bachelor’s thesis final presentation a prototypical ......bachelor’s thesis final presentation a...
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Software Engineering for Business Information Systems (sebis)
Department of Informatics
Technische Universität München, Germany
wwwmatthes.in.tum.de
Bachelor’s Thesis Final Presentation
A Prototypical Implementation of a Smartphone
App for Ad-Hoc Process Documentation
Alexandra Fritzen, 15.12.2014
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Agenda
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Motivation – Why document processes?
Comparison of Business Process Documentation Methods
The Solution: Informal Process Documentation
Prototypical Implementation
Evaluation
Conclusion & Outlook
1
5
2
4
3
6
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Motivation – Why document processes?
Business process:
„Basic unit of business value
within an organization” (Verner 2004, p. 83)
Business process documentation:
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Images from: http://www.barrett.com.au/blogs/SalesBlog/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/brain-gears.jpg, http://ih0.redbubble.net/image.12681228.5116/flat,550x550,075,f.u2.jpg,
http://thuansoldier.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/requirement.jpg, http://assets2.bigthink.com/system/idea_thumbnails/49980/headline/brain_gears_2.jpg,
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/304416/analysis_business_chart_finance_financial_graph_line_paper_sheet_statistics_icon#size=256,
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/304425/chat_communication_conversation_message_messages_talk_text_icon#size=256
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Adaptive Case
Management
Business Process
Modeling
Business Process Documentation Methods
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Documented Work
Routine Semi- routine
Knowledge work
Time of Documentation Effort
Before execution
During execution
After execution
Knowledge of documentation creators and readers
Expert Semi- expert
Novice
Degree of Formality
Formal Semi- formal
Informal
Focus of Documentation
Process Data
Documentation Outcome
Models Templates ?
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The Solution: Informal Process Documentation
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All icons from: https://www.iconfinder.com/iconsets/ionicons, https://www.iconfinder.com/iconsets/hawcons and https://www.iconfinder.com/iconsets/freecns-cumulus
Understood by all users
Emergence of best process
documentation Low barrier of entry
Ad-hoc process documentation
Touch screen: easy manipulation
of process elements
Simple user interface with limited
number of features
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Research Questions
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing process documentation approaches?
What are the challenges involved in documenting a process accurately by a step-by-step guide and how can these challenges be overcome?
To what degree are step-by-step guides easier to read than standard process documentation?
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Implementation – Use Cases
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Tutorial Discovery
Progress Tracking and Transfer
Tutorial Creation & Editing
Tutorial Feedback
All icons from: https://www.iconfinder.com/iconsets/ionicons
User Authentication
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Implementation – Data Model (UML)
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Operating system
iOS 8.1
Implementation – System Design
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Xcode 6
Development environment
All logos may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
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Implementation – Live Demo
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Evaluation – Basic Scenario
Task: Scan document at printer in Informatics building and send to given email
address with the help of a process documentation
Participants: 25 students, aged 17-28, 24 male, 1 female
Five groups:
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+
Group 2: Text on paper with an image of
the control panel of the printer
Group 1: Text on paper
Group 3: Text with images
in tutorial on app
Group 4: Text with
videos in tutorial on
app
Group 5: Text with audio
recordings in tutorial on app
+ +
+
+
____________________________________________________________________
All icons from: https://www.iconfinder.com/iconsets/ionicons
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Evaluation – Results Overview
Group Success Rate Rate of
Discontinuations
Average completion
time in minutes
1 60% 20% 07:04,6
2 60% 20% 06:49,6
3 100% 0% 09:29,4
4 60% 40% 09:03,9
5 60% 0% 14:01,6
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Evaluation – Process Documentation Rating
Group 1 Group 2
Group 3 Group 4
Group 5
The process documentation
was easy to understand.
Understanding the process
documentation required
previous knowledge.
The process documentation
helped me fulfill my task.
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2,6
1,8
1,6
3
2
Grade (1 = best, 6 =worst)
Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
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Evaluation – Rating of the Application
-2 -1 0 1 2
I consider the application abetter representation of atutorial than an illustrated
text on paper.
I would use the applicationagain.
The application was easyto use.
Group 3
Group 4 (without discont'd)
Group 4
Group 5
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Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
2,4
2
3,6
2,8
Grade (1 = best, 6 = worst)
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Evaluation - Discussion
• H1: increase the rate of successfully executing process documentations
• H2: decrease the number of discontinuations of a process
• H3: increase the understandability of process documentations by using informal,
multimedia resources
• H4: reduce process documentation creation and execution time
Participants were unfamiliar with application
Screen recordings to determine ‘Time to locate tutorial’ and ‘Tutorial
execution time’
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Conclusion & Outlook
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• Decrease complexity and tendency to overwhelm
• Better distinction between consumer – creator space
• More functionality for business use: case distinction, roles/dates/reminders as step elements, etc.
Prototype
• Screen recordings
• Different processes to be executed
• More diverse group of participants
Evaluation(s)
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July August Sept. October Nov. Dec.
Literature Review
Initial presentation > < > <
Concept
Implementation
Evaluation
Writing
Final presentation > <
Planned time Actual time
Timeline
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
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Socialization Observation, imitation,
practice and shared experience
Externalization Expression techniques
(words, concepts, narratives, etc.)
Internalization Action and practice, learning-by-doing
Combination Meetings and conversations
The Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
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Tacit
knowledge
Explicit
knowledge
Explicit
knowledge
Tacit
knowledge
from
to
(Nonaka 1994, p. 19)
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Then why are many processes not documented?
“The academic world did not pay sufficient attention to an appropriate
visualization of process models” that are user-oriented and intuitive. (Rosemann 2006a,
p. 254)
Most process models and corresponding languages are rather puristic from a
visual point of view (Reijers et al. 2011, p. 340)
A better use of graphical representations is needed (van der Aalst, Wil M. P. et al. 2003, p. 6)
“Minimal requirements for non-expert model interaction” (Nolte, Prilla 2012, pp. 57–72):
• simpler elements of the modeling notation,
• tools with less features to support the creation of simple tasks and
• simple ways of manipulating the model e.g. using a touch screen
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The Solution: Informal Process Documentation
• Q&A Forums
• Wikis
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The Solution: Informal Process Documentation
• Tutorials
• Information literacy
• Application usage
• DIY & crafting
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All logos may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
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Screenshots – Tutorial Discovery
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Screenshots – Create & Edit
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Implementation – Video Demo
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Evaluation – Overall Process Documentation Rating
-1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
Group 1-2
Group 3-5
The process documentation
was easy to understand.
Understanding the process
documentation required
previous knowledge.
The process documentation
helped me fulfill my task.
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Sources
Nolte, Alexander; Prilla, Michael (2012): Normal Users Cooperating on Process Models: Is It Possible at All? In David Hutchison, Takeo
Kanade, Josef Kittler, Jon M. Kleinberg, Friedemann Mattern, John C. Mitchell et al. (Eds.): Collaboration and Technology, vol. 7493.
Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp. 57–72.
Nonaka, Ikujiro (1994): A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. In Organization Science 5 (1), pp. 14–37. DOI:
10.1287/orsc.5.1.14.
Reijers, H. A.; Freytag, Thomas; Mendling, Jan; Eckleder, Andreas (2011): Syntax highlighting in business process models. In Decision
Support Systems 51 (3), pp. 339–349. DOI: 10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.013.
Rosemann, Michael (2006a): Potential pitfalls of process modeling: part A. In Business Process Management Journal 12 (2), pp. 249–
254. DOI: 10.1108/14637150610657567.
Verner, Laury (2004): BPM: The Promise and the Challenge. In Queue 2 (1), p. 82. DOI: 10.1145/984458.984503.
van der Aalst, Wil M. P.; ter Hofstede, Arthur H. M.; Weske, Mathias (2003): Business Process Management: A Survey. In Gerhard Goos,
Juris Hartmanis, Jan van Leeuwen, Arthur ter Hofstede, van der Aalst,Wil M. P, Mathias Weske (Eds.): Business Process Management,
vol. 2678. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp. 1–12.
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