banana tissue culture: from endophytes to market pathways
DESCRIPTION
Tissue culture production chain,Genetic basis of induced resistance: gene mining,Conventional biopesticides,EndophytesTRANSCRIPT
Banana tissue culture:
from endophytes to market pathways
Thomas Dubois
12 October 2010
Ibadan, Nigeria
subsistence income generation
sucker tissue culture
Benefits of tissue culture
pest- and disease free
faster and bigger yields
better marketing
faster and better distribution
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
Tissue culture production chain
rooting
Tissue culture production chain
commercial tissue culture enterprise
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaning
East Africa versus Latin America
quality
size
management
markets
Endophytes
Endophyte in the tissue culture production chain
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
Endophyte in the tissue culture production chain
from laboratory
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
to screenhouse
Endophytes pre-1997
modes of action
development of inoculation techniques
distribution, competition, in planta spread and persistence
on-station performance
isolation of endophytes
characterization of pathogenic Fusarium
bio-pesticides as artifical endophytes
systemic induced resistance
on-farm performance
effect on other bananas and nematodes
BMZ phase I
2001 - 2004
BMZ phase II
2005 - 2007
screenhouse screening against banana weevils and nematodes
molecular identification
Induced resistance
catalase PR-1
exp
ressio
n (
ng
)
Genetic basis of induced resistance: known genes
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2007)
Nematology (2010)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
b
b b
a
b
b
b
a
Paparu (PhD, 2007)
ABC transporter glucan synthase
exp
ressio
n (
ng
)
Genetic basis of induced resistance: gene mining
European Journal of Plant Pathology (2011)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
b
b b
a
b
a
b
a
Paparu (PhD, 2007)
modes of action
development of inoculation techniques
distribution, competition, in planta spread and persistence
on-station performance
isolation of endophytes
characterization of pathogenic Fusarium
biopesticides as artifical endophytes
systemic induced resistance
on-farm performance
effect on other bananas and nematodes
BMZ phase I
2001 - 2004
BMZ phase II
2005 - 2007
screenhouse screening against banana weevils and nematodes
molecular identification
Endophytes pre-1997
Conventional biopesticides
The problem with conventional biopesticides
formulation problems
maize bran soil
application problems
pounded rhizomes
pheromone traps
costs and quantities involved for
mass production are
problematic
logistically and economically not
feasible for farmers
abiotic factors greatly reduce
field performance
topical
conventional biopesticide
costs and quantities involved for
mass production are
problematic
logistically and economically not
feasible for farmers
abiotic factors greatly reduce
field performance
topical
conventional biopesticide artificial endophyte
very low quantities needed and
the technique is easily
integrated in a commercial lab
farmers do not need to apply the
product
the product is protected inside
the plant
systemic
Conventional biopesticides as artifical endophytes?
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (2007)
Crop Protection (2008)
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (2008)
Biological Control (2009)
Acta Horticulturae (2009)
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (2010)
control Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassiana as artifical endophyte
larval mortality: 23 - 89%
adult mycosis: 58 - 64%
MSc thesis (Akello, 2007)
MSc thesis (Castillo, 2007)
MSc thesis (Mwaura, 2007)
MSc thesis (Thys, 2007)
MSc thesis (Schnittker, 2008)
Endophytes in other cropsco
lon
iza
tio
n (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100control F. oxysporum T. asperellum
MSc thesis (Mwaura, 2007)
MSc thesis (Machungo, 2007)
BSc thesis (Nedela, 2010)
MSc thesis (Waithira, 2010)
Endophyte inoculation: the past
Endophyte inoculation: semi-commercial
Microbial Ecology (2007)
Biocontrol Science and Technology (2010)
MSc thesis (Hillnhütter, 2007)
MSc thesis (Hakizimana, 2011)MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
type of seed tray spore
concentration
and volume
duration of
drenching
“double-dip”
dual endophyte
inoculation
timing of
drenching
substrate
Endophyte mass production: the past
Endophyte mass production: semi-commercial
MSc thesis (Hakizimana, 2011)
water content of
solid medium
type of solid
container
growth durationtype of liquid
medium
quantity of
starter culture
type of solid
medium
pre-treatment of
solid medium
Endophytes in the field
on station on farm
plants trials plants trials
Burundi 800 1 0 0
Kenya 500 1 12,000 3
Uganda 2,980 7 1,600 3
Endophytes in the field: effect on nematode populations
R. similis / 100 g (Uganda) P. goodeyi / 25 g (Kenya)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
months
control
F. oxysporum Eny7.11o
F. oxysporum V5w2
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
MSc thesis (Machungo, 2007)
MSc thesis (Waithira, 2010)
MSc thesis (Hakizamana, 2011)MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
Endophytes in the field: effect on nematode damage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
5
10
15
20
25
root necrosis (%) (Uganda) root necrosis (%) (Kenya)
control
F. oxysporum Eny7.11o
F. oxysporum V5w2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
months
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
MSc thesis (Machungo, 2007)
MSc thesis (Waithira, 2010)
MSc thesis (Hakizamana, 2011)MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
Endophytes in the field: yield (t/ha) and revenue ($US/ha)
first plant cycle second plant cyclefa
rmer
1fa
rmer
2
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
control endophytesuckers control endophytesuckers
control endophytesuckers control endophytesuckers
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
Registration of Fusarium oxysporum V5w2 as biopesticide
Kenya
approval from Pesticide Control Product Board (PCBP)
“eco-tox” dossier: applicant, active ingredient (physical, chemical),
formulation, toxicology, residue analysis
registration field trial: stringent requirements
Burundi and Uganda
no regulatory bodies
duplication of registration field trials according to PCBP
MSc thesis (Hakizamana, 2011)
MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
Transfer of endophyte-technology to private sector
Kenya: commercial bio-pesticide company
transfer of technology (strain, know-how, equipment) to RealIPM
comment: Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum
already owned by RealIPM
RealIPM sells the bio-control product to tissue culture producers
problem: licensing and profit
Uganda: embedded in tissue culture company
transfer of technology (strain, know-how, equipment) to AGT
AGT produces its own endophyte-enhanced plants
BMZ (2008-2010): outputs
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
BMZ (2008-2010): outputs
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
help establish regional
networks and policies
select intervention sites
strengthen nursery
operators in value chainstrengthen farmers in
value chain
assess impact of
tissue culture
50,000
1,500,000 400,000
100,000
50,000
50,000
450,000
200,000
50,000
Tissue culture plant flow
50,000
1,500,000 400,000
100,000
50,000
50,000
450,000
50,000Rwanda
Tissue culture plant flow
200,000
1,500,000 400,000
100,000
50,000
50,000
50,000Rwanda Tanzania
Sudan
DR Congo
450,000
50,000
Tissue culture plant flow
200,000
procedures to prevent pests from entering and spreading
done by governments
missing: procedures and basic information
quarantine and monitoring certification
procedures certifying the absence of pests, esp. quarantined ones
done by governments
missing: procedures
Tissue culture producers: the ideal situation
essential elements for certification
rapid and robust virus indexing protocols
independent, virus-free, virus-indexed and true-to-type mother gardens
independent virus-indexing capacity service
regional harmonization
Tissue culture producers: meetings and trainings
Kenya: 5 days, with commercial tissue culture producers from 3
countries
Uganda: 2 days, with plant protection and quarantine officials from
6 countries
day 1: practial day
day 2: implementation day
implemented by Lava Kumar
information on thomasdubois.110mb.com
Tissue culture nurseries: a bleak picture
role
distribution hub
focus centers for farmers and
farmer groups
40 nurseries
28 are functional
18 somehow NGO-independent
16 have farmer groups
MSc thesis (Burkhart, 2010)
PhD thesis (Bauer, 2011) Tropentag (2010)
link between tissue culture producers and nurseries:
NGOs are currently the major customers of the tissue culture producers
most tissue culture producers have quality issues, plantlet delivery
issues (quantities and timeliness)
nurseries:
water access, credit and transport are the major operational issues of
all nurseries
the location of the nurseries is crucial (proximity to tissue culture
producer and market)
success of a nursery is correlated to:
good agricultural practice (seedling handling etc.)
diversification
Tissue culture nurseries: SWOT analysis
MSc thesis (Burkhart, 2010)
PhD thesis (Bauer, 2011) Tropentag (2010)
Tissue culture nurseries: different models
in the fieldfrom the field multiplication weaningrooting
Ug
an
da
Bu
run
di
Ken
ya
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
tissue culture laboratories farmers
tissue culture laboratories farmer groups
gro
ss m
arg
ins (
Ugsh/h
a/y
ear)
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
tissue culture
suckers
Luwero Mukono Masaka Rukungiri
Site location
further away from the market
10 km 350 km
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer training 6 532 270 5 new farmer
groups
nursery operator training 2 57 28 5 new private
nurseries
Intervention sites in Uganda
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer training 5 281 207 4 new farmer
groups
nursery operator training 3 30 71
Intervention sites in Burundi
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer and nursery
operator training
6 253 75 2 new farmer
groups
7 new
nurseries
Intervention sites in Kenya
yie
ld (
ton/h
a/c
ycle
)
tissue culture
suckers
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
low input high input
Training: agronomy
Crop Protection (2011)
Training: the full package
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
nursery operators farmers
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
group formation and group dynamics
Training: the full package
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
nursery operators farmers
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
group formation and group dynamicsdemonstration garden
dedicated market linkages
Training: the full package
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
nursery operators farmers
agronomy
marketing
business
financing
group formation and group dynamicsdemonstration garden
dedicated market linkages
cost-benefit analysis
5 training modules4 training modules
cost-benefit analysis
Post-hoc impact
survey of 1,055 farmers in Kenya, Burundi and Uganda
quantifying
drivers of (non) adoption
effect on productivity, income, income distribution
Kenya:
“We find that female farmers are more likely to adopt TC and farm size does
not necessarily influence adoption. Surprisingly, we find a negative
coefficient for peer group effects on TC adoption.”
MSc thesis (Mukamba, 2010)
MSc thesis (Musuuza, 2010)
PhD thesis (Sentambu, 2010)
www.banana2008.com
Am I a good endophyte for IITA?
enhanced growth:
5 PhD thesis, 16 MSc theses, 2 BSc theses
Banana2008; 30 interviews/features on TV, radio, magazines and
newspapers
increased yield:
22 peer-reviewed journal articles
1 edited book, 3 book chapters
multiple modes of action:
from endophytes to market pathways
Thanks to
Students
PhD: Vincent Bauer, Sinnia
Kapindu, Denis Ochieno,
Pamela Paparu, Nassul
Sentambu
MSc: Juliet Akello, Stefan
Burkhart, Astrid Byron,
Jahmna Castillo, J Dusabe,
Sylvestre Hakizimana,
Christian Hillnhütter, Fred
Kato, Catherine Machungo,
Emmanuel Mukama,
Patrick Musuuza, Peter
Mwaura, Olaf Schnittker,
Jo Thys, Pieter Van
Dessel, Bancy Waithira
BSc: Patrick Emudong,
Amelie Nedela
Partners
AGT
BBLF
Bioversity
CIALCA
ISAAA
ISABU
JKUAT
Makerere University
NARO
RealIPM
University of Bonn
University of Gent
University of Goettingen
University of Hohenheim
University of Pretoria
University of Stellenbosch
VEDCO
Wageningen University
ZCA
IITA
Daniel Coyne
Patrick Emedong
Abubaker Ezale
Stella Kabiri
Fred Kato
John Kibalama
Fredrick Kimuli
James Kisaakye
Lava Kumar
Jim Lorenzen
Moses Lule
Jane Luyiga
Fen Beed
Valentine Nakato
Salvator Nkurunziza
Joshua Okonya
Emily Ouma
Philip Ragama
Medat Tamale
Piet Van Asten