bacterial metabolism and biogeochemical cycles
TRANSCRIPT
Bacterial Metabolism and Biogeochemical Cycles
Redox Reactions
• All chemical reactions consist of transferring electrons from a donor to an acceptor.
• Chemicals that donate electrons become oxidized.
• Chemicals that accept electrons become reduced.
Oxidation / Reduction ReactionsChapter 5
Redox Reactions
• Energy is released during these electron transfers.
• In order to capture that energy, bacteria need to intercept the electrons during redox reactions
Electron CarriersChapter 5
Metabolism
• The goal of metabolism is to conserve the energy released during redox reactions by making high energy compounds such as ATP.
• There are different strategies for conserving this energy.
High Energy CompoundsChapter 5
Metabolism
• Fermentation– Transfer of electrons to organic substrate
• Respiration– Transfer of electrons to inorganic acceptor
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Respiration
Electron Transport Chain
• The Krebs cycle produces many more reduced electron carriers than glycolysis.
• These carriers are regenerated by passing the electrons and protons into the electron transport chain (ETC).
• The ETC passes the electrons to a terminal electron acceptor and pushes the protons outside of the cell.
• The amount of energy generated depends on the terminal electron acceptor used.
Electron Transport
Proton Motive Force
• The accumulation of protons on the outside of the cell membrane produces an electrical charge gradient that can be used to do work.
• One of the most important uses of this proton motive force (PMF) is to drive the synthesis of ATP.
ATP Synthase
Biogeochemical Cycles
• Different nutrients undergo redox reactions as electron donors and acceptors during bacterial metabolism.
• These reactions help to cycle the nutrients through different chemical forms.
• Three of the most important cycles are:– Carbon– Nitrogen– Sulfur
Carbon CycleAnaerobic Aerobic
Carbon Fixation Carbon Fixation
CO2Respiration
AndFermentation
Organic MatterCH2O
Respiration
CO2
Methane Oxidation
MethanogenesisH2
CH4
MethanogenesisAutotrophic
Acetoclastic
CO2 -CHO CH2OH CoM-CH3 CH4
H2 H2 H2 H2
CoEnzyme M
CH3COOH CH3CO
CoM-CH3
CO CO2
CH4
H2O2H
CoEnzyme M
Nitrogen CycleAssimilitoryNitrate Reduction
Nitrification
NitrificationAmmonification
Nitrogen Fixation
Denitrification
Organic N NH3N2 + N2O
NH4+
NO2-
NO3-
NO3- NO2
- NO N2O N2
Denitrification
Nitratereductase
Nitritereductase
Nitrous oxidereductase
+5 +3 +2 +1 02e- 1e- 1e- 1e-
Sulfur CycleSO4
-2
Sulfate Reduction(Assimilitory)
Organic Sulfur
H2S
MineralizationSulfur Oxidation
Sulfate Reduction(Dissimilitory) Elemental Sulfur
Sulfur Oxidation
Sulfur Reduction
SO4-2
ATP
APS
2 ADP2 ATP
SO3-2
S3O6
S2O3-2
Sulfate Reduction
Sulfur Reduction
Thiosulfate Disproportionation
S2O3-2 + H2O SO4
-2 + HS- + H+
S0 + H2 HS- + H+
Winogradsky Column
• Animation
REDOX Potentials(electron tower)
1/2 O2 / H2OFe+3 / Fe+2
NO-3 / NO-2
CH3OH / CH4
SO3-2 / S-2
2H+ / H2
CO2 / CO
Metal Reduction
Fe+3 Fe+2
As+5 As+3
SeO4-2 Se0SeO3
-2 HSe-
MnO2 Mn+2
CrO4-2 Cr+3
1 e-
2 e-
2 e-
2 e- 4 e- 2 e-
3 e-