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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

DICTIONARY

OF

AMERICAN INDIANS

NORTH OF MEXICO

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF INDIAN STOCKS, CONFEDERACIES, TRIBES, SUB-

TRIBES, CLANS, GENTES, AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, ACCOMPANIED BY A LIST

OF THE VARIOUS NAMES BY WHICH THE INDIANS AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS

HAVE BEEN KNOWN, TOGETHER WITH BIOGRAPHIES OF INDIANS OF NOTE,

SKETCHES OF THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, AND A LIST OF INDIAN WORDS

INCORPORATED INTO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

""oo

WASHINGTON

1903

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

^S, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. //J^^ ^ . i^/ ^/

l]^ DICTIONARYl-^OB OF

AMERICAN INDIANS

NORTH OF MEXICO

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF INDIAN STOCKS, CONFEDERACIES, TRIBES, SUB-

TRIBES, CLANS, GENTES, AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, ACCOMPANIED BY A LIST

OF THE VARIOUS NAMES BY WHICH THE INDIANS AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS

HAVE BEEN KNOWN, TOGETHER WITH BIOGRAPHIES OF INDIANS OF NOTE,

SKETCHES OF THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, AND A LIST OF INDIAN WORDS

INCORPORATED INTO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

WASHINGTON

1903

SJL

INTRODUCTION

IN 1879 the investigations of the present Bureau of American Eth-

nology were begun, uiider the immediate direction of the late Major

J. W. Powell. I It was understood that a study of the languages, habits,

and customs of the Indian tribes inhabiting the northern portion of

this continent, and especially the territories of the United States, might

be made of great utility to Congress in providing the means of wise legis-

lation for these tribes. It was understood also that it might be madeof equal value to ethnological science, and Major Powell, who had passed

a very considerable part of his life among these Indians, and in immediate

personal contact with them, and who knew their languages and their

customs at first hand, as perhaps no other trained scientific observer did,

was placed in charge of the work, which was carried out in relation to

every branch of ethnological investigation, on a scale which promised

in time to furnish an exhaustive record of the languages, customs, arts,

and location of every tribe of the great number which were the wards

of Congress. The work grew as it proceeded, until, in the twenty-five

volumes published or in course of publication, it came to present the

greatest body of knowledge of this kind which has ever anywhere in any

time been gathered. It concerns not only the material history of each

tribe, but so much else that its very voluminousness makes it less easy

to find any special thing wanted.

In view of the difficulty of finding, among the treasures of informa-

tion contained in these volumes, what is immediately needed on any

subject, it had long been the intention of Major Powell to produce a

voluminous work to be called "A Cyclopedia of Indian Tribes," whose

completion has been delayed by various causes, until the writer was led

'In 1879 Congress made an appropriation for a report on Ethnology, and

ordered all the archives, records, and materials relating to the Indians of North

America, collected by Major Powell, to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institu-

tion, that the work might be completed and prepared for publication under its

direction. The then Secretary placed the administration of this Bureau in the

charge of Major Powell, whom he appointed July 9, 1879. The Powell survey

was placed by Congress under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, with-

out any solicitation on the Institution's part. It has endeavored faithfully to

discharge, however, the duty imposed upon it. In 1880 the appropriations were

made directly to the Secretary- of the Institution, who later asked to be relieved

from this personal responsibility, and since 1888 the appropriations have been

made to the "Smithsonian Institution."

4 INTRODUCTION.

to consult him about the more immediate publication of a work which,

it seemed to him, should, under the title of a "Dictionary of Indian

Tribes," open all these treasures of information to the inquirer, in the

fonn of a manual or handy volume, or volumes (at most two in number),

which can be published now, and which is intended to present a brief

summary of what is most important to Congress in the fund of knowl-

edge recorded in the greater series of the annual reports of the Bureau

or elsewhere, or in the great amount of its original material as yet un-

published, all presented in an alphabetical arrangement for ready

reference.

Congress may find here in brief what is most important of every-

thing that interests a legislator: an article, for example, on "Treaties,"

giving all that the succinctness of the Dictionary admits about treaties,

with a reference to the original information in the annual volumes,

where it will be found at greater length.

Again, among the first considerations of the ethnologist is the one as

to the different stocks or families to which different or related tribes

belong, and these families, it is found, are far better definable by their

languages than by any other single consideration. It is a most nota-

ble fact that there is a greater distinction among the languages of

many of our Indian tribes than among the different nations of Europe.

They are not dialects of a common language, but they differ from each

other as Latin and Greek, or Russian and Spanish, and these languages

represent as many radical differences of habit, religion, etc. The lingu-

istics of the tribes, then, form a starting-point of any classification

which distinguishes the different physical and geographical conditions,

manners, customs, laws, and religions.

An unfortunate delay, connected with the late Major Powell's failing

health, has occurred in the preparation of this proposed Dictionary, but

the accompanying advance pages are intended to show the scope and

kind of work which is now being carried on and which it is expected will

be published during the present calendar year. Incidentally I hope this

work may serve as an added memorial to one who gave his life to a great

work and earned by his devotion to it the trust of Congress.

S. P. Langley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

PREFACE

AT the time of the early exploration and settlement of North America,

there were encountered many Indian tribes varying in customs

and speaking a diversity of languages. Lack of knowledge of the abor-

igines and total ignorance of their languages led to many curious errors

on the part of the early explorers and settlers: names were applied to

the Indians that had no relation whatever to those by which they were

aboriginally known; sometimes nicknames were bestowed, owing per-

haps to some personal characteristic, fancied or real; sometimes there

was applied the name given by another tribe, which was often oppro-

brious; frequently an effort was made to employ the designation bywhich a tribal group knew itself; and as such names are oftentimes

unpronounceable by an alien tongue and unrepresentable by a civilized

alphabet, the result was a sorry corruption, varying as the sounds were

impressed on Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Russian, or Swedish ears,

or were recorded in as many languages only to be as grossly corrupted

when the next traveler appeared. Sometimes, again, bands of a single

tribe would be given distinctive names, while clans or gentes would be

regarded as independent autonomous groups to which separate tribal

designations were likewise applied. Consequently, in the literature of

the American Indians, which is practically co-extensive with the litera-

ture of the first three centuries of the New World, thousands of tribal

names are encountered, only a small proportion of which are recogniz-

able at a glance.

The need of a comprehensive work by means of which these namesmight be identified has been felt ever since a scientific interest in the

Indians was first aroused. Many lists of tribes have been published, but

the scientific student, as well as the general reader, until the present

time, has been practically without the means of knowing any moreabout a given confederacy, tribe, clan, or settlement of Indians than wasto be gleaned from a single casual reference to it in literature.

The present work had its inception over thirty years ago, when Prof.

Otis T. Mason conceived the plan of preparing a classified list of the

tribal names mentioned in the vast literature of the Indians, and in due

time several thousand names were recorded on cards, with reference to

the works in which they appeared. Meanwhile Mr. James Mooney began

the preparation of a classified list and a series of maps showing the dis-

tribution of the tribes of the entire Western Hemisphere.

5

6 PREFACE.

On the organization of the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1879,

the work of recording the tribal synonymy was officially assigned to Pro-

fessor Mason and was continued by him until other duties necessitated

its suspension. Later it was placed in charge of Mr. Henry W. Henshaw,

who devoted to it several years of labor, meanwhile formulating a plan

to make the work encyclopedic in character and of equal importance in

this respect with the synonymic feature.

Up to this time a definite classification of the tribes north of Mexico

was not possible, since sufficient work of a scientific character had not

been conducted toward determining their linguistic affinities. On the

organization of the Bureau, however, one of the first steps taken by

Major Powell was toward such a linguistic classification, and by 1885

his researches had reached a stage that warranted the grouping of the

various tribes by linguistic stocks on a scientific basis. This classifica-

tion is published in the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau, and on it

is based the present Dictionary,

It was at this time that Major Powell's attention was directed to the

work in classification which Mr. Mooney had been conducting, and his

services were thereupon enlisted by the Bureau, the entire available

force of which, under Mr. Henshaw's immediate supervision, was assigned

to the work that had now grown into a "Dictionary and Synonymy of

the Indian Tribes North of Mexico."

As his special field Mr. Henshaw devoted attention to several of the

Californian stocks and to those of the North Pacific Coast, north of

Oregon, including the Eskimo. To Mr. Mooney were given the two

great and historically important Algonquian and Iroquoian families, and

through his wide general knowledge of the Indians he rendered aid in

many directions. A list of Liiif^iiistic Families of the Indian Tribes

North of Mexico, ivith Provisional List of the Principal Tribal Names and

Synonyms (55 pages, octavo), prepared by Mr. Mooney, and containing

about 2500 names, was at once printed for use by the collaborators of

the Bureau in connection with the complete compilation, and although

the list does not include the Californian tribes, it proved of great service

in the earlier stages of the work.

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey assumed charge of the work on the Siouan,

Caddoan, and Athapascan stocks; Dr. W. J. Hoffman, under the per-

sonal direction of Major Powell, devoted his energies to the Shoshonean

family; and Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, by reason of his familiarity with the

Californian tribes, rendered direct aid to Mr. Henshaw in that field.

Dr. Albert S. Gatschet employed his time and long experience in the

preparation of the material pertaining to the Muskhogean tribes of

southeastern United States, the Yuman tribes of the Gulf of California,

and various smaller linguistic groups. To Col. Garrick Mallery was

assigned the French works bearing on the general subject.

PREFACE.7

With such facilities the work of compilation received a pronounced

impetus, and before the close of the year named a large body of material

was recorded. It should here be stated that, although the basis of the

Dictionary is the literature of the Indians, many volumes of manuscript

ethnologic notes and vocabularies recorded by members of the Bureau,

and others, as well as a fund of general information obtained through

personal study of the tribes and their languages, were utilized in its

preparation.

The work was continued under Mr. Henshaw's supervision, until, in

1 89 1, ill-health compelled his abandonment of the task. Two years

previously the preparation of the material pertaining to the Yuman,Piman, Keresan, Tanoan, and Zunian stocks of the extreme Southwest

was placed in charge of Mr. F. W. Hodge, who brought it practically to

completion and who meanwhile was given nominal charge of the en-

tire work ; but other official duties of members of the staff prevented

the Dictionary as a whole from making much progress until some three

years ago when Dr. Cyrus Thomas was entrusted with the task of bring-

ing to date the recorded material'bearing on some of the more prominent

stocks.

In 1902 the work was again systematically taken up at the instance

of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who detailed Mr. Hodgeto undertake the general editorial supervision of the Dictionary, assisted

by Mr. James Mooney, Prof. Cyrus Thomas, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, andDr. John R. Swanton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology; Dr. Franz

Boas, of the American Museum of Natural History; Dr. Washington

Matthews, U. S. A., retired; Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of

California; Mr. Roland B. Dixon, of the Peabody Museum of AmericanArchaeology and Ethnology; Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, of Clark University;

and Mr. Joseph D. McGuire. The material in the main was divided

among these ethnologists in accordance with their special knowledge of

the tribes which they had studied, and the Dictionary as now published

is therefore largely the result of their labors.

Under the plan inaugurated, the scope of the Dictionary is as com-

prehensive as its function necessitates. It comprehends the tribes north

of Mexico, with the few south of the boundary that are closely connected

with those of the United States. It has been the aim to give a brief

description of every linguistic stock, confederacy, tribe, subtribe or

tribal division, clan, gens, and settlement known to history or even to

tradition, as well as the origin and derivation of every name treated;

and to record, under each, every form of the name and every other appel-

lation by which it has been known, together with a cross-reference to

each such designation.

Under the tribal descriptions a brief account of the ethnic relations

of the tribe, its history (including migrations, first contact and later

8 PREFACE.

dealings with the white race, etc.), its location at various periods, statis-

tics of population at different dates, etc., are included. Accompanying

each synonym (the earliest known date always being given), a reference

to the authority is briefly noted, and these references form a practical

bibliography of the tribe for those who desire to pursue the subject fur-

ther. It is not claimed that every spelling of a tribal name that occurs

in print is given, but it is believed that a sufficient number of forms is

recorded to enable the student to identify practically every name by

which any group of Indians has been known, as well as to trace the

origin of many of the terms that have been incorporated into our geo-

graphic nomenclature.

At the instance of Secretary Langley the scope of the work has

recently been enlarged to include brief articles on the various customs of

the Indians and of their dealings with the General Government—such as

Agriculture, Fishing, Languages, Reservations, Stocks, Treaties, etc.

The work includes also a representative collection of Indian geographi-

cal names, as Mississippi, Niagara, Ohio, etc., with their origin and ap-

plication, as well as brief biographic sketches of Indians of note, and a

list of the numerous Indian words that have been incorporated into

the English language, as, for example, caucus, hickory, hominy, Mug-

wump, opossum, raccoon, etc.

W. H. Holmes,Chief, Bureau of American Ethnology.

Dictionary of American Indians

Absentee.— The official name of a di-

vision of the Shawnee (q. v.) who,about 1845, l^ft the rest of the

tribe then in Kansas, and removed toIndian Territory. In 1901 Big Jim'sband numbered 184, under a specialagent, in Oklahoma; under the Saukand Fox agency the main body num-bered 503; there are also 100 Absen-tees and Potawatomi in Pottawatomiecounty. Total about 700. (j.M.)

Ginetewi Sawandgi.—Gatschet, Shawnee MS.(B. A. E.), 1S79. (So called sometimes by theother Shawnees. Ginetewi is derived from thename of Canadian river, on which they live.)

Pepua-hapitski Sawanogi.—Ibid. (Sig.: "Away-froni-here Shawnees" ; commonly so called bythe other Shawnees.)

Accomac.—-The name of a tribe of thePowhatan confederacy of Virginiaand also of their principal village.

According to J. H. Trumbull the wordmeans "the other-side place," or "on-the-other-side-of-water place." Inthe Massachttsett language, ogkonieor akawine means "beyond"; and ac,

aki, or ahkt in various Algonquiandialects means "land." In this sensethe name has been applied to variouslocalities. The Accoinac tribe livedin Accomac and Northampton coun-ties, east of Chesapeake bay, and ac-cording to Jefferson their principalvillage was about Cheriton (Cherry-stone) , in Northampton county. In1608 they had 80 warriors. As theydeclined in numbers and importancethey lost their tribal identity, and thename became applied to all the In-dians east of Chesapeake bay. Up to181 2 they held their lands in common,under the name of Accomacs—-living

chiefly in upper Accomac county

—

and Gingaskins (see Gangasco) , nearEastville, Northampton county. Theywere much mixed with negroes, andat the Nat Turner insurrection, about1833, were treated as such and drivenoff. (J.M.)

Accawmacke.—Smith (1629), Virginia, i, 133, re-print 1 81 9.

Accomack.—Ibid., 120.Accowmack.—Ibid., map.Acomack.

—

Ibid., ii, 61.Acomak.—Drake, Book of Indians, v, 1848.

Achou^oulas,—Sig. probably "Pipe peo-ple,' from the Choctaw ashunga,"pipe" (Gatschet). One of the ninevillages constituting the Natchez orNachi confederacy in 1699.—Iberville(1699) in Margry, Decouvertes, iv,

179, 1880.

Achsinnink.—"At the rock." A villageof the Unalachtigo Delawares, about1770, on Hocking river, Ohio.—Heck-ewelder in Trans. Am. Philos. Soc,IV, 390, 1834.

Acoma.—From the native name Akome,"People of the white rock," nowcommonly pronounced A'-ko-ma. Theaboriginal name of their town is A'ko.A pueblo of the western branch of theQueres or Keresan stock, situated ona rock mesa or pehol, 357 feet inheight, about 60 miles west of theRio Grande, in Valencia coimty. NewMexico. Acoma is mentioned as earlyas 1539 by Fray Marcos de Niza, un-der the name Acus, a corruption ofHakiikia, the Zuni name of the pueblo

;

bttt it was first visited the followingyear by members of Coronado's army,who recorded the name as Acuco.The strength of the position of thevillage (which has the distinction ofbeing the oldest inhabited settlementin the United States) is remarked bythe early Spanish chroniclers, whoestimated its houses at 200 and its

warriors at the same number. An-tonio de Espejo also visited Acoma in

1583, designating it by the nameunder which it is now known, attribit-

ting to it the exaggerated populationof 6000, and mentioning its dizzytrail cut in the rock and its cultivatedfields "two leagues away"—-probablythose still tilled at Acomita (Tichuna)and Pueblito (Titsiap), their twosummer or farming villages 15 milesdistant. Juan de Ohate, the coloni-

zer of New Mexico, visited Acoma in

1598, when, during his governorship,Fray Andres Corchado was assigneda mission field which included thatpueblo, but no mission was actuallyestablished there at so early a date.

lO DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Acoma.—Continued.The Acomas had been hostile to the

surrounding village tribes during this

period, and as early as 1540 are men-tioned as "feared by the whole coun-

try round about." Juan de Zaldivar,

of Onate's force, visited Acoma in

December, 1598, with thirty men;they were surprised by the Indians,

who killed fourteen of the Spaniards

outright (including Zaldivar and twoother captains), and caused four

others to leap over the cUff—three of

whom were miraculously saved. In

January, 1599, an avenging party of

seventy Spaniards were despatched

under Zaldivar' s brother Vicente,

who, after a battle which lasted three

days, succeeded in killing half the

tribe of about 3000 and in partly

burning the town. The first mis-

sionary labor performed at Acomawas by Fray Geronimo de Zarate-

Salmeron, prior to 1629; but FrayJuan Ramirez, who went to Acoma in

the spring of 1629 and remained there

many years, was its first permanentmissionary and the builder of the first

church, which was replaced in or after

1699 by the present great structure of

adobe. The Acomas participated in

the general Pueblo revolt against

the Spaniards in 1680 (see Pueblo),

kilUng their missionary. Fray LucasMaldonado ; but largely on account of

their isolation and the inaccessibility

of their village site, they were not so

severely dealt with by the Spaniards

as were most of the more easterly

pueblos. An attempt was made to

reconquer the village by GovernorVargas in August, 1696, but he suc-

ceeded only in destroying their crops

and in capturing five warriors. Thevillagers held out until July 6, 1699,

when they submitted to GovernorCubero, who changed the name of the

pueblo from San Estevan de Acomato San Pedro; btit the former namewas subsequently restored and is still

retained. The population of Acomadwindled from abovit 1500 at the be-

ginning of the revolt to 1052 in 1760.

In 1782 the mission was reduced to a

visita of Laguna, and by the close of

the century its population was only a

few more than 800. Their present

(1902) number is 566. The Acomas are

agriculturists, cultivating byirrigationcorn, wheat, melons, calabashes, etc.,

and raising also sheep, goats, horses,

and burros. In prehistoric and early

historic times they had flocks of do-

mesticated turkeys. They are expert

potters, but now do Uttle or no weav-ing. The villages which they tradi-

tionally occupied after leaving Shi-

]:)apu, their mythical place of origin in

the north, were Kashkachuti, Wash-pdshuka, Kuchtya, Tsiama, Tapi-tsiama, and Katzimo or the "En-chanted mesa" (ci.v.) . Hed,shkowa andKowina were also pueblos occupiedby Acoma clans in prehistoric tiines.

The land grant of the tribe, made bythe Spanish Government and con-firmed by Congress, comprises 95,792acres. For further information see

Winship, Coronado Exped. (14th

Rep. Bur Eth.) ; Espejo (1583) in

Doc. Ined. de Indias, xv, 100, 151;Villagran, Hist. Nueva Mexico, Al-

cala, 1610, repr. Mexico, 1900; Vetan-curt, Cronica, and Menologia, repr.

1871; Bandelier, Hist. Introd.; ibid.,

Contribvitions; ibid.. Final Report;Bancroft, Hist. Ariz, and N. M.; Lum-mis, Land of Poco Tiempo; Hodge,Katzimo the Enchanted, and Ascentof the Enchanted Mesa. (f.w.h.)

Abucios.—Duro, Don Diego de Peiialosa, 23,

1882. (= Acus of Niza.)Acmaat.—Evans (1888) in Compte Rendu Cong.

Int. Am., VII, 229, 1890.A-co.—Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, in, pt. i,

132, 1890. (Or Aco-ma.)Acogiya.—Onate (1598) in Doc. In^d., xyi, 102,

1871. (Doubtless the same; = Zuili nameHakukia.)

Acoma.—Espejo (1583) in Doc. In^d., xv, ii6,

1871.Acoman.—Hakluyt, Voyages, 469, note, 1600.(Or Acoma; quoting Espejo, 1583.)

Acome.—MS. of 1764 in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 304, 1853.

Acomenses.—Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 145,1889.

Acomeses.—Villagran, Hist. Nueva Mexico, 158,1610.

Acomis.—Taylor in Cal'a Farmer, Apr. 11, 1863.Acom.0.—Mota-Padilla, Hist, de la Conquista,

169, 1742.Acona.—Emory, Reconnoissance, 133, 1848.

(Misprint.)Aconia.—Ward in Ind. Aff. Rep 1864, 191, 1865.

(Misprint; ni — m.)Acquia.—Benavides (1630) misquoted in Nou v.

Ann. Voy., 5th ser., xxvii, 307, 1851.Acu.—Ogilby, America, 392, 167 1.

Acuca.—Ramusio, Nav. et Viaggi, in, i, 1565.Acucans.—Whipple in Pac. R. R. Rep., in, pt.

3, 90, 1856.Acuco.—Castaneda (1540) in Winship, Coro-nado Exped., 519, 1896.

Acucu.—Coronado (1540) in Winship, CoronadoExped.. 560, 1896.

Acus.—Nita (1539) in Hakluyt, Voy., iii, 440,1600. (Not to be confounded with Ahacus =Hawikuh.)

Acux.—Mota-Padilla, Hist, de la Conquista, in,

A 1742.Ago.—Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, i, 14,

1 88 1. (Proper Queres name.)Ah-co.—Lummis, Land of Poco Tiempo, 63,

1893.Ah-ko.—Lummis, Man Who Married the Moon,

207, 1894.A'ikoka.—Stephen in 8th Rep. B. E., 30, 1891.(Tusayan name of pueblo.)

Aioma.—Linschoten, Description de I'Amdrique,:nap i, 163S. (Misprint; i = c.)

Aiomo.—Ogilby, America, map, 167 1.

Ako.—Loew (187s) in Wheeler Survey Rep.,vn, 339, 345, 1879. (Proper name of pueblo.)

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. II

Acoma.—Coritimied.Ako-ma.—Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, v,

173, iSoo. (Tribal name.)Alcuco.—Barcia, Ensayo, 21, 1723.Alomas.—Mota-Padilla, Hist, de la Conquista,515, 1742. (Probably the same, althoughAlona. = Halona, might have been intended.)

A-qo.—Bandelier in Mag. West. Hist., 06S,Sept., 18S6. (Proper name of pueblo.)

Aquia.—Jefferys, Am. Atlas, map s, 1776.(Doubtless the same, but he locates also SanEstevan de Acoraa.)

Coco.—Alvarado (1540) in Doc. Ined., iii, 51 r,

1S65; ibid, in Winship, Coronado Exped.,504, t8o6.

Hab-koo-kee-ah.—Domenech, Deserts N. A.,II. 53, 1S60. (Misprint of Zuiii name; b =h.)

Hacu.—Bandelier in Mag. West. Hist., 668,Sept., 1886. (Navaho name of pueblo.)

Hacuqua.—Ibid., Gilded Man, 140, iS[)3.

(Given as Zuiii name of pueblo; should beHakukia.)

Ha-cu-quin.—Bandelier in Mag. West. Hist.,()t)8, Sept.. 1 886. (Zuhi name of pueblo.)

Hacus.—Niga (1539) quoted by Coronado (1541)in Doc. Ined., xiv, 322, 1870. (Same asN'ifa's Acus.)

Hah-koo-kee-ah.—Eaton in Schoolcraft, Ind.Tribes, IV, 220, 1854. (Zuni name of pueblo.)

Hak-koo-kee-ah.—Simpson in Smithson. Rep.for 1869, T,i:i, 1 87 1.

Ha-ku.—Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers, v, 173,1S90. (Or Ha-ku-kue. Given as Zuni nameof pueblo; really their name for the Acomas.)

Ha-ku Kue.—Ibid., in, pt. i, 132, 1890; v, 169,1S90. (Improperly given as Zuni name ofpueblo.)

Ha-kus.—Ibid., v, 173, 1890. (Navaho nameof pueblo; see Hacu, above.)

Peuol.—Alcedo, Dic.-Geog., iv, 149, 1788. (Sonamed from the mesa on which it stands.)

Quebec of the Southwest.—Lummis, Land ofPoco Tiempo, 57, 1S93.

Queres Gibraltar.— Ibid., 57.San Esteban de Acoma.—Vetancurt, TeatroMex., Ill, 319, 1S71. (Mission name.)

San Pedro.—Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex., 221,1S89. (Mission name after July, 1699.)

Suco.—Galvano (1563) in Hakluyt Society, xxx,227, 1862. (Mis(iuoting Acuco of Coronado;also applied to Cicuic,= Pecos.)

Tuthla-huay.—Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Papers,IV, pt. 2, 235, 1892. (Tigua name.)

Vacus.—Nifa, Relation, in Ramusio, Nav. etViaggi, III, 357, 1565-

Vsacus.—Ibid.Yacco.—Oiiate (159S) in Doc. Ined., xvi, 115,

1 87 1. (Identified by Bandelier (Jour. Am.Eth. and Arch., iii, 80, 1892) with Acoma;misprint of the Spanish y Acco = "and Acco.")

Yaco.—Columbus Memorial Vol., 155, 1893.(Misprint of Oiiate's " Yacco.")

Agriculture.—An opinion long pre-vailed in the minds of the people thatthe Indians north of Mexico were,previous to and at the time Euro-peans began to settle that part of thecontinent, virtitally nomads havingno fixed abodes and hence practisingagriculture to a very limited extent.Why this opinion has been enter-tained by the masses, who havelearned it from tales and traditions ofIndian life and warfare since the estab-lishment of European colonies in this

country, can be readily understood,but why writers, who have had accessto the older records, should thusspeak of them is not easily explained,

when these records, speaking of thetemperate regions, almost withoutexception notice the fact that the In-dians, although addicted to war,much devoted to the chase, and oftenbase and treacherous, were generallyfovmd, from the border of the westernplains to the Atlantic, dwelling insettled villages and cultivating thesoil. De Soto found all the tribes hevisited, from the Florida peninsula tothe western part of Arkansas, culti-

vating maize and various other foodplants. The early voyagers along theAtlantic found the same thing truefrom Florida to Massachusetts. Capt.John Smith and hisJamestown colony,and indeed all the early colonies, de-pended at first very largely for sub-sistence on the products of Indiancultivation. Jacques Cartier, thefirst European who ascended the St.

Lawrence, found the Indians of Ho-chelaga (now Montreal) cultivatingthe soil. "They have," he remarks,"good and large fields of corn . . .

which they preserve in garrets at thetops of their houses.

'

' Charnplain andthe early French explorers testify to

the large reliance of the Iroqtiois onthe cultivation of the soil for subsis-tence. La Salle and his companionsobserved the Indians of Illinois, andthence southward along the Missis-

sippi, cultivating and to a large ex-tent subsisting on maize.

F. Gabriel Sagard Theodat, a wit-ness of what he reports, says, in

speaking" of the agriculture of theHurons, in 1623-26: "They lop off

the branches of the trees which theyhave cut down and btirn them at thefoot of these, and in the course oftime they remove the roots, and thenthe women thoroughly clear up theground and dig a rotmd place at everytwo feet or less, where they plant in themonth of May in each one nine or tengrains of com which they have pre-viously selected, culled, and soakedfor several daj's in water; and thusthey continue in this manner so thatthey have enotigh provision for twoor three years, either from fear thata bad year may come upon them, orrather that they may go to trade it,

by exchange for peltries or otherthings they may need, with othernations. And every year they thusplant their com in the same places andspots, which they renew with their

small wooden shovels, the remainderof the land being uncultivated, butonlv cleared from noxious weeds, so

that it appears that these [spaces be-

tween the rows of com] are paths

12 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Agriculture.

—

Continued.[chciiiius], so careful are they to keepthem clean, and this is the cause that

,

going alone sometimes from our vil-

lage to another, I got lost ordinarilyin these fields of corn, rather than in

the prairies or forests" (Hist, duCanada, i, 265-66, 1636).

Maize, or Indian corn , the great Am-erican cereal, was, at the time of thediscovery, in cultivation from Peru in

South America to the climatic limit

in North America. "It [inaize] wasfound in cultivation from the south-ern extreinity of Chili to the fiftieth

parallel of north latitude, beyondwhich limits the low temperature ren-

ders it an uncertain crop" (Brinton,Myths of the New World, 23, 1876)."AH the nations I have known andAvho inhabit from the sea as far as theIllinois, and even farther, which is aspace of about 1500 miles, carefully

cultivate the maize corn, which theymake their principal subsistence"(Du Pratz, Hist. La., 11, 239, 1763)."The whole of the tribes situated in

the Mississippi valley, in Ohio, and theLakes reaching on both sides of theAlleghanies, quite to Massachusettsand other parts of New England, cul-

tivated Indian corn. It was thestaple product" (Schoolcraft, Ind.Tribes, 1,80, 185 1). It is unnecessary,however, to multiply quotations onthis point, as it is universally ad-mitted.

Beans, squashes, pumpkins, pota-toes, and tobacco were also cultivatedto some extent, especially in what arenow the Gulf and South Atlanticstates. The long time previous to

the discovery during which maizehad been in cultivation is proven bythe fact of differentiation into vari-

eties of the cultivated product. Har-lot, writing as early as 1587 (Brief andTrue Report of Va., repr. 1872), men-tions four different varieties. Bev-erley says: "Our natives had originally

amongst them, Indian corn, peas,beans, potatoes [sweet potatoes] andtobacco. This Indian corn was thestaff of food upon which the Indiansdid ever depend. . . . There are foursorts of Indian corn, two of which areearly ripe, and two late ripe, all grow-ing in the same manner. . . . Thelate ripe corn is diversified by theshape of the grain only, without re-

spect to the accidental differences in

colour, some being blue, some red,

some yellow, some white, and somestreak' d. That therefore which makesthe distinction is the pluinpness orshrivelling of the grain ; the one looks

as smooth and as full as the earlyripe corn and this they call flint corn

;

the other has a larger grain and looksshrivell'd, with a dent on the back ofthe grain as if it had never come toperfection, and this they call ' slie-

corn ' " (Beverley, Hist. Va., 125-128,2d ed., Lond., 1722). According tothe same authority the Indians hadtwo varieties of sweet potatoes.

Marquette, speaking of the Illinois

Indians, says that in addition toinaize, "they also sow beans andmelons, which are excellent, espe-cially those with a red seed. Theirscjuashes are not of the best; theydry them in the sun to eat in thewinter and spring" (Voy. and Dis-cov., Hist. Coll. La., iv, 33, 1852).Some idea of the extent of the cul-

tivation of maize by some of thetribes may be gained from the follow-ing estimates: The amount of cornof the Iroquois destroyed by Denon-ville in 1687 was estimated at onemillion bushels (Charlevoix, Hist.

Nouv. Fr., II, 355, 1744; also Doc.Hist. N. Y., I, 238, 1849). Accordingto Tonty, who accompanied the ex-pedition, they were engaged sevendays in cutting up the corn of fourvillages. General Sullivan, in his ex-pedition into the same country, de-stroyed 160,000 bushels of corn andcut down the Indian orchards; in oneorchard alone fifteen hundred appletrees were destroyed (Hist. N. Y.during the Revolutionary War, 11,

334, 1879). General Wayne, writingfrom Grand Glaizein 1794, says, " Themargins of these beautiful rivers,—the Miamis of the Lake and the AuGlaize,—appear like one continviovis

village for a ntimber of miles, bothabove and below this place; nor haveI ever before beheld such immensefields of corn in any part of Americafrom Canada to Florida" (Many-penny, Our Ind. Wards, 84, 18S0).

If we are indebted to the Indiansfor maize, without which the peoplingof America would probably have beendelayed a century, it is also from themthe whites learned the method of

planting, storing, and using it. Thecribs set on posts, so common in theSouth, are copies of those in useainong the Indians, which Lawson(Hist. Carolina, 35, repr. i860) so

fully describes.The foregoing applies chiefly to the

region east of the Rocky mountains,Imt the native population of the sec-

tion now embraced in New Mexico,Arizona, and California in part notonly cultivated the soil, but relied

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 13

Agriculture.—Continued.on agriculture to a large extent forsvibsistence. Frequent mention is

made by the chroniclers of Corona-do's expedition to New Mexico ofthe general cultivation of maize bythe Indians of that section, and alsoof the cultivation of cotton. Itis stated in the Relacion del Suceso(Winship in 14th Rep. Bur. Eth.,

575), that those who lived near theriver raised cotton, but the othersdid not. The writer, speaking of theRio Grande valley, adds, "There is

much corn here.""From the earliest information we

have of these nations [the Pueblo In-dians] they are known to have beentillers of the soil, and though the im-plements used and their methods ofcultivation were both simple andprimitive, cotton, corn, wheat [afterits introduction], beans, with manyvarieties of fruits were raised in abun-dance" (Bancroft, Nat. Rac, i, 53S,1S82).The Indians of New Mexico and

Arizona had learned the art of irrigat-

ing their fields before the appearanceof the white man on the continent.Tliis is shown not only by the state-ments of early explorers, but by thestill existing remains of their ditches."In the valleys of the Salado andGila, in southern Arizona, however,casual observation is sufficient todemonstrate that the ancient inhabi-tants engaged in agriculture by arti-

ficial irrigation to a vast extent. . . .

Judging from the remains of exten-sive ancient works of irrigation, manyof which may still be seen passingthrough tracts cultivated today aswell as across densely wooded stretch-es considcrabl}'' beyond the presentnon-irrigated area, it is safe to saythat the principal canals constructedand used by the ancient inhabitantsof the Salado valley controlled the irri-

gation of at least 250,000 acres"(Hodge, Preh. Irrigation in Arizona,Am. Anthrop., July, 1893). Remainsof ancient irrigating ditches andcanals are also found elsewhere in thissouthwestern section.How far to the north on the Pacific

side the cultivation of maize had beencarried in prehistoric times is notpositively known, but, judging by theIndian names applied to the cereal, it

is believed that the northern limitwas yet south of the present northernboundary of California.The sunflower was cultivated to a

limited extent both by the Indians ofthe Atlantic slope and those of the

Pueblo region for its seeds, which wereeaten after being parched and beateninto a meal between two stones. Thelimits of the cultivation of tobaccoat the time of the discovery has notas yet been well defined. That it

was cultivated to some extent on theAtlantic side is known ; that it wasin use in the sixteenth century asfar north on the Pacific side appearsprobable.Although it has been stated that

the Indians did not use fertilizer, therewere exceptions to this rule. ThePlymouth colonists were told by theIndians to add fish to the old grounds(Bradford's Hist. Plym. Plan., Mass.Hist. Coll., 4th ser., iii, 60). It is

also stated that the Iroquois manuredtheir land. Lescarbot says the Ar-mouchiquois, Virginiens, and others" enrich their fields with shells andfish." The implements they used incultivating the ground are describedas "wooden howes" and "spades madeof hard wood." "Florida Indians digtheir ground with an instrument ofwood fashioned like a broad mattock,""use hoes made of shoulder blades ofanimals fixed on staves," "use theshoulder blade of a deer or a tortoiseshell, sharpened upon a stone andfastened to a stick instead of a hoe";"a piece of wood, three inches broad,bent at one end and fastened to a longhandle sufficed them to free the landfrom weeds and turn it up lightl}'."

Such are the earlier statements in re-

gard to the agricultural implementsused by the Indians ; however, a cer-tain class of stone implements hasbeen found in great numbers, whichare generally conceded to have beenused in breaking the soil.

The field work was usuallj'', thoughnot entirely, done by the women.Hariot (Hakluyt, Voy., in, 329,iSoi) says, "The women, with shortpickers or parers, because they usethem sitting, of a foot long, and aboutfive inches in breadth, do only breakthe upper part of the ground to raise

up the weeds, grass, and old stubs orcorn-stalks with their roots." It wasa general custom to bum over theground before planting in order tofree it from weeds and rubbish. Inthe forest region patches were clearedby girdling the trees, thus causingthem to die, and afterward burningthem down.Though the Indians as a rule have

been somewhat slow in adopting theplants and methods introduced bythe whites, this has not been whollybecause of their dislike of labor, but

14 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS,

Agricvilture.—Contiyiued.has been due, largely to their frequentremovals by the Government and tothe unproductive quality of the soil

of the reservations assigned them.Where tribes or portions of tribes, asl^arts of the Cherokee and Iroquois,were allowed to remain in their originalterritory, they were not slow in bring-ing into use the introduced plantsand farming methods of the whites,as ivxnt trees, stock, plows, etc.

According to the Report of theCommissioner of Indian Affairs foriQoi,the following is a summary ofthe agricultural industries of the In-dians, exclusive of the "Five CivilizedTribes," during that year:

Land cultivated acres 355,261Land broken " 28,641Land under fence. ... " :,289,68()Fencing built rods 189,975Families living on and culti-

vating lands in severalty 10,270Crops raised:Wheat bushels 935,870Oats and barley.. " 737,986Corn '.

. " 668,994Vegetables " 441,931Flax " 20,387Hay tons 289,335

Miscellaneous products ofIndian labor:

Butter made pounds 118,554Lumber sawed feet 5,716,000Timber marketed. . .

" 141,850,000Woodcut cords 91,184

Stock owned by Indians:Horses, mules, and bvir-

ros 343.300Cattle 253,819Swine 50,365Sheep 567 ,94

1

Goats 90,913Domestic fowls 254,285

Freight transported by In-dians with their ownteams pounds 21,857,000

Amount earned by suchfreighting 892,770

Value of products of Indianlabor sold by Indians:

To Government $436,307Otherwise $1,049,185

Roads made miles 264Roads repaired " 1,363

Much additional information re-

garding agriculture among the In-dians may be found throughout theAnnual Reports of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology. See also Food.

(C.T.)

Alleghany.—This is the Delaware (Al-gonquian) name of the northeasternbranch of upper Ohio river. It is

synonymous with the term Ohio in

both signification and apjjlication

;

but today its apjalication is restrictedto a branch of the river of which it wasthe name. It is composed of two ele-

ments, represented by A/lcf^ and liany.

The first part is the Delaware andcognate ivefilik, "good, fine, beavtti-

ful " ; and the latter is hany for liana,

sometimes written an, anna, andlian, signifying "river, stream ofwater," in the same tongue. Thus,Alleghany, meaning " (It is) a fine, orbeautiful, river," is a literal transla-

tion of the name Ohio of Iro(|uoianorigin. The Cavalier de La Salle, in

1679, in detailing the advantages theOhio river seemed to him to have for

the carrying of the western fur trade,says that it is "a river which I havefound"; and, a little farther on, thatit is that "which I have called theBaudrane. The Iroquois call it Ohio,and the Outaouas Olighin-cipou"(Margry, Decouvertes, pt. i, p. 114;pt. II, pp. 79-80). But, in the Actede Prise de Possession, dated March13, 1682, La Salle uses the followinglanguage, namely, "from the mouthof the river Saint - Louis, called

Ohio, Olighin-sipou and Chukagoua"(op. cit., pt. II, p. 184). On page96, he writes the last name Suska-koua, which is evidently a name ofCumberland river. Now, Olighin-sipou, the preferable orthography of

the name, is in its first element cog-nate with the appellation Alleghany;for Olighin is evidently Weithk-iu,"good, fine, beautiful," the final -/;;

being the sign of the so-called inani-mate gender, which is unexpressed in

the name Alleghany. The elementsipoii, or cipou, signifies "river,stream of water." So Olighin-sipoualso signifies " (It is) a fine, or beauti-ful, river." (j.n.b.h.)

Amusements.—When not botmd downby stern necessity, the Indian athome was occupied with a constantround of dancing, feasting, and gam-ing. While most of the dances werereligious or otherwise ceremonial in

character, there were others whichhad no other purpose than that ofsocial pleasure. They might be in theday or the night, general or confinedto particular societies, and were usu-ally with the accompaniment of thedrum, rattle, or other musical instru-ment to help out the song. Manydances were of pantomimic or dram-atic character. The giving of presentswas a constant feature of the dance,as was betting on all athletic contests

DICTIONARY OP INDIANS. 15

Amusements.—Continued.and ordinary games. The games ofthe Eskimo and extreme northerntribes were chiefly athletic, such asracing, wrestHng, throwing of heavystones, and tossing in a blanket.From Hudson bay to the Gulf ofMexico, and from the Atlantic to theborder of the plains, the great ath-letic game was the ball play, nowadopted in civilization under thename of la crosse. In the north it wasplayed with one racket, and in thesouth with two. Athletes were regu-larly trained to this game, which wasfrequently played as an intertribalaffair. The " wheel-and-stick" gamein one form or another was well-nighuniversal. As played in the east onegainester rolled forward a stone disk,

or wheel, while his opponent slid afterit a stick carved at one end in such away that the wheel, when it fell to theground, would rest within the crookof the stick. On the plains a woodenwheel, frequently netted, took theplace of the stone disk. Like mostother Indian things, the game has asymbolic significance in connectionwith the sim myth. A sacred variantof the game was played by the priestsfor divinatory purposes. Target prac-tice with arrows, knives, or hatchetsthrown from the hand, as well as withthe bow and rifle was also universalamong the warriors and boys of thevarious tribes. The gaming arrowswere of special design and ornamenta-tion, and the game itself had often asy:nbolic purpose. Horse-races, fre-

quently intertribal, were prominentamusements on the plains during thewarm season; while foot-races, oftenelaborately ceremonial in character,were common among the sedentaryagricultural tribes, particularly thePueblos and the Wichita.Games resembling dice and "hunt-

the-button" were found everywhere,and were played by both sexes alike,

particularly in the tipi, or wigwam,during the long winter nights. Thedice, or equivalents, were stone, bone,fruit-seeds, shells, wood, or reed, vari-

ovisly shaped and marked. They werethrown from the hand or from a smallbasket bowl. One form, the "awlgame," confined to the women alone,

was played around a blanket, whichhad various tally marks along theborder for marking the progress ofthe game. The "hunt-the-button"games were tisually accompanied withsongs and rhythmic movements ofthe hands and body, intended to con-fuse the parties whose task was to

guess the location of the button. In-vestigations by Mr Stewart Culinshow a close correspondence betweenthese Indian games and those ofChina, Japan, Korea, and northernAsia.

Special women's games were shinny,football, and the "deer-foot" game,besides the awl gaine already noted.In football the main object was tokeep the ball in the air as long as pos-sible by kicking it upward from thetoes. The "deer-foot" game wasplayed with a number of perforatedbones from a deer's foot, strung upona beaded cord, having a needle at oneend. The purpose was to toss thebones in such a way as to catch a par-ticular one upon the end of the needlein its descent.With the children there were target

shooting, stilts, slings, and tops forthe boys, and buckskin dolls andplaying house for the girls. As amongcivilized nations, the children foundthe greatest delight in imitating theoccupations of the elders. Numerousreferences to amusements among thevarious tribes may be found through-out the Annual Reports of the Bureauof American Ethnology. A specialmemoir on the " Games of the Ameri-can Indians," by Mr Culin, will ap-pear in a forthcoming report. SeeDances. (j. m.)

Camass, kamass, quamash.—A smallplant {Camassia esculenta) with edi-

ble roots growing in British Colum-bia and neighboring portions of theUnited States. The name has beenadopted from the Nootka of Van-couver island, and has been appliedin the Latinized form to the genus towhich the above belongs. This is

related to Scilla of the Old World.It has also been adopted as the nameof several places in Montana, Idaho,and Oregon, as well as for the caniass-rat {Thoiuoniys talpoides) which sub-sists principally on the roots of this

plant. (j.R.s.)

Cayuse.—Originally a breed of Indianpony used by the Waiilatpu or CayuseIndians of Oregon, from whom it re-

ceives its name; but the term is

now generally applied in that section

to any Indian pony. (j.r.s.)

Cherokee.—Properly Ts^laki' (Upperdialect) or Tsaragi (Lower dialect).

Adair derives this word from atsild, oratsira, "fire," to which he says theCherokee paid great honors. This

i6 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Cherokee.—Continued.derivation is not possible, however, asthe leading part of atsila always re-

mains tsil, never changing to isal;

while, as regards the latter part ofhis statement, they paid no greaterhonors to fire than to water, thunder,or any other of their chief daimons.Morgan incorrectly renders the word" great people." A more probablederivation seems to be from sdhallikT ,

an "upland field," as distinguishedfrom kl&kes, a bottom field along astream; the Cherokee being pectil-

iarly an upland tribe, it is possiblethat they so designated their countryin their first intercourse with thewhites. The Iroquois called themOyada-ono, or "cave people," also

in allusion to the broken, mountain-ous nature of their country; whilethe Algonquian tribes generally knewthem as Kittuwa, which Brinton in-

correctly thinks may be derived froma Delaware term signifying " peopleof the great wilderness," while Hecke-welder also makes it a Delaware word,probably meaning "travelers" or"wanderers," but which the Chero-kee themselves say is derived fromthe name of one of their principal

ancient settlements, Kituhwu (q. v.).

The fact that the Cherokee speakan Iroquoian language points to

an ancient connection with the Iro-

quois tribes, and all the evidencegoes to show that the Cherokee are

identical with the people known tra-

ditionally to the Delawares as Talli-

gewi. According to tradition, theTalligewi, at the period when theDelawares and Iroquois first arrivedin the eastern part of the UnitedStates, were a powerful people, occu-pying the entire valley of the Ohioand Alleghany rivers. After a longwar, in the course of which they built

the numerous ancient earthworks of

that region for their defense, theywere finally driven out by the invad-ing Delawares and Iroquois and fled

toward the south. In the WalaiuOluin, the national legend of the Dela-wares, there are numerous references

to these Talligewi. According to this

authority, they were driven south-ward before the separation of theNanticoke and Shawnee from theparent Lenape, and long afterward—

•

even stibsequent to the appearance of

the whites on the eastern coast—

•

there is a notice of a war carried on bythe Delawares against the Talligewi

and Coweta (Creeks) in the south. Inthe name Talligewi, frequently writ-

ten Alligewi, the final wiis merely the

Algonquian plural ending, withoutwhich the word becomes Tallige,

which strikingly resembles Tsalaki,the name which the Cherokee applyto themselves. Heckewelder, thegreat authority on the Delawares,was of the opinion that Talligewi wasa foreign word adopted by that tribe.

According to the tradition of theCherokee as given by Haywood (Nat.and Aborig. Hist. Tenn.), they claimthat "they came from the upper partof the Ohio, where they erected theinotmds on Grave creek, and that theyremoved hither (to East Tennessee)from the country where Monticello is

situated." The large mound nearMonticello, Virginia, mentioned byJefferson as well known to the south-ern Indians, may have some connec-tion with this tradition. Brinton,after summing up the arguments in

favor of the identity of the Cherokeewith the Alligewi, concludes withthese words: "Name, location andlegends, therefore, combine to iden-tify the Cherokees, or Tsalaki, with theTallike; and this is as much evidenceas we can expect to produce in suchresearches."The Cherokee were formerly the

leading tribe of the southern states,

and are now the most advanced andprosperous in the country, and secondonly to the Sioux, and perhaps theOjibwa, in population. They pos-sessed an extensive territory cen-tering in the southern Allcghanies andembracing the mountainovis portionsof southern Virginia, North Carolina,,

South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,and Tennessee, and they also set

up a claim to the whole of Ken-tucky and West Virginia. Accordingto tradition they once lived in Vir-ginia, and they are probably theRickohockans or Rechahecrians men-tioned by early writers as living in themountains of that state, and who, in

1658, overran the lowlands as far asRichmond. They formerly extendedfarther down toward the coast ontheir southeastern frontier, btit weredriven back by the Creek tribes withinthe historic period. Their principalsettlements were on the headwatersof Savannah and Tennessee rivers,

where they are said to have had atone time sixty settlements. Those liv-

ing on the Savannah were calledErati Tsalaki, or Lower Cherokee,while those on the waters of theTennessee were known as Awtali Tsdl-aki, or Upper Cherokee (Otali), andspoke a different dialect. On thewaters of the Tuckaseegee river, be-

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 17

Cherokee.—Continued.tween the Upper and Lower Chero-kee, were the Middle Cherokee,speaking a third dialect, fomiing theconnecting link between the othertwo. This is the dialect now chiefly

spoken on the East Cherokee reserva-tion. The Upper dialect is the liter-

ary dialect, while the Lower dialect

—

the only one having the r—is nowpi^actically extinct. The Cherokeewere always closely associated withthe Shawnee, and at war with theIroquois. For a long period theShawnee lived adjacent to them in

Tennessee, and in 1705 a band of

Cherokee was living with the Shawneeon Scioto river in Ohio. The mainbody of the Shawnee are now con-federated with the Cherokee in

Indian Territory. As the white set-

tlements gradually extended into theinterior of Carolina the Cherokeewere pressed back into the moun-tains, and about the period of theRevolution they began to form newsettlements along the middle Ten-nessee and in upper Georgia and Ala-bama. Here they remained, withconstantly contracting limits, until,

by the treaty of New Echota in 1835,they sold all their remaining countryand removed soon after to a newtract assigned them west of the Mis-sissippi, being joined there by a partyof the tribe which had previovisly set-

tled in Arkansas.When the main body removed in

1838, a number of individuals whohad decided to abandon their tribal

relations remained behind, and mostof these, with a large number of fugi-

tives who had fled to the inountainsduring the removal, gradually con-centrated in western North Carolina,

and are now known as the EasternBand of Cherokees.Of their fourteen clans the Wolf is

the leading one, and the Wolf, Bird,Paint, and Deer clans seem to bemost numerous, while some of theothers are perhaps now extinct, al-

though their naines are still remem-bered. There were originally sevenclans, the others having been formedby separation from these. The sevenoriginal clans seem to have had aconnection with the "seven mothertowns" of the Cherokee, describedby Cumming in 1730 as having eacha chief, whose oitice was hereditaryin the female line.

The Cherokee are probably aboutas numerous now as at any period in

their history. With the exception of

an estimate in 1730 which placed

them at about 20,000, most of theestimates up to a recent period givethem but 12,000 or 14,000 souls, andin 1 7 58 they were computed at onlyabout 7500. The majority of theearlier estimates are probably toolow, as the Cherokee occupied so ex-tensive a territory that only a part ofthem came in contact with the whites.In 1708 Governor Johnson estimatedthem at sixty villages and "at least

500 men" (Rivers, Sotith Carolina,

238, 1856). In 17 15 they were ofti-

cially reported to number 11,210(Upper, 2760; Middle, 6350; Lower,2100) souls, including 4000 warriors,and living in sixty villages (Upper 19,Middle 30, Lower 11). In 1720 theywere estimated to have been reducedto about 10,000, and again in thesame year reported at about 11,500souls, including about 3800 warriors(Gov. Johnson's Report, 1720, in

Rivers, Early Hist. South Carolina,

93,94,103,1874). In 1729 they wereestimated at 20,000 souls, at least

6000 warriors and sixty-fotir townsand villages (Stevens, Hist. Ga., i,

48-49, 1847) . They dre said to havelost a thousand warriors in 1739 fromsmallpox and rum, and suffered asteady decrease during their warswith the whites, extending from 1760to the close of the Revolution. Theyhad again increased to 16,542 at thetime of their forced removal to thewest in 1838, but a large number per-ished in the transit, 311 going downtogether in a steamboat collision onthe Mississippi. The Civil War in

1861-65 again checked their progress,but they recovered from its effects in

a remarkably short time, and in 1885numbered about 19,000, of whomabout 17,000 were in the Indian Ter-ritory, together with about 5000whites, negroes, Delawares, and Shaw-nee, while the remaining 2000 werestill in their ancient homes in theeast. Of this "Eastern Band," 1376are on the East Cherokee (Qiialla)

reservation in Swain and Jacksoncounties. North Carolina; about 300more are on Cheowah river in Grahamcounty. North Carolina; while the re-

mainder—chiefly mixed bloods—arescattered over East Tennessee andnorthern Georgia and Alabama. TheEastern Band lost about 300 by small-pox at the close of the Civil War. Bythe census of 1S98 there were in In-

dian Territory 26,500 persons of Cher-okee blood, including all degrees of

admixture. There were also 87

1

Delawares, 790 Shawnee, and 4000negro freedmen living with the tribe.

i8 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Cherokee.—Continued.The Cherokee have a large admixtureof white blood.

For the Cherokee settlements, seeIroquoian; and for further infonna-tion concerning the tribe, particularlyregarding its dealings with the UnitedStates, see Royce, Cherokee Nationof Indians, Fifth Report. Bur. Eth.,121, 1887; Indian Land Cessions,Eighteenth Rep. Bur. Eth., passim,

1899; Mooney, Cherokee Myths, Nine-teenth Report, 1900. (j.M.)

Achalaque.'—De Soto (1539) in Garcilaso de la

Vega, III, 1723; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 11,

3S, 1852. (Spanish name in 1540.)AUegans.—Colden, map (1727) in Schoolcraft,Ind. Tribes, ni, 525, 1853.

Allegewe.—Hind, Labrador Peninsula, 11, 7,

1S63.Allegewi.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, 133, 1855.Allegewy.—Ibid., 11, 37, 1852.Alleghans.—Hall, N. W. States, 29-31, 1849.AUeghanys.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Ky., i,

34. 1824.Allegwi.—Squier in Beach, Ind. Misc., 26, 1877.Alligewi.—Heckewelder (181 9) in Schoolcraft,

Ind. Tribes, in, 525, 1853.Allighewis.—Keane in Stanford, Compendium,

Soo, 1878.Callageheahs.—McKenney and Hall, Ind.Tribes, I, 186, 1854. (Evidently the Chero-kee.)

Chalakee.—Nuttall, Journal, 124, 1821.Chalaque.—Gentleman of Elvas (1540) in Hak-luyt Soc, Florida, 60, 1851.

Chaiaquies.—Barcia, Ensayo, 335, col. i, 1723.(Spanish name.)

Charakees.—Homann Heirs map, 1756.Charakeys.—Ibid., about 1730.Charikees.—Document of 1 7 1 8 in Rivers, SouthCarolina, 55, 1850.

Charokees.—Johnson (1720) in Rivers, EarlyHist. S. C, 93, 1S74.

Cheelake.—Barton, New Views, xliv, 1798.(Given as Upper Cherokee form.)

Cheerake.—Adair, Am. Inds., 226, 1775.Cheerakee.—Ibid., 137.Cheeraque's (mountain).—Moore (1704) in Car-

roll, Hist. CoU. S. C, II, 576, 1S36.Cheerokee.—Ross (1776?) in Hist. Mag., 2d ser.,

II, 218, 1867.Chel-a-ke.—-Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 11, Ixx,

1823.Chelakees.—^Gallatin in Trans. Am. Ant. Soc,

II, 00, 1836.Chelaques.—Nuttall, Journal, 247, 1S21.Chelekee.—Keane in Stanford, Compendium,

506, 187S.CheUokee.—-Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 11, 204,1852.

Cheloculgee.—White, Statistics of Ga., 28, 1849.(Creek name; singular, Che-lo-kee.)

Chelokees.—Gallatin in Trans. Am. Ant. Soc, 11,

104, 1S36. (See White, next above.)Cheokees.—Johnson (1772) in N. Y. Doc. Col.

Hist., viii, 314, 1857. (Misprint.)Cheraguees.—Coxe, Carolana, 11, 1741.Cherahes (mountains).—Brickell (1737) in Hay-wood, Tenn.' 224, 1823.

Cherakees.—Coxe, Carolana, map, 1741.Cherakis.—Chauvignerie (1736) in Schoolcraft,

Ind. Tribes, ill, 555, 1853.Cheraquees.—Co.xe, Carolana, 13, 1741.Cheraquis.—Penicaut (1699) in Margry, De-couvertes, v, 404, 1883.

Cherickees.—Clarke (1739) in N. Y. Doc. Col.Hist., VI, 148, 1855.

Cherikee.—Albany conference (1742) in ibid.,

218.Cherokee.—^Johnson (1708) in Rivers, SouthCarolina, 238, 1856.

Cherokis.—Rafinesque, Am. Nations, I, r40,1836.

Cherookees.—Croghan (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc.Coll., 4th ser., IX, 372, 1871.

Cheroquees.—Campbell (1761) in ibid., 416.Cherrackees.—Evans (175s) in Gregg, OldCheraws, 15, 1867.

Cherrokees.—Treaty of 1722 in Drake, Book ofInd's, bk. 4, 32, 1848.

Cherrykees.—Weiser (1748) in Kauffman, West.Pa., app., iS, 1851.

Chien, Nation du.—Picquet (1752) in app. toParkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, 11, 417, 1SS4.(The Cherokees, according to Parkman.)

Chirakues.—Randolph (1099) in Rivers, SouthCarolina, 449, 1856.

Chirokys.—Writer ca. 1825 in Ann. de la Prop.de la Foi, 11, 384, 1841.

Chorakis.—Document of 17 48 in N. Y. DocCol. Hist., x, 143, 1858.

Chreokees.—Pike, Travels, 173, 181 1. {e and r

transposed.)Dog (tribe).—Vaudreuil (1760) translated in N.Y. Doc. Col. Hist., X, 1004, 1858.

Entari ronnon.—Potier, Huron MS. Grammar,1751. (One of their Wyandot names; equiv-alent to "Ridge people" or "Mountain peo-ple," Hewitt.)

Gatohua.—Gatschet (after Barton), Creek Mig.Leg., 28. 18S4. (Delaware name.)

Gattochwa.—Heckewelder in Barton, NewViews, app. 8, 1798. (Delaware name, Ger-man form.)

Isallanic (race).—Schoolcraft in Ind. Aflf. Rept.,73, 1849-50.

Katowa.—Gatschet, Creek Mig. Leg., i, 2S,

18S4. (Shawnee name; pi. Katowagi.)Ketawaugas.—Haywood, Nat. and Aborig.Tenn., 233, 1S23. (Originally the name of aband, but extended to mean the whole tribe.)

Kittuwa.—Brinton, Lenape Legends, i6, 1S85.Kituhwaki'.—Mooney, Cherokee MS. Voc. (B. A.

E.), 1887. (Plural, Ani-Kitiihwaki'; originallythe name of a Cherokee band, but used byAlgonquian tribes to designate the whole tribe.See Kitulnvu.)

Kuttoowauw.—Apaumut (1791) in Brinton,Lenape Legends, 16, 1885. (Mahican name.)

Ochie'tari-ronnon.—Potier, Huron MS. Gram-mar, 1 75 1. (One of their Wyandot names.)

Ojadagochroene.—Livingston (1720) in N. Y.Doc. Col. Hist., V, 567, 1855.

Ondadeonwas.^—I31eeker (1701) in ibid., iv, 918,1854. (Same?)

Oyadackuchraono.—Weiser (1753) in ibid.,

VI, 793, 1855.Oyadagahroenes.—Letter of 1713 in ibid., v,

3S6, 1855. (Incorrectly said to be the "Flat-heads," a term here meaning the Catawba andallied tribes.)

O-ya-da'-go-o-no.—Morgan, League of Iroquois,337. 1851. _(Iroquois name.)

Oyatage-ronou.—Hewitt, oral information.(Iroquois name; practically alike in all sixdialects: = "Inhabitants of the cave country."Oyata = depression, hole, cave, in ground, inother dialects.)

Oyaudah.—Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, 448,1847. ("Cave people"; Seneca name.)

Rechahecrians.—Drake, Book of Inds., bk. 4, 22,1S48. (Name given by the Virginians in 1656to an invading mountain tribe. Probably theCherokee.)

Rechehecrians.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Ken-tucky, I, 36, 1824.

Rickohockans.—-Lederer (1669) in Hawks, No.Carolina, 11, 48, 1858. (Probably the Chero-kee, as called by the Powhatan tribes. Re-chahecrians is evidently the same word.)

Shan-nack.—Marcy, Red River, 273, 1854.(Wichita name.)

Sulluggoes.—Coxe, Carolana, 22, 1741.Talagans.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Kentucky,

I, 28, 1S24. (= Talligewi.)Talegans.—-Ibid., 34.Talegawes.—Ibid.Tallagewy.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 11, 36,

i8s2.

DICTIONARY OP INDIANS. 19

Cherokee.—Continued.Tallegwi.—Rafinesque (1830?) in Mercer, Len-ape Stone, 90, 1SS5.

Talligeu.—Heckewelder (1S19) in ibid., 40.Talligewi.—Walam Glum (1833) in Brinton,Lenape Leg., 200, 18S5.

Tallike.—Brinton, Lenape Leg., 230, 1S85.(Given as singular form of Talligewi. Zeis-berger translates talegdn, plural talegdwak, as" crane" in the Delaware language.)

Tchatakes.—La Salle (1682) in Margry, De-couvertes, 11, 197, 1S77. (Evidently theCherokee.)

Tsalagi.—Gatschet, Creek Mig. Leg., 25, 1884.Tsalaki'.—Mooney, Cherokee MS. Voc. (B. A.

E.), 1S87. (Proper form, as used by theUpper Cherokee ; plural, Ani-Tsdlaki', ab-breviated to Ani-Tsalak.)

Tsalakies.—Gallatin in Trans. Am. Antiq. Soc,II, 90, 1836.

Tsa-16-kee.—Morgan, Anc. Soc, 113, 1877.Tsaragi'.—Mooney, Cherokee MS. Voc. (B. A.E.), 1887. (Proper form, as used by theLower Cherokee; plural, Ani-Tsaragi'.)

Tschirokesen.—Wrangell, Ethn. Nachrichten,.\Kiii, iSui.

Tsulakki.—Grayson, MS. Creek Vocab. (B. A.E.), 1885. (Creek name.)

Tzulukis.—Rafinesque, American Nations, i,

123, 1836.Uwatayo-rons.—Gatschet, Creek Mig. Leg., 28,

1SS4. ("Cave people"; Wyandot name.)Uyada.—-Ibid. (Seneca name.)Zolucans.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Kentucky,

I, 23, 1S24.Zulocans.—Ibid.

Chicago.—-A Miami village on the site ofChicago, Cook county, Illinois, at theperiod of the earliest explorations inthat region, 1670-1700. A Frenchdocitment of 1695 makes it a Weavillage at that time (N. Y. Doc. Col.Hist., IX, 619, 1855). It was also thename of a chief of the Illinois about1725. The word is commonly trans-lated as "wild onion place" or "skunkplace," from shikakua, wild onion; orshekaug, skunk, in the neighboringAlgonrptian dialects. The name re-

fers probably to the foul smell aboutthe Chicago river. (See Hoffman in

14th Rep. Bur. Eth., p. 238.) (j.M.)

Checagou.—Tonty (1685) in Kelton, Ft. Mack-inac, 1 19, 1884.

Chegagou.—Document of 1695 in N. Y. Doc.Col. Hist., IX, 619, 1855.

Chegakou.—La Hontan (1703), New Voy., i,

231, 17 35-Chekakou.—Ibid., i, 135, 1703.Chicago.—Iberville (1702) in Minn. Hist. Soc.

Coll., I, 341, 1872.Chicags.—Croghan (1765) in N. Y. Doc. Col.

Hist., vn, 785, 1S56. (Misprint? It seemsto have been then an Indian village.)

Chicagu.—St Cosme (1699) in Shea, Early Voy.,51, 1 86 1

.

Chicagou.—Document of 1695 in N. Y. Doc.Col. Hist., IX, 627, 1855.

ChicagS.—St Cosme (1699) in .Shea, Early Voy.,56, 1861.

Chicagvv.—Ibid., 59.Chicaqw.—Ibid., 52.Chigagou.—Ibid., 68.Chikago.—La Tour, map, 1784. (Indian vil-

lage.)

Chikagons.—La Potherie, Hist. Amer., 11, 346,1753.

Chikagou.—St Cosme (1699) in Shea, EarlyVoy., 55, i86i.

Chikagoiia.—Gravier (1700) in ibid., 116-117.

Chillicothe,—One of the four territorialdivisions of the Shawnee, and perhapsoriginally a phratry. The division isstill recognized in the tribe, but themeaning of the word is lost. The di-vision always occupied a village of thesame name, and this village was re-garded as the chief town of the tribe.As the Shawnee retreated westwardbefore the whites, several villages ofthis name were sticcessively occupiedand abandoned. The old Lowertown,or "Lower Shawnee Town," at themouth of tlie Scioto, in Ohio, wasprobably called Chillicothe. Besidesthis there were three other villages ofthat name in Ohio, viz.:

(i) On Paint creek, on the site ofOldtown, near ChiUicothe in Rosscounty. This village may have beenoccupied by the Shawnee after re-moving from Lowertown. It wasthere as early as 1774, and was de-stroyed b}' the Kentuckians in 1787.

(2) On the Little Miami, about thesite of Oldtown in Greene county.The Shawnee are said to have re-moved from Lowertown to this vil-lage, but it seems more probable thatthey went to the village on Paintcreek. This village near Oldtown wasfrequently called Old Chillicothe, andBoone was a prisoner here in 1778.It was destroyed by Clark in 1780.

(3) On the (Great) Miami, at thepresent Piqua in Miami county. De-stroyed by Clark in 1 78 2. (j.M.)

Chellicothee.—Perrin du Lac, Voy. des DeuxLouisianas, 146, 1805.

Chilacoffee.—Broadhead (1779) in Penn. Ar-chives, XII, 179, 1856.

Chilicothe.—Harmar (1790) in Kauffman, West.Pa., app., 226, 1851.

Chilikoffi.—Brodhead, op. cit., iSi.Chillacothe.—Harmar, op. cit., app., 227.Chillicoffi.—Brodhead, op. cit., 258.Chillicothe.—Clark (17S2) in Butterfield, Wash.Irving Cor., 401, 18S2.

Chilocathe.—Lang and Taylor, Rept., 22, 1S43.Paint Creek town.—Flint, Ind. Wars, 69, 1833.

(In Ross county, on Paint creek.)Shillicoffy.—Brodhead, op. cit., 258.Tsala\gasagi.—Gatschet, Shawnee MS. (B. A.

E.), 1S79. (Correct form in plural.)

Choctaw.—Probably a corrtipted formof the Spanish word chato, meaning"flat" or "flattened," alluding to thecustom of these Indians of flatteningthe head.An important tribe of the Musk-

hogean stock, formerly occupying theiniddle and southern portions of whatis now the state of Mississippi, theirterritory extending, in their most flour-ishing days, for some distance east ofTombigbee river. Mauvila, where DeSoto met with such fierce resistance,was at that time in Choctaw territory.Ethnically they belong to Gatschet'

s

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Choctaw.—Continued.Fourth division, or Choctaw branch,of the Muskhogean family. Thisbranch included the Choctaw, Chick-asaw, Houma, and some small tribes

which formerly lived along Yazooriver. The languages of the membersof this branch are so closely related

that they may be considered as prac-

tically identical (Gatschet, Creek Mig.Leg., I, 53, 1884).The earliest notice of these Indians

is that recorded by De Soto. Thegiant Tuscalusa, whom he met in his

march down Coosa valley, and carried

to Mauvila, the capital of his province,was a Choctaw chieftain; and the In-

dians who fought the Spaniards so

fiercely at this town were, in part at

least, Choctaw. When the French,about the beginning of the i8th cen-

tury, began to settle colonies at Mo-bile, Biloxi, and New Orleans, theChoctaw came early into friendly re-

lations with them, and were their

allies in their wars against other In-

dian tribes. In the French war on theNatches in 1730, a large body of

Choctaw warriors served under aFrench officer. They continued this

friendship vintil the English traders

succeeded in drawing over to the Eng-lish interest some of the eastern Choc-taw towns. This brought on a warbetween them and the main body,who still adhered to the French,which continued until 1763, whenpeace was made between the two par-

ties. The tribe was at war with theCreeks at various times, especially

from 1765 to 1 77 1, and it was also in

constant warfare with the Chickasaw.After the French had surrenderedtheir possessions to Great Britain in

1763, and to some extent previouslythereto, members of the tribe beganto move across the Mississippi to thewest, where, in 1780, Milfort (Mem-moire, 95, 1802) met some of their

bands who were then at war withthe Caddq. About 1809 a Choctawvillage existed on Wachita river, andanother on Bayou Chicot, Opelousasparish, Louisiana. Morse (1820) saysthere were 1 200 of them on the Sabineand Nechez rivers, and about 140 onRed river, near Nanatsoho (Rep. onInd. Af?., 373, 1822). It is stated bysome historians that this tribe, or par-ties of it, participated in the Creekwar (Claiborne, Mississippi, 396)

;

this, however, is emphatically deniedby Halbert (Creek War of 18 13 and1 8 1 4 , 124), who states that he was in-

formed (1877) by some of the oldest

members of the tribe that the Choc-

taw showed no manifestation of hos-tility to the Americans during this

war. The larger part of those in Mis-sissippi began to migrate to IndianTerritory in 1835, having ceded mostof their lands to the United States invarious treaties (see Royce, IndianLand Cessions, 18th Rep. Bur. Am.Eth., pt. 11).

The Choctaw were pre-eminentlythe agriciilturists of the southernIndians. Though brave, their warsin most instances were defensive. Nomention is made of the "great house,"or "the square," in Choctaw towns,as they existed in the Creek communi-ties, nor of the green-corn dance. Thegame of "chunke," as well as thegame of ball, were played extensivelyamong them. It was their custom toclean the bones of the dead before de-positing in boxes or baskets in thebone-houses This cleaning of thebones or removal of the flesh was per-formed by "certain old gentlemenwith very long nails," who allowedtheir nails to grow long for this pur-pose. The people of this tribe also

followed the custom of setting uppoles around their new graves, onwhich they hung hoops, wreaths, etc.,

for the assistance of the spirit in its

ascent. They followed the cvistom offlattening the head.The population of the tribe when

they first came into relation with theFrench, about the year 1700, has beenestimated at from 15,000 to 20,000.The population in 190 1 numbered16,000, exclusive of 4250 "ChoctawFreedmen" (negroes). These are all

under the Union agency, Indian Ter-ritory. The number of the remnantof the tribe still in Mississippi is notknown.

There are, or at least were, formerlyseveral dialects spoken in different

sections; these, however, differed solittle that they have not been consid-ered worthy of special mention. Thetribe was formerly divided into twosections: one, including the mainbody, formed the upper section, occu-pying the central portions of thestate of Mississippi, and were alwaysreferred to and spoken of as the tribe.

The others were known as the GulfCoast Choctaw, who, according toMilfort (op. cit.), seem to have beensomewhat inferior in culture to, andsomewhat lower in morals than, theirnorthern brethren.

According to Morgan (Ancient Soci-ety, 99, 162, 1877) the Choctaw weredivided socially into two phratries,

each including four gentes, as foUojvs:

DICTIONARY OP INDIANS. 21

Choctaw.—Continued.A.—Kushap-okla, "divided people."

1. Kush-iksa-, "reed gens."2. Law-okla.3. Lulak-iksa.

4. Linokkisha.B.—Wataki htilata, "beloved peo-

ple."

1. Chufan-iksa-, "beloved people."2. Iskulani-, "small (people)."

3. Chito-, "large (people)."

4. Shakch-ukla, "cray-fish people."Besides these, mention is also

made of a gens named "Urihesahc"(Wright, in Ind. Aff., Rep. for 1843,

348), which has not been identified;

and of a local band—Oypat ukla

—

"eastern people" (q. v.).

The Mobilian, Tohome (or Tomez)

,

Touache, Mugulasha, Acolapissa (or

Colapissa) , Houma (or Ouma) , andConshac (q. v.) , are classified by Gat-schet (Creek Mig. Leg., i, 110-115,1884) as offshoots from the Choctaw.

Following are the names of theChoctaw villages; AUamutcha OldTown, AUoou Loanshaw, Ayanabi,Bayou chicot, Bishapa, Bishkoon,Bogue Chito, Bogue Toocola Chitto,Booctolooee, Boucfouca, Boutte Sta-tion, Cabea Hoola, Capinans, Chauki,Chicasawhay, Chinokabi, Chiskelik-

batcha, Chomontokali, Chooca Hoola,Coatraw, Conachitow, Conchachitou,Congeeto, Cushtachas, Cutha Aimc-thaw, Cuthi Uckehaca, East Abeika,East Congeeto, East Yazoo Skatani,Ebita Poocolo Chitto, Ebita PoocoloSkatani, Etuck Chukke, Fuketchee-poonta, Fuluktabunnee, Haanka Ulla,

Heitotowa, Hoola-tassa, Hyukkeni,Ikachiocata, Imongolasha Skatani,Kaffetalaya, Killis Tamaha, Little

Colpissas, Lookfa, Lus'hapa, Mahe-wala, Nashoweya, Oka Altakkala,OkaChippo, OkaCoopoly, Oka Hoola,Oka Lopassa, Oka Ltisa, Oka Poolo,Okatallia, Oktibbeha, Olitassa,

Oony, Oskelagna, Osuktalaya, Otak-shanabe, Panthe, Pineshuk, Pooscooste kale, Pooshapnkanuk, Sapeessa,Schekahaw, Shanhaw, Skunnepaw,Sukinatchi, Talla, Talpahoka, Teake-haily Ekutapa, Tombigbee, Tonica-haw, West Abeika, West Imongol-asha, West Yazoo, Wiatakali, YagnaShoogawa, Yanatoe, Yowanne.The Choctaws apply the name

Ukla falaya to a settleinent of severaltowns, and Ukla hannali to a groupof towns. (a.s.g. c.t.)

Cat Indians.—Jefferys, French Dom., 135 (map),1761.

Chacatos.—Barcia, Ensayo, 313, 1723.Chacktaws.—Jefferson (1781), Notes, 144, 1825.Chactah.—Rafinesque, Am. Nations, i, 241, 1S36.

Chactanys.—Ann. Propagation de la Poi, 11, 380,1841.

Chactas.—Parraud, Hist. Kentucke, in, 17S5.Chactaws.—Jefferys, French Dom., i, 153, 1761.Cha'hta.—Gatschet in American Antiquarian,

IV, 76, 1881-S2.Chaktaws.—N. Y. Stat, at Large, Treaty of

1808, VII, 98, 1846.Chaltas.—Coxe, Carolana, map, 1741. (Mis-print.)

Chaqueta.—Iberville (1700) in Margry, Ddcou-vertes, iv, 463, 1880.

Chaquitas.—Ibid., 419.Chataw.—Rogers, North America, 204, 1765Chat-Kas.—Du Pratz, Hist. La., 11, 216, 1758.Chatkaws.—Jefferys, French Dom., i, 165, 1701.Chattaes.—Coxe, Carolana, map, 1741.Chattas.—Ibid., 25.Chattoes.—Ibid., 22.Chawetas.—Perrin du Lac, Voy., 368, 1805.Chactaws.—Morse, N. Am., 218, 1776.Chicktaws.—Rogers, North America, 203, 1765.Chictaws.—Ibid., 238.Chocataus.—Disturnell, map Mc;ico, 1846.Chocktaws.—Ellicott, Journal, 35, 1797.Chocta.—Latham (1844) in Jour. Eth. Soc.London, i, i6o, 1848.

Choctaw.^French writer (ca. 1727) in Shea,Cath. Missions, 429, 1855.

Choctos.—Domenech. Deserts, 11, 193, i860.Choktah.—Barton, New Views, 1, 1798.Choktaus.—Am. Pioneers, i, 408, 1842.Choktaw.—Boudinot, Star in West, 184, 1816.Chouactas.—Martin, Hist. o£ La., 1, 249, 1827.Chukaws.—Boudinot, Star in West, 126, 1S16.Flat Heads.—Jefferys, French Dom., 135 (map),

1761.Flats.—Bartram, Travels, 515, 1791.Nabuggindebaig.—Tanner, Narrative, 316, 1830.("Flat heads"; the name given Ijy the Ot-tawas to a tribe " said to have lived below theIllinois river." Probably the same.)

Shacktaus.—Penhallow (1726) in N. H. Hist.Coll., I St ser., 79, 1824.

Shocktaus.—Ndes (1760) in Mass. Hist. Coll.,4th ser., 332, 1861.

Tchacias.—Charlevoix, Voy. to N. A., 11, 210,I7(>().

Tchatakes.—Margry, Decouvertes, 11, 197, 1877.Tchiactas.—Bienville (1708) in Doc. Col. Hist.

N. Y.. IX, 925, 1855.Tetes Plates.—Picciuet's letter (1752) in Park-man, Montcalm and Wolfe, 11, 417, 1S84.

Tschaktaer.—^AUy (17 12), Historic der Reisen,XVI, 1758.

Tshaxta.—Mtiller, Grundriss der Sprachwissen-schatt, II, pt. I, 232, 1876.

Tubbies.—See under that name.

Hominy.—From the Algonquian dia-

lects of New England; appliedto a dish prepared from hulledflint corn pounded or cracked, andboiled with beans of various kinds,with meat or fish added. Some ofthe forms of the name given byearly writers is tackhummin, "togrind corn (or grain)," and pokhom-niin, "to beat or thresh out."

(j.N.B.H.)

Illinois.—A confederacy of Algonquiantribes, the name of which, writ-ten sviccessiveh^ by the early au-thorities Erinouaj, or Eriniwek (or

-ouek) , Liniwek (or -ouek) , Aliniwekand Iliniwek, or Illinois, is derivedfrom ilini or illini, "man" (r and /

interchanged and -ek, -ouek, or -wekthe plural termination, changed bythe French to -ois). Hennepin

DICTIONARY OP INDIANS.

Illinois.

—

Continued.states that the word illini signifies

a "perfect or accomplished man."Although the term was used in

the earliest notices as referring to

a "nation'/' it applied in reality to

a confederacy of several tribes for-

merly occupying the southern por-

tion of Wisconsin, the northern part

of Illinois, and certain sections of

Iowa and Missouri. This accounttherefore relates only to the con-

federacy, the component tribes beingtreated under their respective names(Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea(Mouingouena) , Peoria, and Tam-aroa, q. v.).

The Illinois are first mentioned bythe French writers (1640-58) as liv-

ing in the vicinity of Green bay. But"vicinity" in this connection was a

very indefinite term, and applied to

tribes fifty or seventy-five leagues

distant as well as to those in the im-mediate neighborhood. WhetherNicollet (1634-39) reached any of the

tribes is not positively known. Jus-tin Winsor (Cartier to Frontenac),judging by the language of Vimont(Jes. Rel., 1640), is inclined to think

he did, and although it is doubtfulwhether he passed down Wisconsinriver, this writer remarks that "it

seems far more certain that Nicollet

pushed directly south and reachedthe tribe of the Illinois, where he sawsomething of the Sioux, who were in

that neighborhood on an expeditionfrom the country farther west." TheJesuit Relation for 1660 represents

them as living southwest from Greenbay in sixty villages, and gives theextravagant estimate of the poptila-

tion as 20,000 men or 100,000 souls.

AUouez, who met a body of them at

La Pointe, on Lake Superior, says,

"The Illinois do not live in these

parts; their country is more thansixty leagues from here at the southbeyond a great river." At the time of

his visit some three or four yearslater, they were reduced to two vil-

lages in consequence of continualwars with the Sioux, Iroquois, andother tribes. It is evident, however,that he refers to those with whomhe came in contact or of whom heobtained knowledge. There are no re-

liable data or native traditions relat-

ing to the direction from which theycame, nor the point at which theyentered the region in which they werefirst found by the whites. It is prob-able, however, that they came throughthe lower peninsula of Michigan, for

they are not mentioned in the early

accounts in connection with Macki-naw or Sault Ste Marie; it is knownthat the Mascoutin (q. v.), withwhom they are probably related,

came by this route; it is also gener-

ally conceded that the Sauk andFox (q. v.), who, as well as the Mas-coutin, were found in Wisconsinnorth of the Illinois, came by thesame route; their somewhat close re-

lationship with the Miami, who, withthe Kickapoo and Mascoutin, are in-

cluded by some of the old authorities

under the term "Illinois," wouldseem to favor this view, as nothing is

found indicating that either of these

tribes was ever located at, or in, thevicinity of Mackinaw, or the Sault.

The statement in the Jesuit Relationsthat they came from the border of agreat sea in the far west arose, nodoubt (as Tailhan suggests), from amisunderstanding of the term "greatwater" given by the Indians, whichin fact referred to the Mississippi.

Their exact location when first heardof by the whites cannot be de-

termined with certainty, as thetribes and bands were more or less

scattered over southern Wisconsin,northern Illinois, and along the westbank of the Mississippi. They first

came in actual contact with them(unless it be true that Nicollet visited

them) at La Pointe (Chegoimegon)

,

where AUouez met a party in 1667which was visiting that point for pur-poses of trade. In 1670 the samepriest found a number of them at theMascoutin village on upper Foxriver, some nine miles from wherePortage City now stands, but this

band then contemplated joining their

brethren on the Mississippi. Thedifferent statements in regard to

the number of their villages at this

period and the indefiniteness as to

localities render it difficult to reacha satisfactory conclusion on thesepoints. It appears that some villages

were located on the west side of theMississippi, in what is now the state

of Iowa, yet the larger portion of thetribes belonging to the confederacyresided at points in northern Illinois.

When Marquette journeyed downthe Mississippi in 1673, he found thePeoria and Moingouena on the westside, about the mouth of the DesMoines river. On his return hefound them on Illinois river, near thesite of the present city of Peoria.

Thence he passed northward to thevillage of Kaskaskia, on upper Illinois

river, within the limits of the presentLasalle county. At this time the

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 23

Illinois.—Continued.village consisted of seventy-four cab-ins and was occupied by one tribeonly, but a few years later (1690-94)missionaries reported it to consist of

three liundred and fifty cabins, oc-

cupied by eight tribes. "Tribes," asused in this connection, probablysignifies, in part at least, only bands.Father Sebastian Rale, who visitedthe village in 1692 and reinainedthere two years, placed the number of

cabins at three hundred, each of four"fires," with two families to a "fire,"

indicating a population of at least10,000—probably an excessive es-

timate. The evidence, however,indicates that a large part of the con-federacy was collected at this point for

a while. The Kaskaskia at this timewere in somewhat intiinate relationwith the Peoria, since Gravier, whoreturned to their village in 1700, sayshe found them preparing to start

south, and believed if he could havearrived sooner "that the Kaskas-kians would not thus have separatedfrom the Peouaroua [Peoria] andother Illinois." By his persuasionthey were induced to stop in southernIllinois at the point to which theirnaine was given. It is evident thatthe Cahokia and Tamaroa were atthis time located at their historic

seats in southern Illinois. These In-

dians were almost constantly har-assed by the Sioux, Foxes, and othernorthern tribes. It was probably onthis account that they concentrated,about the time of La Salle's visit,

on Illinois river. About the sametime, or very soon thereafter, the Iro-

cjuois waged war against them whichlasted several years and greatly re-

duced their numbers, while liquorobtained from the French tended still

further to weaken them. The miir-der of the celebrated chief, Pontiac,by a Kaskaskia Indian about theyear 1769, brought down the ven-geance of the Lake tribes upon theIllinois, and a war of exterminationwas begun which in a few years re-

duced them to a mere handful, whotook refuge with the French settlers

at Kaskaskia, while the Sauk, Foxes,Kickapoo, and Potawatomi took pos-session of their country. In 1778 theKaskaskia still numbered 210, livingin a village three miles north of Kas-kaskia, while the Peoria and Michi-gamea together numbered 170 onthe Mississippi, a few miles fartherup. According to Hutchins, bothbands were demoralized and general-ly worthless. In 1833 the survivors,

represented by the Kaskaskia andPeoria, sold their lands in Illinois andremoved west of the Mississippi.

The}- are now in Indian Territory,consolidated with the Wea and Pian-kashaw.

Nothing definite is known of theirtribal divisions or clans. In 1736,according to Chauvignerie, the to-

tem of the Kaskaskia was an arrownotched at the feather, or two arrowsfixed like a St Andrew's cross, whilethe Illinois as a whole had the crane,bear, white hind, fork, and turtle

totems.The principal tribes or divisions of

the Illinois were five in number: theCahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea,Peoria, and Tamaroa. Among otherdivisions mentioned by the earlywriters are the Albivi, Ainicoa, Amo-nokoa, Chepoussa, Chinko, Coiraco-entanon, Espeminkia, Honabanou(?),Mosopelea (?), Mouingouena, Neg-aouichirinouek, Ocansa, Ochiaken-end (?), Omouhoa, Pimitoui, andTapouara. Soine of these bands mayhave been parts of the Miami, Wea,or Piankashaw, who Avere closely con-nected with the Illinois. In generaltheir villages bore the names of thetribes occupying thein, and were con-stantly varying in number and shift-

ing in location.

The Illinois are described by early

writers as tall and robust, with ratherpleasant visages. The descriptions of

their character given by the early

missionaries differ widely; AUouezand Marquette speak most highly of

them, describing them as the mostdocile and susceptible of Christianity

of any of the western Indians; whileMembre and Marest describe them as

wandering, idle, fearfvil, irritable, in-

constant, traitorous, lewd, and brutal.

Their history appears to justify theestimate of Marquette and AUouez,and it is well known that they weregenerally faithful to the French; onthe other hand, they appear to havebeen tiiHid and fearful, easily drivenfrom their homes by their enemies,fickle, treacherous, and lewd. Theywere counted excellent archers, and,besides the bow, used in war a kindof pike and a wooden mace. Polyg-amy was coininon among them, aman sometimes taking several sisters

as wives. Unfaithfulness of wiveswas punished, as among the Miami,the Sioux, and other tribes, by cut-

ting off the nose ; and as the men werevery jealous, this punishment wasoften , inflicted on mere suspicion

(Membre, Nar.). The husband was

24 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Illinois.—Continued.not prone to separate from his wifeafter children were born to them ; in

case of sc])aration the children re-

mained with the mother. It was notthe custom of the Illinois at the timethe whites first became acquaintedwith them to bury their dead. Thebody was wrapj^ed in skins and at-

tached by the feet and head to trees.

There is reason, however, to believe,from discoveries which have beenmade in mounds and ancient graves,which appear to be attributable tosome of the Illinois tribes, that theskeletons, after the flesh had rottedaway, were buried, often in rtide

stone sepulchers; and that after theyhad been in contact with the whitesfor some time, probably through theinfluence of the missionaries, inhuma-tion became the tisual custom. Theprisoners they captured in war wereusually sold to other tribes. Little is

known in regard to their religious be-liefs. The Peoria declared to Gravierthat all of man died; that if thespirit survived they would see thedead rettirn to earth.

According to Hennepin the cabinsof the more northern tribes weremade like long arbors and coveredwith double mats of flat flags, orrushes, so well sewed that they werenever penetrated by wind, snow, orrain. To each cabin were four or fivefires, and to each fire two families,indicating that each dwelling housedsome eight or ten families. Theirtowns were not inclosed.

All accounts agree that the Illinois

when first known were numerous andpowerful, but the early estimates oftheir population are too vagvie to bereliable. It is probable that the ear-lier writers classed with the Illinois

many bands afterward recognized asdistinct tribes. This would accountin some measure for the exaggeratedaccounts of their early numbers. Hen-nepin estimated them about 1680 at400 houses and 1800 warriors, orabout 7000 souls. The constant warswaged against them by other tribes,and the vices introduced by theFrench, rapidly reduced them, butabout the year 1750 they were still

estimated at from 1500 to 2000 souls.They were practically exterminatedby the war following the death ofPontiac, and in 1800 there were onlyabout 150 left. In 1885 the consoli-dated Peoria, Kaskaskia, Wea, andPiankashaw numbered but 149, andeven these are much mixed withwhite blood. The subsequent history

of the tribes is noticed under theirrespective names, as above given.The villages of the confederacy

noted in history are: Cahokia (mis-sion). Immaculate Conception, Kas-kaskia, Matchinkoa, Moingwena, Mo-sopelea, Peoria, Pimitoui. (j.M. ex.)

Abimiouec.—Document of 1660, in Margry,Decouvertes, i, 54, 1875. (b should be /.)

AbimiSec.—Jesuit Relations, 12, 1660. (b

should be /. It is corrected in the errata, butthe incorrect form is followed in Margry.)

Alimouek.—^Ibid., 21, 1667.Alimouk.—Ibid., iii, index, 1858.Aliniouek.—Ibid., 21, 1658.AliniSek.—Ibid., 12, 1O60. (Correction inerrata.)

Alinouecks.—Coxe, Carolana, 19, 1741.Atlinouecks.—Ibid., 49.Chichigoueks.—La Potherie, Hist. Ain., 11, 40,

I 7 5 ,1 •

Chicktaghicks.—Colden (1727), Five Nations,,iO, 1747-

Chictaghicks.—Sinith in Williams, Vermont, I,

501, 1800. (Iroquois name.)Chigtaghcicks.—Colden (1727), Five Nations,

r-.i. 1747.Chiktachiks.—Homann, map, 1756.Eriniouai.—Jesuit Relations, 35, 1640.Eriniwek.—Ibid., in. index, 1858.Geghdageghroano.—Post (1758) in Prou.l, Pa.,

II, app., 1 1.^, 1798.Geghtigeghroones.—Canajoharie conf. (1759)in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., vii, 384, 1856.

Hilini.—Brinton, Lenape Leg., 213, 1885.Hiliniki.—Rafinesque. Am. Nations, I, 139,

1S36. (Delaware name.)Ilimouek.—Jesuit Relations, loi, 1670.Iline.—Hervas (1785) in Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec.

3, 347, tSi6. (Italian form.)Ilinese.—La Hontan, New Voy., i, 217, 1703.Ilinesen.—Walch, map, 1805. (German form.)Uinioiiek.—Jesuit Relations, 19, 1667.Ilinois.—Ibid., 86, 1670.Ilinoiiets.—Ibid., 93, 1670.Ilinoiietz.—Ibid., lor, 1670.Ilionois.—Proud, Pa., 11, 296, 1798.Illenois.—Morse, North Am., map, 1776.Illenonecks.—Ibid., 255.IlHcoueck.—Coxe. Carolana, 17, 1741.Illimoiiec.—Jesuit Relations, 21, 1667.Illinese.—Hennepin, Cont. of New Disc, 88,

1698.Ulinesen.—^Vater, Mith., pt. 3, sec. 3, 3.11, 1S16.(German form.)

Il-li-ni.—Hough in Indiana Geol. Rept., map,1883.

Illiniens.—Hennepin, Cont. of New Disc, 45b,1698.

Illiniwek.—Shea, Cath. Miss., 348, 1855.Illinoias.—Niles (1761 ?) in Mass. Hist. Soc Coll.,

4th ser., V, 541, 1 86 1.

Illinois.—Prise de Possession (1671) in Margry,Decouvertes, I, 96, 1875.

Illinoix.—Brackenridge, La., 132, 1815.Illinonecks.—-Morse, North Am., 253, 1776.lUinoneeks.—Document of 17 19 in N. C. Rec,

11, 351, i886.lUinouecks.—Coxe, Carolana, 49, 1741.lUonese.—Schermerhorn (1S12) in Mass. Hist.Soc. Coll., 2d ser., 11, 3, 1814.

Ilionois.—Campbell (1761) in ibid., 4th ser., ix,

423, 1 871.Illuni.—-Allouez (1665) fide Ramsey in Ini. Aff.

Rept., 71, 1849-50.Irinions.—Jesuit Relations, 97, 1642.Isle aux Noix.—Lapham, Ind's of Wis., 4, 1S70.

(" Walnut island" ; a form used by some au-thor, who probably mistook Illinois for a cor-rupted French word.)

Islinois.—La Salle (1680) in Margry, Decou-vertes, II, ^1,, 1877.

Kichtages.—Maryland treaty (1682) in N. Y.Doc. Col. Hist., Ill, 32s, 1853.

J

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 25

Illinois.—Continued.Kicktages.—Albany conference (1726) in ibid.,

V. 791. 1855.Kighetawkigh Roanu.—Dobbs, Hvidson Bay, 28,

1744. (Iroquois name.)Kightages.—Livingston (1720) in N. Y. Doc.

Ci.l. Hist., V, 567, 1855.Lazars.—Croghan (1759) in Kauffnian, West.

Pa., 146, 1 85 1.

Lezar.—Ibid, in Jefferson. Notes, 14s, 1825.(Seems to be the Illinois.)

Liniouek.—Jesuit Relations, .39, 1656.Linneways.—Brice, Ft. Wayne, 121, 186S.Linways.—Croethan, op. cit.

Minneways.—Brice, Ft. Wayne, i2t, 1868.Ondataouaouat.—Potier in Charlevoix, NewFrance, 11. 270, 1866. (First applied by theWyandot to the Ottawa (q. v. for forms),but afterward to the Illinois.)

Willinis.—Proud, Pa., 11, 296, 179S.Witishaxtanu.—Gatschet, Wyandot MS. (B. A.

E.), iSSi. (Froni Ushaxtano, Illinois river;Wyandot name for the Peoria, Kaskaskia,Wea, and Piankashaw.)

Milwaukee.—"The fine land" (fromiiiilo or inino, "good," a.nd aki, "land"—Baraga). Kelton (Annals Ft. Mac-kinac, 1884) gives the form as Minc-wagi, meaning "there is a good point,"or "there is a point where huckle-berries grow." About the year 1699a village, known under some formof this naine, and perhaps belongingto the Potawatomi, existed near thepresent Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

(J.M.)

Melleki.—Old map (1699?), followed in niap inLaiiham, lud's of Wis., 1870.

Melwarck.—St Cosme (1699) in ibid., 5.

Melwarik.—Lapham, ibid., 20. (Probably fromSt Cosme, 1699.)

Nashua. A tribe formerly living onupper Nashita river, in Worcestercounty, Massachusetts, and saidby some writers to have been con-nected with the Massachusett tribe,

but classed by Potter with thePennacook. They had a village,

also called Nashua, near the presentLeominster, but their principal vil-

lage seems to have been Weshacum, afew miles farther south. They werethe original owners of the Naushawagor Nashua tract, extending for sev-eral miles in every direction aroundLancaster. On the outbreak of KingPhilip's war in 1675 they joined thehostile Indians, and at his death theNashita, numbering several hundred,attempted to escape in two bodies tothe east and west. Both parties werepursued and a large number killedand captured, the prisoners beingafterward sold into slavery. A few ofthose who escaped eastward joinedthe Pennacook, while about 200 ofthe others crossed the Hudson andfled to the Mahican or the Munsee,and ceased to exist as a separate

tribe. A few still remained near theirold homes in 1701. (j-M.)

Nashaway.—Eliot (1651) in Mass. Hist. Soc.Coll., ,sd ser., iv, 123, 1834.

Nashawog.—Eliot (1648) in ibid., 81, 1834.Nashoway.—Report (ca. 1657) in N. H. Hist.Sue. Coll., in, 96, 1832.

Nashua.—Writer of 1810 in Mass. Hist. Soc.Coll., 2d ser., I, i8t, 1814.

Nashuays.—Drake, Book of Ind's, ix, 1848.Nashuway.—Hinckley (1676) in Mass. Hist. Soc.

Coll., 4th ser., V, I, i86i.Nashuyas.—Domenech, Deserts, i, 442, i860.Nassawach.—Courtland (i688) in N. Y. Doc.Col. Hist., III. 562, 1853.

Nasshaway.—Pvnchon (1677) in ibid., xiil, 511,[8S1.

Nassoway.—Writer of 1676 in Drake, Ind.Chron., 130, 1836.

Naushawag.—Paine (about 1792) in Mass. Hist.S >c. Ci)ll., ist ser., i, 115, 1806. (Applied tothe territory.)

Weshakim.—Gookin (1674) in Mass. Hist. Soc.Coll., ist ser., I, 193, 1806.

Niagara.—Being of Iroquoian origin,one of the earliest forms of thisplace-name is that in the JesuitRelation for 1641, in which it is writ-ten Ongitiaahra, evidently a misprintfor Ongniaahra, and it is there madethe name of a Neutral town and ofthe river which to-day bears this

designation, a\th.oughO)igniarahronoiiof the Jesuit Relation for the year1640 appears to be a misprint forOiig}iiarahro}ion, signifying "Peopleof Oiigiiiarali." The Iroquois andtheir congeners applied it to the placewhereon the village of Youngstown,Niagara county, New York, nowstands. On the Tabula Novas Fran-cia?, or Map of New France, in His-toriiB Canadensis, sev Novas-Franciaj(bk. 10, Paris, 1664, but made in 1660by Franciscus Creixxius, S. J.), theFalls of Niagara are called "Ongiaracatarractes." Much ingenuity hasbeen exercised in atteinpts to analyzethis name. The most probable deriva-tion, however, is from the Iroquoiansentence-word, which in Onondagaand Seneca becomes O'liiiia'gd' , andin Tuscarora il'Iinia'ka'r, and whichsignifies "bisected bottom-land." Its

first use was perhaps by the Neutralor Huron tribes. (j.n.b.h.)

Ohio.—-The Abbe de Gallinee in 1669employed this Iroquoian river namein its present orthography (Mar-gry, Decouvertes, pt. i, 114). Tenyears later La Salle, in speaking of thestream, says (op. cit., pt. 11, 79—80) , "ariver which I have found." and then, alittle farther, he adds, "which I havecalled Baiidrane. The Iroquois call it

Ohio, and the Outaouas [Ottawas]Olighin-cipou." But in the Acte dePrise de Possession (op. cit., pt. 11,

184), dated March 13, 1682, he writes.

26 DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Ohio.—CoHlinued."from the mouth of the river Saint-Louis, called Ohio, 01ii::;hin-sipou andChukagoua." The latter name is

also written Siiskakoua (op. cit., pt. ii,

q6). It was most probably a name ofCumberland river.

The name Ohio is evidently a com-pressed form of the common Iroquoiansentence-word 0'hw"'Iitio' , signifying" It-river is fine, beautiful." It is de-rived from the noun o'lno"'ha', "it-

river, it-stream"; the prefixed o is agender sign, and the adjective -«o',

"fine, beautiful," the substantiveverb being understood. Hence, Ohiosignifies, "It is a beautiful river."

(j.N.B.H.)

Pontiac.—An Ottawa chief, born al)out

1720, probably on Ottawa river,

Canada. Though his paternity is

not positively established, it is

most likely that his father was anOttawa chief and his mother anOjibwa woman. J. Wimer (Events inInd. Hist., 155, 1842), says that asearly as 1746 he commanded the In-dians—mostly Ottawa—who defend-ed Detroit against the attack ofthe northern tribes. It is supposedhe led the Ottawa and Ojibwa war-riors at Braddoek's defeat. He first

appears prominently in history at hismeeting with Maj. Robert Rogers, in

1760, at the place where Cleveland,Ohio, now stands. This officer hadbeen despatched to take possession ofDetroit on behalf of the English.Pontiac objected to the further inva-sion of the territory, but, learningthat the French had been defeated inCanada, consented to the surrenderof Detroit to the English, and was themeans of preventing an attack onthe latter by a body of Indians at themouth of the strait. That whichgives him most prominence in his-

tory and forms the chief episode ofhis life is the plan he devised for ageneral uprising of the Indians andthe destruction of the forts and set-

tlements of the English. He was fora time disposed to be on terms offriendship with the English and con-sented to acknowledge King George,but only as an "uncle," not as a su-perior. Failing to receive the recog-nition he considered his due as agreat sovereign, and being deceivedby the rumor that the French werepreparing for the reconquest of theirAmerican possessions, he resolved toput his scheme into operation. Hav-ing brought to his aid most of thetribes northwest of the Ohio, his plan

was to make a sudden and contem-poraneous attack on all the Britishposts on the lakes,—at St. Joseph,Ouiatenon, Michilimackinae, and De-troit,—the Miami and Sandusky, andalso on the forts at Niagara, PresriueIsle, Le Boeuf, Venango, and Pitt (DuQuesne) . The taking of Detroit wasto be his special task. The end ofMay, 1763, was the appointed timewhen each tribe was to attack thenearest fort, and, after killing thegarrison, to fall on the adjacent set-

tlements. It was not long before theposts at Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami(Ft.Wayne), Ouiatenon, Michilimack-inae, Presque Isle, Le Bceuf, andVenango were taken and the garrisonin most cases massacred; but themain points, Detroit and Fort Pitt,

were successfully defended and theIndians forced to raise the siege. Thiswas a severe blow to Pontiac, but his

hopes were finally crushed by the re-

ceipt of a letter from M. Neyon, com-mander of Ft. Chartres, advising himto desist from further warfare, as peacehad been conckided between Franceand Great Britain. However, un-willing to abandon entirely his hopeof driving back the English, he madean attempt to incite the tribes

along the Mississippi to join in an-other effort. Being unsuccessful in

this attempt, he finally made peace atDetroit, August 17, 1765. In 1769 heattended a drinking carousal atCahokia, Illinois, where he was mtu*-

dered by a Kaskaskia Indian. Pon-tiac, if not fully the • eqvial of

Tecumseh, stands closely second tohim in strength of mind and breadthof comprehension. (c.T.)

Raccoon.—Froin the southern Algon-( [uian group of dialects. By the earlyVirginia authors it is variously writtenrahaugJicuius, rangroiighcuns, aro-coiins, aroughcHus, raroivcuns ,rakowns

,

racones, arrahacoanes. This well-known animal is described as being"much like a badger, but living ontrees like a squirrel." (j.n.b.h.)

Samp.—The name of a dish preparedfrom pounded or cracked corn withthe flour or finest portion sifted out of

it, and boiled with beans or pieces of

meat or fish, or with all of these. Fromthe Algonquian dialects of New Eng-land, sampe and nawsaump beingamong the early forms used.

(j.n.b.h.)

Squash.—The present name of this well-known vegetable is from the Algon-quian dialects spoken in New Eng-

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 27

Squash.—Continued.land. Early authors wrote the namein a variety of ways, among thembeing squantersquash and squanter-squashes, askutasquashes , isquonier-squoashes, isquotersquashes, and is-

quoukersquashes . In English usagethe fore-part of the Indian term hasbeen discarded. (j.n.b.h.)

Succotash.—From the Algonquian dia-lects of New England, written msick-quatash by Roger Williams. Thedish consisted of the whole grains ofgreen corn cut or scraped from thecob, with which beans of variouskinds were usually mixed, and boiledas a stew or pudding. (j.n.b.h.)

Susquehanna.— Algonquian in origin,this river name was written Sasqiie-sahanocks by Capt. John Smith in1606; but in this form it is hybrid,the final 5 being the English suffix in-dicating the plural form of nouns.Sasquesahanock is then the aboriginalform with which present inquiry is

concerned, but this appellation is

sometimes written Sa5(3'»g/ianna; both,however, are correct. Sasquesa is aderivative adjective form of asisku orasiskwa, signifying "mud or clay,"and means therefore "muddy orroily." But the bare noun may alsobe employed in compounds with anadjective force, giving rise to thesecond form of the term in question.The next element is han or hanna,meaning "river or stream of water";and the last is ock, a locative suffix,

signifying, "at," "at the place of."Hence, Susquchayina signifies, "Atthe roily or muddy river." Smiththus applied a place-name to a peo-ple, (j.n.b.h.)

Tecumseh, more strictly Tecumthe.

—

A celebrated Shawnee chief, born in1768 at a former Indian village onMad river, near Springfield, Ohio.His father, Puckeshinwa, was a mem-ber of the Kiscopoke (Tiger?) gens ofthe tribe and his mother, Methoa-taske, of the Turtle gens. His fatherrose to the rank of chief, and fell inthe battle of the Kanawha in 1774.After the death of his father Tecum-seh was placed in charge of his oldestbrother, Cheeseekau, who, it is said,labored to lead him to a high Indianstandard of a warrior's life. He seemsto have had a passion for war fromhis boyhood. Previous to 1791 hetook part in some war expeditions tothe south and west, and during 1792-93 joined in several forays on thewhite settlements and in resisting

the attack of the Kentucky volun-teers. He took an active part in theIndian effort to resist AnthonyWayne. About 1805 or 1806 he be-gan, in connection with his brotherElskwatawa, the "Prophet," to de-velop his scheme of uniting the west-em tribes in an effort to resist thefurther advance of the whites. Heclaimed that the whole country be-longed to the tribes in common, hencea sale of land to the whites by onetribe did not convey title unless con-firmed by the other tribes. He there-fore seriously protested against thecession of lands made about thattime to the whites by the Miami andother tribes, or, as is probable, thesewere used as a pretext for advancinghis scheme of tmited effort. Anotherpart of his program, probably in partthe offering of his brother's niind, wasthat there should be no more fightingbetween tribes, the people shouldabandon the use of intoxicatingliquors, and wear skins instead ofblankets as their ancestors had done.The various tribes from the GreatLakes to the Gulf were visited andthe plan unfolded to them. GeneralW. H. Harrison, then governor ofNorthwest Territory, warned themovers in this scheme to desist, andheld several interviews with Tecum-seh, but these efforts were productiveof no steps toward peace. The warbegan, but Tecumseh' s plans wereblasted by the defeat of the Indiansat Tippecanoe, which was brought onby his brother while Tecumseh wasabsent in the south and contrary tohis positive order. After this hejoined the English and was killed atthe battle of the Thames, Oct. ^, 18 13.In estimating the character of Te-cumseh the language of Tnnnbull(Indian Wars) may be accepted withassurance: " He was the most extra-ordinary Indian that has appeared inhistory [of the United States]. Hewould have been a great man in anyage or nation. Independent, of themost consummate courage and skill

as a warrior, and with all the charac-teristic acuteness of his race, he wasendowed by nature with the attri-butes of mind necessary for greatpolitical combinations." Althoughenthusiastic in behalf of what he be-lieved to be for the welfare of hisrace, he was not blind to the powerof the United States. He was awarethat the only hope of preventing afurther advance of the whites was bya union of the tribes. He discardedthe idea of the right of discovery and

28 DICTIONARY OP INDIANS.

Tecumseh.—Continued.superior civilization by which Euro-pean powers claimed dominion, andartfully advanced the theory of thecoinmunal right of the tribes to the en-

tire country. He admitted that thetitle of a given tribe within the limits

was perfect and perpetual as to othertribes, but held that this did not con-fer upon the tribe the right to sell to

others not Indians, this right belong-ing alone to the whole body. As this

was followed up by a plea to the tribes

to cease war between themselves, andbreak off from indulgence in intoxi-

cating drinks, we have evidence of

a mind with great comprehensivepowers. See Mooney in FovirteenthRep. Bur. Eth., 681-691. (c.T.)

Treaties.— The political status of theIndians residing within the territorial

limits of the United States has beenchanged in one important respect byofficial action. From the formationof the Government to March 3, 187 1,

the relations with the Indians weredetermined by treaties made withtheir tribal atithorities; but by actof Congress of the date named thelegal fiction of recognizing the tribes

as independent nations with whichthe United States could enter intosolemn treaties was finally set asideafter it had continued for nearly acentury. The effect of this act wasto bring under the immediate controlof Congress the relations of the Gov-ernment with the Indians and to re-

duce to simple agreements what hadbefore been accomplished by treaties

as with a foreign power. Why theGovernment, although claiming com-plete sovereignty over the territor}'

and inhabitants within its domain,adopted the method of dealing withthe Indians through treaties, whichin the trvie legal sense of the term canonly be entered into by independentsovereignties, may briefly be stated:

The first step of the Government in

determining its policy toward theIndians, whether expressed or im-plied, was to decide as to the natureof their territorial rights, this beingthe chief factor in their relations withthe whites. This decision is distinctly

stated by the United States SupremeCourt in the case of Johnson andGraham's lessee vs. Mcintosh (8

Wheaton, 453 et seq.), as follows:

"It has never been contended thatthe Indian title amounted to noth-ing. Their right of possession hasnever been questioned. The claim of

the Government extends to the com-

plete, ultimate title, charged with theright of possession, and to the exclu-sive power of acquiring this right."The next step was to determine thebranch of the Government to carryout this policy. By the 9th of theArticles of Confederation it was de-clared that "the United States in

Congress assembled have the sole andexclusive right and power of regu-lating the trade, and managing all

affairs with the Indians not membersof any of the states." It is clear,

therefore, that while acting under theArticles of Confederation the right of

managing relations with the Indiansresided in Congress alone. In theformation of the Constitution this is

briefly expressed under the powers of

the legislative department, as fol-

lows: "To regulate commerce withforeign nations and ainong the sev-

eral states, and with the Indiantribes."

It is apparent, frorn the use of theterm "tribes," that the framers of theConstitution had in contemplationthe method of dealing with the In-

dians as tribes through treaties. Thisis clearly shown by the act of MarchI, 1793, in which it is stated that nopurchase or grant of lands shall be of

any validity "unless the same bemade by a treaty or convention en-tered into pursviant to the Constitu-tion." This action of Congress neces-sarily placed the initiatory steps in

dealing with the Indians under thejurisdiction of the President as thetreaty-making power, subject to con-firmation by the Senate.The colonies and also the mother

country had treated with the Indiansas "nations," their chiefs or sachemsoften being designated as "kings,"

—

and this idea, being retained by thefounders of our Government, was in-

grafted into their policy. It must beremembered that the colonies thenwere weak, and that the Indian tribes

were comparatively strong and cap-able of requiring recognition of equal-ity. Notwithstanding the evidentanomaly of such course, the growthin numbers and strength of thewhites, and the diminishing power of

the natives, this implied equality wasrecognized in the dealings betweenthe two until the act of March 3, 187 1

.

During all this time Indian titles tolands were extinguished only vmderthe treaty-making clause of the Con-stitution; and these treaties, thoiighthe tribe may have been reduced to asmall band, were usually clothed in

the same stately verbiage as the most

Dictionary op Indians. 29

Treaties.—Continued.important treaty with a great Euro-pean power.

It appears froin the annual reportof the Commissioner of Indian Affairs

for 1890 that " From the execution ofthe first treaty made between theUnited States and the Indian tribes

residing within its Umits (September17, 1778, with the Delawares) to theadoption of the act of March 3, 187 1,

that 'no Indian nation or tribe withinthe territory of the United Statesshall be acknowledged or recognizedas an independent nation, tribe, orpower with whom the United Statesmay contract by treaty,' the UnitedStates has pursued a uniform courseof extinguishing the Indian title onlywith the consent of those tribes whichwere recognized as having claim to

the soil by reason of occvipancy, suchconsent being expressed in treaties.

. . . Except only in the case of

the Sioux Indians in Minnesota, after

the outbreak of 1S62, the Govern-ment has never extinguished an In-

dian title as by right of conquest ; andin this case the Indians were pro-vided with another reservation, andsubsequently were paid the net pro-ceeds arising froin the sale of the landvacated."From the sa:ne report it is learned

that the Indian title to all the publicdomain had then been extinguishedexcept in Alaska, in the portions in-

cluded in one hundred and sixty-tworeservations, and those acquired bythe Indians through purchase. Asthe title to reservations is derived in

most cases from the United States,

and title by purchase is derived di-

rectly or indirectly from the samesource, it may be stated that the In-

dian title to all the public domain,except in Alaska, had practically

been extinguished by the year 1890.

As the dealings with Indians re-

garding lands constitute the mostimportant transactions with whichthe Government has been concerned,and those to which most of the treat-

ies relate, the Indian policy of theUnited States is most clearly shownthereby. By some of the EuropeanGovernments having American colo-

nies,—as, for example, Spain,—theIndian claim was recognized only to

as much land as was occupied or in

use, but it has been usual for theUnited States to allow it to extendto the territory claimed, wherethe boundaries were recognized andacknowledged by the surrotmdingtribes. It would seem, in fact, that

the United States proceeded on thetheory that all the land within theirterritorial bounds were held by thenatives, and hence that the possessoryright of the Indians thereto must beextinguished. The only known varia-tion from this rule was in the case ofthe Uintah Utes, where an omittedportion of their claimed territory wastaken possession of (Eighteenth Rep.Bur. Am. Eth., pt. 11, 824, 1896-97).From the formation of the Govern-ment up to March 3, 187 1, six hun-dred and fifty-three treaties weremade with ninety-eight different

tribes or recognized tribal organiza-tions, as follows:

Apache. Nisr[ualli.

Appalachicola. Oglala.Arapaho. Omaha.Arikara. Oneida.Bannock. Hunkpapa.Blackfoot. Osage.Brothertown. Oto.Blood. Ottawa.Caddo. Pawnee.Cahokia. Peoria.

Cayuse. Piankashaw.Chasta. Piegali.

Cherokee. Ponca.Cheyenne. Potawatomi.Chickasaw. Puyallup.Chippewa. Quapaw.Choctaw. Quinaielt.

Comanche. Rogue River.

Cow Creek. vSauk.

Creek. Seminole.Crow. Seneca.Delaware. Shawnee.Dwamish. Shomamish.Eel River. Shoshoni.Flathead. Sioux.

Fox. Sklallam.Grosventres. Stockbridge.Iowa. Suquamish.Kalapuya. Tamaroa.Kansa. Tawakoni.Kaskaskia. -Teton.

Kickapoo. Tuscarora.Kiowa. Two Kettles.

Klamath. Umatilla.Kutenai. Umpqua.Makah. Pend d' Oreille.

Mandan. 4Jte.

Mdewakanton. Wahpekute.Menominee. Wahpeton.Miami. "Wallawalla.

Miniconjovi. Wasco.Missouri. Wea.Michigamea. Winnebago.Modoc. Wichita.Mohawk. Wyandot.Molala. Yakima.Munsee. Yankton.Nav9.ho. Yanktonai.Nez Perce.

3° DICTIONARY OF INDIANS.

Treaties.—Continued.A natural sequence to treaties re-

lating in whole or in part to lands(being fully twenty-four twenty-fifthsof the whole number) was the estab-lishment of reservations, either withinthe original territory or elsewhere.Up to 1890, by which time the In-

dian title had practically been ex-tinguished to all lands in the UnitedStates except Alaska and the por-tions of the reservations retained bythe grantors in the original cessions,

one hundred and sixty-two of thesereservations had been established. Ofthese, according to the Report of theCommissioner of Indian Affairs for

1890, there were established:

56 By executive order.

6 By executive order under avi-

thority of Congress.28 By act of Congress.

15 By treaty, with boundaries de-fined or enlarged by execu-tive order.

5 By treaty or agreement and actof Congress.

I By unratified treaty.

51 By treaty or agreement.It appears from this list that the

method of establishing reservationshas not been uniform, some being bytreaty, some by executive order, andothers by act of Congress. Thoseestablished by executive order, inde-pendent of the act of Congress, werenot held to be permanent before the"general allotment act of 1887, underwhich the tenure has been materiallychanged, and all reservations,whetherby executive order, act of Congress, ortreaty, are held permanent." Res-ervations by executive order underauthority of an act of Congress arethose which have been authorizedor established by acts of Congressand their limits defined by executiveorder, or have been first establishedby executive order and subsequentlyconfirmed by Congress.

Other respects in which the powerof Congress intervenes in reference toIndian lands, or is necessary to en-able the Indians to carry out theirdesires in regard thereto, are the fol-

lowing:(i) Allotments of land in severalty

previous to the act of February 8,

1887, could be made only by treaty orby virtvie of an act of Congress, but bythis act general authority is given tothe President for this purpose.

(2) Leases of land, sale of standingtimber, granting of mining privileges,

and right of way to railroads are all

prohibited to the Indians -w^ithout

some enabling act of Congress. Onthe other hand, it is obligatory on theGovernment to prevent any intrusion,trespass, or settlement on the lands ofany tribe of Indians except wheretheir consent has been given byagreement or treaty.

For the treaties relating to cessionsof lands between the United Statesand the Indians, see the EighteenthAnnual Report of the Bureatt ofAmerican Ethnology, pt. 11, 1899.

(c.T.)

Wyandot.—The correct form seems tobe Wandot. According to Morganit means "calf of the leg," andrefers to a peculiar manner of cut-ting meat. Information obtainedfrom a Wyandot source by Gat-schet appears to confirm this ren-dering. The modem Wyandots in-

clude the remains of the Wyandotsproper, known as Hurons to the earlyFrench writers, and of the Tionon-tatis (q. V.) , who probably outnum-bered the Wyandots when the twotribes united in 1650 and abandonedtheir country to escape the Iroquois.

As late as 1721 the Tionontatis still

had their separate name and chief-

taincy, but all tribal distinctions havelong since been lost. Huron, theirFrench name, comes from hure, "awild boar's crest," the peculiar man-ner in which the Hurons arrangedtheir hair having suggested to theearly French the bristles of a wildboar. They were also called some-times Bons Iroquois, or "good Iro-

quois," to distinguish them from thecognate tribes in New York, who werehostile to the French. The Delawarescalled them Delamatteno, but theAlgonquian tribes generally calledthem Nadowa (q. v.), or "snakes," aname applied to all tribes not of Al-gonquian stock, and especially to theIroquoian tribes. Their present namefirst came into general use after theremoval of a part of the tribe fromDetroit to Sandusky, Ohio, in 175 1.

When first known to the French,about 1615, the Hurons occupied anarrow territory between Georgianbay and Lake Simcoe, in Simcoecounty, Ontario. They had abouttwenty villages, but the number andlocation of these settlements were con-stantly changing, as it was the cus-tom of the tribe to abandon their oldvillages and build new ones at regularintervals of time. Their numberswere estimated all the way from10,000 to 30,000 souls, and it seemsprobable that they were at least as

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 31

Wyandot.—Continued.numerous as the confederated Iro-

quois, by whom their organizationwas afterward destroyed. A fewyears previous to their first war withthe Irocjuois they had been greatlyweakened by smallpox and otherepidemics. The Hurons proper con-sisted of three -"nations"—probablyphratries or gentes—viz. : Attigouan-tan, Arendarhonon, and Attignenong-hac, known respectively to theFrench as the nations of the Bear,Rock, and Cord, the Bear nationbeing the first in numbers and im-portance. Another tribe, the Toho-taenrat, was confederated with theHurons, besides which two othersmall tribes, the Wenrorono and To-tontaratonhronon, had taken refugewith them before 1640 to escape theravages of the Iroquois. Immediatelyadjoining the Hurons on the south-west were their allies, the Tionon-tatis, with whom they afterwardtmited. All three tribes were of Iro-

quoian stock, excepting the Tohon-taratonhronon, who were Algon-quian.When the French established them-

selves at Montreal the Hurons andother tribes were in the habit of

making periodical trips down theOttawa river to its mouth, for thepurpose of trading with the Montag-nais of the lower St. Lawrence, whocame up to meet them. On one of

these occasions they invited the mis-sionaries into their country, and in

1623 the invitation was accepted bythe Recollets. Two years later theJesuits entered the field and throtightheir efforts the Huron mis^on soonbecame the most important withinthe French dominions in America.Their success, however, excited thejealousy of the Iroquois, who hadlong been awaiting an opportunity toavenge upon the French the defeatwhich they had suffered at the handsof Champ'lain in 1609. They werealso the enemies of the Htirons, and,according to Sagard, large war par-ties of the latter tribe frequently in-

vaded and ravaged the country of theIroquois. The mutual hatred wasdoubtless intensified by the fact thatthe Hurons had sheltered from thewrath of the Iroquois the small tribes

already mentioned. Historians gen-erally have represented the destruc-tion of the Hurons as the result of

an unexpected and unprovoked warwaged against them by the Iroquois,but in reality it was but the final actin a struggle which was already in

progress when the French first settled

in Canada. The fire-arms which theIroquois could now procure from theDutch enabled them to give the fin-

ishing blow to the Hurons, and their

success in this war probably led themto enter upon that career of conquestwhich soon brought under their do-minion 'half the country east of theMississippi.

In July, 1648, the Iroquois beganthe final war by attacking and de-stroying the important village of

Teananstayae and killing the resident

missionary. This was followed up byother attacks until the Hurons werecompelled to scatter in small parties,

many of them joining the Tionon-tatis. The enemy ranged the countryall winter, and early in 1649 destroyedanother large village of the Hurons.This completed the disorganization of

the tribe. They abandoned their vil-

lages and sovight safety in different

directions. A part of them, includingall of the Tohotaenrat, made over-

tures to the Iroquois and were incor-

porated with the Senecas. Anotherparty, after various wanderings,found their way to Orleans island, at

Quebec, in 1651. In 1656 the Iro-

quois attacked them there and car-

ried off nearly one hundred. Thesurvivors then asked peace, and themajority were incorporated withthe Mohawks and Onondagas, while

the remainder, who preferred to re-

main with the French, were finally

settled at Lorette (q. v.), nearQuebec, where they still remain.The greater part of the Hurons had

fled to'the Tionontatis, who in their

turn were attacked by the Iroquois in

December. 1649, and, after a short

struggle, the two tribes abandonedtheir country and fled together to

Manitoulin island in Lake Huron. In16:^1 they removed to Mackinawisland, at the otitlet of Lake Michigan.

Being still pursued by the Iroquois,

they again removed about 1660 to

the Noquet islands, at the mouth of

Green bay of Lake Michigan. Fromthis point they made their way downthe Wisconsin river to the Mississippi,

where they entered into friendly

terms with the Illinois, but in conse-

quence of the hostility of the Siotix

they again returned to the mouth of

Green bay. ' At this time the bandnumbered about 500 souls, and there

were probably others scattered amongneighboring tribes. They soon after-

ward joined the Ottawas at Shauga-waumikong (La Pointe, Wis.), nearthe west end of Lake Superior, and

32 DICTIONARY OP INDIANS.

Wyandot.—Contin iied.

here, in 1665, AUouez founded themission of Sainte Esprit. About1670, again in consequence of thehostility of the Sioux, the place wasabandoned, the Ottawas going toManitoulin island, while the Huronsreturned to Mackinaw, where theynumbered about 500 in 1677. SomeOttawas settled near them in anothervillage, and the mission of St. Ignacewas established among them underMarquette. In 1702 the Hurons re-

moved to Detroit in lower Michigan,leaving the Ottawas at Mackinaw. In

1723, under the name of Necariages,they were formally received by theIroquois as the seventh nation of theconfederacy, but this alliance wasbrought about through the negotia-tions of the English and never hadany practical result. In 1728 the mis-sion of Assumption was establishedamong the Hurons at Detroit. In1751a part of them removed to a newvillage at Sandusky, Ohio. Aboutthis time they began to be known asWyandots, and all distinction be-tween Hurons and Tionontatis waslost. As those killed and incapaci-tated by the Iroquois during and after

the final war were chiefly Hurons,while the Tionontatis had fled

almost at the first attack, it seemsprobable that the modern Wyandotswere mainly from the latter tribe.

That those who fled west in 1650were but a small part of the Hu-rons then existing is shown by thefact that in 1656 those among theSenecas were so numerous as to forma distinct village of their own, whilein 1653 Le Moyne found 1000 amongthe dnondagas. In 1656, also, theMohawks carried off nearly 100 of theHurons, then near Quebec; whilesoon after the majority of that partyjoined the Iroquois, and the descen-dants of those who remained nearQuebec still number nearly 300, con-siderably more than the whole num-ber of Wyandots now in IndianTerritory.

After settling at Detroit and San-dusky, the Wyandots spread alongthe whole southern and western shoreof Lake Erie and gradually acquireda paramount influence among thetribes of the Ohio valley and lakeregion, so that, although one of thesmallest tribes in point of numbers,they exercised the right to light thecouncil fire at all general gatherings.They claimed authority over thegreater part of Ohio, and the settle-

ment of the Shawnees and Delawares

in that region was effected by their

permission. They took a prominentpart in all the Indian moveiuents in

the Ohio region down to the close of

the war of 181 2, taking sides with theFrench until the close of Pontiac'swar, and afterward supporting theBritish against the Americans. Afterthe treaty of peace in 1815 they were

. confirmed in the possession of a large

territory in Ohio and Michigan, mostof which, however, they sold in 18 18,

reserving only a portion near UpperSandusky, Ohio, and a smaller tract

on Huron river, near Detroit, Michi-gan. These were sold in 1842 and thetribe reinoved to Kansas, where theysettled on a tract between the Mis-souri and Kansas rivers, the presentWyandotte county. In 1855 theywere declared citizens, but the result

was so unsatisfactory that in 1867their tribal organization was restoredand they were removed to a smalltract in the northeastern corner of

the Indian Territory, where they noware.

The population of the Wyandotshas been variously estimated, bvtt

with them, as with other tribes, thelowest estimates are generally mostreliable. Their former iinportance as

a tribe was altogether disproportion-ate to their numbers, and in 1794 it

was said that they never had morethan 150 warriors in battle. The oldestimates of Huron population havebeen previously noted, and from1650 down to their settlement at De-troit they seem never to have hadmore than about 500 in one body.Later estimates are 1000, with 300more at Lorette (1736); 500 (1748);

850(1748); 1250(1765); 1500(1794-95); 1000 (1812); 1250 (1812).Only the first of these estimates in-

cludes the "Hurons of Lorette,"Quebec, who were estimated at 300 in

1736, and were officially reported in

1900 at 448. They have a large ad-mixture of white blood. There is

another band known as " Wyandottesof Anderdon" in Essex county, On-tario, which nutnbered 98 in 1884,but these are now reduced to abouthalf a dozen, the remainder possiblyhaving joined their kindred at Lor-ette. Those in the Indian TeiTitorynumbered 251 in 1885 and 342 in 1901,making the whole number of Wyan-dots, or Hurons, now officially knownin the United States and Canadaabout 800. Those in the Indian Ter-ritory have hardly a full-blood amongthem. There are probably a few in

Kansas, who left the main body in

DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 33

Wyandot.— Continued.1855, when tribal relations were for ashort 'time abolished. For their vil-

lages, see Iroquoian.There is some confusion in regard

to the Wyandot gentes. From all

that can be learned there seems to beno doubt that the three divisions ofthe old Hurons, above mentioned,were either gentes or phratries. Ofthese the Bear nation held the prin-cipal place, and at the Maumee con-ference in 1793 the Bear was thetotem affixed to the signature of theWyandots. In 1736 Chauvigneriegave their totems as the Turtle,Beaver, and Plover, while in 1761Jefferys gave them as the Bear or Roe-buck, Wolf, and Tortoise, while hestates their tribal totem to be thePorcupine. The Tionontati genteswere probably added to those of theHurons after 1650. According toPowell (Abst. Trans. Anth. Soc.Wash, pp. 77-8, 18S1) the Wyandots,at the time of leaving Ohio, had elevengentes, viz. : Deer, Bear, HighlandTurtle (striped). Highland ^Turtle(black), Mud Turtle, Smooth LargeTurtle, Hawk, Beaver, W^olf, SeaSnake, and Porcupine. This agreeswith Morgan's list, excepting thatMorgan's Turtle gens is here sub-di-vided into four gentes. These elevengentes are arranged in four phratries,each having three gentes in the ordergiven above, excepting the last, whichhas but two. According to Morgan(Anc. Soc, 1:53, 1S77), they have eightgentes, as follows:

I, Ah-na-rese-kwa, bone gnawers(wolf) . 2 , Ah-nu-yeh' , tree liver (bear)

.

3, Tso-ta'-ee, shy animal (beaver).

4, Geah'-wich, fine land (turtle). 5,Os-ken'-o-toh, roaming (deer). 6,

Sine-gain-see, creeping (snake). 7,Ya-ra-hats-see, tall tree (porciipine)

.

8, Da-soak, flying (hawk).For further information see Powell,

Wyandot Government, First Rep.Bur. Eth., 1879-S0. (j.M.)

Ahouandate.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, in, 522,185.3.

Ahwandate.—Featherstonhaugh, Canoe Voy.,I, T08, 1.S47.

Anigh Kalicken.—Post (1758) in Proud, Pa., 11,

ii.s, 170S. (Another form of Necariaga.)Bons Irocois.—Champlain (1603), CEuv., 11, 47.

1870.Charioquois.—Ibid. (161 1), in, 244. (Probablyfrom the name of a chief.)

Delamattanoes.—Post, op. cit., app. 120.Delamattenoos.—Loskiel (1794) in Kauffman,West Pa., app. 355, 1851.

Delemattanoes.^Post (1758) in ibid., app. 118.Dellamattanoes.—Barton, New Views, app., 8,

i7()8. (Delaware name.)

Ennikaragi.—Lamberville (1686) in N. Y. Doc.Col. Hist., ni, 480, 1853. (The editor thinksthem the Ottawas.)

Euyrons.—Van der Donck (1656) in N. Y. Hist.Soc. C'lll., 2d ser., i, 200, 1841.

Guyandot.—Parkman, Pioneers, xxiv, 1883.Gyandottes.—Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc,

II, 103, 1848.Harones.—Rasle translation (1724) in Mass.

Hist. Soc. Coll., 2d s., II, 246, 1814.Hiroons.—Gorges (1658) in Maine Hist. Soc.

Coll., II, 67, 1847.Houandates.—Sagard (1632), Can. (Diet.), iv,

t866.Hounondate.—Coxe, Carolana, 44, 1741.Hourons.—Tonti (16S2) in French, Hist. Coll.

La., 160, 1846.Huron.— Jesuit Relations, 14, 1632.Hurones.—Vaillant (1688) in N. Y. Doc. Col.

Hist., III. 524, 1853.Huronnes.-^Hildreth, Pioneer Hist., q, 1848.hurrons.—Writer of 1761 in Mass. Hist. Soc.

Coll., 4th s., IX, 427-8, 1871.Lamatan.—Rafinesque, Am. Nations, i, 139,

1836. (Delaware name.)lemikariagi.—Lamberville (1686, transl.) inN. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., iii, 489, 1853.

Little Mingoes.—Pownall, map of N. Am., app.,8, 1776.

Menchon.—Duro, Don Diego de Penalosa, 43,1SS2.

Nadowa.—For fonns of this name applied to theWyandots, see Nadowa.

Necaragee.—Douglass, Summary, i, i8i,

Necariages.—Gale, Upper Miss., 160, 1867.Negheariages.—Document of 1723 in N. Y. Doc.

C.l. Hist., V, 695. 1855.Neghkareage.—Albany conference (1723) in

ibid., 693. (Given as the name of two ofthe six "castles" of the " Denighcariages"near Michilimackinac.)

Neghkereages.—Colden (1727) in ibid., in, 489,1853.

Nehkereages.—Colden (1727), Five Nat., ai,

1747-Nicariages.—Lattrif, U. S. Map, 1784.Nicariagua.—Clark, Onondaga, i. 306, 1849.Nickariageys.—Canajoharie conference (1759) inN. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., VII, 384, 1856.

Ochasteguin.—Champlain (1609), CEuv., ni,

176, 1870. (From name of chief.)

Ochatagin.—Ibid., 219,Ochataiguin.—Ibid., 174.Ochategin.—Ibid. (1632), v, ist pt., 177.Ochateguin.—Ibid. (1609), ni, 175.Ochatequins.—Ibid., 198.Ouaouakecinatouek.—Potier in Parkman, Pio-neers, xxiv, 1883.

Ouendat.—Jesuit Relations, 35, 1640.Owandats.—Weiser (1748) in Kauffman, West.

Pa., app. 16, 1 85 1.

Owendaets.—Peters (1750) in N. Y. Doc. Col.Hist., VI, 596, 1855.

Owendats.—Croghan (1750) in Kauffman, West.Pa., app. 26, 1851.

Owendot.—Hamilton (1760) in Mass. Hist. Soc.Coll., 4th s., IX, 279, 1871.

Quatoges.—Albany conference (1726) in N. Y.Doc. Col. Hist., V, 791, 1855.

Ouatoghees.—Note in N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., vi,

301. 1S55.Quatoghies.—Garangula (1684) in Williams,Vermont, i, 504, 1809.

Sastaghretsy.—Post (1758) in Proud, Pa., 11,

app., 1 13, 1798.Sastharhetsi.—La Potherie, Hist. Am. Sept., in,

223, 1753. (Iror4uois name.)Talamatan.—Walam Olum (1833) in Brinton,Lenape Leg., 200, 1885.

Talamatun.—Squier in Beach, Ind. Miscel., 28,1S77.

Xelamajenon.—Hewitt after Journeycake, aDelaware. ("Coming out of a mountain orcave"; Delaware name.)

Telematinos.—Document of 1759, in Brinton,Lenape Leg., 231, 1885.

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