balancing process and content; understanding …balancing process and content; understanding...
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Balancing Process and Content; Understanding Architectingin relation with Other Processes
by Gerrit Muller University of South-Eastern Norway-NISEe-mail: [email protected]
www.gaudisite.nl
Abstract
The automotive domain is quite demanding. Trucks and Cars have to be highlydependable (e.g. safe and reliable), and to operate in wildly varying conditions(from harsh environments such as deserts up to extreme winter weather). Thelife time of the vehicles is decade(s). The production volume demands massproduction and well tuned supply chains to operate in a competitive environment.More and faster market and technology changes come on top of all thesedemands.Partial solution to this demanding environment is an intricate set of processes.Good processes are crucial. Unfortunately, processes can also hamper thebusiness, for instance by focusing so much on form that content gets lost.Architecting is an activity that delivers content (needs analysis, requirements,design concepts, design decisions). Architecting can benefits a lot from goodprocess interaction, reversely it can suffer tremendously from lack of process oroverkill of process.
Distribution
This article or presentation is written as part of the Gaudí project. The Gaudí projectphilosophy is to improve by obtaining frequent feedback. Frequent feedback is pursued by anopen creation process. This document is published as intermediate or nearly mature versionto get feedback. Further distribution is allowed as long as the document remains completeand unchanged.
September 9, 2018status: plannedversion: 0
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Figure Of ContentsTM
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Balancing Process and Content2 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018
BPCAlogo
Simplified process view
strategyprocess
customer
supplying business
value
product creationprocess
customer oriented (sales,
service, production) process
people, process and technologymanagement process
Balancing Process and Content3 Gerrit Muller
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RSPprocessDecomposition
Tension between processes
strategyprocess
supplying business
value
people, process and technology
long termknow how
(soft) assets
feed
back
product creation
customer oriented
customer
short term;cashflow!
mid term;cashflow
next year!
Balancing Process and Content4 Gerrit Muller
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RSPprocessDecompositionAnnotated
Platform strategy adds one layer
strategy
supplying business
value
customer oriented
people, process and technology
short term;cashflow!
long termknow how
(soft) assets
customer
product creation
mid term;cashflow
next year!
component or platform creationlong term assets
Balancing Process and Content5 Gerrit Muller
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RSPprocessDecompositionPlusAnnotated
System Architecture Process in Business Context
customer
Customer-Oriented Process$$
sales logistics production servicepresales
Product Creation Process
People, Process, and Technology Management Process
Bu
sin
ess
Dri
vers
Cu
sto
mer
Ro
adm
ap
Bu
dge
t, p
lan
Pro
du
ctro
adm
ap
Tech
no
logy
, Pro
cess
and
Peo
ple
ro
adm
aps
Bu
dge
ts
Peo
ple
Tech
no
logy
Pro
cess
Nee
ds
and
Fe
edb
ack
Tech
nic
al P
rod
uct
D
ocu
men
tati
on
Pro
du
ct r
elat
ed
pro
cess
es
Peo
ple
Tech
no
logy
Pro
cess
Info
rmat
ion
Ord
er
Pro
du
ct
$$
Sup
po
rt
Pro
du
ct N
eed
san
d f
eed
bac
k
Cont
ext,
Vis
ion
Policy and
Planning Process Rea
lity
chec
k
Stak
ehol
der
inte
ract
ionSystems Architecting Process
material
Balancing Process and Content6 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018
SAPprocessSimplified
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Balancing Process and Content7 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018
BPCAlogoWhatIsAProcess
Process Attributes
Purpose What is to be achieved and why
Structure How will the goal be achieved
Rationale What is the reasoning behind this process
Roles What roles are present, what responsibilities are associated, what incentives are present, what are the criteria for these roles
Ordering What phasing or sequence is applied
Balancing Process and Content8 Gerrit Muller
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WPROCattributes
Definition by Klaus Kronlöf
Definition of a Process
"A process is an activity which takes place over time
and which has a precise aim regarding the result to be achieved.
The concept of a process is hierarchical
which means that a process may consist of
a partially ordered set of subprocesses."
"Method Integration; Concepts and Case Studies" by Klaus Kronlöf
Balancing Process and Content9 Gerrit Muller
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WPROCdefinitionKronlof
A process within an abstraction hierarchy
principle process procedure tool
formalism
template
abstract specific and executable
drives
is
elaborated
in
is
supported
by
Balancing Process and Content10 Gerrit Muller
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SAPabstractionHierarchy
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
How much process is needed?
Balancing Process and Content11 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAlogoHowMuch
Effectiveness(Flexibility, Manageability)E
ffect
iven
ess
process weight
very low low medium high
Manageability supply chain mass production long life times dependability
Flexibility Evolution Responsiveness
market change technology change
very high
Balancing Process and Content12 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAeffectivenessCurves
Effectiveness in Defense, Aerospace, Automotive
Effe
ctiv
enes
s
process weight
very low low medium high
Manageability
Flexibility
very high
Manageability Flexibility W F W M * Effectiveness =
Effectiveness W F =0.1 W M =0.9
Balancing Process and Content13 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018BPCAeffectiveness
If Balance Shifts
Effe
ctiv
enes
s
process weight
very low low medium high
Manageability
Flexibility
very high
Manageability Flexibility W F W M * Effectiveness =
Effectiveness W F =0.3 W M =0.7
Balancing Process and Content14 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAeffectivenessFlexible
Typical Situation in DefenseE
ffect
iven
ess
process weight
very low low medium high
Manageability
Flexibility
very high
desired weight
actual weight
effectiveness loss
Balancing Process and Content15 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAeffectivenessDefense
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
How much process is needed?
Balancing Process and Content16 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAlogoPerformanceSupporting
Supporting Processes for Architecting
product creation process
people, process and technology management process
phase gate process
documentation process
reviewing process
engineering process
meeting structure
templates check lists
repositories tools
people, process and technology managers
intend to support
systems architecting
by
processes, tool,
et cetera
Balancing Process and Content17 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAsupportingProcesses
How effective are these Processes?
How many hours per week do you sit in meetings?
How many hours per week does the system architect spend on writing documentation?
How satisfied are the consumers of documentation?
How easy can information be found?
How up-to-date is the information?
How timely is documentation available?
What is the quality of the review process?
Does the system architect feel supported by the processes at all times?
Balancing Process and Content18 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAquestionsProcessEffectiveness
Common Problems
large monolithic documents
late, not up-to-date, time consuming to review and update
system architects spending 70%+ of time in meetings
ineffective reviews
too many reviewers, lack of ownership, too little time and attention, form rather than content
noise generation due to too much prescribing templates or frameworks
information overload, essentials are hidden
poorly searchable repositories
data and information cannot be found
Balancing Process and Content19 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAcommonProblems
Balance Form and Content
meetings
reading
writing
thinking analyzing
testing walking&listening
traveling
understanding customer needs
understanding technologies and options
analyzing and making trade-offs
specifications requirements
key performance parameters
hands-on ?
core competences content
de facto activities form
Balancing Process and Content20 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018BPCAtimeArchitect
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Balancing Process and Content21 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018BPCAlogoSolutions
Design Modular Documentation
compound document
document
structure
overview
document
document
document
document
document
Balancing Process and Content22 Gerrit Muller
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DGcompoundDocument
Recursive as "Normal" Designs
compound document
compound
document
compound
document compound document
overview
document
structure
overview
atomic
documentdocument
structure
overview
document
structure
overview
document
structure
atomic
document
atomic
document
compound
document
compound
document
Balancing Process and Content23 Gerrit Muller
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DGdocumentRecursion
Documenting with A3’s
A3 Architecture Overviews Focusing architectural knowledge to support evolution of complex systems
by: Daniel Borches and Maarten Bonnema, INCOSE 2010
Legend
Functional
View
Visual
aid
Quantification
of key parameters
Physical
ViewConstraints
Choices
Balancing Process and Content24 Gerrit Muller
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LAWFexampleDDASoverview
Light-weight Distributed Reviews
draft
authorized
concept
final review= final check contents
authorization= check process
consultation
& review
- wide group of people,
with an active concern or
an expected contribution;
- many iterations
- multiple media:
+ meetings,
+ on paper
+ informal et cetera
specification specific Change Control Board
4 peoples/roles:
1 producer
1 consumer
1 context
1 independent
by "lowest" operational manager:
project leader, subsystem PL, ...
change
request
the author is responsible
for contents and
organization of the flow
(consults and review)
criteria for reviewers:
+ know how
+ critical
+ sufficient time
Balancing Process and Content25 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018LWRstateDiagram
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Balancing Process and Content26 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018BPCAlogoCAFCR
The “CAFCR” model
Customer
What
Customer
How
Product
What
Product
How
What does Customer need
in Product and Why?
drives, justifies, needs
enables, supports
Customer
objectives
Application Functional Conceptual Realization
Balancing Process and Content27 Gerrit Muller
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CAFCRannotated
CAFCR can be applied recursively
System
(producer)
Customer
BusinessDrives
Enables
Customer's
Customer
BusinessDrives
Enables
ConsumerDrives
Enables
Value Chain
larger scope has smaller
influence on architecture
Balancing Process and Content28 Gerrit Muller
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CAFCRrecursion
CAFCR+ model; Life Cycle View
Customer
objectives
Application Functional Conceptual Realization
Life cycleoperations
maintenance
upgrades
development
manufacturing
installation
sales, service, logistics, production, R&D
Balancing Process and Content29 Gerrit Muller
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BCAFCRplusLifeCycle
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
Balancing Process and Content30 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAlogoWorkshops
Time-boxes and Iteration
CAFCR
CAFCR
CAFCR
CA F CR
CA F CR
CA F CR
CA
CA
CA
F
F
F
bottom-up
shared
overview
top
down
Q
Q
Q
CR
CR
CR
improved
overview
story ->use case
depth
insight
TOR
TOR
TOR
1st big
picture
second iteration
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
ple
na
ry
rep
ort
day 1 day 2
Balancing Process and Content31 Gerrit Muller
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MAITiterationTiming
Workshop timeline
prerequisite
goal
owner
leader
facilitator
participants
consolidation
and follow-up
wo
rksh
op
preparationconception
start
date reservations
preliminary program
and invitation
definite dateprogram
workshop format
invitationvenue
(optional)
distribute
presentations
allocate roles
anticipate problems
ca 10 weeks
time
Balancing Process and Content32 Gerrit Muller
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WHTtimeline
Sequence of Workshops
ratio of effort/timeP
rob
lem
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
An
aly
sis
De
cis
ion
time
ca 2 weeksca 2 weeks
individual
digesting
and
processing
individual
digesting
and
processing
1 4 1: :
Balancing Process and Content33 Gerrit Muller
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WHTratios
Most Subject Progress Outside Workshop
Pro
ble
m
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
An
aly
sis
time
individual digesting and processing
progress
shared vision
subject progress
Balancing Process and Content34 Gerrit Muller
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WHTprogress
Venue Requirements
open seating formation
sufficient walking spaceask for a room for 2* #participants
plenary area
bre
ak-o
ut ro
om
s
Balancing Process and Content35 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018
WHTvenue
Secret Workshop Success Factors
active
focused
well-prepared
involved participants
>70% of the time active
short intro, short broadcasts
full-time present
no cellphone
no e-mail
timely invitation
seed presentations
seed questions
clear scope and goal
format
Balancing Process and Content36 Gerrit Muller
version: 0September 9, 2018
WHTessence
Summary
model
architecting in business context
What is a process?
How much process is needed?
performance of supporting processes
solutions to common problems
C A F C R
workshops, time-boxes and iteration
summary
different time scales strategy
process
supplying business
valu
e
people, process and technology long term know how
(soft) assets
feed
ba
ck
product creation
customer oriented
customer
short term; cashflow!
mid term; cashflow
next year!
goal oriented
Effe
ctiv
enes
s
process weight
very low low medium high
Manageability
Flexibility
very high
desired weight
actual weight
effectiveness loss
meetings
reading
writing
thinking analyzing
testing walking&listening
traveling
understanding customer needs
understanding technologies and options
analyzing and making trade-offs
specifications requirements
key performance parameters
hands-on ?
core competences content
de facto activities form
documentation needs modular design distributed review
time boxes of 5..40 minutes interaction and learning
Balancing Process and Content37 Gerrit Muller
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BPCAsummary