bachelor's thesis presentation

Pavement Maintenance Practices in

Dhaka- Chittagong

Highway

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

CE 400Project and Thesis

Session : 2010-11

February 5, 2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway2

Thesis TopicPavement Maintenance Practices in

Dhaka- Chittagong Highway

Performed ByMohhammad Afsar Sujon(0704026)

Supervised ByProfessor Dr. Muhammad Zakaria


Objectives of the study• To identify and list the existing road deterioration pattern of the different road segments of Dhaka Chittagong highway.•To categorize the nature of damage according to the standard specification and maintenance manuals.•To study the RHD, Bangladesh efforts and its current trends to address such problems •To study developed countries methods and trends for prevention of such deteriorations. •To make comparison of the road rating of the same road segment between these two methods.


Geographical Position of Dhaka –Chittagong Highway


4-Laning of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway Project




Courtesy by…..Asif Hossain Khan (St. No.0304102)

Pavement DefectsTransverse Cracking

Cracks which usually appear across the road perpendicular to the centerline


Possible Causes: • Poor construction joints. • Pavement Shrinkage due to asphalt hardening or freeze/thaw cycles. • Reflective cracking (cracks below the wearing course)

Pavement DefectsLongitudinal Cracking

Cracks which follow along the road parallel to the centerline.


Possible Causes: • Poor construction joints. • Pavement Shrinkage due to asphalt hardening or freeze/thaw cycles. • Reflective cracking ( cracks below the wearing course)

Pavement DefectsAlligator Cracking

Blocks of interconnecting cracks resembling the skin of alligatorIndicator of roadway base failure


Possible Causes: • Insufficient bearing support and repeated traffic loading. • Poor base drainage

Pavement DefectsShrinkage Cracking

Layer is subjected to stresses trying to move it but it is prevented from doing .

Tensile strength is insufficient for the stresses developed.


Possible Causes: • Shrink due to a combination of excess moisture drying out of the layer • The hydration process of the cement reacting with the water causes heat and that the material will shrink on cooling.

Pavement DefectsCorrugations/Rutting

Longitudinal depressions parallel to the direction of travel, typical forming in the wheel tracks.


Possible Causes: • Poorly constructed roadway. • Substandard or failing sub-bases. • Inadequate lateral support, failing or steep road shoulder.

Pavement DefectsRaveling

Spalding of the pavement surface causing the asphalt wearing course to separate from the binder course.


Possible Causes: • Poor quality of

materials and/or construction.

• Inadequate drainage.

• Freeze-thaw cycling.

• Poor utility patching.

Pavement DefectsShoving

A longitudinal displacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.


Possible Causes:•generally caused by braking or accelerating vehicles•usually located on hills or curves, or at intersections•may have vertical displacement

Pavement DefectsPot Holes

Holes in the asphalt surface which may be isolated or caused by a combination of other progressively failing pavement defects. (raveling, alligator cracking, patching).


Possible Causes:• Poor quality of

materials and/or construction.

• Inadequate drainage.

• Freeze-thaw cycling.

• Poor utility patching.

Method of Identifying All Types of Damages


Manual vs. Automatic data collection Manual Automatic

Expensive and time consuming.

Less expensive and fast.

Labor intensive Very minimal labor is neededHazardous Safe

Data sampling. 100% survey.Subjective. Objective

Difficult to manage Integra table with management system

Repeatability is low Proven to be much better


Standards for Routine Maintenance Activities

SPOT SEALING WHAT

To Seal bituminous roadway surfaces with application of liquid bituminous material (straight run, cut-back or emulsion) covered with aggregate.

WHEREa)Fatty surfaces.

b) Raveling.c) Stripping.

d) Loss of aggregate ande) Shrinkage cracks

WHEN1) Sealing is not an emergency repair work. It can be programmed to meet the seasonal and weather conditions.

2) Scaling of scattered areas can be scheduled from October to April

HOW1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation.

2) The area to be treated is boomed clean of dirt, dust and loose materials.3) Bituminous material of correct quantity is applied uniformly in the arm with hand sprayer. The bituminous material must be

at proper temperature for spraying.4) Aggregate cover material of correct size and quantity is then applied in an uniform thickness over the sprayed area with a

shovel.5) The aggregate is rolled into the bitumen as soon as possible using truck tyres. The entire area must be rolled by tyres at

least twice.6) The excess aggregate from around the side of the seal is then broomed off.



SPOT SEALING



CRACK FILLING WHAT

To clean cracks (6 mm or wider) and seal with filler material.

WHERETo prevent ingress of water through cracks (6 mm or wider) in bituminous pavement surface, the same

have to be filled with the bituminous filler material. Smaller cracks less than 6 mm wider do not need filling

WHENCrack filling is not a high priority item. It can Programmed to be done between March and May.


2) The cracks are cleaned with stiff bristled broom and or compressed air jet.3) Cracks of width 6 mm or more are filled with bitumen emulsion slurry or liquid bitumen mixed with sand

using a hand squeegee and broom.4) When the crack fill is cured, it is sealed with hot liquid bitumen using a pouring can and a hand

squeegee. Cracks should be filled flush with pavement surface., Overfilling the cracks or using aggregates larger than sand should be avoided.

5) To prevent pick up of bitumen by traffic, the sealed surface of the crack is sprinkled with dry sand.



CRACK FILLING



FATTY SURFACES TREATMENT WHAT

To treat Bituminous pavement surface having excessive amount of bitumen, by application of sand.

WHEREa) Such surfaces present skid hazard to vehicles and a safe riding surface is restored by repairing.

b) If the fatty condition is light and cannot be corrected by sanding, an aggregate spot sealing of surface treatment should be done

WHENa) Fatty surface treatment is an emergency item and should be done as soon as feasible.

b) Treatment of Fatty surfaces should be done on hot days to achieve the maximum possible absorption.


2) Sand or screening of 10 mm maximum size is heated to 150oC.3) The hot material is spread over the fatty area at a rate of 5 to 6 Kg per square meter.4) Immediately after spreading the surface is rolled preferable with a rubber tired roller.

5) When the aggregate has cooled loose particles are broomed off.6) This process is repeated if necessary



FATTY SURFACES TREATMENT


Standards for Routine Maintenance ActivitiesFOG SEAL

WHATTo treat distressed bituminous pavement surfaces with a single application of bituminous material without

any cover aggregates.

WHEREPavement surfaces having extensive hairline cracks, oxidized, old and dry surfaces, loss of aggregates are rejuvenated by this treatment. It can also be used as an emergency treatment for hungry surfaces and to

prevent raveling.

WHENThis is not an emergency work. It can be programmed to be done between November and May.


2) Half width of the roadway is closed to traffic for a maximum length of 200 m at a time. Flag men are engaged to control the traffic on the remaining width.

3) The surface is cleaned of loose aggregate and foreign material by brooming.4) Small areas are sprayed with bituminous material using hand sprayer. The bituminous material is a slow

setting bitumen emulsion diluted with equal amount of water.5) For long and continuous length a truck mounted distributor is used. The spray bar width is suitably

adjusted for spraying the required width.6) Spraying is repeated on the other half of the roadway after the seal has set in the first half (in about 30

minutes



FOG SEAL




SLURRY SEAL WHAT

To treat distressed bituminous pavement surfaces with a single application of fine aggregates and bituminous material.

WHEREPavements which are old, oxidized and need rejuvenations or having wide cracks, raveled or smooth or hungry surfaces or have loss of aggregates are treated with slurry seal. This treatment is also used top

provide skid resistant surface.

WHENThis is not an emergency work. It can be programmed to be done between November and May.


2) The surface is cleaned of loose aggregate and foreign material by brooming.3) Any patching that is necessary is done and surface dampened before laying the slurry seal.4)For small areas slurry seal is mixed in a concrete mixer or in a wheel barrow. For large areas

slurry seal machine can be used. Mixing is done until creamy textured slurry is obtained.5) After proper mixing slurry is dumped on the pavement surface.

6) Long handled squeegees are used to spread the slurry and to force it into cracks. For controlled laying spreader boxes can be used.

•Half width of the roadway is closed to traffic for a maximum length of 200 m at a time. Flag men are engaged to control the traffic on the remaining width.

8) The slurry is spread so as to obtain a uniform thickness of 1.5 to 3 mm

Standards for Routine Maintenance ActivitiesSLURRY SEAL



PREMIX LEVELING WHAT

To restore of bituminous surfaces to their original shape using premix bituminous material.

WHEREAny depression or rutting or minor settlement in wheel paths results in poor riding surface. Correction is made by adding premix material to the defective area until it is brought in level with the adjoining area.

WHENPremix leveling is to be done when the depression is 25 mm or more in 3 m or where rutting is 13 mm or

more This is not emergency item.Premix leveling shall be programmed to be done between November and May and in any case before laying

surfacing or overlay in the section.


2) The boundary of the area to be leveled is marked using a string line and crayon.3) Loose gravel and other foreign material are broomed off the surface.

4) A light uniform bituminous tack coat is applied to the area.5) The premix material is spread over the area starting from the deeper part. Each layer is compacted

using a roller. To avoid pushing at the edges rolling is started at the edges and moved towards the middle.

6) The surface level is checked using a straightedge.7) Any loose material left around the area is broomed off.



PREMIX LEVELING



PREMIX PATCHING WHAT

To manually patch pot holes and minor depressions in pavement surface using premixed bituminous material.

WHEREa) Pot Holes.

b) Edge Breading.

WHENPremix patching of Pot Holes and edge breaking should be done as soon as they are noticed as these

deteriorations are progressive.

HOW1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation .

2) All broken and loose bituminous surface and base materials and foreign materials are removed by brooming

3) Water and soft materials are removed from the pot hole. Hole must be dried if necessary, using gunny or jute bags.

4) The sides are cut square and depth of the hole is at least 50 mm. 5) A light tack coat of bituminous material is applied first to the sides of the hole and then to the bottom.

6) The premixed bituminous mix is placed in layers and compacted either by hand tampers or by truck tyres.

7) The top of the patch should be at the same level as the surrounding surface.8) The finished surface is checked for level with a straight edge. The patch is checked in both the

directions.



PREMIX PATCHING



SOFT SURFACE REPLACEMENT WHAT

Removal and disposal of deteriorated bituminous surface and re placement with premix material.

WHERESpot surface replacement is done where the pavement has shoved, slipped, heaved, settled or developed

alligator cracks in a large area of about 2 or more square meters and requires removal of old surface.Where the material below the bituminous layer has become distorted, soft and wet the these materials must

be removed and replaced.

WHENThis is not an emergency repair work. It can be scheduled to be done between November and May.

HOW1) Safety devices and signs are placed to control of traffic during maintenance operation .

2) The old surface material is broken from the affected area and removed. The hole is shaped with trim edges and vertical sides going up to firm bottom.

3) The old base material is also removed if found affected. The salvaged surface material can be mixed with new aggregates and used for repairing the base. The base is compacted well before new surfacing is

placed.4) Over the compacted base or the existing firm base tack coat of liquid bituminous material is applied.5) Premix material is then laid in the hole starting from the sides and moving towards the center. The

thickness of layers should not exceed 40 mm.1) Final layer is compacted with a steel wheel roller and the finished level is checked.

2) Excess loose material is broomed off the roadway



SOFT SURFACE REPLACEMENT



GRAVEL SURFACE PATCHING WHAT

Patching scattered areas of gravel surfaces with gravel.

WHEREPatching of gravel surfaces is done when the existing road way or gravel shoulders have developed pot

holes, depressions or soft spots when these are scattered or isolated.

WHENThis pot holes are repaired as soon as possible. The other defects are repaired during dry weather viz

December to April.


2) Free water, soft clay and other unsuitable materials are removed from the area.3) High spots on the surface are cut off and leveled to the required profile.

4) Fresh material is added to low s pots.5) The fresh material is mixed with existing material.

6) The area is compacted with truck tyres adding water, if required.7) The patched area is checked for level and smoothness.

8) Excess material is broomed off the paved surface.February 5,

2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway36


GRAVEL SURFACE PATCHING



RECONDITION GRAVEL AND EARTH ROADS WHAT

To scarify roadway surface and reshape and recondition the riding surface with the material that got collected on the shoulders or by providing new material.

WHEREReconditioning is done when the riding surface has lost its camber, extensive loss of gravel revealing the

subgrade, excessive rutting and soft spots.

WHENThis is not an emergency work. It should be planned to be done during moist weather conditions preferably

after monsoon. During summer months it is best done after a rain.


2) The material that got collected on the shoulders are dragged over the roadway and spread uniformly over depressions and ruts to provide a base for application of new material. Uniformly over depressions and ruts

to provide a base for application of new material.3) The material is compacted with a smooth wheeled roller adding water, if required.

4) The new material is dump ed from trucks along the roadway. The truck loads are spaced properly along the road to avoid unnecessary movement of the material.

5) The material is compacted well to proper moisture and density the smooth wheeled roller.February 5, 2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway38


RECONDITION GRAVEL AND EARTH ROADS



SHOULDER RESHAPING WHAT

To reshape, grade and compact shoulders which have lost their grade and shape.

WHEREWhere the shoulders have developed ruts, distorted or have vegetation, then the shoulder must be

reshaped, graded and compacted

WHENThis is not an emergency work. Locations needing attention should be identified during routine

inspections. This work should be done during November to March. During summer the work should be done after a rain.


2) The materials which have accumulated at the roadway edges are dragged towards the edge of pavement.

3) Using a camber board, pegs and string line the required shape of the shoulder is defined.4) The material obtained from the edges and if necessary, new material are spread to the required grade

and slope.5) The shoulder is then compacted using either a road roller or a truck.



SHOULDER RESHAPING


Pavement Condition Rating and Priority for Flexible Pavements

Recommended Treatment Rating Pavement Condition

Reconstruct or recycle within 2 years

0-20 Pavement is in poor to very poor condition with extensive severe cracking, alligator and channeling. Ride ability is poor and the surface is very

rough and uneven.Reconstruct or recycle

within 2 -3 years.20-30 Pavement is in poor condition with moderate alligator and extensive

severe cracking and channeling. Ride ability is poor and the surface is very rough and uneven.

Overlay, recycle or reconstruct within 3 – 4

years

30-40 Pavement is in poor to fair condition with frequent moderate alligator and extensive moderate cracking and channeling. Ride ability is

poor to fair and surface is moderately rough and uneven.Reconstruct in 4 -5 years

orresurface within 2 yearswith extensive leveling

40-50 Pavement is in poor to fair condition with frequent moderate cracking and channeling, and intermittent moderate alligator. Ride ability is

poor to fair and surface is moderately rough and uneven.

Resurface within 3 years. 50-65 Pavement is in fair condition with intermittent moderate and frequent slight cracking, and with intermittent slight or moderate alligator and

channeling. Ride ability is fair and surface is slightly rough and uneven.Resurface in 3 -5 years 65-80 Pavement is in fairly good condition with frequent slight cracking, slight

or very slight channeling and a few areas of slight alligator. Ride ability is fairly good with intermittent rough and uneven sections.

Normal maintenance only. 80-100

Pavement is in good condition with frequent very slight or slight cracking. Ride ability is good with a few slightly rough and uneven sections.

No maintenance required. 90-100

Pavement is in excellent condition with few cracks. Ride ability is excellent with few areas of slight distortion.

42 February 5, 2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway

Pavement Rating Form• BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT RATING FORM• STREET OR ROUTE ________________ CITY OR COUNTY ____________• LENGTH OF PROJECT _______________ WIDTH ______________________• PAVEMENT TYPE __________________ DATE _________________________


DEFECTS RATINGTransverse Cracks 0-5 Longitudinal Cracks 0-5 Alligator Cracks 0-10 Shrinkage Cracks 0-5 Rutting 0-10 Corrugations 0-5 Raveling. 0-5 Shoving or Pushing. 0-10 Pot Holes. : . 0-10 Excess Bitumen 0-10 Polished Aggregate ... 0-5 Deficiency in Drainage 0-10 Overall Riding Quality (0 is excellent;10 is very poor):

0-10

Sum of Defects

Condition Rating = 100 -Sum of Defects

= 100 - ___________

Condition Rating =

Locations of the survey point at a glance


Visual Survey of Surface Condition of Pavement


Study Area -15 (Location:Baroiar hat )

Highway Road

Pot Holes

Drainage Problem

Maintenances in Dhaka Chittagong Highway


Double bituminous surface treatment

Asphalt overlays

Maintenances in Dhaka Chittagong Highway

Visual Inspection of Asphalt Overlays


Progress of Dhaka –Chittagong 4 lane Highway Project


Visual Inspection of Progress

Comparison of surface condition between different segments

No. of Segment Segment description Sum of Defects Condition Rating

1 Jatrabari to Chittagong Road 52 482 Chittagong Road to Modonpur 19 813 Modonpur to Mograpara 22 784 Mograpara to Boberchar 26 745 Boberchar to Daudkandi Toll Plaza 20 806 Daudkandi Toll Plaza to Gouripur 25 757 Gouripur to Eliotgonj 25 758 Eliotgonj to Chandina 26 749 Chandina to Moinamoti Cantonment 19 81

10 Moinamoti Cantonment to Paduar Bazar 25 7511 Paduar Bazar to Miabazar 33 6712 Miabazar to Chauddagram 37 6313 Chauddagram to Mohipal 28 7214 Mohipal to Baroiar hat 49 5115 Baroiar hat to Mirassarai 29 7116 Mirassarai to Borotakia Bazar 27 7317 Borotakia Bazar to Sitakundu municipality 26 7418 Sitakundu municipality to Boro Kumira 21 7919 Boro Kumira to City gate 22 7820 City gate 24 76


Comparison of surface condition between different segments

Segment of road vs. Condition Rating


Surface Condition Scenario


Constraints


Recommendations• Establish a separate branch for only ‘’ Roads and its Maintenance’’ for Dhaka Chittagong highway.• The inspection of road condition should be occurred within three years• Using of automatic methods for an informative & details road condition survey• All the data should be digitalized for taking the decision for proper maintenance process & technique for long time sustainability of the pavement• Limit the load carrying capacity of heavy commercial vehicles to decrease the axle load of the vehicle in a segment on the pavement• Increase the work speed of Dhaka- Chittagong 4-lane highway project to decrease the load on existing pavement • Improve the railway facilities to carry the cargo to defuse the extra pressure of load from these cargo .• The inspection work for maintenance should be done immediately after the work to monitor the quality of the maintenance work.• The materials used for maintenance work should be better than initially constructed pavement materials.• Drainage problem should be solved as soon as possible because it effects

highway more than the local street because of heavy commercial vehicleFebruary 5,

2013 Pavement Maintenance Practices in Dhaka-Chittagong Highway53

Recommendations• For the regular & effective maintenances of this highway government

can apply road using cost on vehicles according to their weight to collect money for the improvement of this highway.

• The market place of the villages usually situated in the intersection points of highway. This creates traffic jam in road also causes sometimes serious accidents. Steps should be taken to move them from there to increase smoothness of flow & safety of people.

• The road crossing pattern of people on highway is very risky. A lot of people die every year . So, zebra crossing & other facilities need to be applied.

• There should be bypass facilities in the road to decrease the pressure in main highway and in case of any accident.

• Increase the allocation of budget in ‘’ road maintenance sector’’ • Introduce Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program to improve

our ability to predict pavement performance• Roads & Highway department should have their own qualified contractor

panel for constructing road & maintenance. • Apply New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies


New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies


Bonded Concrete Resurfacing of Concrete Pavements

New Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies

Bonded Concrete Resurfacing of Asphalt Pavements


Special Thanks to Everyone for Staying With Me “Goodbye”

bachelor's thesis presentation

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