bacteria! - sd41blogs.ca · 2018. 4. 11. · •kingdom archaebacteria •characteristics: •1. no...
TRANSCRIPT
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TRACING BACK TO THE BEGINNING
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PROKARYOTES
• KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• 1. NO NUCLEUS
• 2. NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
• 4. MOST ARE SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTES
• 5. ARE SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
• 6. CONTAIN PLASMIDS
• CIRCULAR INDEPENDENT DNA
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CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES
• RECALL THAT ALL PROKARYOTES WERE PLACED IN
KINGDOM MONERA
• CURRENTLY SPLIT UP INTO TWO KINGDOMS
• EUBACTERIA
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
• SIZE RANGE
• TYPICALLY RANGE BETWEEN 1 AND 5
MICROMETERS
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS RANGE BETWEEN 10 AND 100
MICROMETERS
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EUBACTERIA
• LARGER OF THE TWO KINGDOMS
• WIDE RANGE OF ORGANISMS
• LIVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE
• FRESH WATER, SALT WATER, LAND, HUMAN BODY
• SURROUNDED BY A CELL WALL CONTAINING
PEPTIDOGLYCAN (CARBOHYDRATE)
• PROTECTS THE CELL FROM INJURY AND GIVES
SHAPE
• HAS A CELL MEMBRANE
• SOME HAVE A SECOND MEMBRANE FOR FURTHER
PROTECTION
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ARCHAEBACTERIA
• LOOKS SIMILAR TO EUBACTERIA
• MAJOR DIFFERENCES
• CELL WALL DOES NOT CONTAIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• ALSO HAVE DIFFERENT MEMBRANE LIPIDS(FATS)
• DNA IS MORE SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTES THAN EUBACTERIA
• MOST LIKELY THE ANCESTORS OF EUKARYOTES
• LIVE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
• OXYGEN FREE - METHANOGENS
• EXTREME SALT – HALOPHILES
• BOILING TEMPS - THERMOPHILES
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IDENTIFYING PROKARYOTES
• SHAPE
• CELL WALL
• MOVEMENT
• ENERGY
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SHAPE
• 3 DIFFERENT SHAPES
• ROD SHAPED- BACILLI (BUH-SIL-EYE)
• SPHERICAL – COCCI (KAHK-SY)
• SPIRAL – SPIRILLA (SPY-RIL-UH)
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CELL WALL
• TWO TYPES OF CELL WALLS IN EUBACTERIA
• 1. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
• CELL WALL MADE OF PROTEIN AND SUGAR
• TURN PURPLE AFTER GRAM STAINING
• THICK WALL RETAINS STAIN
• 2. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
• EXTRA LAYER OF LIPID OUTSIDE OF CELL WALL
• TURN PINK/RED AFTER GRAM STAINING
• THIN WALL DOES NOT RETAIN STAIN
• REQUIRE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS TO
TREAT INFECTIONS
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MOVEMENT
• SOME DO NOT MOVE
• THOSE THAT MOVE
• VIA FLAGELLA
• WHIP LIKE STRUCTURES
• VIA CILIA
• VIA LASHING, SNAKING OR
SPIRALLING FORWARD
• VIA GLIDING OVER SECRETED
SLIME LAYER
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OBTAINING ENERGY
• MOST ARE HETEROTROPHIC
• MOST HETEROTROPHS ARE
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
• MUST TAKE IN ORGANIC MOLECULES FOR
ENERGY AND CARBON SUPPLY
• PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
• USE SUNLIGHT FOR ENERGY BUT NEED TO
TAKE IN ORGANIC MOLECULES FOR
CARBON SUPPLY
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• AUTOTROPHS
• PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
• USE LIGHT ENERGY TO CONVERT CO2 AND
H20 INTO ORGANIC MOLECULES AND
OXYGEN
• SIMILAR TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS
• CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
• MAKE ORGANIC MOLECULES LIKE
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
• HOWEVER DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AS THEIR
SOURCE OF ENERGY
• USE ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS
INVOLVING AMMONIA, HYDROGEN SULFIDE,
NITRITES, SULFUR OR IRON
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USING/RELEASING ENERGY
• PROCESS BY WHICH NUTRIENTS ARE BROKEN DOWN TO
PROVIDE ENERGY
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION, FERMENTATION OR BOTH
• A. OBLIGATE AEROBES
• NEED OXYGEN TO LIVE (EG. TUBERCULOSIS)
• B. OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
• KILLED BY OXYGEN (EG. CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI IN DEEP
WOUNDS)
• C. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
• CAN USE OXYGEN IF IT IS AVAILABLE BUT IT DOES NOT KILL
THEM (EG. E. COLI IN HUMAN INTESTINES)
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GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
• IN IDEAL CONDITIONS
• REPRODUCE VERY QUICKLY
• DIVIDE APPROX. EVERY 20 MINUTES
• GROWTH IS KEPT IN CHECK BY
• FOOD/SPACE AVAILABILITY
• PRODUCTION OF WASTES
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BINARY FISSION
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• METHOD OF REPRODUCTION FOR MOST
BACTERIA
• OCCURS UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
• PROCESS:
• 1. DNA REPLICATES (IE. DOUBLES)
• 2. CELL DIVIDES
• 3. RESULT: 2 IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS
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CONJUGATION
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• DNA IS EXCHANGED BETWEEN BACTERIA
CELLS
• CELL TO CELL CONTACT USING PILI
• INCREASES DIVERSITY
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SPORE FORMATION
• SOME BACTERIA CAN TRANSFORM INTO A DORMANT
STATE CALLED AN ENDOSPORE
• IT ALLOWS BACTERIA TO SURVIVE DIFFICULT
CONDITIONS
• BACTERIA FORM A THICK WALL AROUND ITSELF
• ABLE TO RESIST HEAT, DROUGHT, RADIATION
• WHEN CONDITIONS IMPROVE
• ENDOSPORE WILL GERMINATE AND BACTERIUM WILL
BEGIN TO GROW AGAIN