bacteria lab biology chapter 23 mrs. nemanic. i. kingdom archaebacteria a.characteristics live in...

BacteriaBacteria

Lab BiologyLab Biology

Chapter 23Chapter 23

Mrs. NemanicMrs. Nemanic

I. Kingdom I. Kingdom ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

A.A. CharacteristicsCharacteristics Live in extreme environmentsLive in extreme environments Cell membrane and cell wall different than Cell membrane and cell wall different than

othersothers

B. GroupsB. Groups

1.1. MethanogensMethanogensa.a. Anaerobic - don't require O2 (anaerobic Anaerobic - don't require O2 (anaerobic

respiration)respiration)

b.b. Produce Methane gasProduce Methane gas

2.2. HalophilesHalophilesa.a. High salt environmentHigh salt environment

b.b. Use salt to make ATPUse salt to make ATP

3.3. ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophilesa. Extreme acid and hot temperaturesa. Extreme acid and hot temperatures

II.II. Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

A.A. CharacteristicsCharacteristics1. Grouped by Shapes1. Grouped by Shapes

a.a. BacilliBacilli - rod - rod

b.b. CocciCocci - sphere - sphere

c.c. SpirillaSpirilla - spiral - spiral


A.A. CharacteristicsCharacteristics2. Grouped by 2. Grouped by arrangement:arrangement:

a.a. ""StreptoStrepto" - chain" - chain

b.b. ""StaphyloStaphylo" - " - clustercluster

c.c. ""DiploDiplo" - pairs" - pairs


A.A. CharacteristicsCharacteristics3. Grouped by 3. Grouped by Gram StainingGram Staining ::

a.a. Gram PositiveGram Positive*Retain purple stain*Retain purple stain*Thicker layer of *Thicker layer of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan

b.b. Gram NegativeGram Negative*Pink stain*Pink stain

4.4. Grouped by how they obtain foodGrouped by how they obtain food


B.B.PhylaPhyla1.1. Phylum CyanobacteriaPhylum Cyanobacteria

a.a. PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic

b.b. Blue-green algaeBlue-green algae

c.c. Heterocysts - Heterocysts - cells that "fix" Ncells that "fix" N22 (convert it into a (convert it into a

molecule)molecule)


B.B. PhylaPhyla2.2. Phylum SpirochetesPhylum Spirochetes

a.a. Spiral-shapedSpiral-shaped

b.b. Move by cork-screw Move by cork-screw motionmotion

c.c. Tremponema pallidumTremponema pallidum - syphilis- syphilis


B.B. PhylaPhyla3. 3. Phylum Gram-PositivePhylum Gram-Positive

a.a. StreptococciStreptococci - causes strep throat - causes strep throat

b.b. Yogurt- made by bacteria in milkYogurt- made by bacteria in milk

c.c. LactobacillusLactobacillus - tooth - tooth decaydecay

d.d. ActinomycetesActinomycetes - - produce antibioticsproduce antibiotics


B.B. PhylaPhyla4. 4. Phylum ProteobacteriaPhylum Proteobacteria

a.a. Enteric bacteriaEnteric bacteria - live in intestines - live in intestines1. 1. Escherichia coliEscherichia coli (e. coli) - (e. coli) - produces produces

Vitamin K and helps digestionVitamin K and helps digestion2. 2. SalmonellaSalmonella - - in chicken intestines, food in chicken intestines, food

poisonpoison

b.b. ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs - oxidize - oxidize chemicals for energy - nitrogen fixing chemicals for energy - nitrogen fixing ((RhizobiumRhizobium))

III.III. StructureStructure

A.A. Cell wallCell wall1.1. EubacteriaEubacteria cell walls made of cell walls made of

peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan..a.a. Gram negative eubacteria's lipid layer Gram negative eubacteria's lipid layer

prevents some antibiotics from entering.prevents some antibiotics from entering.

B.B. Cell Membrane & CytoplasmCell Membrane & Cytoplasm1.1. Lipid bilayerLipid bilayer2.2. Prokaryotes - no membrane-bound Prokaryotes - no membrane-bound

organellesorganelles3.3. Bacteria are the only prokaryotesBacteria are the only prokaryotes


C.C. CapsulesCapsules

1. Outer cover of polysaccharides1. Outer cover of polysaccharides

2.2. Protection against: Protection against:a.a. dryingdrying

b.b. harsh chemicalsharsh chemicals

c.c. white blood cellswhite blood cells

3.3. GlycocalyxGlycocalyx - a capsule of sticky sugars - a capsule of sticky sugars that enables bacteria to attach to host that enables bacteria to attach to host cellscells


D.D. PiliPili

1. Short, hair-like, protein structures on 1. Short, hair-like, protein structures on surface of some bacteriasurface of some bacteria

2.2. Adhere to host cell; transfer genetic Adhere to host cell; transfer genetic material between bacteriamaterial between bacteria

E. EndosporeE. Endospore1.1. Dormant structure with thick protective Dormant structure with thick protective

covering produced during harsh covering produced during harsh environmental conditions.environmental conditions.


F.F. Structures for MovementStructures for Movement

1. Flagella1. Flagella

2.2. Slime – to glide over Slime – to glide over

33.. Spiral shaped bacteria move in cork- Spiral shaped bacteria move in cork-screw rotations.screw rotations.

IV. NutritionIV. Nutrition

1.1. Heterotrophs Heterotrophs – get nutrients from – get nutrients from organic matterorganic matter

a. a. SaprophytesSaprophytes – feed on dead, decaying – feed on dead, decaying mattermatter

2.2. Autotrophs Autotrophs – obtain energy from – obtain energy from sunlight or mineralssunlight or minerals

a. a. PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs – use sunlight for energy– use sunlight for energy

b. b. ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs – obtain energy from – obtain energy from inorganic compounds, oxidize chemicalsinorganic compounds, oxidize chemicals

V. ReproductionV. Reproduction

1.1. Binary fission - Binary fission - asexual cell asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring.identical offspring.

VI. GrowthVI. Growth

1. Bacteria require certain temperatures 1. Bacteria require certain temperatures and pH.and pH.

2.2. Obligate Anaerobes Obligate Anaerobes – – cannot survive in Ocannot survive in O22

a. Ex: a. Ex: Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani – causes tetanus. – causes tetanus.

3. 3. Facultative anaerobesFacultative anaerobes – – live with or without live with or without OO22

a. Ex: a. Ex: E. coliE. coli

4. Obligate aerobes – cannot survive 4. Obligate aerobes – cannot survive without Owithout O22

VII. Genetic RecombinationVII. Genetic Recombination

1. 1. TransformationTransformation – bacterial cell takes in – bacterial cell takes in DNA from external environmentDNA from external environment

2. 2. ConjugationConjugation – genetic information is – genetic information is exchanged between two bacteriaexchanged between two bacteria

3. 3. TransductionTransduction – – a virus obtains some a virus obtains some bacteria DNA after viral replication & carries bacteria DNA after viral replication & carries it to the next host cellit to the next host cell..

VIII. Bacteria & DiseaseVIII. Bacteria & Disease

1. 1. ToxinsToxins – poisons that cause disease – poisons that cause disease

A. A. AntibioticsAntibiotics – drugs used to fight bacteria. – drugs used to fight bacteria. Obtained from bacteria and fungi.Obtained from bacteria and fungi.

1. 1. PenicillinPenicillin – interferes with cell-wall – interferes with cell-wall synthesissynthesis

2. 2. TetracyclineTetracycline – interferes with protein – interferes with protein synthesissynthesis

3. 3. Sulfa DrugsSulfa Drugs – inhibits metabolism – inhibits metabolism

4. 4. Broad-Spectrum AntibioticsBroad-Spectrum Antibiotics – affect a – affect a wide variety of organismswide variety of organisms

VIII. Bacteria & DiseaseVIII. Bacteria & Disease

B. B. Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

1. Some mutant bacteria may resist 1. Some mutant bacteria may resist antibiotics. Thus, they survive, reproduce, antibiotics. Thus, they survive, reproduce, and make disease more difficult to treat.and make disease more difficult to treat.

C. C. Useful BacteriaUseful Bacteria

1. Decomposers – decay organic material1. Decomposers – decay organic material

2. Food production2. Food production

3. Clean up oil spills3. Clean up oil spills

4. Genetic Engineering and Medicines4. Genetic Engineering and Medicines

bacteria lab biology chapter 23 mrs. nemanic. i. kingdom archaebacteria a.characteristics live in...

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