bale of britainhawker hurricane (brinsh fighter) hawker hurricane 1,030 hp rolls-royce merlin iii...
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Ba#leofBritain
SamJohnson
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Background
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Hitler’sConquestofEuropeNaziGermanyandItalyenteranAllianceinNov1936beginningtheexpansionofHitler’scontrol.InMarch1938AustriaisannexedintoGermanyasitsfirstterritoryacquisiNon,Czechoslovakiaisaddedmonthslater.GermanyinvadesPolandstarNngconflictinEuroperesulNnginFranceandBritaindeclaringwaronGermany.GermanyconNnuesitsassaultbyinvadingDenmarkandNorwayinApril1940andinvadesFranceamonthlater.GermanyconNnuesitsassaultbyinvadingDenmarkandNorwayinApril1940andinvadesFranceamonthlater.GermanynowcontrolsmostofEuropeandsetsitssitesonGreatBritain.
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InvasionPreparaNonHitlerwantedtoconquerBritaintoeliminateEuropeanresistancetohisruleandproposedandaplancalledOperaNonSeaLiontoinvadeBritain.However,inordertomountalandassaulthebelievedthatGermanyneededtohavecontrolovertheEnglishChannelsouthernEnglandairspacetoallowhisnavytocrosssafely.ThustheRoyalAirForcebasesbecametheLu[waffe’snewtargets.
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PastBombingsofEnglandbyZeppelinDuringWorldWarItheGermansusedtheZeppelinairshipstoquietlybombLondonfrom1,100[.Inordertopreventthisstreetlightsweredimmedtolimitthevisibilityofthetargets.EventuallyincendiarybulletsweredevelopedforairplanestocombattheZeppelinsintheair.
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PastGothaBombingsInordertoimproveonthesuccessoftheZeppelins,theGermansstartedusingtheGothabomber,ahugebiplane,tolaunchbombingraidsonBritainin1917.BritainrespondedwiththedevelopmentofwirelesscommunicaNonfortheirpilotsandtheimprovementofaerialcombatmaneuvers.Overthecourseofayearover60GothabombersweredestroyedbyBriNshfighters.
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NewTechnology
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DevelopmentofRadarIn1935waragainstGermanywasloominginthefuture.GiventheirexperienceofbeingbombedviaZeppelinandGothabombersinWWI,BritaindecidedtofundradarresearchandbuildaradarsystemmonitoringBritain’sborders.A[erthreeyearsSirRobertWatson-Wa#hadcreateda30MHzsystemofradarthatwasoperaNonalthroughoutthewar.Over20radarstaNonswerebuiltandinstallednearthecoaststodetectGermanbombers.
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DowdingSystemHavingradarwasn’tenough.TheBriNshcreatedtheworld’sfirstwide-areaground-controlledintercepNonnetworkundertheguidanceofAirChiefMarshalHughDowding.UndertheDowdingSystemBritainwasdividedintogroupsandsubgroupscalledsectors.EachsectorhadamainairfieldwithanoperaNonsroom.IftheradarsystemdetectedanyincomingraidstheObserverCorpsmonitoredtheirdirecNonandsenttheinformaNontothemainairfieldsforthesecNonstheLu[waffewasin.Theairfieldsthenscrambledthefighterstointerceptthebombers.TheDowdingsystemdramaNcallydecreasedtheresponseNmeandincreasedtheaccuracyofintercepNngthebombers.
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TheAircra[
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DornierDo17(Germanbomber)DornierDo17Two1,000hpBramo322Pnine-cylinderair-cooledenginesSpan59[¾inchLength52[MaxSpeed265mphBetween4and87.9mmmachinegunsinfront,rearandbeamcockpitmounNngsandventralposiNonBombloadof2,200lbPilotand4gunnersnavigatorsandbombaimersBomberusedbytheGermansintheba#leofBritain
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HeinkelHe111(Germanbomber)HeinkelHe111Two1,100Daimler-BenzDB601A-1twelve-cylinderliquid-cooledenginesSpan74[1¾inLength53[9½inMaxSpeed247mphThree7.9mmmachinegunsinnosedorsalandventralposiNonsPilottwogunnersnavigatorsbombaimersBombload4,410lbStartedoffbeingdesignedasamailandpeoplecarrier
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JunkersJu87(Germanbomber)• 1,100hpJunkersJumo211A-1twelve-
cylinderliquid-cooledengine• Span45[¾in• Length36[1in• MaxSpeed232mph• Two7.9mmmachinegunsinwingsonein
rearofcockpit• Bombload1,100lbinbodyoftheplane• 4110lbbombsonwings• SeatsPilotandGunner• Divebomberandbomber
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Messerschmi#109(GermanFighter)
• 1,150hpDaimlerBenzDB601twelve-cylinderliquid-cooledengine
• Span32[41/2in• Length28[8in• MaxSpeed357mph• Two7.9mmmachinegunsonthenose• Two20mmcannoninwings• Pilotonly
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SupermarineSpiiire(BriNshfighter)1,103hpRolls-RoycemerlinIIItwelve-cylinderliquid-cooledengineSpan36[11inchLength29[11inMaxSpeed362mphEight.303inBrowningmachinegunsmountedinwingsPilotMainairplaneusedintheba#leofBritain
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HawkerHurricane(BriNshfighter)HawkerHurricane1,030hpRolls-RoyceMerlinIIItwelvecylinderliquid-cooledenginespan40[length31[4inmaxspeed328mpheight.303inbrowningmachinegunsmountedinwingspilotonlyfighterinba#leofBritain1715flewintheperiodoftheba#le
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TacNcs
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BriNshTacNcsWhenfighNngtheLu[waffeRaidstheBriNshreliedonNghtformaNonswiththeSpiiireshandlingtheGermanfighterswhiletheHurricanesa#ackedthebombers.However,theNghtformaNonslimitedthemobilityofthefightersweakeningtheira#ack.OverNme,theRAFloosenedtheirformaNonsallowingthea#acktobemorefluid.WiththerelaxedformaNonstheRAFwereabletoisolateanddestroymanymoreofthebombers.
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BriNshCivilianResponseDuringtheBlitzkriegLondonersevacuatedintotheTube,o[enspendingthenighta[ertheBriNshradarsystemdetectedapproachingGermanaircra[.InordertoprotectthechildrenofLondonmanyweresenttothecountrysideawayfromthebombings.
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GermantacNcsadvantages
TheGermanBombersflewinaformaNonwiththefightersabovethem.Thiswasadvantageousasitiseasiertoflydownthentoflyup.TheGermanMesserschmi#’spreformedbe#erthantheBriNshSpiiireandHurricaneathighalNtudesgivingthemanotheradvantage.
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Ba#leofBritainNmelineTheBa#leofBritaincanbeseparatedinto4majorPhases.
Phase1:A#ackingtheshippingconvoys,Channelports,andcoastalradarstaNons.
Phase2:BombingtheAirfieldsandradarstaNons
Phase3:CivilianlocaNonsarenowtargetedinbombingraids
Phase4:LondonandmajorBriNshciNesbecamethefocusofa#acks.
1940July
1940August
1940September
1940October
”Neverinthefieldofhumanconflicthassomuchbeenowedbysomanytosofew.”–WinstonChurchill
”WhatGeneralWeygandcalledtheBa#leofFranceisover,theBa#leofBritainisabouttobegin.”-WinstonChurchill
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WhyDid“TheFew”Win
DuringtheBa#leofBritainthepilotswerethemostimportantresourcetoboththeGermansandBriNsh.Becausetheba#letookplaceoverBritainanyGermanpilotthatsurvivedacrashwascapturedwhiledownedBriNshpilotswhereabletobesentbackintocombat.AlongwiththisanyGermanplanesthatsustaineddamagehadtorisktravelingacrosstheChanneltotheirbasewhilethedamagedBriNshaircra[couldlandintheirowncountryandberepaired.Duringtheba#letheBriNshwereabletooutproduceGermanyinaircra[.Atthestartoftheba#letheLu[waffehadastaggering2,600fightersandbomberswhencomparedtothe640fighteraircra[intheRAF.Bytheendoftheba#letheRAFhadmoreaircra[.TheBriNshhadtheadvantageinpilotsinthelongrun.Throughouttheba#letheRAFlostaround1,000aircra[whiletheLu[waffelost1,800.Becausetheaircra[onbothsideswereclosetoequallymatchedtheRAFpilotsweresuperiorastheydestroyedmoreaircra[.