evhc`i`e( Ia

kewka pek~a- `ee wev ve~ehwi`a kicw ik~mikehpe ha gahperpa `i c`i ka`evhi- gakagak~ahehpe cpim `iw pvihwoavkiêõew ~amëpcgiw- wagcicw- egahðkcgiw e gumpuvicw(

A chëgca `a gcheki gumkchau gak ewpi peh`ähgci `e wehwiêõew ëc`iw e chpehwiw( @ew`ekucpa ge`a- aw ocmkew jvicpivik ek pavha `e uki ”ewpãpcgi `a ew~ihpa‛- pihpa ek vemiêça îoavki yuihpa ia gahpeô`a( I ergcpiêça ~ve`akchau- ~av erek~ma- ha c hëgca `a ”gcheki `eipviêõew‛ \((([ Aw ocmkew wevci`aw `a chëgca `i `ãgi`i `e 9>- i~evoecêaivik pa`iw iw oavkiw`e ~evcja oëwcga e ew~epéguma wehwigcahim \((([ i ihjuiv`i ka`evhcwpi- ipvië`i ~emichpehwc`i`e `iw ekaêõew `i ka`evhc`i`e- pehbi we i~awwi`a `ewwiw wãvcew- e `a gcheki ekjevim- gaka uk ekfmeki `i `ewgahpchuc`i`e e `i emagc`i`e ka`evhiw( Kivcheppc e aupvawoupuvcwpiw gemefvivik i ijcpiêça `a gcheki gaka uki ”kcwpuvi `e afdepaw e veimc`i`e

veuhc`aw imeipavcikehpe‛( "WCHJEV- 6>>0- ~( 990-995# 

Iwwck gaka iocvki Kivpch Vafevpw "6>9>#- kewka haw `ciw ipuicw- a gcheki kihpãk i

givigpevëwpcgi `e ve~vewehpiv a gehévca wagcim e gumpuvim `aw `coevehpew ~aaw( Weu ~i~em ã

wcjhcocgipca ha yue `ct vew~ecpa î ivpcgumiêça e î ~ev~epuiêça `e `cwguvwaw c`eam÷jcgaw wafve i

bukihc`i`e( 

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Kivjivep Gabeh "6>>0# gahwpipi yue a gcheki `aw ~vck÷v`caw `ekahwpvau ev`i`ecva oiwgëhca

~emi ve~vewehpiêça `a gapc`ciha( I iupavi `ehakchi `e jäheva gapc`ciha iyucma yue oit ~ivpe

`i er~evcähgci `a `ci+i+`ci gak imjukiw ~vepehwõew ewpãpcgiw pvihwgeh`ehpew( I c`i `cévci

pikfãk we pavhau uk afdepa émc`a `e chewpcjiêça gcehpëocgi(

Gaka ~vege`ehpew `e évcaw haaw jähevaw `e ve~vewehpiêça ha gcheki- ehgahpviik+we hi

mcpevipuvi aw perpaw ~ihavækcgaw yue we givigpevctiik ~av `ewgveev `epimbew `i c`i

gapc`cihi( Ewwew perpaw ~vepeh`cik aoevegev uki cwça jevim afdepci `aw oehðkehaw yue

gahwpcpuëik i er~evcähgci gapc`cihi ka`evhi- e ich`i- gak~uhbik+we `e kcgvahivvipciw yue

hça i~vewehpiik uki vemiêça `e gahpchuc`i`e `cvepi `e uk ehve`a gak aupva( I

gahgehpviêça `i pek~avimc`i`e we `eu ~emi gahgehpviêça `e uk peki- ek~vejih`a jähevaw`cwpchpaw ~ivi ve~vewehpiv `coevehpew iw~egpaw `i veimc`i`e wagcim( Aupvi `e wuiw givigpevëwpcgiw

oac i ivce`i`e `e iupavew yue gamifavivik gak i mcpevipuvi ~ihavækcgi( "GABEH- 6>>0#(

Mea Gbivhes "6>>0# veiocvki i yuewpça `iw wehwiêõew oujitew e `cwpviêõew eoäkeviw wuvjc`iw

`a ikfcehpe ka`evha( Eme ~vaguvi c`ehpcocgiv hewwe gahperpa i ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e

er~evckehpiêça `e uk ”chwpihpe‛( ”A chwpihpe ercwpe hi ke`c`i ek yue a ch`cë`ua

er~evckehpi uki wehwiêça cke`cipi e pihjëem( Ewwi wehwiêça ã pça chpehwi- pça oavpekehpewehpc`i- yue ewiege iwwck yue ã wehpc`i ~emi ~vckecvi et(‛ "GBIVHES- 6>>0- ~( 79:#(

Vepakih`a gvëpcgaw e ocm÷waoaw- a iupav kawpvi gaka hi ka`evhc`i`e hehbuk chwpihpe ~a`ci

~evkihegev ocra- aw ~va~÷wcpaw `a ka`evha evik kakehpæheaw4 wehpcv a chwpihpe ha chwpihpe e

vegahbegev a chwpihpe wakehpe `e~acw `e eme pev agavvc`a "gajhcêça#( Iwwck- ewwew `acw

~va~÷wcpaw gvcivik uki hai oavki `e er~evcähgci ha gcheki(

A ewpepi Zimpev ^ipev- iocvki Gbivhes "6>>0#- oac a ~vckecva i ~va~av i gipejavci `a chwpihpegaka a kivgi`av `cwpchpca `i vew~awpi wehwavcim( @e~acw- oac kicw ~mehikehpe `ewehamc`i

~emaw `acw gvëpcgaw ekfmeképcgaw `i ka`evhc`i`e- Zimpev Fehdikch93 e Kivpch Bec`ejjev6> 

"9323< 93?6- gcpi`aw ~av GBIVHES- 6>>0- ~( 793#( Gbivhes er~mcgi yue pa`iw iw atew e

`cwduhêõew `e c`eciw yue givigpevctiik i ka`evhc`i`e veomepcik ~ivi Fehdikch uki ve~mepi

93 Ek4 WKCPB- Jivs( Fehdikch4 ^bcmawa~bs- Iewpbepcgw- Bcwpavs "avj(#( Pvi`uêça ~ivgcim ~ivi a chjmäw `e MecjbBioves e Vcgbiv` Wcefuvpb( Gbcgija4 Uhcevwcps ao Gbcgija ^veww- 9323(6> BEC@EJJEV- Kivpch(  Fechj ih` Pcke( Pvi`uêça ~ivi a chjmew4 Dabh Kigyuivvce e E`ziv` Vafchwah( HezSavl4 Biv~ev ih` Vaz- 93?6( \Wev e pek~a- Vca `e Dihecva4 _atew- 6>>9#

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  duwpi~awcêça ihévyucgi- ehgahpvaw imeip÷vcaw- wehwiêõew kômpc~miw e wcjhcocgi`aw

chgahpvaméecw( Iwwck- Fehdikch vegavveu i ”kahpijek‛- uk kãpa`a ovijkehpévca iwwagci`a

î kihecvi `e er~vewwiv ewwi ~veimähgci `a chwpihpe hi er~evcähgci ka`evhi( Gbivhes

ewgmivege yue Fehdikch igve`cpii yue a pevka kahpijek gahpchbi i imuwça cpim ia gcheki(

Dé Deih E~wpech69 "930:- gcpi`a ~av GBIVHES- 6>>0- ~(760#- gcheiwpi e pe÷vcga ovihgäw-

wujevcu yue a kackehpa vé~c`a ha ew~iêa e ha pek~a gvci uk ikfcehpe `e omura-

eoekevc`i`e e `ewmagikehpa yue ehgahpvau weu ew~iêa c`eim ha gcheki( A gcheki ~ivi

E~wpech gahwejue `ewpigiv a chwpihpe yue agavve hi c`i wck~mew e pvihwoavké+ma ek uk

erek~miv `e ew~ihpa( Iwwck- _cgpav Wblmawls66 "93?5- gcpi`a ~av GBIVHES- 6>>0- ~(76:#

`eoche yue a ~va~÷wcpa `i ivpe ã pvihwkcpcv i wehwiêça `iw gacwiw gaka emiw wça ~evgefc`iw(Vewwimpi- `ewwi oavki- i ck~avpæhgci `i gipejavci `a kakehpa wehwavcim- yue `ehakchau `e

”`ewoikcmcivctiêça‛- ~ivi yue we ~awwi vegu~eviv i wehwiêça `e c`i- ~ivi yue iw ~ewwaiw

wchpik iw gacwiw e erpvi~amek aw béfcpaw e vapchiw(

0(6 I gahwpvuêça `i hivvipci gchekipajvéocgi e wui vemiêça gak i ka`evhc`i`e

Wejuh`a Itee`a "6>>3#-

i gakuhcgiêça iu`cacwuim- gaka a ~v÷~vca pevka `é i ehpeh`ev- ã gak~awpi ~emaw kecawyue we er~vewwik gak i upcmctiêça gahduhpi `e gak~ahehpew cwuicw "gaka ckijehw-`ewehbaw- jvéocgaw# e wahavaw "gaka kôwcgi- at- vuë`a- wcmähgca#( \((([ Weh`a iwwck- pa`awaw kecaw yue gakfchik emekehpaw cwuicw e wahavaw hi pvihwkcwwça `e wui kehwijekupcmctik i mchjuijek iu`cacwuim( Ewpi vcgi mchjuijek i~vewehpi `cevwiw ~awwcfcmc`i`ewhivvipciw- e imjuhw ~vage`ckehpaw gawpukik we gahwamc`iv gaka bejekðhcgaw ek`epevkchi`aw wepavew `a iu`cacwuim( @epevkchi`aw ~vage`ckehpaw hivvipcaw wça kicwuwuicw ek uhw `a yue ek aupvaw wepavew `a iu`cacwuim- a yue ~evkcpe ihémcwew egak~iviêõew `i oavki gaka gi`i uk `emew upcmcti iw ~awwcfcmc`i`ew hivvipciw `imchjuijek iu`cacwuim( "ITE_E@A- 6>>3#

Iw c`eciw yue Gbivhes "6>>0# `cwgupe `ctek vew~ecpa ia hiwgckehpa `e uki hivvipci

gchekipajvéocgi( Gaka ewgmivege _ivemi "6>>?#67- ek weu chëgca- a gcheki gahocjuvii+we

wakehpe gaka uk keca `e vejcwpva e hça pchbi gaka ouh`ikehpa i hivviêça `e imjuki

69 E^WPECH- Deih( Egvcpw wuv Me gchãki- 9369+9357- p( 9- 9369+930: ( Pvi`uêça ~ivi a chjmäw `e4 Mea Gbivhes(^ivcw4 Wejbevw- 930:(66 Ek4   Vuwwcih Oavkimcwp Gvcpcgcwk4 Oauv Ewwisw( Pvi`uêça ~ivi a chjmew4 Mee P( Mekah e Kivcah D( Vecw(Mchgamh4 Uhcevwcps ao Hefviwli ^veww- 93?5- ~(96(67 bpp~4!!zzz(oomgb(uw~(fv!`m!wekcapcgi!ew!eWWe6!6>>?+eWWe6(V(F(_IVEMI(~`o 

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bcwp÷vci( ^avãk- gaka iocvki Iukahp60 "6>>6- gcpi`a ~av _IVEMI- 6>>?#- aw vejcwpvaw

gchekipajvéocgaw  ‗ kewka agavveh`a gaka wck~mew i~ahpikehpaw `aw oipaw `e uk guvcawa

gapc`ciha  ‗  ~awwuek uki ckijek ocjuvipci yue ve~vewehpi a afdepa oapajvioi`a e cwwa

ck~mcgi ek `ctev imja wafve eme( Gi`i wagce`i`e igifi ~av ipvcfucv uki chochc`i`e `e imavew

i ewwe afdepa- iwwck iw ve~vewehpiêõew yue wça oecpiw `eme wek~ve cvça vekepev i imjuk

`cwguvwa- i imjuki hivviêça(

Aupvi vitça- gahwc`evi`i ~av Iukahp "6>>6#- yue duwpcocgi i `cwguwwça `i hivvipci ha gcheki

ã i yuewpça `e yue i ckijek ocjuvipci gchekipajvéocgi ewpé ek gahwpihpe kackehpa e- ~av

ewwe kapca- ~evkihege ek uk ewpi`a `e epevhi pvihwoavkiêça(

\((([ a ~v÷~vca kackehpa `i ckijek aoevege+haw i pvihwoavkiêça `e ewpi`aw `e oavkiehgi`ei`i e `ewpi kihecvi- gahwpv÷c i hivvipci< uki hivvipci wek~ve we `ewehame ekpvihwoavkiêõew4 uk ewpi`a chcgcim ehgikchbi+we i uk ewpi`a pevkchim \((([ Ha gcheki- awemekehpaw ew~egëocgaw `a ocmke gaka kackehpa- pek~a- kahpijek e pvihwoavkiêçapavhik ~awwëecw i gahwpvuêça `i hivvipci gchekipajvéocgi( "_IVEMI- 6>>?#

Wejuh`a Vcfecva "6>>5#- ewwiw gahwpihpew pvihwoavkiêõew ha gcheki igak~ihbik aw

~vagewwaw wagcabcwp÷vcgaw `i bukihc`i`e( Dé hiw ~vckecviw `ãgi`iw `a wãguma RR- ek uk

kakehpa ek yue a kuh`a ~iwwii ~av uki camehpi ewpvupuviêça `i ~evge~êça ew~igcim-

wagcim e gumpuvim- a gcheki hiwgeu e ~iwwau i ve~vewehpiv i iwgehwça `i mchjuijek cwuim gaka

`cwguvwa wagcim e gumpuvim( Kicw piv`e- ek 93?>- wuvjcu a gcheki `cvepa- ek yue i ~va~awpi ã

gi~piv i veimc`i`e wek ivpcoëgcaw- vekepeh`a ia weu chëgca- ek yue hça bici ~vepehwça `e gvciv

bcwp÷vciw- kiw i~ehiw `e oitev vejcwpvaw( I ovijkehpiêça `iw hivvipciw e i gvcwe `iw

ve~vewehpiêõew gbejivik gak i `ãgi`i `e 932>- ~ivi `iv gahpchuc`i`e ia ~vagewwa `e

kupiêça `ewwi ivpe(

I chpevgumpuvimc`i`e ã uk erek~ma vegehpe `e ~vafmeképcgi wagcim yue ~iwwau i oitev ~ivpe `ipeképcgi gchekipajvéocgi e- gak cwwa- chaau a `cwguvwa e i hivvipci `a gcheki( Gaka

ifav`i Bu`wah Kauvi "6>9>#- kucpaw `cvepavew ~iwwivik i uwiv pãghcgiw `e chpeviêça `a

gcheki gak aupviw kë`ciw e `cwguvwaw- i ock `e yue a ew~egpi`av i`yucvcwwe uki hai

c`ehpcocgiêça e chpeviêça gak i ckijek yue ä hi pemi( Ewwi ivciêça ha pvipikehpa hivvipca

60 IUKAHP- Digyuew( ep im( "6>>6#( I Ewpãpcgi `a Ocmke( Gik~chiw( ^i~cvuw(

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oit ~ivpe `i gahwpihpe pvihwoavkiêça `i wãpcki ivpe yue vehai- gahwpihpekehpe- i ~vépcgi

gchekipajvéocgi(

 0(6(9Emekehpaw e gahwpvuêça hivvipci ha gcheki

^ivi Kisvchl "6>>9#- i gvciêça `e `acw gahgecpaw ew~egëocgaw `a gcheki oavik aw

vew~ahwéecw ~emiw pvihwoavkiêõew yue octevik gak yue aw ocmkew ~iwwiwwek `e uk

ikahpai`a `e ckijehw wek gaherça ~ivi uki peci `e igahpegckehpaw chpevmcji`aw( I

`egu~ijek "`eochcêça `e ~mihaw# e i kahpijek "avjihctiêça `aw ~mihaw# oavik aw ~vckecvaw

veguvwaw i ~va~avgcahiv uk gahduhpa `e emekehpaw cwuicw e evficw `api`aw `e chpehwi

wckfamajci( E`jiv Kavch "933:- gcpi`a ~av KISVCHL- 6>>9- ~( 5# hivvi a hiwgckehpa `euki mchjuijek gchekipajvéocgi yue wuvje ~ivi `iv givigpevëwpcgiw `e hivvipci ia gcheki e-

iwwck- chwevcv weyuähgci iaw weuw igahpegckehpaw(

A ~miha ôhcga e emekehpiv `a gchekipajvéocga er~ma`cu ~ivi `iv avcjek i pa`iw iwgakfchiêõew wckf÷mcgiw ~awwëecw "(((# A ~miha- ia chwevcv+we huki gi`eci `e wëkfamaw yueewpifemege uki ev`i`ecvi hivvipci- iukehpi iw wuiw givigpevëwpcgiw- ia kewka pek~agahgvepiw e ifwpvipiw( Gi`i uk jihbi wehpc`a ek vemiêça ia ~vege`ehpe e ic avcehpiv awehpc`a `a wejuchpe( "KAVCH- 933:- gcpi`a ~av KISVCHL- 6>>9- ~( 5#

^ivi Fivpbew "93:6# uki weyuähgci ã uki wãvce m÷jcgi `e hôgmeaw- uhc`aw ehpve wc ~av uki

vemiêça `e wamc`ivce`i`e( I ifevpuvi `ewwi weyuähgci igahpege yuih`a weuw pevkaw hça päk

uk ihpege`ehpe wamcpévca e we oegbi i ~ivpcv `a kakehpa yue uk `e weuw pevkaw hça pehbi

kicw gahweyuehpew( Hi weyuähgci wek~ve ewpça ~vewehpew kakehpaw `e vcwga- weh`a cwpa a

~ahpa yue duwpcocgi i ihémcwe- dé yue- ~vegcwikehpe- ek gi`i uk `aw ~eyuehaw ipaw yue

oavkik uki weyuähgci ã ~awwëem yue wuvdi uki impevhipci- uki mcfev`i`e `e wehpc`a ~emi

~ivpe `a ew~egpi`av yue wedi `coevehpe `iyuemi gvci`i ~ema vapecvcwpi(

Kivpch65 "933>- gcpi`a ~av _IVEMI- 6>>?# gahwc`evi yue ~ivi i gahwpvuêça `e uki hivvipci

gchekipajvéocgi wça hegewwévcaw aupvaw ~vage`ckehpaw hivvipcaw- imãk `aw dé gcpi`aw- yue we

gahocjuvik gaka oevvikehpiw `e emifaviêça `a vapecva( Ewwew emekehpaw päk gaka afdepca

~vckav`cim oitev i iêça ~vajve`cv( Baziv` e Kifmes "933?# ewgmivegek yuicw wça ewwew

65 KIVPCH- Kivgem( "933>#( I Mchjuijek Gchekipajvéocgi( Wça ^iuma( Fviwcmcehwe(

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emekehpaw ewwehgcicw yue gahpvcfuek ~ivi gahwpvucv i ewpvupuvi `i bcwp÷vci e ~ivi yue emi wedi

fek gahpi`i( ^ivi cwwa- a ~vckecva ~iwwa ã ehrevjiv a waovckehpa bukiha `ehpva `a

  ~evwahijek ”\((([ ich`i yue iêõew- `ewedaw e- ~awwcemkehpe- pa`a a weu ka`a e c`i haw

wedik ve~umwcaw( Jvih`e ~ivpe `iw faiw bcwp÷vciw jcvi ek pavha `e ~evwahijehw yue \((([ hça

wça ~evwahijehw ~av yuek wehpckaw ek~ipci papim- gahpu`a emew gahwejuek haw ipvicv(‛

"BAZIV@< KIFMES- 933?- ~(5>#( Yuewpça meihpi`i ~emaw iupavew gaka ewwehgcim ~ivi

yue i bcwp÷vci wedi fai ã gaka a ~ôfmcga cehgci i bcwp÷vci( Iyucma yue a ew~egpi`av ew~evi-

peke- a yue a wuv~veeh`e e a yue eme ~a`e ihpegc~iv `a ocmke oit gak yue i bcwp÷vci we pavhe

uki cähgci ~ema yuim a ew~egpi`av ihweci(

Aupvi oevvikehpi gcpi`i ~av Baziv` e Kifmes ã i `ccwça ek pväw ipaw( Ewwe ã uk kãpa`agméwwcga uwi`a ~av ewgvcpavew `e gcheki ~ivi `cc`cv uki bcwp÷vci e avjihctiv iw c`eciw i

vew~ecpa `a ehve`a( Ha ~vckecva ipa wça i~vewehpi`aw aw ~evwahijehw e yuim i wcpuiêça `i

bcwp÷vci pa`i- ha wejuh`a ipa igahpege i ~vajvewwça `ewwi wcpuiêça ~ivi a ~ahpa `e gahomcpa e

ha pevgecva ipa we pek i wamuêça `ewwew gahomcpaw(

I~ewiv `e aw iupavew iocvkivek yue ewwi `ccwça hça we mckcpi i uki ewpvupuvi ocri- ~a`eh`a

wev uwi`i gaka fiwe ~ivi pa`aw aw ehve`aw gchekipajvéocgaw- emew er~mcgik yue hewwiewpvupuvi gméwwcgi- ek jevim- bé wakehpe uk ~evwahijek gehpvim- gahocjuvi`a gaka a

~vapijahcwpi( Jevimkehpe- a ehve`a vepvipi i pvidep÷vci `iyueme ~evwahijek ek fuwgi `e weu

afdepca- gvcih`a i uhc`i`e `e iêça- aupva emekehpa oëmkcga er~mavi`a ~av Baziv` e Kifmes(

I uhc`i`e ã a yue ivpcgumi i ewpvupuvi `i afvi e idu`i i `iv oavki ia kipevcim fvupa `i

bcwp÷vci- ~a`eh`a wev emi uki uhc`i`e `e mujiv- pek~a au iêça( Ewwi ômpcki ã uwi`i hi

kicavci `aw ocmkew ~av i~vewehpiv i gi~igc`i`e `e pvihw~avpiv a ew~egpi`av `e uk mujiv iaupva- `e ehguvpiv- ve~epcv au ipã kewka chevpev a pek~a "BAZIV@< KIFMES- 933?#(

Ehpvepihpa- pikfãk bé i ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e gahwpvucv i bcwp÷vci ek pavha `iw uhc`i`ew `e pek~a

au mujiv- ekfavi wedi kehaw gakuk(

Hewwew pc~aw `e ocmke- hça bé hegewwc`i`e `e uk ~evwahijek gehpvim ôhcga gudiw iêõew h÷wikaw wejuch`a gak a `ewehvamiv `i bcwp÷vci( Ek et `i uhc`i`e `e iêça- bé ~av erek~mauk magim ek pavha `a yuim i iêça we gahgehpvi( @ehpva `ewwe gahperpa wagcim e ipkawoãvcga-a ~ôfmcga gahpchui gi~it `e ~ivpcgc~iv `iw évciw bcwp÷vciw ehpvemiêi`iw( ^ivi yue a oaga `i

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bcwp÷vci wedi i uhc`i`e `e pek~a- uk ôhcga igahpegckehpa ~ve~ah`evihpe we pavhi a oaga `ibcwp÷vci( Iw `cevwiw cwõew `aw ~evwahijehw i vew~ecpa `iyueme igahpegckehpa oitek gakyue i bcwp÷vci ~iveêi ”chpecvi‛( " BAZIV@< KIFMES( 933?- ~( 9>>#

^cwpi e vegak~ehwi wça aupvaw `acw ivpcoëgcaw er~awpaw ~av Baziv` e Kifmes yue idu`ik igahwpvucv uk vapecva fek ewpvupuvi`a( ^mihp- gbiki`a `e ~cwpi ~emaw iupavew- wça emekehpaw

"uki oimi- uk `cémaja- uk jewpa `e uk ~evwahijek- uk igeww÷vca gähcga au i gakfchiêça

`cwwa pu`a# ~mihpi`aw- imjukiw etew- `uvihpe a `ewehamckehpa `i bcwp÷vci( Kicw piv`e-

~v÷rcka ia pãvkcha `i bcwp÷vci- ewwi ~cwpi ã vepaki`i hi kek÷vci `a ew~egpi`av i`yucvch`a

haa wcjhcocgi`a- iwwekembih`a+we i uki kepéoavi ~aãpcgi( Ewwe ã a kakehpa `a  ~isaoo -

gbiki`a ~emaw iupavew `e vegak~ehwi( Ewwi pãghcgi ã ôpcm ~ivi iukehpiv i wehwiêça `e

ehamckehpa `a ew~egpi`av- dé yue i ~cwpi we gahocjuvi gaka uki choavkiêça ew~egcim-gahoc`ehgcim yue ~awwcfcmcpivé i `ewgafevpi `e wcjhcocgi`aw haaw au agumpaw hi ~v÷~vci

ewpvupuvi `i bcwp÷vci(

Ihôhgca e emekehpaw `a oupuva ouhgcahik- `e gevpi oavki- gaka ~cwpi e vegak~ehwi( ^avãk-

”\((([ wça `uiw oevvikehpiw yue idu`ik- kicw ifevpikehpe- i ek~uvviv a ~ôfmcga ek `cveêça ia

oupuva- oiteh`a gak yue a ew~egpi`av ~ehwe ek pevkaw `a yue  ~a`e igahpegev wek- ha

ehpihpa- wifev a yue ic igahpegev‛ "BAZIV@< KIFMES- 933?- ~(966#( Ewwew emekehpaw-

imãk `e ve~vewehpivek iw ew~evihêiw e aw ke`aw `aw ~evwahijehw- pikfãk chgehpcik a

ew~egpi`av i ambiv ~ivi a oupuva `i bcwp÷vci(

A peki- wejuh`a Baziv` e Kifmes "933?#- ~a`e wev `eochc`a gaka a ~ahpa `e cwpi `a

ewgvcpav ek vemiêça ia kipevcim( Jevimkehpe- a vapecvcwpi gvci ~evwahijehw e wcpuiêõew e `e~acw

uki gumkchæhgci e uki vewamuêça `e igav`a gak a yue eme igve`cpi yue wedi wipcwoip÷vca

yuihpa ia yue eme ~v÷~vca wehpe i vew~ecpa `a iwwuhpa( A peki pavhi+we- ehpça- uk iw~egpa `i

ercwpähgci bukihi yue i bcwp÷vci ic er~maviv e hça imja i wev ~vai`a au wamugcahi`a(

A peki ã iyuemi évei `a ”`cmeki bukiha‛ yue a iupav ewgambeu er~maviv waf uki ivce`i`e`e æhjumaw e `e kihecvi gak~meri- veimcwpi e ~miuwëem( Uki bcwp÷vci ~a`e pev wcjhcocgi`awuk pihpa `cevwaw ~ivi ~ewwaiw `coevehpew- ~avyue iw ipcpu`ew e er~evcähgciw ~ewwaicw `egi`i uk `e h÷w chomuek hi chpev~vepiêça `i afvi( Aw ch`ëgcaw ~ivi chpev~vepiv uk pvifimbaewpça hi oavki gaka i bcwp÷vci pevkchi( "BAZIV@< KIFMES- 933?- ~(3:#

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Aw iupavew `ewpigik a gahomcpa gaka chjve`cehpe ewwehgcim `e yuimyuev pvifimba `viképcga(

Eme ã a yue pavhi i bcwp÷vci gi~it `e ~veh`ev a ~ôfmcga( Aw gahomcpaw wça gvci`aw i ~ivpcv `a

`eweda yue uk ~evwahijek pek `e imja `coëgcm `e afpev au gahwejucv- dé yue- we hchjuãk

`ewedi imja ek uki gehi- hça bé gahomcpa e i bcwp÷vci ocgi wek oavki e wek eocgégci( Gaka

emekehpaw yue wufwpihgcik a gahomcpa ercwpek aw afwpégumaw- oevvikehpiw `a vapecva yue

wevek gaka ek~egcmbaw î veimctiêça `a `eweda `a ~evwahijek( Imjukiw etew- aw

afwpégumaw igahpegek ek wãvce haw ocmkew- kiw emew `eek kihpev uk eyucmëfvca gak a

~evwahijek- hça ~a`eh`a wev oégecw `ekicw `e we wu~eviv e hek ck~awwëecw( A afdepca `ee

wev ~awwëem- kiw kucpa `coëgcm `e ipchjcv(

Uki gehi `viképcgi fek gahwpvuë`i pek weu ~vapijahcwpi- ch`e~eh`ehpekehpe `e wev a~vapijahcwpi gehpvim `i bcwp÷vci gaka i kicavci `aw ocmkew i~vewehpi( Iwwck- we a ~evwahijek

veimcti `e oavki oégcm- wek `cocgum`i`e- hça bé gahomcpa hi bcwp÷vci( Kewka yue hi c`i veim

ewwi wcpuiêça wedi a yue i kicavci `iw ~ewwaiw `ewedi- ~ivi a `viki ã oipim- ~acw we hça bauev

mupi ~ivi ipchjcv uki kepi hça bé gaka kihpev i ipehêça `a ~ôfmcga "BAZIV@< KIFMES-

933?#(

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I gc`i`e `e Maw Ihjemew- ah`e cek ~ewwaiw `e pa`aw aw mujivew `a kuh`a- ã a gehévca `e

Gviwb  ‗  Ha mckcpe( I~ewiv `e hça biev ovahpecviw jeajvéocgiw `cc`ch`a aw kavi`avew `i

gc`i`e e `e wevek afvcji`aw i pviiv gahpipaw ehpve wc `civcikehpe- emew kihpäk

`cwpihgcikehpa uhw `aw aupvaw- ~vchgc~imkehpe ~ema ~vegahgecpa( I agavvähgci `e gahomcpaw

ehpve ~ewwaiw yue cek duhpiw e we~ivi`iw ia kewka pek~a ã chpehwi( Iwwck- évciw bcwp÷vciw

we ehpvemiêik ha ~evëa`a `e `acw `ciw e gahegpik ~ewwaiw `e `coevehpew mëhjuiw e

higcahimc`i`ew- yue we gak~avpik e cek `e kihecviw `cwpchpiw( Hi hivvipci- yue agavve `e

kihecvi ovijkehpi`i- hça bé uk ~evwahijek gehpvim- au uk igahpegckehpa- yue mcjue pa`aw i

uk w÷ hôgmea(

Ehpve iw `coevehpew ~ewwaiw yue we gvutik ia mahja `i pviki ewpça4 a `epepce hejva JvibikZipevw "@ah Gbei`me# e wui ~ivgecvi mipchi Vci "Dehhcoev Ew~awcpa#- yue we ehame ek uki

fipc`i `e givva ha chëgca `a ocmke gak i gavehi Lck Mee "Imercw Vbee#( A cvkça `e Jvibik-

^epev Zipevw "Miveht Pipe#- yue vaufi givvaw duhpa gak a ikcja Ihpbahs "Gbvcw *Mu`igvcw*

Fvc`jew#- ikfaw hejvaw- yue igve`cpi wev ima `e ~vegahgecpa pa`a a pek~a e- ek uki ouji-

ipva~emi a gaveiha Gbac Dch Juc "Jvej Dauhj ^icl#( A ~vakapav ~ôfmcga fvihga- `e gmiwwe impi-

Vcgl Gifap "Fveh`ih Oviwev# e i ew~awi heuv÷pcgi e kcki`i Deih "Wih`vi Fummagl#( A ~amcgcim

fvihga epeviha e vigcwpi Dabh Vsih "Kipp @cmmah# yue guc`i `a ~ic `aehpe( A ~ivgecva kicw daek `e Vsih- Pakks "Vsih ^bcmmc~~e# yue `ewi~vai iw iêõew `a gameji ~av wev gavvepa e

c`eimcwpi( A `cvepav `e P_ Gikevah Pbisev "Pevvehge Baziv`# e i ew~awi Gbvcwpche "Pbih`ce

Hezpah#- hejvaw e ëpckiw `a ~amcgcim vigcwpi( A ckcjvihpe ~evwi Oivbi` "Wbiuh Pauf#- ~ic `e

@avvc "Fibiv Waakelb# e `aha `e uki madi- ah`e a gbiecva `e avcjek mipchi @ihcem "Kcgbiem

^eùi# oit uk ipeh`ckehpa yue giuwivé- kicw piv`e- uk gahomcpa ehpve aw `acw bakehw(

Iw bcwp÷vciw- ikfcehpi`iw ha wãguma RRC- vepvipik gak ~miuwcfcmc`i`e i veim wcpuiêça `akuh`a jmafimcti`a( Gviwb e  Fifem i~vewehpik iw ew~egcocgc`i`ew `e uki ka`evhc`i`e yue

gak weuw oveyýehpew ewpëkumaw- gvewgehpe peghamajci e kumpcgumpuvimcwka meik i wagce`i`e i

uk ewpi`a `e giaw `cévca- giuwih`a i gvcwe `e c`ehpc`i`e `aw ch`cë`uaw e a gahomcpa gak iw

`coevehêiw( Aw veguvwaw gchekipajvéocgaw gaka i kahpijek- oecpi `e oavki ovijkehpi`i haw

ocmkew- oavik upcmcti`iw ~ivi ve~vewehpiv a chwpihpe- gaka ifav`i`a ~av Gbivhes "6>>0#-

aoevegeh`a uk vepvipa `i ka`evhc`i`e(

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I jmafimctiêça- ia i~varckiv hiêõew e gumpuviw- ~vaagi hça w÷ a ”ew~epéguma `i `cevwc`i`e

gumpuvim‛<  gahoavke er~awpa ha ocmke- i gahcähgci bivkahcawi ehpve ephciw ~ivege kucpa

kicw ~vafmeképcgi `a yue aw `eoehwavew `a kumpcgumpuvimcwka igve`cpik( Ewwe oipa ã gehpvim

haw ocmkew- yue kawpvik ~ewwaiw gi`i et kicw ~v÷rckiw ocwcgikehpe- kiw ich`i kihpeh`a

~vegahgecpaw e ~vipcgih`a `cwgvckchiêõew ãphcgiw e wagcicw( Imãk `cwwa- oimpi ich`i iaw

gc`i`çaw ka`evhaw i gahwgcähgci `i gaherça jmafim `aw weuw ipaw kicw ~vawicgaw( Iw `uiw

afviw ifav`ik gahomcpaw yue ehamek gmiwwe wagcim- gumpuvi- higcahimc`i`e e vewwimpik i

chpevmcjiêça `aw ipaw gapc`cihaw- gvcih`a uki ewpvupuvi jmafim(

Gaka emekehpa hiwgc`a `i ka`evhc`i`e- a gcheki ~iwwau i wev uk ew~emba `iw

pvihwoavkiêõew agavvc`iw hi wagce`i`e `i ã~agi "GBIVHES< WGBZIVPT- 6>>0#( Vcfecva"6>>5# gak~mepi- iwwejuvih`a yue a gcheki wuvje ~ivi `iv ähoiwe i uk haa pc~a `e

mchjuijek- wagcim e gumpuvim- yue hiwgci gak a kuh`a ka`evha( Fifem e Gviwb pvitek î pahi

uk peki ~vewehpe hiw wagce`i`ew e yue ek wuwgcpih`a ~vaouh`iw `cwguwwõew4 i

chpevgumpuvimc`i`e( Givigpevcti`i gaka uk ~vagewwa yue wuvjcu i ~ivpcv `aw `ewmagikehpaw

bukihaw oavpimegc`aw ~ema ~vagewwa `e jmafimctiêça- emi ã uwi`i ~av gcheiwpiw gaka uk keca

`e vehaiêça `a ~ehwikehpa e `e veomerça wafve i wagce`i`e gahpek~avæhei "KAUVI-

6>9>#(

I chpevgumpuvimc`i`e ha gcheki pehpi pvi`utcv ek ckijehw i er~evcähgci `e cev ehpve `uiwau kicw gumpuviw e wagce`i`ew `coevehpew- yue gahgefek haiw oavkiw `e ~ehwiv e `egahbegckehpa( Ã uk gcheki gak~ivpcmbi`a ~av ~ewwaiw yue waovevik a `ewmagikehpa e yuecevik ka`aw bëfvc`aw e ~ivi yuek i ve~vewehpiêça `a gcheki gahehgcahim  ‗ a gchekigméwwcga ‗ hça ã wuocgcehpe( \((([  I ~vchgc~im givigpevëwpcgi `a gcheki kumpcgumpuvim ã i `e

er~maviv- `e uki kihecvi avcjchim- iw pãghcgiw gchekipajvéocgiw wafve pekiw e hivvipciw "vapecvaw# "Jvcoa hawwa#( "KAUVI- 6>9>- ~( 05#

Iw hivvipciw `iw ~emëgumiw iyuc ihimcwi`iw aoevegek wekembihêiw yue ehoipctik i c`eci `i

ka`evhc`i`e e `a kuh`a jmafimcti`a- ipviãw `i ewpvupuvi `aw ocmkew( Gahwpvuë`aw ek uk

ewpcma e~cw÷`cga- aw ocmkew i~vewehpik hivvipciw ovijkehpi`iw- hiw yuicw `cevwiw bcwp÷vciw

wça gahpi`iw we~ivi`ikehpe- gahpu`a- kihpäk uk oca m÷jcga yue iw uhe( I yuewpça `i

ovijkehpiêça ã uki impevhipci yue pvihwoavki a vapecva `aw ocmkew ek uki ve~vewehpiêça `i

veimc`i`e ipuim(

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A ch`cë`ua- gaka er~mcgi Bimm "6>>9#- `ew`e a hiwgckehpa `i ka`evhc`i`e ha wãguma R_C-

gahwpv÷c wui ~evwahimc`i`e i ~ivpcv `i `cevwc`i`e `e ewpëkumaw- wedi ~av ~ivpe `e haaw

chehpaw pegham÷jcgaw- `a gvewgehpe hëem `e choavkiêõew au ~av gahpipa gak haiw gumpuviw(

Iwwck- wui ~v÷~vci c`ehpc`i`e we ovijkehpi- oige î ~vaouwça `e veoevähgciw e ~awwcfcmc`i`ew( A

`cvepav Cùévvcpu- ek ehpvecwpi ia davhimcwpi Kévca Iffi`e ~ivi a wcpe fviwcmecva Akemepe 6?- ek

6>>?- ipewpi e chgav~avi i peavci `a fakfiv`eca `e ewpëkumaw- kehgcahi`i pikfãk ~av Wchjev

"6>>0- ~(3?#- ha vapecva `a ocmke4

Eu pehba uki peavci yue a gcheki ã uki er~evcähgci ekagcahim ovijkehpi`i( Wça gehiwyue we ocmkik ch`e~eh`ehpekehpe- îw etew gak kewew `e `cwpæhgci- e yue uki et duhpiw~a`ek gvciv uki ekaêça ~avyue hawwa gãvefva uhe iw choavkiêõew ehpve uki gehi e aupvi(E ewwi ekaêça ovijkehpi`i ~ivi kck ã oiwgchihpe- ôhcgi( Ha peipva hça ~a`ekaw oitevcwwa( Jevimkehpe eu oiêa évciw gacwiw ia kewka pek~a4 oima ia pemeoahe gak kchbi cvkç-eda iw hapëgciw hi P_- ewgvea uk fcmbepe( Ewwi ovijkehpiêça yue h÷w cekaw- ~ivi kck-ã i kihecvi `e hivviv iw bcwp÷vciw gaka oiêa( Ã imja ~evoecpikehpe hipuvim(

I ewpvupuvi hivvipci ovijkehpi`i ã ivpcgumi`i ~emi uhc`i`e `e mujiv ek Gviwb e ~emi uhc`i`e

`e pek~a ek  Fifem- `cevjch`a `i ewpvupuvi gméwwcgi- i `e iêça- yue gahpi gak uk

~evwahijek gehpvim- e hi yuim i fuwgi `a ~evwahijek ~ema weu afdepca oit gak yue i bcwp÷vci

wcji a ~evwahijek ipã i wui kepi(

Ek Gviwb- bé uk magim "Maw Ihjemew# ek yue i iêça we gahgehpvi e a ~ôfmcga ~ivpcgc~i `a

`ewehvamiv `e évciw bcwp÷vciw ehpvemiêi`iw- `cw~ehwih`a uk ~evwahijek gehpvim( Dé ek  Fifem-

i uhc`i`e `e pek~a oit gak yue uk ôhcga igahpegckehpa we pavhe a oaga `i bcwp÷vci "a pcva

yue ipchje Wuwih#( Iwwck- wça gahgefc`iw `coevehpew cwõew e iêõew `aw ~evwahijehw i vew~ecpa

`iyueme igahpegckehpa( Baziv` e Kifmes "933?# mekfvik yue ewwiw uhc`i`ew wça a~êõew

ich`i ~auga uwi`iw ~emaw vapecvcwpiw(

_edikaw- ~acw- gaka gi`i uk `aw `acw ocmkew iyuc ewgambc`aw we gahegpi îw yuewpõew

vemigcahi`iw î `cevwc`i`e gumpuvim gahpek~avæhei(

6?  bpp~4!!akemepe(gak(fv!gcheki!akemepe+ehpvecwpi+imedih`va+jahtimet+chivvcpu+`cvepav+`e+fifem!( Igewwa ek >5ha( `e 6>9>(

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5(6 Gviwb4 a kuh`a hi gc`i`e `e Maw Ihjemew

Gahgavveh`a gak aw ocmkew   Fai hacpe- e fai wavpe "Jaa` Hcjbp- ih` Jaa` Mugl- 6>>5#-

Gi~ape "Gi~ape- 6>>5#-  Kuhcyue "Kuhcgb- 6>>5# e A wejve`a `e Fvalefigl Kauhpich

"Fvalefigl Kauhpich- 6>>5#- Gviwb + Ha mckcpe oac a ehge`av `a Awgiv `e kembav ocmke(

Ich`i hi ~vekciêça- yue igahpegeu ek 6>>?- a mahji+kepvijek jihbau ~av kembav vapecva

avcjchim "^ium Bijjcw  ‗ vapecva e bcwp÷vci  ‗ e Vafevp Kavewga  ‗ vapecva# e kembav kahpijek

"Bujbew Zchfavhe#( A ocmke ivvegi`au ek fcmbepevci kuh`cim gevgi `e 32 kcmbõew `e `÷mivew-

95 etew a weu guwpa `e ~va`uêça- yue oac `e ?-5 kcmbõew `e `÷mivew( Wugewwa haw Ewpi`aw

Uhc`aw- a ocmke gahwejucu oipuviv gevgi `e 50 kcmbõew e keca `e `÷mivew( Ha Fviwcm- a papim

ivvegi`i`a oac `e- i~varcki`ikehpe- 9 kcmbça e yuipvagehpaw kcm `÷mivew6:(

Ek keca i gahpuvfi`iw wcpuiêõew `a gapc`ciha- aw bifcpihpew `i gi~cpim `i Gimco÷vhci- haw

Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw- hça gahwejuek we vemigcahiv `e aupvi kihecvi- i hça wev `e oavki pvugumehpi

e aoehwci( Ã i ~ivpcv `ewwe oipa yue iw bcwp÷vciw `aw ~evwahijehw `e Gviwb "6>>0#  wça

gahwpvuë`iw( A ocmke ã gah`utc`a gak pvikiw ~ivimemiw yue huk `epevkchi`a kakehpa we

gvutik(

A mahji+kepvijek oac gahgefc`a ek uk kakehpa ek yue aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw ~iwwiik ~av

oavpew gahomcpaw ãphcgaw- i~÷w aw ipehpi`aw `e 99 `e wepekfva62 e gahpi i bcwp÷vci `e kavi`avew

6: Oahpe4 Wcpe Far Aoocge Kada( bpp~4!!faraoocgekada(gak!kacew!1~ije;kich/c`;gviwb>5(bpk Igewwa ek >3ha( 6>9>

62@uvihpe a jaevha `e Jeavje Z( Fuwb- `acw wëkfamaw `a ~a`ev havpe+ikevcgiha oavik imaw `e ipiyuewpevvavcwpiw gaav`ehi`aw ~emi Im+Yie`i "Avjihctiêça Ouh`ikehpimcwpi Cwmækcgi Chpevhigcahim#4 a ^ehpéjaha"We`e `a @e~ivpikehpa `e @eoewi `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw#- hi _ëvjchci- e iw Pavvew Jäkeiw `a Zavm` Pvi`e Gehpev

"gak~mera `e e`coëgcaw gak ewgvcp÷vcaw yue pvipiik `e egahakci e ochihêiw#- ek Hai Cavyue( Ha `ci 99 `ewepekfva `e 6>>9- ~emi kihbç- yuipva icõew gakevgcicw oavik weyýewpvi`aw ~av pevvavcwpiw wucgc`iw( @acw icõewgamc`cvik gak iw Pavvew- `ewpvuch`a+iw gak~mepikehpe- kipih`a aw pvc~umihpew- ~iwwijecvaw e kucpaw yuepvifimbiik haw e`coëgcaw( A pevgecva oac `cvegcahi`a ~ivi a ^ehpéjaha e a yuivpa- yue wu~awpikehpe ipchjcvci aGi~cp÷mca- gicu ek uk gik~a hi ^ehwcmæhci( Hça baue wafvecehpew `aw ðaw( Gaka gahweyýähgci- aw EUIocgivik ek ewpi`a `e imevpi e uki ah`i `e chwejuvihêi chi`cu hça w÷ a ~iëw- kiw pa`a a kuh`a( Gaka ke`c`i~ivi ~veehcv a pevvavcwka- a jaevha ikevcgiha ~veh`eu gevgi `e 96>> ewpvihjecvaw- chgmuwce imjukiw `ewwiw~vcwõew oavik veimcti`iw wegvepikehpe( Ewwi ~awpuvi oac weevikehpe gvcpcgi`i ~av avjihctiêõew `e `cvecpawbukihaw e ~av gbeoew `e jaevha( @acw ihaw i~÷w aw ipiyuew `e 99 `e wepekfva- a Cviyue oac chi`c`a ~emawEUI `ih`a chëgca î Juevvi ha Cviyue( Uk `aw kapcaw i~vewehpi`aw ~emaw chiwavew oac i mcjiêça `a ehpça~vewc`ehpe `a Cviyue Wi``ik Buwwech gak i Im+Yie`i- ha ehpihpa hça oavik ehgahpvi`iw ~vaiw yuihpa iaveoevc`a gahpipa( Wi``ik Buwwech oac gi~puvi`a- dumji`a e eregupi`a( Iw pva~iw ikevcgihiw w÷ `ecrivik a ~iëwek ijawpa `e 6>9>( @uvihpe i juevvi- kavvevik yuiwe 0-5 kcm wam`i`aw ikevcgihaw e gek kcm gccw cviyucihaw(

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`e Maw Ihjemew( I gc`i`e ~a`e wev cwpi gaka uk kcgvagawka ve~vewehpipca `i

gahpek~avihec`i`e- yue gahgehpvi ~ewwaiw `e pihpaw mujivew `a kuh`a- gak mëhjuiw- béfcpaw-

imavew e gumpuviw `cwpchpiw ukiw `iw aupviw( Jvih`e ~ivpe `aw ckcjvihpew `aw EUI-

~vchgc~imkehpe aw `e avcjek mipchi- kicw ew~egcocgikehpe `a Kãrcga  ‗ `ec`a î ~varckc`i`e

gak i ovahpecvi Kãrcga!Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw ‗ gak~õe i ~a~umiêça `e Maw Ihjemew(

Gaka iocvki Gihgmchc "6>>3#- MI ã i wejuh`i kicav gc`i`e kercgihi `a kuh`a( ^av we pvipiv

`e uki gi~cpim egahakcgikehpe `ewehamc`i- aw ckcjvihpew gbejik ek fuwgi `e kembavew

gah`cêõew `e c`i( I vecwpi Pbe Egahakcwp  "wep( 6>9># `ewpigi yue a gehévca ~amëpcga

ikevcgiha ewpé waf gvewgehpe chomuähgci `aw ckcjvihpew- pihpa emecpavew gaka aw ~v÷~vcaw

~amëpcgaw( A ipuim ~veoecpa `e Maw Ihjemew- Ihpahca _cmmivicjawi ã ocmba `e uk ckcjvihpekercgiha(

Aw ipiyuew pevvavcwpiw octevik gak yue i ~a~umiêça havpe+ikevcgihi we gak~avpiwwe `e

kihecvi gi`i et kicw bawpcm gak aw ewpvihjecvaw( Ha ocmke- uki imuwça ia ~iav giuwi`a

~emaw ipehpi`aw `e 99 `e wepekfva igahpege hi gehi ek yue a ckcjvihpe ~evwi Oivbi` pek wui

madi chi`c`i e `e~ve`i`i( Aw æh`imaw ~cgbik iw ~ive`ew gak `ctevew aoehwcaw e aw

gbikik `e évifew( Aupvi gehi ã yuih`a Oivbi` ic ipã uki madi `e ivkiw gak wui ocmbi @avce `cwgupe gak a eh`e`av havpe+ikevcgiha e fvihga- yue a gbiki `e Awiki- ek kehêça i

Awiki Fch Mi`eh- iguwi`a ~emaw ipiyuew pevvavcwpiw( @ewwi oimi hiwge uki `cwguwwça- hi yuim

Oivbi` `ct wev gc`i`ça ikevcgiha e pev `cvecpa i gak~viv ivkiw- kiw a eh`e`av a er~umwi `i

madi yuih`a a ~evwi a gbiki `e cjhavihpe e a eh`e`av vew~ah`e4 ”Ã- eu wau cjhavihpe- kiw

hça ehpvejuec keu ~iëw e hek ~cmapec uk :0: ~ivi gcki `e agäw e yueckec weuw ikcjaw-

ehpça oavi `iyuc)‛ "GVIWB- 6>>0- >5‑53‑‑# 

I gc`i`e- iwwck gaka pa`aw aw EUI- ewpé ve~mepi `e gc`i`çaw yue cehgcik aw ~vafmekiw `i

ka`evhc`i`e "uki ewpvupuvi oëwcgi e wagcim gahomcpuawi# e we kihpäk iwwck- gi`i uk- ek wui

~ivpcgumivc`i`e- wek vew~ecpiv uhw iaw aupvaw e wek vegahbegev yue emew kewkaw wça ëpckiw e

~vakapavew `i camähgci e `i chpamevæhgci( Maja ha chëgca- uk `aw ~evwahijehw- a `epepce

hejva Jvibik Zipevw- er~mcgcpi aw wehpckehpaw `aw gc`i`çaw `e pihpiw higcahimc`i`ew yue

cek hewwi gc`i`e(

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à a wehpc`a `a pipa( Huki gc`i`e `e ev`i`e- agä ih`i- ewfivvi hiw ~ewwaiw- emiw pa~ikgak agä( Ek Maw Ihjemew hchjuãk pagi ek agä( Ewpikaw wek~ve ipvéw `e kepim e c`va-Igba yue wehpckaw kucpi oimpi `a payue( @ikaw ehgahpvõew uhw haw aupvaw ~ivi wehpcvkaw

imjuki gacwi( "GVIWB- 6>>0- 6‑02‑‑#

Ewwe iw~egpa we gahegpi gak a yue Oeipbevwpahe "9335# `ct wafve a ~vagewwa `e jmafimctiêça

yue- ia gahpvévca `a yue we ~awwi ~ehwiv i vew~ecpa- hça ~va`ut uhcoavkc`i`e gumpuvim- kiw

wck i gahwgcähgci wafve aw haaw hëecw `e `cevwc`i`e ha kuh`a- a yue hça wcjhcocgi

hegewwivcikehpe kicav igecpiêça `i `cevwc`i`e( We bé uki gumpuvi jmafim- emi `ee wev

ehpeh`c`i hça gaka uki gumpuvi gakuk- kiw gaka uk gik~a `e kihcoewpiêça `iw

`coevehêiw- gahomcpaw e `cw~upiw ~av ~vewpëjca wagcim( A ~vakapav fvihga Vcgl Gifap ã uk

erek~ma `cwwa- dé yue- ~ivi kihpev iw i~ivähgciw- pehpi `e pa`iw iw oavkiw oitev uki ~amëpcgi`e fak vemigcahikehpa gak aw jvu~aw yue jevimkehpe wça ëpckiw `e ~vegahgecpa(

@e igav`a gak Wek~vchc "933:#- aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw- `ew`e i wui gahwpvuêça- givvejik i

yuewpça `i kcwgcjehiêça- wedi ~av ~ivpe `aw ëh`caw- `ctcki`aw gak i gbeji`i `aw ihjma+

wirõew- `aw ckcjvihpew- yue ~aaik a ~iëw ek jvih`e hôkeva ipã aw `ciw ipuicw- e `aw hejvaw

iovcgihaw- yue mé gbejivik gaka ewgviaw- ~iwwivik ~av uk ~evëa`a `e ovihgi wejvejiêça e

ich`i bade wça bawpcmcti`aw(

A ocmke `ehuhgci a ~vegahgecpa- yue hi kicav ~ivpe `iw etew ã emi`a- a yue ~a`e wev

cmuwpvi`a ~emi iocvkiêça oecpi ~av uk iwwcwpehpe fvihga `a ~vakapav Vcgl- igevgi `e e~cw÷`caw

gvckchawaw ehameh`a hejvaw( 

Kim`cpaw hejvaw( Yueva `ctev- wec `e pa`iw iw vitõew wagcam÷jcgiw ~ivi yue aw hejvaw wedik~vewaw acpa etew kicw `a yue aw fvihgaw( Ewgamiw vuchw- oimpi `e a~avpuhc`i`e- ~vegahgecpaha wcwpeki du`cgcim- ewwiw gacwiw pa`iw( Kewka iwwck- aw hejvaw we pavhik ~ewwaiwchpucpciw( Emew ewpça wek~ve kepc`aw ek ehgvehgi( Wifekaw yue cwwa hça ã ev`i`e( Kiw ãgaka wek~ve igahpege- hça1 "GVIWB- 6>>0- ?2‑93‑‑# 

Aupvi bcwp÷vci yue gahgehpvi ewwi `cwguwwça ã i `a ~amcgcim Dabh Vsih( A aocgcim havpe+

ikevcgiha fvihga- `e gmiwwe kã`ci ficri guc`i `a ~ic `aehpe e givveji uk oavpe wehpckehpa `e

`cwgvckchiêça gahpvi aw hejvaw( Ek wui ~vckecvi weyuähgci- Vsih `cwgupe ~av pemeoahe gak i

ouhgcahévci `a ~miha `e wiô`e( Eme pehpi hejagciv uki gcvuvjci ~ivi a ~ic- kiw i kumbev yue a

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ipeh`e `ct yue hça ã ~awwëem vewamev a ~vafmeki `eme( Iwwck- a ~amcgcim ~evjuhpi a hake `i

kumbev- yuih`a emi `ct yue we gbiki Wbihcyui Dabhwah "a ~vckecva hake ã `e avcjek

iovcgihi#- Vsih `ct ”Kiw yue jvih`e wuv~vewi‛- oiteh`a i ouhgcahévci ocgiv ~ev~meri e `ewmcji v

a pemeoahe cke`cipikehpe(

Ek wejuc`i- a ~amcgcim wic ek wui cipuvi gak a ~ivgecva Pakks e ~e`e ~ivi uk givva

ehgawpiv( Ha eëguma ewpça a `cvepav `e P_ Gikevah e wui ew~awi Gbvcwpche- uk giwim hejva

fek wuge`c`a egahakcgikehpe( Vsih ifav`i a giwim- ~e`e `agukehpaw- kiw gaka Gbvcwpche

wavvc `ew~veagu~i`i `ehpva `a givva- Vsih ~e`e ~ivi Gikevah cv ipã i gimêi`i e oitev uk pewpe

~ivi gak~vaiv yue eme hça ewpii imgaamcti`a- kewka waf ~vapewpaw `i kumbev- yue iocvki

yue a kivc`a hça bici fefc`a( Iwwck- emi wic `a givva- `ewiocih`a a ~amcgcim yue i wejuvi~ema fviêa e chcgci uki vecwpi- pagih`a wuiw ~ivpew ëhpckiw( Gak a chpucpa `e ~vaagiv a

kivc`a- Vsih ~e`e yue Gikevah ~eêi `ewgum~iw ~ema yue ewpii oiteh`a i ock `e ecpiv uk

ewgæh`ima- dé yue a giwim ewpii hiw ~varckc`i`ew `a ficvva ah`e kavik( I gehi ã uki `iw

kicw chpehwiw e ~vaagi`aviw `a ocmke- dé yue pvihwkcpe ia ew~egpi`av gaka a ifuwa `e ~a`ev

e a ~vegahgecpa ~a`ek giuwiv gahwpvihjckehpa e bukcmbiêça(

I~ewiv `a ocmke hça i~vewehpiv uk ~vapijahcwpi gehpvim- Vsih ã uk `aw ~evwahijehwwcjhcocgipcaw `ehpva pihpa `a weu hôgmea gaka `e pa`i i afvi- ~acw wejuch`a aw ~vegecpaw `a

vapecva `e Baziv` e Kifmes "933?#- uki bcwp÷vci ~ivi wev fek gahpi`i `ee ifav`iv a

waovckehpa bukiha `ehpva `a ~evwahijek( ”\((([ ich`i yue iêõew- `ewedaw e- ~awwcemkehpe-

pa`a a weu ka`a `e c`i haw wedik ve~umwcaw( Jvih`e ~ivpe `iw faiw bcwp÷vciw jcvi ek pavha

`e ~evwahijehw yue \((([ hça wça ~evwahijehw ~av yuek wehpckaw ek~ipci papim- gahpu`a emew

gahwejuek haw ipvicv(‛ "BAZIV@< KIFMES- 933?- ~(5># 

Vsih ve~vewehpi pa`a a wehpckehpa `e ~vegahgecpa yue kucpaw wehpek au waovek( Ã uk

~evwahijek ikfëjua- fvihga e ~afve- yue guc`i watchba `a ~ic `aehpe e ehovehpi iw

`cocgum`i`ew `a wcwpeki `e wiô`e havpe+ikevcgiha- kiw ~vipcgi a ~vegahgecpa gahpvi aw hejvaw(

A ~amcgcim oimi wafve i avcjek `a weu vigcwka gak Wbihcyui- er~mcgih`a yue a ~ic `aehpe evi

`aha `e uki ek~vewi yue ek~vejau hejvaw- kiw yue oac oegbi`i ~emi ~veoecpuvi ~av `iv

~veoevähgci i ek~vewiw ~evpehgehpew i kchavciw ãphcgiw( Gak cwwa- a ~ic `e Vsih ~ev`eu pu`a(

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Ia kewka pek~a- i~emi ~ivi i c`ehpc`i`e ehpve aw `ewiwwcwpc`aw `a ~iëw- hejvaw e fvihgaw

~afvew- uhc`aw kakehpiheikehpe- e gum~i aw hejvaw ~emi wui wcpuiêça4

Ambiv ~ivi agä wek ~ehwiv haw fvihgaw kicw yuimcocgi`aw yue ~ev`evik a ek~veja ~iviagä( @cja cwwa ~avyue ew~eva ewpiv ehjihi`a i weu vew~ecpa( Ew~eva yue imjuãk gakaagä- imjuãk yue ~a`e pev vegefc`a idu`i ~awwi pev gak~icrça ~av imjuãk ek wcpuiêça

 ~ivegc`i( _agä hça jawpi `e kck( Pu`a fek- wau uk c`capi( Kiw keu ~ic hça kevegewaovev iwwck( Eme mupau i c`i pa`i( Egahakctau ~ivi ifvcv i ~v÷~vci ek~vewi( _chpe e pväwek~veji`aw- pa`aw hejvaw( ^ijii wimévcaw cjuicw- yuih`a hchjuãk oitci cwwa( ^av 7> ihawpvifimbau ia mi`a `emew ivveh`a e givvejih`a mcra( Ië- i Gækivi Kuhcgc~im `eu ~veoevähgcii ek~vewiw ~evpehgehpew i kchavciw ãphcgiw( @i hacpe ~ivi a `ci keu ~ic ~ev`eu pu`a( Iek~vewi- i giwi e i kumbev( E eme huhgi gum~au agäw( Hça ewpau ~e`ch`a ~ivi ke idu`iv(Ewpau ~e`ch`a imja ~ivi uk bakek yue ~ev`eu pu`a ~ivi jehpe gaka agä pcviv ~vaecpa("GVIWB- 6>>0- 0:‑7?‑‑# 

Er~vewwih`a i gak~merc`i`e `i wcpuiêça kumpcgumpuvim gahpek~avæhei- a ~amcgcim duwpcocgi weu

~vegahgecpa we gamagih`a gaka ëpcki `i ~awpuvi ~amëpcgi( Iwwck gaka `ewgvee Wek~vchc

"933:#- a wahba ikevcgiha `e cjuim`i`e e a~avpuhc`i`ew ~ivi pa`aw- gakeêi i wev yuewpcahi`a

~emi ~a~umiêça `e gmiwwe kã`ci yue ä weuw mugvaw e feheoëgcaw `ckchuëvek dé yue ~iwwik i

gak~epcv gak aw aupvaw jvu~aw e ephciw(

Uki wejuh`i iêça `e Vsih- yue `ewchgumi a ~evwahijek `e uki ~awpuvi `e cmça e a gamagi

gaka uk wev bukiha gak `eoecpaw e yuimc`i`ew- igahpege ek uki `iw gehiw kicw `viképcgiw`a ocmke- yuih`a a ~amcgcim gbeji ~ivi ipeh`ev uk igc`ehpe `e pvæhwcpa e pek yue vepcviv i

ëpcki `a eëguma( ^vewi ia gchpa `e wejuvihêi gak a givva gi~api`a ewpé Gbvcwpche- i kumbev

hejvi yue Vsih vecwpau ifuwih`a `i iupavc`i`e `e ~amcgcim( A ew~egpi`av ~a`e wehpcv- duhpa

gak Gbvcwpche- uki oavpe ve~umwi ~ema ~amcgcim yue pehpii wimiv wui c`i(

I kumbev ~e`e ~ivi yue eme hça i payue- mekfvih`a `a ipa `e Vsih- yue meau iw kçaw ipã iw

~ivpew ëhpckiw `e Gbcwpche ha kakehpa `i vecwpi ihpevcav( Ha ochim- Vsih wimi i c`i `ikumbev hejvi( Ewwe ã ~ahpa ek yue i bcwp÷vci we kawpvi ~ivi`arim e veemi a hëem `e

chpevmcjiêça `iw iêõew huk kuh`a jmafimcti`a( Hiw ~imiviw `a `cvepav ^ium Bijjcw- ek

ehpvecwpi `e fiwpc`avew `a gahpeô`a erpvi `a @_@- a afdepca `i pviki evi er~mcgcpiv gaka

ewwe gahpipa `iw ~ewwaiw `ewgahbegc`iw agavve hegewwivcikehpe- ch`e~eh`ehpekehpe `iw

ahpi`ew ch`cc`uicw(

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^ivi Wek~vchc "933:#- i~ewiv `i c`eamajci `e cjuim`i`e e vew~ecpa î `cevwc`i`e ~veji`i ~ema

jaevha ikevcgiha- i veimc`i`e ipewpi i ovijcmc`i`e `ewwi ~va~awpi- afvcjih`a î vecwça `a

gahgecpa `e kumpcgumpuvimcwka e a uwa `e uki hai oevvikehpi gahgecpuim- i c`eci `e

chpevgumpuvimc`i`e- "Gihgmchc-6>>3< Gih`iu-6>>2< Kivpëh+Fivfeva-6>>3#- yue vekepe ia yue

eoepcikehpe igahpege yuih`a jvu~aw we ehgahpvik ek vemiêõew e chpevgækfcaw- ecpih`a+we

c`eimctiêõew `i wcpuiêça kumpcgumpuvim(

@cevwc`i`e `ecrau- ehpça- `e wcjhcocgiv i kevi iocvkiêça `i ”~muvimc`i`e‛ \((([ ~ivi ~iwwivi wcjhcocgiv ia kewka pek~a ”impevc`i`e‛ e chpevgumpuvimc`i`e( I impevc`i`e ch`cgi ijavi agmiva `ewioca `iw gumpuviw `coevehpew `i bejekðhcgi- `a Avcehpe ia Agc`ehpe- `a cwmç iagvcwpcihcwka- `iw ãphcgiw e magicw îw higcahicw( \((([ i impevc`i`e ec`ehgci yue hça ~a`ebiev uki vemiêça ~vaouh`i ehpve iw gumpuviw wek yue agavvik gahomcpaw ek wui `chækcgi(

”Vegahbgeve‛ iw `ekicw gumpuviw ã ck~awwëem wek iwwukcv  a ~vaouh`a ëhguma `i”`coevehêi‛ gak i `ewcjuim`i`e wagcim e i `cwgvckchiêça ~amëpcgi- au wedi- gamagih`a ek~vckecva ~miha i ch`cw~ehwéem mcjiêça ehpve `cvecpaw gumpuvicw e wagcicw( "KIVPËH+FIVFEVA- 6>>3- ~(950# 

A yue ~a`e wev afwevi`a ek Gviwb wça aw ~vagewwaw `e igumpuviêça yue vewumpik `aw

gahpipaw ehpve ckcjvihpew e aw hipcaw `a ~iëw vege~pav- iwwck gaka ehpve iw évciw ephciw `aw

ckcjvihpew yue ~iwwik i cev huk kewka ~iëw( Imãk `cwwa- bé i chpamevæhgci chpevhi iaw

EUI- yue `cocgumpi a gahëca ehpve fvihgaw e hejvaw- ~av erek~ma(

Veiêõew gaka i `e Wbihcyui e a ~evwi Oivbi`- `ekahwpvik gaka ewwiw ~ewwaiw we wehpek

~ivpe `a ~iëw- kiw- ia kewka pek~a- yuevek yue wuiw ephciw e avcjehw wedik vew~ecpi`iw(

Wbihcyui- ia kewka pek~a ek yue `cwgupe gak Vsih e we wehpe aoeh`c`i gak a vigcwka `eme-

we ehame ek uki fipc`i `e givva gak uk mipcha yue- ia rchjiv imjuki gacwi ek ew~ihbam- i

mei i `ctev ~ivi yue eme hça oime gak emi we hça oav ek ”ikevcgiha‛( Oivbi` fvcji gak a

ipeh`ehpe `i madi `e ivkiw e iocvki gak gahcgêça yue ã gc`i`ça ikevcgiha e pek `cvecpaw

hiyueme ~iëw( ^avãk- yuih`a ic ipã i giwi `a gbiecva mipcha @ihcem- ve~va`ut a ~vegahgecpawaovc`a e ipcvi gahpvi eme(

_ime vewwimpiv yue gak i ewpvupuvi ovijkehpi`i `e Gviwb ã ~awwëem yue i pviki hça pehbi

wakehpe uk ~evwahijek gehpvim( Gi`i uk `aw ~ivpcgc~ihpew ã ~vapijahcwpi `e wui bcwp÷vci(

Gi`i uk gak wui ~ivpcgumivc`i`e e ~vafmekiw( A ew~egpi`av- ehpça- pek i ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e we

ehamev e we vegahbegev hiyueme ~i~em( I ~va`upavi Gipbs Wgbumkih- ek ehpvecwpi `e

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fiwpc`avew `a gahpeô`a erpvi `a @_@- eh`awwi ewwi ~evw~egpci er~mcgih`a yue hça bé uki

 ~vepehwça `e guvi `i wagce`i`e- kiw wck uki ~awwcfcmc`i`e `e yuewpcahikehpa( ”_agä cvé we

  ~ejiv yuewpcahih`a4 ‘Cwwa ã wafve kck1 I ~ewwai ia keu mi`a1 Wafve imjuãk yue hça

gahbeêa1‑‛ "GVIWB- 6>>0- fðhuw a @_@- >3‑90‑‑#

I gahwpvuêça `a vapecva `e Gviwb ifav`i i vapchi chpehwi yue a ch`cë`ua ce hi

ka`evhc`i`e e er~mavi gehiw `viképcgiw( Ukiw `iw oevvikehpiw uwi`iw ~ema vapecvcwpi Faffs

Kavewga ã i gbiki`i ~cwpi e vegak~ehwi( Baziv` e Kifmes "933?# ewgmivegek yue ewwe ã uk

ivpcoëgca uwi`a ~ivi iukehpiv i wehwiêça `e ehamckehpa `a ew~egpi`av- dé yue i ~cwpi

gahocjuvi gaka uki choavkiêça ew~egcim- gahoc`ehgcim- yue ~awwcfcmcpivé i `ewgafevpi `e

wcjhcocgi`aw haaw au agumpaw hi ~v÷~vci ewpvupuvi `i bcwp÷vci(

Ha ocmke- ewwe emekehpa i~ivege hi bcwp÷vci `a kercgiha @ihcem( Hi gahevwi gak i ocmbi-

yue we ewgah`e `eficra `i giki gak ke`a `e fimiw- a kercgiha mbe aoevege uki ”gi~i

chcwëem‛- vegefc`i `e ~vewehpe `e uki oi`i yuih`a evi ~eyueha- e ~vakepe î kehchi yue a

afdepa cvé ~vapejä+mi( Ewwi ã i ~cwpi yue- kicw piv`e wevé vegak~ehwi`i ia ew~egpi`av yuih`a i

ocmbi `e @ihcem ~umi ha gama `eme ~ivi ~vapejä+ma `a pcva `e Oivbi`- ~avyue mekfvi yue a ~ic

ewpé wek i gi~i(

Aupvi oevvikehpi ~vewehpe hi afvi ã i `e ihôhgca e emekehpaw `a oupuva- uwi`i hi gehi yue

Oivbi` e i ocmbi @avc gak~vik uki ivki e kuhcêõew( I ~ivpcv `ewwi gehi a ~ôfmcga ã mei`a i

~ehwiv ha yue ~a`e igahpegev- kiw wek gevpetiw wafve a oupuva `i bcwp÷vci( "BAZIV@<

KIFMES- 933?#( I gak~vi `e uki ivki ~vewwu~õe a weu uwa- kiw a ew~egpi`av hça

gahwejue ckijchiv ek yue kakehpa- chgmuwce ~ema peav ovijkehpi`a `i hivvipci- ek yue

pa`aw aw ~evwahijehw ewpça ~va~ëgcaw i we gvutiv(

Ek Gviwb- i hivvipci ã gahwpvuë`i i ~ivpcv `a ehgahpva `aw `coevehpew hôgmeaw yue ercwpek hi

bcwp÷vci( Bé pikfãk uki vu~puvi yuihpa ia ewpcma gméwwcga `i `ccwça ek pväw ipaw( Ehpvepihpa-

bé uki weyuähgci `e igahpegckehpaw yue vewumpik ek uk pevgecva ipa wekembihpe ia gméwwcga-

kiw ck~vecwëem- dé yue bé ~evwahijehw yue wuv~veeh`ehpekehpe we ehgahpvik- e ã `ewwi

vemiêça chew~evi`i yue igahpege a `ewoegba ~ivi a ~evwahijek( Uk erek~ma ã a ehgahpva `e

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^epev- cvkça `e Jvibik- gak a ~amcgcim Pakks( Yuih`a a jivapa ehpvi ha givva `a ~amcgcim-

yue i~vewehpi uki pvidep÷vci gavvepi e wek ~vegahgecpaw `ehpva `i pviki- hça bé gaka ~veev

yue Pakks cvé kipiv ^epev ~av uk kapca pama e agumpiv a gvcke(

Yuihpa î hivvipci gchekipajvéocgi- i `coevehêi `a ka`ema gméwwcga `e we `é gak aw ~ahpaw `e

gahomcpa yue igahpegek dé ha chëgca `i bcwp÷vci- gaka yuih`a Deih e Vcgl wça iwwimpi`aw ~av

Ihpbahs e ^epev( Maja ek wejuc`i- a giwim `e fvihgaw- ëpckiw `a vaufa- gbiki uk gbiecva

~ivi pvagiv iw oegbi`uviw `i giwi- e yuek aw ipeh`e ã a kercgiha @ihcem( Iwwck yue Deih a

ä- ~e`e ia kivc`a yue aupvi ~ewwai oiêi a wevcêa( Erimpi`i- emi jvcpi gak Vcgl iocvkih`a

yue hça gahoci ek @ihcem- dé yue ~ema weu decpa e wuiw vau~iw a vi~it wevci uk kekfva `e

jihjue yue oivci g÷~ciw `iw gbiew e kicw piv`e chi`cvci i giwi( @ihcem aue i `cwguwwça-pevkchi a pvifimba- ehpveji iw gbiew ~ivi Deih e ic ekfavi( Ã uk pë~cga erek~ma `e

vewcwpähgci `i kicavci fvihgi îw ku`ihêiw `ekajvéocgiw agavvc`iw hi hiêça havpe+ikevcgihi(

Aupviw bcwp÷vciw pikfãk dé chcgcik gak ck~igpa- gaka i `i fipc`i `e givva ehpve i `epepce

Vci e i gaveihi Oivbi`- maja hi ~vckecvi gehi `a ocmke- e i `cwguwwça `a ckcjvihpe ~evwi gak

a `aha `i madi `e ivkiw( Au wedi- wça aw gahomcpaw e aw afwpégumaw yue gahwpvaek pa`i i pviki-

emiw ewpça ~vewehpew `a chëgca ia ock `i pvidep÷vci `e gi`i ~evwahijek( A ocmke we chcgci gakuki fipc`i `e givva- yue jevimkehpe wuwgcpi `cwguwwõew ehpve iw ~ewwaiw- e pevkchi gak aupvi

fipc`i e kicw uki `cwguwwça( 

Ha ochim- uki fvcji `e pvæhwcpa hi gi÷pcgi gc`i`e `e Maw Ihjemew- ehpve uki iova+ikevcgihi e

uk mipcha- kawpvi aw ifwuv`aw `e uki wagce`i`e jmafimcti`i yue- vepakih`a i c`eci `e

Gihgmchc "6>>3#- hça gahwejue ewpifemegev uki gahcähgci ~igëocgi ek keca îw `coevehêiw

ãphcgiw e gumpuvicw< ia gahpvévca- iw `ewcjuim`i`ew gahpchuik i wevcv gaka ~veperpa ~ivi ier~maviêça bukihi( A gaveiha Gbac Dch Juc ve~vewehpi ha ocmke aw giwaw `e pvéocga `e

~ewwaiw yue igahpegek ipã aw `ciw `e bade( Ha ~iwwi`a- i ewgvic`ça `aw hejvaw iovcgihaw

idu`au i ~aaiv e i gahwpvucv aw ~iëwew `a gahpchehpe ikevcgiha( Aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw- ~av wui

et- wcpuik+we ehpve ewwew ~iëwew yue- gaka `ewgvee Wek~vchc "933:#- pcevik- `ew`e a

chëgca- hça w÷ ckcjvihpew- kiw ewgviaw- ch`aw `i Éovcgi- yue idu`ivik i gak~av a gehévca

kumpcgumpuvim `iw hiêõew( Ek Gviwb- Gbac Dch Juc ã vew~ahwéem ~ema gahpvifih`a `e

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iwcépcgaw( Bakehw- kumbevew e ipã gvcihêiw wça wufkepc`aw i pvifimbaw oavêi`aw- îw etew ek

pvagi `e i~ehiw uk ~vipa `e gakc`i(

Ha ocmke- a gaveiha- yue igifi `e oegbiv kicw uki eh`i `e ~ewwaiw- ã ipva~emi`a ~av

Ihpbahs e ^epev- ehyuihpa oajek gak a givva yue igifivik `e vaufiv( Kicw piv`e- Ihpbahs

~iwwi ~ema magim `a igc`ehpe e ä i _ih `e Gbac Dch Juc gak i gbie hi ~avpi( Eme mei a

iupak÷em ipã uk `ewkihgbe- e ic `ewgafve aw iwcépcgaw igavvehpi`aw haw ouh`aw `a givva(

Ihpbahs mei iw ~ewwaiw ipã uk ficvva `e Maw Ihjemew- yue ã gak~awpa ~av uki gakuhc`i`e

iwcépcgi63- e `ecri pa`aw iyuemew ch`cë`uaw ~av mé( Ek uk mujiv gak~mepikehpe haa- wek

`chbecva e wek wifev ~ivi ah`e cv- kucpaw igifik ocgih`a wek pvifimba ~a`eh`a we pavhiv ipã

kavi`avew `e vui(

Wejuch`a i m÷jcgi `a vapecva `e Baziv` e Kifmes "933?# a peki ocgi er~mcgcpa hiw `cevwiw

bcwp÷vciw yue we ehgahpvik e we `ewehvamik ia mahja `a ocmke( Hi gehi ochim- `i fipc`i `e

givvaw wejuc`i `e uki `cwguwwça- a `cvepav `ekahwpvi yue aw gahomcpaw kumpcgumpuvicw ewpça

~vewehpew ek pa`aw aw kakehpaw `a gapc`ciha "a ocmke we ~iwwi ek 7? baviw#( I kehwijek `e

pa`i i afvi ocgi gaka uki veomerça ~ivi a ew~egpi`av- ocgih`a mahje `e i~vewehpiv uki

wamuêça( 

5(7 Fifem e a gahëca `iw `coevehêiw4 ~varckc`i`e e gahomcpa ek ewgimi kuh`cim

Ch`cgi`a ia Awgiv 6>>: `e kembav ocmke- `cveêça "Imedih`va Jahtémet Cùévvcpu#- kahpijek

"@aujmiw Gvcwe e Wpe~beh Kcvvcahe#- ipvct gai`duihpe "~ivi i kercgihi I`vcihi Fivviti e i

  di~ahewi Vchla Lclugbc# e vapecva avcjchim "Jucmmevka Ivvciji#- Fifem jihbau a ~väkca `e

kembav pvcmbi kuwcgim "Juwpia Wihpiamimmi#( Dé ha oewpcim `e Gihhew- a ocmke pee kicav

~vewpëjca- vegefeh`a aw ~väkcaw `a dôvc egukähcga- pãghcgi e kembav `cvepav( Ha Jmafa `e

Auva- jihbau gaka kembav ocmke( Uki ~awwëem er~mcgiêça ~ivi a ~auga wugewwa hi

63 Ek gc`i`ew gawka~amcpiw gaka Maw Ihjemew- gak uk impa hôkeva `e ckcjvihpew- ã kucpa gakuk i oavkiêça`e gakuhc`i`ew ~ivi aw ewpvihjecvaw yue imc cek( Fviwcmecvaw e kercgihaw wça erek~maw `e ch`cë`uaw yue weijmakevik ek ficvvaw `i gc`i`e ~ivi oavkiv uki gakuhc`i`e( Ek Wça ^iuma- ~av erek~ma- ercwpe a ficvva `iMcfev`i`e- magim ah`e aw ~vckecvaw ckcjvihpew di~ahewew we ewpifemegevik ha ochim `a wãguma ~iwwi`a( Bade- aficvva ifvcji pikfãk gaveihaw e gbchewew e ã gahbegc`a gaka avcehpim( Aupva giwa wekembihpe ek Wça ^iuma ãafwevi`a gak aw cpimcihaw- yue gakeêivik i gbejiv ia Fviwcm ek 922> e we ocrivik haw ficvvaw Fvéw- Kaggi eGikfugc(

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~vekciêça ikevcgihi oac i ficri fcmbepevci `a ocmke haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw4 ~auga kicw `e 70

kcmbõew `e `÷mivew( ^avãk- a vegahbegckehpa kuh`cim `a ocmke oac kicw wcjhcocgipca `a yue

oac ~ivi Gviwb( Ek ewgimi jmafim  Fifem ivvegi`au 975 kcmbõew e pvetehpaw kcm `÷mivew( Ha

Fviwcm- a mugva `e fcmbepevci ocgau ek gevgi `e 6 kcmbõew e wepegehpaw kcm `÷mivew 7>(

A guwpa `i ~va`uêça `e Fifem oac jvih`cawa- gbejih`a i 65 kcmbõew `e `÷mivew( Ek ehpvecwpi

ia davhimcwpi Kévca Iffi`e- Cùévvcpu i`kcpe yue ~vegcwau gahehgev aw ~va`upavew `e yue we

pvipii `e uk ocmke fak- e yue w÷ `ivci gevpa gak uk jvih`e ochihgcikehpa( A ocmke oac

va`i`a ek pväw gahpchehpew e gak ~evwahijehw yue oimiik gchga c`cakiw `coevehpew( Cùévvcpu

`ct yue ~vaguvau i~aca ochihgecva hça w÷ haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw- kiw pikfãk hi Éwci e hi

Euva~i( I `cevwc`i`e er~mavi`i ha ocmke- yue oac kicw gak~veeh`c`i oavi `aw Ewpi`awUhc`aw- oet  Fifem gahgavvev i ~väkcaw ha Di~ça- Fviwcm- Ovihêi- Ew~ihbi- Cpémci- Wuãgci-

Cvmih`i e @chikivgi(

 Fifem "6>>?# i~vewehpi bcwp÷vciw yue `ctek vew~ecpa i ~ewwaiw gakuhw ew~imbi`iw ek

`coevehpew magicw e gumpuviw ha kuh`a( A pëpuma oit kehêça î bcwp÷vci fëfmcgi `a ihpcja

pewpikehpa- wejuh`a i yuim Fifem oac uki pavve gahwpvuë`i hi Fifcmðhci ~emaw `ewgeh`ehpew `e

Haã- gak i chpehêça `e epevhctiv weuw hakew( A afdepca evi oitä+mi pça impi `e ka`a yue

gbejiwwe ia gãu( Ewpi wafevfi ~vaagau i cvi `e @euw yue- ~ivi giwpcjé+maw- gahouh`cu+mbew iw

mëhjuiw e aw ew~imbau ~emi Pevvi( 

Ha ocmke- i ~ivpcv `e uk pvéjcga igc`ehpe ehameh`a uk giwim havpe+ikevcgiha ha Kivvagaw-

i c`i `e `coevehpew ~ewwaiw `i Éovcgi- Ikãvcgi e Éwci ã ioepi`i( A ocmke ifav`i gaka i iêça

`e uk wev bukiha ~a`e we pvihwoavkiv ek uki iimihgbe yue pek a ~a`ev `e ioepiv imjuãk

yue ewpé ek aupva gihpa `a kuh`a(

Iwwck- yuipva bcwp÷vciw- ehameh`a gahomcpaw ãphcgaw- gumpuvicw e wagcicw- we gahegpik( Ã a

eoecpa `e uk wck~mew ipa ioepih`a ~ewwaiw ek pa`a a ~mihepi- `e oavkiw `cwpchpiw(  Fifem ã a

ômpcka ocmke `e uki pvcmajci `e Cùévvcpu wafve a kuh`a ek yue cekaw e iw chpevgaherõew

wagcagumpuvicw heme ewpifemegc`iw( A ~vckecva- Ikavew Fvupaw " Ikavew ^evvaw- Kãrcga- 6>>>#-

gahegpi iw bcwp÷vciw `aw ~evwahijehw `i pviki- `ewwi et ek ækfcpa magim- i ~ivpcv `e uk

7> Oahpe4 Wcpe Far Aoocge Kada( bpp~4!!faraoocgekada(gak!kacew!1c`;fifem(bpk Igewwa ek >3 ha( 6>9>

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igc`ehpe `e givva ha chëgca `a ocmke( 69 jvikiw "69 Jvikw- EUI- 6>>7# er~mavi `e oavki

kicw chpehwi a ewpcma ovijkehpi`a `iw hivvipciw `i pvcmajci gahwpvuë`iw ~ema vapecvcwpi Ivvciji-

ifav`ih`a bcwp÷vciw yue we chpevmcjik i ~ivpcv `e uk igc`ehpe( 

Hi m÷jcgi `i hivvipci ovijkehpi`i- yue mcji bcwp÷vciw gak~mepikehpe `coevehpew i uk ôhcga

oipa- iw c`iw `e Ikãmci- `aw ocmbaw `e Wuwih e Vcgbiv`- `e Wihpcija- `e Gbcela- `e Ibke` e

Suwweo ewpça gahegpi`iw ia yue agavve gak a giwim ikevcgiha ha Kivvagaw( Cùévvcpu vewuke i

bcwp÷vci `a ocmke gaka uki wãvce `e ~eyuehaw ipaw yue `ewehgi`ecik jvih`ew pvijã`ciw( E-

oavi `i ocgêça- a wev bukiha ewpé `cw~awpa i gakepev ewwew `ewmctew i pa`a a kakehpa(

Iyuc a ipa yue giuwi a igc`ehpe ã vewumpi`a `i chagähgci `aw jivapaw( Gaka a giwa `eIkãmci- yue mei iw gvcihêiw ~ivi a aupva mi`a `i ovahpecvi- vewumpi`a `i cjhavæhgci( Ehpça-ewwew ipaw hça we avcjchik `i kim`i`e au `e uki `egcwça `cchi- `i pvijã`ci- ha wehpc`ajveja `i ~imivi pvijã`ci( Ek Fifem- uk di~ahäw ~vewehpeci wui ivki i uk juci puvëwpcga-cwwa ã uk ipa `e fah`i`e( Kicw yue igc`ehpew- wça `egcwõew yue `epevkchik aw~evwahijehw( "CÙÉVVCPU- ek ehpvecwpi ia wcpe Akempe- 6>>?#

 Fifem- `coevehpekehpe `e Gviwb- pvipi `i yuewpça `a kumpcgumpuvimcwka ek ewgimi jmafim(

Cùévvcpu `ewmagi aw agc`ehpicw ~ivi aupviw gumpuviw e er~mavi iw gahweyuähgciw `cwwa( Pvipi

pikfãk `a uhcevwa di~ahäw- pça `cwpihpe- kiw ia kewka pek~a pça gahegpi`a ia kuh`a-

vegefeh`a e ekcpch`a chomuähgciw pa`a a pek~a( A ~ic `i di~ahewi Gbcela- Siwudcva- ã yuek

~vewehpeci a kivvayucha Biwwih "If`emli`ev Fivi# gak a vcome yue wevé eh`c`a ~ivi a ~ic

`aw jivapaw e giuwivé i pvijã`ci( Gbcela i~ivege gaka ëpcki `e uk giaw uvfiha- wehpch`a+we

wamcpévci e chgak~veeh`c`i `ehpva `iyueme puvfcmbça `e ewpëkumaw( A `cvepav er~mcgi yue i

chpehêça `a ocmke ã ~iwwiv i veimc`i`e `a wev bukiha(

\((([ `egc`c cv ipã aw ~aai`aw `a wum `e Kivvagaw- yue wça kucpa ~afvew + i kicavci hekpek emepvcgc`i`e + ~ivi fuwgiv jehpe `i pevvi yue huhgi bici cwpa uki gækevi( Imc igifecehgahpvih`a 3>% `a emehga uwi`a ha Kivvagaw( Oac uki `egcwça yue `eu uki~evwahimc`i`e- uki perpuvi hi ~emëgumi yue eu huhgi pevci imgihêi`a we pcewwe wc`a oecpigak ipavew( Oavi Gipe e Fvi` hça bici ipavew( A ocmke ã wafve wevew bukihaw( \((([ ^a`e+weev yue ã uk ocmke fek `ekagvépcga- kucpa jmafim( Hça ã uk ocmke `e ikevcgihaw au `ekivvayuchaw- kiw `e wevew bukihaw- ~emi `cevwc`i`e- ~emi gumpuvi( "CÙÉVVCPU- ekehpvecwpi ia wcpe Akempe- 6>>?#

Wuwih- yue ~iwwi oãvciw gak a kivc`a Vcgbiv` ha Kivvagaw hça ehpeh`e ~avyue ewpé mé( Emi

ambi i wui ampi e `ewgahoci `e pu`a- ipã `i ~vage`ähgci `a jema yue ã wevc`a ha magim( Ewwe

ewpvihbikehpa ã uk peki ifav`i`a ~av Oeipbevwpahe "9335# e Buhpchjpah "933?#- yue

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er~õek i vemiêça `i jmafimctiêça gak i `akchiêça agc`ehpim- giuwi `e gahomcpaw oveyuehpew

ehpve Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw e Avcehpe Kã`ca- ~av erek~ma( I ~awpuvi `e Wuwih kawpvi gaka aw

imavew e i gumpuvi agc`ehpim wça iwwukc`aw ~emaw weuw ~avpi`avew `e ka`a ephagähpvcga-

gahgecpa ifav`i`a ~av Eijmepah "6>>5#(

I~÷w Wuwih wev ipchjc`i ~ema pcva- a ðhcfuw `e puvcwka ic ipã i gc`i`e `a juci kivvayucha

Ihziv "Kabike` Ilbtik# ~ivi fuwgiv idu`i( @ehpva `a eëguma ewpça puvcwpiw ikevcgihaw-

ovihgewew- cpimcihaw yue- ihpew `a igc`ehpe- we `cevpcik- vch`a e i~vaecpih`a i cijek-

afwevih`a weuw ~ahpaw puvëwpcgaw pvipi`aw gaka er÷pcgaw e gahwc`evi`aw gaka uk mujiv `e

iehpuviw( I ~ivpcv `a kakehpa ek yue i`ehpvik i gc`i`e `a juci- magimcti`i ha `ewevpa

mahje `iw ~icwijehw pvifimbi`iw ~emiw ijähgciw `e cijek- i ~awpuvi `aw cwcpihpew ku`i( Mé-emew gakeêik i ~vewehgciv aupvi veimc`i`e `a ~iëw4 gvcihêiw ~afvew- ~ewwaiw kimpvi~cmbiw-

vewc`ähgciw bukcm`ew( Cwwa giuwi gevpa ~iav haw puvcwpiw- yue ew~evik i gbeji`i `e uki

ikfumæhgci ~ivi Wuwih- kiw maja yuevek ampiv ~ivi a gahoavpa `a bapem e hça we wamc`ivctik

gak i wcpuiêça `a giwim Wuwih e Vcgbiv`- `ecrih`a+aw ~ivi pvéw î ew~evi `e ipeh`ckehpa(

Kauvi "6>9># er~mcgi yue wça gahomcpaw e pehwõew wagcicw gaka ewwew yue jevik uk kawicga

kumpcgumpuvim e ergmu`ehpe ha kuh`a( Gihgmchc "6>>3# ehpeh`e yue iw gahge~êõewkumpcgumpuvicw yue i`kcpek i ”`cevwc`i`e‛ `e gumpuviw veimêih`a wuiw `coevehêiw e ~va~ah`a

~amëpcgiw vemipccwpiw `e vew~ecpa igifik- ~av etew- weh`a vew~ahwéecw ~av veoavêiv i

wejvejiêça( Oeipbevwpahe "9335#- gak a erek~ma `a puvcwka `e kiwwi gahpek~avæhea- kawpvi

gaka i fuwgi ~ema haa hça wcjhcocgi `ecriv aw ~vegecpaw agc`ehpicw ~ivi pvéw e mcviv+we `aw

~vegahgecpaw( 

A puvcwka fiweci+we hi c`ãci `e pvihw~avpiv uk jvih`e hôkeva `e ~ewwaiw ~ema kuh`aioavi- weh`a yue imjukiw `ewwiw ~ewwaiw hça yuevek kucpa kicw `a yue a yue päk ekgiwi "ive ahms iopev bake ~muw- Bihhevt- 933>#79- cwpa ã- yuevek aw gahoavpaw `a miv- igakc`i e i fefc`i i yue ewpça igawpuki`iw- imãk `e uk ~auga `e wam- kiv e iveci( Ã agahbegc`a ~igape `e oãvciw `a puvcwka `e kiwwi- yue we ehgahpvi ek pa`i i vejcça `aKe`cpevvæhea( Kiw- imãhw `ewpe- ek gvewgeh`a haw ômpckaw ihaw uki oavki `coevehpe `epuvcwka- îw etew gbiki`a `e ”puvcwka ~÷wka`evha‛ au ”~÷w+puvcwka‛ "Uvvs- 933>#76(Pvipi+we- hewpe giwa- `e fuwgiv haiw er~evcähgciw- cehgciv a iupähpcga- au wui wckumiêça-gaka imja i chpev~vepiv e ihimcwiv( Ã a kevgi`a `iw ”ev`i`ecviw oãvciw‛- ew~egcimkehpeck~avpihpe ~ivi i hai gmiwwe kã`ci î gipi `e iehpuvi e er~evcähgciw haiw( "Kuhp-

79 BIHHEVT- U( "933>#( Gawka~amcpih ih` Magimw ch Zavm` Gumpuve( Pbeav+7< Gumpuve ih` Wagceps :- 6+776 UVVS- D( "933>#( Pbe Pauvcwp Jite( Mah`vew- Wimpe

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9330#77( Wek~ve we ~a`e imejiv- ã gmiva- yue ~av kicw giupemawaw yue wedik aw kekfvaw`ewwe jvu~a wagcim yuih`a cidik ~ivi vejcõew mahjëhyuiw `a ~mihepi- wek~ve givvejikgahwcja i gumpuvi agc`ehpim( "OEIPBEVWPAHE- 9335#

I yuewpça ~amëpcgi pikfãk ã pvipi`i ha ocmke- dé yue iw `cocgum`i`ew ~ivi a vewjipe `e Wuwihwe `ça ~av giuwi `a gahomcpa ehpve a kuh`a agc`ehpim e hça agc`ehpim i~÷w aw ipehpi`aw `e 99

`e wepekfva( Imãk `cwwa- i pvidep÷vci `i kercgihi Ikãmci vepvipi i c`i `e kcmbivew `e

kercgihaw yue cek cmejimkehpe haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw e ipviewwik i ovahpecvi ek fuwgi `e

kembavew gah`cêõew `e pvifimba e wuwpehpa( I~÷w 9? ihaw pvifimbih`a gaka fifé- Ikãmci we

ä ek uki wcpuiêça gak~mcgi`i- yuih`a pek yue cv ia Kãrcga ~ivi a giwikehpa `a ocmba Mucw

"Vafevp *Fevhce* Ewyucem# hi kewki ã~agi ek yue agavve a igc`ehpe gak Wuwih ha Kivvagaw

e hça bé gak yuek `ecriv iw gvcihêiw(

I ek~veji`i gahevwi gak aw kehchaw wakehpe ek ew~ihbam e ewpew- ~av wui et- ehpeh`ek

pu`a- kiw vew~ah`ek ek chjmäw( Uk `epimbe chpevewwihpe `e uki `iw gehiw `a ocmke ã a

kakehpa ek yue i kumbev gamagi iw gvcihêiw ~ivi `avkcv( Emi veti gak emew hi mëhjui

ew~ihbami uki aviêça ~ivi i cvjek `e Jui`imu~e "~i`vaecvi `a Kãrcga#- aw kehchaw

pikfãk avik( A ehamckehpa ioepca `ewwiw gvcihêiw gak i kumbev kercgihi ã gmiva kiw aw

~vafmekiw gakeêivça yuih`a emi `egc`e gvutiv i ovahpecvi `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw gak a Kãrcga

~ivi cv î oewpi `e giwikehpa meih`a aw kehchaw gahwcja- dé yue hça pchbi gak yuek `ecré+

maw( 

I vemiêça `a Kãrcga gak aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw ã kucpa gahomcpuawi- ~ema oipa `e kucpiw ~ewwaiw

ipviewwivek i ovahpecvi `aw ~iëwew cmejimkehpe- dé yue i ehpvi`i ek pevviw havpe+ikevcgihiw ã

erpvekikehpe `cocgumpi`i ~emaw kecaw mejicw( Gaka afwevik Gihgmchc "6>>3# e Bimm "6>>9#

wafve i fuwgi `aw ewpvihjecvaw ~av kembavew gah`cêõew `e c`i ek aupvaw ~iëwew- kucpaw

~vaguvik ~av kembavew gah`cêõew `e c`i ek uk ~iëw `ewehamc`a e gak faiw vemiêõew

egahðkcgiw e ~amëpcgiw( Iwwck- kucpaw kercgihaw wafvecek pvifimbih`a e kavih`a 

gmih`ewpchikehpe haw EUI( A ocmke kawpvi yue hek pa`iw iw ~ewwaiw yue erevgek wuiw

ouhêõew e bifcpik aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw ewpça mé cmejimkehpe- a ~v÷~vca Cùévvcpu "hiwgc`a e gvci`a

77 KUHP- C( "9330#- ”Pbe ‘Apbev‑ ^awpka`evh Pauvcwk4 Gumpuve- Pviem ih` pbe Hez Kc``me Gmiwwew‛( Pbeavs-Gumpuve ih` Wagceps 99- 7

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hi Gc`i`e `a Kãrcga# weve `e erek~ma( @e gevpi oavki- `ehuhgci pikfãk a ~vegahgecpa

gahpvi aw ckcjvihpew mipchaw- ~vã+dumji`aw e wuw~ecpaw `e wevek chovipavew au ~evcjawaw(

Ek  Fifem- i fifé Ikãmci ~iwwi ~emi ovahpecvi `aw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw gak a Kãrcga- ehpvih`a

wek ~vafmekiw gak iw gvcihêiw ikevcgihiw- yue vi~c`ikehpe we chpejvik gak iw gvcihêiw

kercgihiw- pvihw~ah`a iw `coevehêiw( ^avãk hi ampi- a givva ek yue ewpça Ikãmci e iw

gvcihêiw ã ~ivi`a ~ema ~amcgcim `i ovahpecvi( Wihpcija- a wafvchba `e Ikãmci yue `cvcje a givva

e ewpé uk ~auga ekfvciji`a- `cwgupe gak a ~amcgcim yue yuewpcahi wafve i givpi `e ~evkcwwça

`aw ~icw `e @effce e Kcle(

Wihpcija ivvihgi a givva e oaje ~ema `ewevpa- ~acw Ikãmci hça ~awwuc i iupavctiêça `aw ~icw~ivi cidiv gak aw kehchaw- imãk `cwwa- emew wça cmejicw( A wafvchba `e Ikãmci i `ecri gak

aw kehchaw ha `ewevpa e ~e`e ~ivi yue emew a ew~evek- ehyuihpa pehpivci `ew~cwpiv i ~amëgci(

Ehpvepihpa- i kercgihi ~iwwi a vewpa `i hacpe e kepi`e `a `ci ew~evih`a- ipã yue `ecri @effce

e Kcle e wic ~ema `ewevpa ek fuwgi `e idu`i( Ikãmci ehgahpvi uki cipuvi `i ~amëgci hi

ewpvi`i e ~e`e wagavva( I kumbev ã mei`i i uki `emejigci ~ivi `e~av(

@EMEJI@A4 Ã uk kcmijve igbivkaw iw gvcihêiw( Gaka ~a`e `ecré+miw watchbiw ha`ewevpa1IKÃMCI4 Gaka emiw ewpça- wehbav1@EMEJI@A4 Cwwa hça mbe `ct vew~ecpa( Wife yuihpiw gvcihêiw kavvek ia iha pehpih`aipviewwiv i ovahpecvi1IKÃMCI4 Guc`a `ewwiw gvcihêiw `ew`e yue hiwgevik( Ocga gak emiw `ci e hacpe( @au gioã`i kihbç- imkaêa e dihpiv ~ivi emiw( Fvchga gak emiw( Kcle e @effce wça gaka ocmbaw ~ivikck(@EMEJI@A4 Kiw emew hça wça weuw ocmbaw( E agä ewpii pvifimbih`a cmejimkehpe ha ~iëw(Magimctikaw a ~ic ha Kivvagaw( Eme ocgau kucpa gbipei`a- kiw `egc`cu hça `iv yuecri( Kiwa jaevha ikevcgiha gahwc`evau yue agä chovchjcu i mec e ewpé `epevkchi`a i `e~avpé+micke`cipikehpe(IKÃMCI4 Wehbav- ewpau iyuc bé 9? ihaw( Kchbiw gacwiw ewpça iyuc( Eu imuja uki giwi( Oct

uki c`i iyuc- wehbav(@EMEJI@A4 @eci pev ~ehwih`a hcwwa ihpew( "FIFEM- 6>>?- 993‑6?‑‑# 

Cùévvcpu `cwgavve wafve i yuewpça pvipi`i ha ocmke- `cteh`a yue ”^ivi emew "EUI# aw kercgihaw

wça uki ~viji- kiw a yue wevci `emew wek aw kercgihaw1‛ "CÙÉVVCPU- ek ehpvecwpi ia wcpe

Akemepe- 6>>?#( Gihgmchc "6>>3# afwevi yue aw kercgihaw kackehpik i egahakci `aw

Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw e `cwwekchik i gumpuvi ikevcgihi ~ivi weu ~iëw `e avcjek- dé yue ipã 6>>?

oavik ehci`aw ia Kãrcga 65 fcmbõew `e `÷mivew- chgmuch`a vau~iw `i ka`i e ~va`upaw `i

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ch`ôwpvci kuwcgim( A ckcjvihpe- ek gahpvi~ivpc`i- mei gahwcja aw wëkfamaw `e wui gumpuvi e aw

~iwwi i`cihpe- gaka oit Ikãmci- ~av erek~ma- yuih`a gahevwi gak aw kehchaw ek ew~ihbam(

Gahpu`a- a ocmke kawpvi i wamc`ivce`i`e ~evwcwpe ek imjuhw mujivew `a kuh`a( I oimpi `e

ehpeh`ckehpa ehpve ~ewwaiw yue oimik i kewki mëhjui e gak~ivpcmbik `e gumpuviw

wekembihpew haw ikfcehpew uvfihaw ã wuv~veeh`ehpekehpe gahpvévci ia ipa `a juci e `e aupvaw

gc`i`çaw kivvayuchaw ek vemiêça ia giwim ikevcgiha( A juci- imãk `e `cw~ahcfcmctiv wui giwi

~ivi i kumbev oevc`i- hça igecpi a `chbecva yue Vcgbiv` mbe aoevege gaka ~ijikehpa ~emiw

`ew~ewiw( I gehi- yue uwi `e veguvwaw pãghcgaw `viképcgaw ~ivi oavpimegev i weyuähgci-

igahpege ek keca i kucpaw ambivew ch`aw `e kavi`avew `a magim e iupavc`i`ew( Wakehpe uki

kôwcgi ia ouh`a e a ehpa ~va`utc`a ~emi bãmcge `a bemcg÷~peva gak~õek a gehévca yuih`aVcgbiv` ifviêi a juci e vepcvi a `chbecva `i givpecvi( Kewka i`kcpch`a i oimpi `e gah`cêõew

ochihgecviw ‗ er~awpi hi gehi ek yue Vcgbiv` a yuewpcahi wafve yuihpiw kumbevew eme pek- a

juci vew~ah`e yue w÷ ~a`e wuwpehpiv uki ‗ Ihziv veguwi i aoevpi `a ikevcgiha(

Iw `coevehêiw `e gumpuviw ~a`ek wev afwevi`iw hewwi vemiêça `e Vcgbiv` gak Ihziv( Kewka

gak i jmafimctiêça- yue gahegpi a kuh`a e- gaka mekfvi Bimm "6>>9#- oit gak yue aw

ch`cë`uaw chgav~avek kômpc~miw c`ehpc`i`ew gumpuvicw- aw iw~egpaw chpvëhwegaw `e gi`i gumpuviich`i ~evkihegek( Ihziv hça ifve kça `e weuw imavew gumpuvicw yuih`a Vcgbiv` aoevege a

`chbecva i eme< ~av wui et- Vcgbiv` igve`cpi yue `ee vegak~ehwiv a juci ~emi wui

baw~cpimc`i`e e ipehêça(

Pikfãk a gak~avpikehpa `e Wuwih- oevc`i- ku`i iaw ~augaw( Ha chëgca `a ocmke- yuih`a aw

ocmbaw `emi ewpça ch`a ~ivi a Kãrcga- Kcle oimi î fifé Wihpcija ”Kikçe `cwwe yue a Kãrcga

ã kucpa ~evcjawa‛( Ha ochim `a ocmke emi `ecri i ~awpuvi bawpcm yue pchbi gak ewpvihjecvaw ekjevim e igecpi- `e gevpi oavki- aw gawpukew `aw kivvayuchaw( I gehi yue Wuwih igecpi a ouka

~ve~ivi`a ~emi wehbavi kivvayuchi yue i igak~ihbi- ia kewka pek~a ek yue kawpvi i

ovijcmc`i`e `a kakehpa yue i kumbev ce- ~a`e pikfãk wcjhcocgiv a gakeêa `e igecpiêça 

~emi ~ivpe `i ikevcgihi îw `coevehêiw(

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I hivvipci ovijkehpi`i `e  Fifem `coeve `i `ccwça gméwwcgi ek pväw ipaw  ‗  i~ahpi`i ~av

Baziv` e Kifmes "933?# ‗ - uwi`i hi kicavci `aw vapecvaw gchekipajvéocgaw( Ek  Fifem- a pcva

`cw~ivi`a ~av uk `aw kehchaw kivvayuchaw yue ipchje Wuwih- `é chëgca î pviki( Ewwe pvéjcga

igahpegckehpa ã gahwc`evi`a gaka a ~ahpa gumkchihpe `i bcwp÷vci- a yue hi pvidep÷vci gméwwcgi

w÷ igahpegevci ha wejuh`a ipa( Wakehpe i~÷w ewwe oipa ã ~awwëem gahbegev iw ~ewwaiw

ehamc`iw ha `viki- `cvepikehpe mcji`iw ia giwim "Vcgbiv` e Wuwih#- e yuim i wcpuiêça `e pa`i

i bcwp÷vci( Hi hivvipci ek pväw ipaw- ewwi ~ivpe wevci ewgmivegc`i maja ha ~vckecva ipa( ^av ock-

ek  Fifem- agavve a pevgecva ipa `e igav`a gak i ewpvupuvi gméwwcgi- gak i vewamuêça `aw

gahomcpaw e ~vafmekiw( ^avãk- ha ocmke- ewwi gahgmuwça hça ã oegbi`i(

Kewka guk~vch`a gak i piveoi `e ochimctiv i pviki `e gi`i ~evwahijek `ehpva `i bcwp÷vciyue imc ã gahpi`i- a ew~egpi`av ocgi gak i ihjôwpci `evci`i `iw chgevpetiw wafve a `ewehvamiv

`i c`i `e gi`i uk yue pee weu `viki i~vewehpi`a- dé yue iw wcpuiêõew er~awpiw wça ve~mepiw

`e ~miuwcfcmc`i`e- ~awwëecw `e igahpegev hi c`i `e gi`i uk yue iw iwwcwpe(

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? GAHGMUWÇA

A kuh`a gahpek~avæhea- ich`i gahwevi wehpckehpaw `a chëgca evi ka`evhi( Gaka vewwimpi

Feh Wchjev "6>>0#- uk uhcevwa gbeca `e fakfiv`ecaw `e ck~vewwõew- gbayuew e wafvewwimpaw(

Iw pehwõew- juevviw- gahomcpaw gakeêik- jevimkehpe- i ~ivpcv `e uk wck~mew ipa- `i oimpi `e

ehpeh`ckehpa ehpve ~ewwaiw- gaka kawpvi`a haw ocmkew ihimcwi`aw hewwe ewpu`a-  Fifem e

Gviwb( A yue ~a`evci wev vewamc`a ek ~augaw kchupaw- i ~ivpcv `e uki gahevwi- igifi

pvihwoavkih`a+we ek gipéwpvaoew kuh`cicw- kucpiw etew kac`iw ~ema ephagehpvcwka e i oimpi

`e pamevæhgci( Aw wevew bukihaw- pça vegeawaw uhw gak aw aupvaw- igifik pavhih`a i vemiêça

bukihi `ekiwci`ikehpe gak~meri(

I ewpvupuvi hivvipci `iw afviw ihimcwi`iw i~÷ci+we fiwcgikehpe ek uki givigpevëwpcgi `i

ka`evhc`i`e4 i ovijkehpiêça( Gahwpvuë`iw ek e~cw÷`caw- iw pvikiw gahpik évciw bcwp÷vciw

yue we ehpvemiêik `uvihpe a `ewehvamiv `a ocmke( Ewwi ovijkehpiêça ã uki ewpvipãjci yue

ew~imbi aw ~ahpaw hivvipcaw ek kucpiw `cveêõew ia kewka pek~a- ~ivi pvihwkcpcv ia

ew~egpi`av i wehwiêça `i bepevajehec`i`e `i c`i gahpek~avæhei(

I ve~epcêça `e ~e`c`aw ~emi ~it kuh`cim ek gihêõew- ~aekiw- ha gcheki- au wedi- hiw ivpewek jevim- wai gaka uki upa~ci ha chpehwa gapc`ciha wuwpehpi`a ~emaw iihêaw `i

jmafimctiêça( A wahba- gihpi`a ~av Dabh Mehhah- `e yue uk `ci pa`aw we uhik e a kuh`a

wedi uk w÷ jihbau i`e~paw e gaka iocvki Gihgmchc "6>>3#- oet iihêaw `uvihpe a wãguma RR

ha yue `ct vew~ecpa î igecpiêça `i `cevwc`i`e e `i ~muvimc`i`e ãphcgi( ^avãk- a

kumpcgumpuvimcwka- we ve`utc`a i~ehiw î gahwpipiêça `i `cevwc`i`e- ~ivege cheocgit ~ivi i

pvihw~awcêça `aw ~vegahgecpaw e i gvciêça `e ~awwcfcmc`i`ew `e gahëca ~igëocga ehpve aw

`coevehpew(

Iw afviw kawpvik yue i veim hegewwc`i`e `ewwe kuh`a jmafimcti`a ã gvciv ~awwcfcmc`i`ew veicw

e duwpiw ~ivi a erevgëgca `iw `coevehêiw gumpuvicw- imãk `i ~vakaêça `a ehgahpva `e gumpuviw-

~va~avgcahih`a uk ehgahpva ehpve iw c`eciw- uki et yue iw `ewcjuim`i`ew- ~vegahgecpaw e

gahomcpaw ~amëpcgaw- wagcicw e egahðkcgaw we kihpäk er~mëgcpaw au emi`aw(

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Wejuh`a i vecwpi Pbe Egahakcwp "wep( 6>9># ek 6>5> aw bcw~æhcgaw wevça 63% `i ~a~umiêça

haw Ewpi`aw Uhc`aw e aw fvihgaw 0:%( A ~iëw givveji uk wpipuw `e impa  `ewehamckehpa

egahðkcga- weh`a ewwe a kapca `i ehpvi`i `e pihpaw ckcjvihpew( Bifcpihpew `aw ~iëwew `e

pevgecva kuh`a fuwgik ~av a~avpuhc`i`ew yue hça wça ehgahpvi`iw ek wuiw pevviw `e avcjek(

^ivi Wpuivp Bimm "6>>9# ~ewwaiw kicw ~afvew `e aupviw ~ivpew `a kuh`a- ck~umwcahi`iw ~emi

~afveti- ~emi wegi- ~emi oake- ~ema wuf`ewehamckehpa egahðkcga- juevviw e `cwpôvfcaw

~amëpcgaw- ehpve aupviw vitõew- we ku`ivik ~ivi aw mujivew ah`e bé kicav gbihge `e

wafvecähgci< aupvaw oavik ~ivi aw ”gehpvaw `a kuh`a‛ ipvië`aw ~emi ”kehwijek‛ `a

gahwukcwka jmafim(

Wça évcaw iw~egpaw ~amëpcgaw e wagcicw ehjmafi`aw hewwi `cwguwwça- kiw i yuimc`i`e `e c`i `e

gi`i uk `aw wevew bukihaw ã imja yue we ck~õe( Ha yue `ct vew~ecpa î gumpuvi

gahpek~avæhei- i yuewpça gehpvim peh`e i `cwgupcv yuim i kembav kihecvi `e ~vakaev i

gahevwi ehpve iw `coevehpew ephciw- dé yue iw vemiêõew kumpcgumpuvicw gahpchuivça igahpegeh`a

e we ik~mcih`a i gi`i `ci( A gcheki ~ivege wev uk `aw chwpvukehpaw hewwe wehpc`a(

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VEOEVÄHGCIW 

ITE_E@A- Ihi Miuvi Kauvi `aw Wihpaw( Hivvipci iu`cacwuim4 Gcheki e c`eajike(

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GBIVHES- Mea< WGBZIVPT- _ihewwi V( "avj(#( A gcheki e i chehêça `i c`i ka`evhi(  Pvi`uêça `e Vejchi Pbak~wah( 6( e`( ve( Wça ^iuma4 Gawig / Hicos- 6>>0(

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GABEH- Kivjivep( I mcpevipuvi ~ihavækcgi e i chehêça `aw jähevaw gapc`cihaw( Ch4GBIVHES- Mea< WGBZIVPT- _ihewwi V( "avj(#( A gcheki e i chehêça `i c`i ka`evhi (6( e`( ve( Wça ^iuma4 Gawig / Hicos- 6>>0(

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@AKCHJUEW- Dawã Kiuvëgca( Wagcamajci e ka`evhc`i`e( 6( e`( Vca `e Dihecva4 GccmctiêçaFviwcmecvi- 6>>9(

EGAHAKCWP- Pbe( Was mipcha- ikevcgiha( Pvi`utc`a e ~ufmcgi`a ~emi vecwpi Givpi Gi~cpim-Wça ^iuma- h( ?90- ~( :>+:7- wep( 6>9>(

EIJMEPAH- Pevvs( I c`eci `e gumpuvi( Pvi`uêça `e Wih`vi Giwpemma Fvihga( Wça ^iuma4UHEW^- 6>>5(

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