BacteriaBacteria

Bacterial VideoBacterial Video

VideoVideo

Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms1.1. ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Called “Ancient” Called “Ancient”

bacteriabacteria Live in harsh Live in harsh

environments- volcanic environments- volcanic vents, hot springs, salty vents, hot springs, salty waterwater

Require little or no Require little or no oxygenoxygen

MethanogensMethanogens produce produce methane gasmethane gas

Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms

MethanogensMethanogens• Get energy by changing H2 & CO2

into methane gas• Found in swamps, sewage

treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals

Bacterial KingdomsBacterial Kingdoms2. 2. EubacteriaEubacteria True bacteriaTrue bacteria Largest and most diverseLargest and most diverse Found everywhereFound everywhere HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobicAerobic or anaerobic

Bacterial StructureBacterial Structure

microscopic prokaryotes (no microscopic prokaryotes (no nucleus)nucleus)

can fit 1,000 to 10,000 in the can fit 1,000 to 10,000 in the diameter of a dimediameter of a dime

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure

Bacterial NutritionBacterial Nutrition•feed on dead organic matter•Parasites – feed on a host cell

•Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food

•Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as such as iron or sulfur to make foodiron or sulfur to make food

Bacterial RespirationBacterial Respiration

1. Some are 1. Some are obligate aerobesobligate aerobes Require oxygen to liveRequire oxygen to live

EX.EX. Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis

2. Some are 2. Some are obligate anaerobesobligate anaerobes Die if oxygen is presentDie if oxygen is present

EX.EX. Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum

3. Some are facultative anaerobes3. Some are facultative anaerobes Need Oxygen but aren’t killed by Need Oxygen but aren’t killed by

itit

EX.EX. Escherichia coliEscherichia coli

Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes1.1. BacilliBacilli rod shaped rod shaped

bacteriabacteria E. coli., Bacillus E. coli., Bacillus

Anthracis, Anthracis, Clostridium Clostridium BotulinumBotulinum

BacilliBacilli

Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes2. 2. CocciCocci spherical spherical

shaped bacteriashaped bacteria Arranged in Arranged in

clustersclusters Streptococcus, Streptococcus,

staphylococcusstaphylococcus

Cocci – Staph on SkinCocci – Staph on Skin

Staph InfectionStaph Infection

Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes3. 3. SpirillaSpirilla spiral shaped spiral shaped

bacteriabacteria Borrelia burgdorferi

16

Bacterial MovementBacterial Movement Move by flagella, sliding Move by flagella, sliding

on layer of slime, wiggle on layer of slime, wiggle like snakeslike snakes

Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction

Under proper conditions, Under proper conditions, bacteria can reproduce bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes.every 20 minutes.

3 ways3 ways

Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction

1.1.Binary fissionBinary fission Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction C’some replicates and cell C’some replicates and cell

dividesdivides All new cells are identicalAll new cells are identical NoNo exchange of genes exchange of genes

Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction

2. 2. ConjugationConjugation Protein bridge forms Protein bridge forms

between two bacteria and between two bacteria and genes are exchangedgenes are exchanged

sexual reproductionsexual reproduction New cells not identicalNew cells not identical

Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction

33. . Spore formationSpore formation Thick wall which encloses DNA Thick wall which encloses DNA

and cytoplasmand cytoplasm Protects bacteria against Protects bacteria against

hostile environments hostile environments (endospore)(endospore)

““come back to life” when come back to life” when favorablefavorable

Difficult to killDifficult to kill

Bacteria and Bacteria and DiseaseDisease

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur First person to show that First person to show that

bacteria cause diseasebacteria cause disease Developed what is known Developed what is known

as Germ Theory of Diseaseas Germ Theory of Disease

Bacteria and DiseaseBacteria and DiseaseTwo ways bacteria Two ways bacteria

cause infectioncause infection

1.1. Attacks cells and Attacks cells and tissues of body tissues of body and use them for and use them for nourishmentnourishment

2.2. Release poisons Release poisons that interfere with that interfere with body functionsbody functions

Bacteria and Bacteria and DiseaseDisease

Two ways to fight bacteriaTwo ways to fight bacteria

1.1.vaccinevaccineprevents prevents infection from getting infection from getting started – only sometimestarted – only sometime

2. 2. AntibioticsAntibioticsdrugs that drugs that can destroy bacteriacan destroy bacteria

Bacterial DiseasesBacterial Diseases Strep throat, Strep throat,

tuberculosis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhoid fever, tetanus, lyme tetanus, lyme disease, food disease, food poisoning, ulcer, poisoning, ulcer, MRSA, and many MRSA, and many

moremore

Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria

1.1.Decomposers and Decomposers and recyclersrecyclers

2.2.symbiotic relationshipssymbiotic relationships situation where both situation where both organisms benefit organisms benefit

EX.EX. E.coli in intestines E.coli in intestines

Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria

3. 3. FertilizersFertilizers convert convert nitrogen into a chemical nitrogen into a chemical that plants can use that plants can use through a process called through a process called nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixation..

EX.EX. legumes - nuts legumes - nuts

Benefits of BacteriaBenefits of Bacteria

4. make foods such as 4. make foods such as cheese, yogurt, vinegarcheese, yogurt, vinegar

5. Breakdown sewage – Rid –X5. Breakdown sewage – Rid –X

6. Degrade oil6. Degrade oil

Controlling BacteriaControlling Bacteria1.1. SterilizationSterilization using heat to kill using heat to kill

bacteriabacteria

2. Food storage2. Food storage slow the growth slow the growth

3. 3. Food processingFood processing boiling, frying, boiling, frying, steamingsteaming

4. 4. Physical RemovalPhysical Removalwashing hands washing hands or surfaces, surgeryor surfaces, surgery

5. 5. DisinfectantsDisinfectants chemicals chemicals

Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes

Controlling BacteriaControlling Bacteria

1.1.SterilizationSterilization using heat using heat or chemicals to kill or chemicals to kill bacteriabacteria

autoclaveautoclave

2. Refrigeration2. Refrigeration prevents prevents bacteria from bacteria from reproducingreproducing

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure

1.1.Cell wallCell wall protects and protects and gives shape; made of gives shape; made of carbs - peptidoglycancarbs - peptidoglycan

2.2.Outer membraneOuter membrane protects against some protects against some antibioticsantibiotics

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure

3. 3. Cell membraneCell membrane regulates what entersregulates what enters

4. 4. CytoplasmCytoplasm contains contains the organellesthe organelles

5. 5. PlasmidPlasmid circular piece circular piece of DNA of DNA

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure

6. 6. Genetic materialGenetic material circular DNA moleculecircular DNA molecule

7. 7. FlagellumFlagellum hairlike hairlike structure that moves the structure that moves the bacteriabacteria

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure

8. 8. RibosomeRibosome makes makes proteinsproteins

9. pili9. pili short appendages short appendages Adhere bacteria to Adhere bacteria to

surfacessurfaces

Bacterial Cell WallBacterial Cell Wall Very important; used Very important; used

to classify bacteriato classify bacteria Single or doubleSingle or double

Bacterial Cell WallBacterial Cell Wall Identified using gram staining.Identified using gram staining.Gram stainingGram staining If purple appearance under a If purple appearance under a

microscope, bacteria have microscope, bacteria have single cell wall (gram positive)single cell wall (gram positive)

If red appearance under a If red appearance under a microscope, double cell wall microscope, double cell wall (gram negative)(gram negative)

Bacterial Bacterial StructureStructure