SEMINARON

“BALLISTIC MISSILES”

BY : KANAV MANSOTRA

CONTENTS

• Introduction• Missile Components• Classification Of Missiles• GUIDANCE SYSTEM • Conclusion

INTRODUCTION• The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally means "to send".• A flying weapon that has its own engine so that it can travel a long distance before exploding at

the place that it has been aimed at .• Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected

target.

WORKING PRINCIPLE :

• The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction are equal and opposite

• The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant.

• The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical reactions. • The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the missile to

move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).

Classification of Missiles

Type Range Propulsion Guidance Systems

Launch Mode

1. Surface-to-Surface Missile

2. Surface-to-Air Missile

3. Surface (Coast)-to-Sea Missile

4. Air-to-Air Missile

5. Air-to-Surface Missile

6. Sea-to-Sea Missile

7. Sea-to-Surface (Coast) Missile

8. Anti-Tank Missile

1. Short Range Missile

2. Medium Range Missile

3. Intermediate Range Ballistic

Missile

4. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

1. Wire Guidance

2. Command Guidance3. Terrain

Comparison Guidance

4. Terrestrial Guidance

5. Inertial Guidance

6. Beam Rider Guidance

7. Laser Guidance

8. RF and GPS Reference

1. Solid Propulsion

2. Liquid Propulsion

3. Hybrid Propulsion

4. Ramjet

5. Scramjet

6. Cryogenic

1. Cruise Missile

2. Ballistic Missile

BALLISTIC MISSILES

• A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of its flight path ,regardless of whether or not it is weapon-delivery vehicle .• Guided only during boost phase of

flight.• For example ,Prithvi -I ,Prithvi-

II ,Agni- I , Agni- II and Dhanush ballistic missiles are currently operational in the Indian Defence Forces.

MISSILE COMPONENTS

• Guided missiles are made up of a series of sub-assemblies. The major sections are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly.• The major components of a missile are: WARHEAD 

GUIDANCE SYSTEM

PROPULSION SYSTEM

FINS

A WARHEAD IS AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE USED IN MILITARY CONFLICTS, USED TO DESTROY ENEMY

VEHICLES OR BUILDINGS. -TYPICALLY, A WARHEAD IS DELIVERED BY A

MISSILE , ROCKET OR TORPEDO. IT CONSISTS OF THE EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL, AND A DETONATOR

Types of warhead :-Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage surrounding areasChemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure or kill human beings.Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken and kill humans.Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or injury.

WARHAED

PROPULSION SYSTEM• Propulsion is the means of providing power to accelerate the missile body and sustain,

if necessary, to reach the required target. The basis for the working of missile propulsion systems are the well-known Newton's laws of motion.

• The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine. It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant.

PROPELLANT= FUEL + OXIDIZER , WHICH PRODUCES “THRUST”• The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical

reactions.• The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust causes the

rocket to move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).

SOLID PROPELLANT

LIQUID PROPELLANT

HYBRID PROPULSION= LIQUID PROPELLANT + SOLID PROPELLANT

PROPUSION SYSTEM

GUIDANCE SYSTEM • The purpose of a guidance system is to direct the missile to

target. .GPS-based GUIDANCE SYSTEM

• What is GPS?

• How Does it work?

• How is it useful in Guiding Missiles?

WHAT IS GPS?

• GPS-stands for Global Positioning System• GPS (the full description is: Navigation System with Timing And Ranging

Global Positioning System, NAVSTAR GPS).• Using the Global Positioning System the following two values can be

determined anywhere on Earth:• 1. One’s exact location (longitude, latitude and height co-ordinates) accurate

to within a range of 20 m to approx. 1 mm.• 2. The precise time accurate to within a range of 60ns to approx. 5ns. Speed

and direction of travel (course) can be derived from these co-ordinates as well as the time. The coordinates and time values are determined by 29 satellites orbiting the Earth.

ELEMENTS OF GPS :

• GPS has three parts: the space segment, the user segment, and the control segment. The space• segment consists of a constellation of 24 satellites plus some

spares, each in its own orbit 11,000 nautical miles above Earth. The user segment consists of receivers, which we can hold in our hand or mount in a vehicle. The control segment consist, of ground stations that make sure the satellites are working properly.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• The operational GPS Constellation uses 29 satellites of which 5 are spares, orbiting in precise 12 hour orbits.

• The orbit geometry is adjusted so that these orbits repeat the same ground track once per day, and at any point on earth’s surface and at any given time the same configuration of satellites should be seen.

• The satellites are grouped in sets of four into six orbital planes, each of which is inclined at approx. 55 degrees to the polar plane.

• Each satellite transmits its exact position and its precise on board clock time to Earth at a frequency of 1575.42 MHz. These signals are transmitted at the speed of light (300,000 km/s) and therefore require approx. 67.3 ms to reach a position on the Earth’s surface.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation aid that uses a computer, motion sensors and rotation sensors (gyroscopes) to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. • The ‘Missile guidance using GPS’ uses this ‘Inertial

Navigation System’ as its basic concept.

HOW DOES THE ‘INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM WORKS???

• Inertial navigation relies on devices onboard the missile that senses its motion and acceleration in different directions. These devices are called gyroscopes and accelerometers.

MISSILE GUIDANCE USING GPS• Missile guidance concerns the method by which a missile receives its commands to

move along a certain path to reach its target.• On some missiles these commands are generated internally by the missile computer

auto-pilot. On others it is generated by some external source. • The missile sensor or seeker, is a component within a missile that generates data fed

into the missile computer.• This data is processed by the computer and used to generate guidance commands.• Sensor types commonly used today include infrared, radar, and the global positioning

system.• Based on the relative position between the missile and the target at any given point in

flight, the computer autopilot sends commands to the control surfaces to adjust the missile's course.

THANK YOU