bacteria and viruses
DESCRIPTION
Bacteria and Viruses. Brought to you by Mr. Brinkman. Taxonomy. The branch of biology dealing with the classification of life. 1700s 2 kingdoms : plant and animal 1800s 3 kingdoms : plant, animal, and protista 1950-1990s 5 kingdoms : plant, animal, protista, fungi, monera - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bacteria and VirusesBrought to you by Mr. Brinkman
![Page 2: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Taxonomy• The branch of biology dealing with the
classification of life.• 1700s 2 kingdoms: plant and animal• 1800s 3 kingdoms: plant, animal, and
protista• 1950-1990s 5 kingdoms: plant, animal,
protista, fungi, monera• Present: 6 kingdoms: eubacteria,
archaebacteria, protista, animal, plant, fungi
![Page 3: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Prokaryotes
• Traditionally all prokaryotes
• Presently, the prokaryotes are divided into two kingdoms.– Archaecbacteria– Eubacteria
![Page 4: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Eubacteria• Larger of the two kingdoms• Live almost everywhere• Vital for life functions and
industry• Both helpful and harmful
![Page 5: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Archaebacteria• Comes from the Greek word
archaio which means “ancient”• Believed by many to be the earliest
organisms to inhabit the earth• All live in harsh environments• 3 separate phyla:
![Page 6: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Methane-producing bacteria (methanogens)• Intestinal tracts
of animals• Bottoms of
swamps• Used for
sewage treatment
![Page 7: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Salt-loving bacteria (Halophiles)
• Thrive in high salinity waters where no other life can exist.
• Great Salt Lake
• Dead Sea
![Page 8: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Hot-acidic loving (thermoacidophiles)• Thrive at
temperatures as great as 180ºF and pHs as low as 2.
• Natural springs.• Yellowstone
National Park
![Page 9: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Facts about bacteria:• Found everywhere• Very small. Much smaller than any
cell in our body.• No membrane-bound structures or
nucleus. (prokaryotes)• Usually surrounded by a cell wall
and a capsule for additional protection.
![Page 10: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
General structure:
![Page 11: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Classification according to shape.1. Coccus (spherical)
Can be single cells
Pairs
Chains
![Page 12: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2. Bacillus (rod)• Single cells• Pairs• Chains
• example– anthrax
![Page 13: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3. Spirillum(spiral)
Only exist as single cells
Example:cholera, syphillis
![Page 14: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Shapes:
![Page 15: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Metabolic Needs• Aerobic• The most common type• Cannot live without oxygen
• Anaerobic• Cannot live in the presence of
oxygen• Gets energy through fermentation
(CO2)
![Page 16: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Heterotrophic bacteria• Decomposer• Feed off the remains of dead
plants and animals. Seldom cause disease
• Parasites• Live on or in other living
organisms. Often cause disease
![Page 17: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Autotrophic bacteria• Photoautotroph• Use sunlight to convert carbon
dioxide into energy• Ex. cyanobacteria
• Chemoautotroph• Use inorganic chemical compounds
to convert carbon dioxide into energy.
![Page 18: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Genetic material• Nucleoid= a
single circular chromosome containing the DNA and RNA.
• Endospore = tough protective coat that covers and protects the nuclear material.
![Page 19: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reproduction• All reproduce asexually
• Usually through binary fission
• Under certain conditions, bacteria can reproduce very quickly–A small colony can double in 20
minutes.
![Page 20: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Binary fission• The most
common type of asexual reproduction.
• A single cell splits to form two daughter cells
![Page 21: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Exchange of DNA Conjugation
= genes move from one cell to another
![Page 22: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endospores• A thick covering
around the DNA that allows the bacterium to remain dormant for long periods of time. If necessary, many years.
![Page 23: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Helpful bacteria• Decompose food wastes• Produce vitamins• Produce antibodies• Genetic engineering• Decomposition of dead plants and
animals• Industry & agriculture
![Page 24: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plant roots• Found on the
roots of plants. • Can be helpful
in ‘fixing’ nitrogen for plant use.
• Rhizobium nodules on roots of soybeans
![Page 25: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
VIRUSES
• Are they living or non-living?• Contain genetic material• Lack organelles
Cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.
• The word virus comes from the Greek word for POISON
• Cause many diseases.
![Page 26: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How big is a virus?• Much smaller than
bacterial cells.• Scientists have
only recently, last 60 years, learned anything about viruses
• Classified according to the types of cells they attack.
![Page 27: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Virus structure:• A center core of DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.
![Page 28: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2 main types of viral reproduction:• LYTIC CYCLE1. Injects its nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA) into the cell to take over cellular activities.
• LYSOGENIC CYCLE1. Coexists with the cell without
destroying the host cell
![Page 29: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lytic cycle
![Page 30: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Lysogenic cycle
![Page 31: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
RETRO-VIRUS
• Direct the production of proteins by the host cell.
• RETROVIRUS = A special type of virus that can make DNA which will produce new RNA, which, in turn, makes proteins that produce new viruses.
• Ex. AIDS VIRUS
![Page 32: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Diseases caused by microorganisms:• Pathogens: disease-causing
agents• BACTERIAL DISEASE:1) Damage cells and tissues
directly2) Release toxins to interfere
with normal cellular activity
![Page 33: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Common bacterial diseases:• LymeS disease• Tetanus• Strep throat• Tuberculosis• E. coli poisoning
![Page 34: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Controlling bacterial disease.• ANTIBIOTICS• 1928. Discovery
of penicillin by Sir Alexander Flemming
• Came from a mold.
![Page 35: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Common methods of bacterial infection.• Food & water
(E. coli)• Coughing &
sneezing• Sexually
transmitted.• Carried by
insects
![Page 36: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Food disease prevention• Keep hands, and cooking utensils clean
• Canning and preservation techniques with food.
• Pasteurization• Freezing
![Page 37: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How do we prevent viral diseases?
• Cannot be treated with ordinary antibiotics
• Vaccinations. The word comes from the vacca Latin for “cow”.
• A vaccine is a weakened form of a virus that is used to stimulate the immune system to produce antiviral substances.
![Page 38: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)• British
physician• Developed the
first vaccine in 1798 for the viral disease smallpox.
• Considered the “Father of Immunology”
![Page 39: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Common viral diseases:• AIDS• Measles• Chickenpox• Smallpox• Influenza• The common cold• West Nile• Polio
![Page 40: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SMALL POX
• Viral disease that is believed to have originated in Egypt at least 2000 years ago.
• Characterized by pox lesions and boils.
• Spread to the Americas by Spanish conquistadors.
• Jenner’s vaccine was developed after observing a bovine disease: “cowpox”
![Page 41: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Eradication of smallpox:Or is it?• In 1967 the World Health
Organization launched a global effort to eradicate smallpox.
• 1978 : Last known case of smallpox.
• 1980 : W.H.O. declares the world free of smallpox.
• Is there any smallpox virus left?
![Page 42: Bacteria and Viruses](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56815b4d550346895dc93155/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Viroids and Prions• Viroid• Small disease causing
particle.• Affect plants
• Prion• Small disease causing particle.• Affects animals.• example:
MAD COW DISEASE