bamboo fibre analysis by scanning electron … · bamboo fibre analysis by scanning electron...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 234–241 Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_019

Available online at

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

BAMBOO FIBRE ANALYSIS BY SCANNING

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY

Kavitha. S

Research Scholar,

Dr. M.G.R Educational Research & Institute University,

Chennai, India.

Dr. T. Felix Kala

Professor & HOD,

Dr. M.G.R Educational Research &Institute University,

Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

A fibre is a small discrete reinforcing material produced from various

materials like steel, plastic, glass, carbon and natural materials in various

shapes and sizes. Fibre (fiber) analysis laboratory testing is used for

identification, quality inspection, determining contamination and is deployed

from macro to nano scale Bamboo fibers are focused as one of substitution for

natural plant fibers having many Advantages such as low cost, low density,

ecologically friendly, sustainability and biodegradability. Present study is

made to understand the structure behavior of bamboo fibers by SEM analysis.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses the surfaces of materials,

particles and fibres so that fine details can be measured and assessed via

image analysis. SEM provides a means for industry to resolve contamination

issues, investigate component failure, identify unknown particulates or study

the interaction between substances and their substrates. It can also provide a

wealth of information to support research of materials, chemicals or

biological samples.

Key words: Structure, Bamboo Fibers, Scanning Electron Microscopy,

Surface, Failure.

Cite this Article: Kavitha. S and T. Felix Kala, Bamboo Fibre Analysis by

Scanning Electron Microscope Study. International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.234–241.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

Bamboo Fibre Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope Study


1. INTRODUCTION

A fibre is a small discrete reinforcing material produced from various materials like

steel, plastic, glass, carbon and natural materials in various shapes and sizes. Bamboo

is primarily a type of giant grass with woody stems. The stems are called “shoots”

when the plant is young and “culms” when the plant is mature. Each bamboo plant

consists of two parts – the “Culm”/stem that grows above the ground and the

underground “rhizome” that bears the roots of the plant. Bamboo in comparison with

other natural fibers is eco friendly with high growth rate and fixing the carbon dioxide

of atmosphere, which makes it the most important plant fibers. It is found that more

than 1000 species of bamboo and around 70 gener grow naturally in diverse climates,

especially in Asia and South America abundantly. Bamboo has several advantages

such as light weight, high strength, stiffness, biodegradability, and even its roots and

leaves keep the soil together and protect it against the sun respectively. These

properties are caused that bamboo to be used traditionally for manufacturing of living

tools. Beside the massive utilization of bamboo in building construction and living

tools, it also can be used as reinforced composite materials base on extracting

appropriate fibers in a controlled manner.

2. METHODOLOGY

Fiber analysis and testing is an involved science which demands a dedicated approach

in preparing samples in preparation for thorough analysis as results are properly

attained from an experienced examination and applied wisdom. Only an expert

approach will be able to interpret results accurately and specializes in the

identification and examination of fibers before and after various treatments, including

wear and damage at both the surface and cross-sectional levels.

Surface analysis capabilities range from the macro to the nano-scale, including the

capability to measure and analyze depositions. Fiber testing is also a crucial aspect in

determining the source of contamination.

It can provide dedicated analysis and thorough interpretation of analytical test

results, drawing on resident expertise from a global network of scientists. We ensure

that sample turnaround time for urgent analysis needs is usually complete within days,

as time is a key consideration in all fiber analysis testing.

Fiber Analysis Techniques

• Optical Light Microscopy

• Atomic Force Microscopy

• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

3. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses the surfaces of materials, particles and

fibers so that fine details can be measured and assessed via image analysis. SEM

provides a means for industry to resolve contamination issues, investigate component

failure, identify unknown particulates or study the interaction between substances and

their substrates. It can also provide a wealth of information to support research of

materials, chemicals or biological samples.

Kavitha. S and T. Felix Kala


SEM/EDX facilitates the study of particles and surfaces with the added benefit of

acquiring elemental composition for the sample being studied. Elemental mapping

and distribution across the surface of the sample is also available.

3.1. Reliable System with Valuable Features

The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy component is implemented with an

EDAX EDS.

• The SEM equipment includes a variable pressure system capable of holding wet

and/or non-conductive samples with minimal preparation.

• The large sample chamber allows for the examination of samples up to 200 mm (7.87

in.) in diameter and 80 mm (3.14 in.) in height.

• High-resolution images are produced during SEM analysis at magnifications from 5x

to 300,000x.

3.2. Complete Sample Preparation Including Microscopy And Sem

Samples.

• Precision Cutting

• 1.5″ & 2″ Mounts

• Thermoset & Thermoplastic Mounting

• Cold Mounting

• Automatic Grinding & Polishing

• Immersion, Swab & Electrolytic Etching

3.3. Sample Preparation Process

The various steps in sample preparation include:

• Selecting a representative sample of the materials

• Sectioning the sample without altering or destroying the material’s structure

• Mounting the section without damage to the sample

• Grinding to achieve a flat sample with a minimum amount of damage to the sample

surface

• Polishing the mounted and ground sample

• Etching in the proper etchant to reveal the microstructural details.

1. Selecting a representative sample to properly characterize the microstructure or the

features of interest is a very important first step. For example, grain size

measurements are performed on transverse sections, whereas general microstructure

evaluations are performed on longitudinal sections. Therefore, it is important for

customers to provide LTI with information about the orientation or the rolling

direction of the test specimen before sample preparation begins.

2. Sectioning of the test sample is performed carefully to avoid altering or destroying

the structure of the material. Thus, if an abrasive saw is used, it is important to keep

the sample cool with lubricant or coolant. However, no matter how carefully abrasive

sawing or electric discharge machining is performed, a small amount of deformation

occurs on the sample surface. This deformation must be removed during subsequent

sample preparation steps.



3. After the sample is sectioned to a convenient size, it is mounted in a plastic or epoxy

material to facilitate handling during the grinding and polishing steps. Mounting

media must be compatible with the sample in terms of hardness and abrasion

resistance.

4. The next sample preparation step is grinding with a water lubricated abrasive wheel.

This step is required to remove the surface damage that occurred during sectioning

and to provide a flat surface. The grinding procedure includes the use of a series of

progressively finer abrasive grits.

5. The polishing step in metallurgical sample preparation removes the last thin layer of

the deformed metal for a smooth reflective surface. It leaves a properly prepared

sample ready for examination of the unetched characteristics, such as inclusion

content or any porosity that may exist.

6. The final step that might be used is etching in an appropriate acidic or basic solution

in order to bring out the microstructure of the test sample. This step reveals features

such as grain boundaries, twins and second phase particles not seen in the unetched

sample.

3.4. EM Analysis Applications

The signals generated during SEM analysis produce a two-dimensional image and

reveal information about the sample including:

• External morphology (texture)

• Chemical composition (when used with EDS)

• Orientation of materials making up the sample

The EDS component of the system is applied in conjunction with SEM analysis

to:

1. Determine elements in or on the surface of the sample for qualitative information

2. Measure elemental composition for semi-quantitative results

3. Identify foreign substances that are not organic in nature and coatings on metal

4. BAMBOO FIBRE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Bamboo culms are hollow, and every Culm from inner side is divided by several

diaphragms which are seen as rings on the outside. The part between two rings is

called “Internode” where branches grow. Distance between each node varies and it

depends on the type of the species. The microstructure of a bamboo Culm consists of

many vascular bundles which are embedded in parenchyma tissue and distributed

through the wall thickness. Parenchyma tissue only keeps the vascular bundles in the

longitudinal direction. The number of vascular bundles is highly concentrated close to

the outside of the bamboo Culm wall, and this amount reduced on the inside. They

involve vessels, sclerenchyma cells, fiber strand and sieve tubes with companion

cells. The fiber strand consists of many elementary fibers with the shape of hexagonal

and pentagonal, where Nano-fibrils are aligned and bounded together with lignin and

hemi-cellulose. The strength of a bamboo Culm is defined by its vascular bundles.

Therefore it is essential to use a suitable method to separate the parenchyma tissue

from fiber strands and vascular bundles without any destructive effect on the extracted

fibers. The different ages of bamboo as shown in fig 1.fig3,4,5 shows the images of

scanning electron micro scoping of bamboo fibers of different diameters of fibers

700microns,1.56mm and 1.244mm respectively.



Figure 1 Different ages of raw bamboo

Figure 2 Cleaved young age bamboo strips

Figure 3 Crushing of bamboo strips by roller



Figure 4 bamboo fibers after rolling

Figure 5 bamboo fibre after extraction

Figure 6 scanning electron microscoping image of bamboo fibre diameter 700microns



Figure 4 scanning electron microscoping image of bamboo fibre diameter 1.156mm

Figure 5 Scanning electron microscoping image of bamboo fibre diameter 1.24mm

5. CONCLUSION

Bamboo fibre has several advantages over other plant natural fibers such as high

growth rate, strength, and fixing the carbon dioxide. It also can be compared with

glass fibre because of its light weight, biodegradability, and low cost.

The following conclusions has drawn the structure and behavior of bamboo fibers

by SEM analysis has been studied. SEM provides a means for industry to resolve

contamination issues, investigate component failure, identify unknown particulates or

study the interaction between substances and their substrates. It can also provide a

wealth of information to support research of materials, chemicals or biological

samples.



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bamboo fibre analysis by scanning electron … · bamboo fibre analysis by scanning electron...

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