MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE AVALANCHE PROGRAMS

BACKCOUNTRY AVALANCHE RISK ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL

Prepared by:

Avalanche and Weather Programs Head Quarters

October 2019

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Condition of MOTI Avalanche Programs Involvement

3.0 Avalanche Risk Assessment Protocol

4.0 Responsibilities

4.1 RCMP

4.2 BC Coroner Service

4.3 EMBC

4.4 MOTI-AWP

5.0 Insurance and Financial Coverage

6.0 Liability Coverage

7.0 Documentation

8.0 Appendix

8.1 MOTI Avalanche Risk Assessment notification flow chart

8.2 EMBC ICS Chain of Command flow chart

8.3 EMBC ICS 305 A Form

8.4 CAA Avalanche Incident Report Form

Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure Avalanche Programs

Backcountry Avalanche Risk Assessment Protocol

1.0 Introduction

The rising popularity of winter recreational activities has resulted with an increase in backcountry winter rescue call outs. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, (MoTI), Avalanche and Weather Programs (AWP) staff have been contacted by various authorities (Emergency Management British Columbia, RCMP, BC Coroner) to assist in backcountry winter rescue/recoveries and to conduct avalanche risk assessments in those efforts.

With the increasing frequency of these requests it has become necessary to define conditions for MoTI AWP staff to participate in these types of events. It is necessary to define levels of responsibilities between MoTI, EMBC, RCMP and the BC Coroners Service. This document identifies the conditions for MoTI involvement and the responsibilities with those agencies.

This document follows the British Columbia Emergency Management System’s (EMBC) Incident Command System and ISO 31000 Risk Management practices.

2.0 Conditions of MoTI Involvement

If Ministry AWP staff receives a request to become involved in a backcountry winter rescue, the first consideration must be whether or not their absence will adversely affect avalanche safety to their highway segments.

Every backcountry winter rescue will have unique considerations, including rescue teams access to and from the rescue site. The winter rescue is not the responsibility of the AWP staff. It will be up to the discretion of the Avalanche Technician to ensure the rescue efforts are congruent with their professional and personal risk criteria, or defer a response to the Canada Avalanche Association professional membership resource list.

If the Ministry AWP staff accept this task, they will act in accordance to the Canadian Avalanche Association’s Standards of Conduct working within their Scope of Practice following the EMBC Incident Command System as:

• Avalanche Safety Officer under ICS Command Staff

• Strike Team Leader under ICS Operations Section

• Task Force Leader under ICS Operations Section

Depending on circumstances of the rescue or recovery, involved participants may also be called upon to give statements and/or be a witness in criminal or social legal proceedings. The BC Coroner may request MOTI AWP to assist with a site investigation.

3.0 Avalanche Risk Assessment Protocol

If a member of the MoTI AWP accepts responsibility to participate in a backcountry winter rescue effort, their roles may include one or more of the following duties:

• Avalanche Safety Officer will identify the avalanche hazard, assess the avalanche risks, delineate safety and avalanche risk zones, and offer treatments to reduce threats during the entire rescue mission

• Strike Team Leader will strive to reduce the avalanche risk to rescuers using helicopter deployment of explosives following the WorkSafeBC approved MOTI Explosives Use Operational Plan found in the MOTI Avalanche Safety Plan, (appendix X)

• Task Force Leader will instruct agencies in safe, effective and efficient search and rescue techniques

The Avalanche Safety Officer will utilize the EMBC Active Avalanche Safety Program ICS 305-A form and the Canadian Avalanche Association, Avalanche Incident Report form found in the appendix of this document.

An EMBC task number must be confirmed prior to MOTI involvement in a backcountry winter rescue effort. The task number confirms that participants involved in the rescue are covered by the Emergency Program Act and liability provisions. The ASE number is necessary if any aircraft are used for the rescue effort. If necessary call the Emergency Management British Columbia phone number for these assigned numbers:

• 888.344.5888 (agency use only)

• 800.663.3456 (24 hour -7 days/week)

Expenses incurred by the AWP through the involvement of Ministry staff and resources will be reimbursed by EMBC, referencing the task number assigned to the rescue effort.

Incidents involving fatalities may escalate to supervision by the BC Coroner Service. MOTI AWP staff involved in these rescue may be requested to write a formal report of their observations and involvement.

4.0 Responsibilities

Responsibilities of agencies likely to become involved in a backcountry winter rescue include the following:

4.1 RCMP • Is the agency responsible for the overall coordination of the rescue effort • Likely to be the first agency to receive request for assistance • Contacts EMBC with preliminary incident particulars • Contacts BC Coroners Service if fatalities involved and may be authorized by the coroner to take charge of the avalanche scene.

4.2 BC Coroners Service

• Investigates all unnatural and unexpected deaths, including avalanche-related deaths and other accidental deaths • Has jurisdiction over the human remains. The coroner has to provide authorization before the body can be moved/transported • Has jurisdiction over the avalanche scene where a death occurred. The coroner may authorize the police to take charge of the avalanche scene • May request involvement from Ministry Avalanche staff, to act as technical experts in assessing scene safety,

analyzing avalanche /snowpack related information and in some cases preparing an incident investigation report.

4.3 EMBC

• Provide and/or coordinate resources in support to responsible agency • Confirm Avalanche Safety Officer has Canadian Avalanche Association, Avalanche Operations Level II • Request assistance from Ministry Avalanche and Weather Programs, or other appropriate agencies • Issues Task and ASE numbers, as appropriate • Reports fatalities to Coroner/RCMP via the SAR team on site • Reimburse authorized cost of the rescue. 4.4 MOTI

• Ensures EMBC task and ASE numbers are assigned with initial request to assist in rescue • To provide an avalanche risk assessment in order to ensure safety for all participants and patients during rescue efforts • To provide technical avalanche expertise of rescue equipment and search techniques to locate victims • To provide avalanche risk reduction through explosives control if necessary.

5.0 Insurance and Financial Coverage

Ministry AWP employees who become involved in backcountry winter related incidents are protected by existing provincial government coverage and considered working as a Ministry employee, even if the response is made on a scheduled day off.

Wages, WSBC coverage and overtime benefits apply as when working for the Ministry.

6.0 Liability Coverage

Section 18 of the Emergency Program Act, 1996 (appendix A) states that no person is liable for their actions (or lack of actions) which may cause injury, death or damage, provided they were acting in “good faith”.

7.0 Documentation

The Canadian Avalanche Association, Avalanche Incident Report form (appendix 8.4) will be used to document pertinent information. In the urgency of the situation, it is important to take time to briefly document details of the rescue as it unfolds.

Attached is the EMBC Active Avalanche Safety Program ICS 305-A form (appendix 8.3). Ministry, Avalanche staff should be aware that any written notes in field books can be used as evidence in a criminal or coroner court case. In consideration of this possibility, it is important to make field notes in accordance with the CAA, Observation Guidelines and Recording Standards for Weather, Snowpack and Avalanches.

Winter Backcountry Incident 

911 RCMP 

notification

Hold Witness Attain Info

TMCBC notification ECC notification

MOTI Avalanche Incident 

Commander

Canadian Avalanche Association Ops Level II

Death:Coroner 

notification

Avalanche on Highway Avalanche in Backcountry

EMBC ‐MOTI ‐AWPWinter Backcountry Rescue 

Call Out Protocol                                    

RESCUE  

‐Avalanche Safety Officer‐Task Force‐Strike Team

ACTIVE AVALANCHE

SAFETY PROGRAM

TASK # DATE & TIME PREPARED:

FOR OP.

PERIOD #

TASK NAME:

PREPARED BY:

IDENTIFIED HAZARD # HAZARD NAME: AVALANCHE

SAFETY OFFICER:

LOCATION: DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT DANGER RATING: (Check Highest Level for BTL, TL and/or ALP)

Low Moderate Considerable High/Extreme or Unknown

AVALANCHE TERRAIN EXPOSURE SCALE CLASSIFICATION:

SIMPLE

CHALLENGING

COMPLEX

UNKNOWN

AVALANCHE INCIDENT DETAILS

Avalanche Incident Involvement Form Attached

ON-SITE OPERATIONS ACCESS / EGRESS, WEATHER AND AVALANCHE CONDITIONS ADVISORY:

ACTIVE AVALANCHE SAFETY PROGRAM MEASURES:

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:

AVALANCHE DANGER IDENTIFICATION / MITIGATION AND RISK CONTROL CHECKLISTS

REFFERENCE DESCRIPTION

ASSIGNMENT CHECKLIST SAFETY MEASURES

PUBLIC AVLANCHE BULLETIN TEAM ASSIGNMENT Personnel Protective Equipment (Transceiver, Shovel, Probe)

WEATHER FORECAST TEAM ASSIGNMENT BRIEFING Explosive Strike Team

CAA InfoEx™

SUPPLIMENTARY REFFERENCES

Helicopter Based Signal Search - Barryvox External Transceiver

SNOW STABILITY EVALUAITON WORKSHEET

AVAILABLE AVALANCHE ATLAS’S Helicopter Based Rescue Effort - Class D Fixed Line Helicopter Support

SNOW STABILITY FORECAST WORKSHEET

LOCAL AVALANCHE PROFESSIONAL Name:_________________________

Rapid Intervention Team

AVALANCHE PATH SUMMARY

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