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Documentos 122ISSN 0102 0110Dezembro, 2004

Banco de Germoplasma de EspciesFlorestais Nativas do Campo

Experimental Sucupira Mogno (Swieteniamacrophylla King) Meliaceae

Sucupira Experimental Field Station NativeForest Species Genebank Mahogany

(Swietenia macrophylla King) Meliaceae

Jos Alves da SilvaEdson Junqueira Leite

Antonieta Nassif SalomoIzulm Rita Imaculada Santos


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Repblica Federativa do BrasilLuiz Incio Lula da Silva

Presidente

Ministrio da Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento Roberto Rodrigues Ministro

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuria

Conselho de Administrao

Jos Amauri DimrzioPresidente

Clayton Campanhola Vice-Presidente

Alexandre Kalil PiresDietrich Gerhard QuastSrgio FaustoUrbano Campos Ribeiral Membros

Diretoria-Executiva da Embrapa Clayton CampanholaDiretor-Presidente

Gustavo Kauark ChiancaHerbert Cavalcante de LimaMariza Marilena T. Luz BarbosaDiretores-Executivos

Embrapa Recursos Genticos e Bioteconologia

Jos Manuel Cabral de Sousa DiasChefe-Geral

Maurcio Antnio LopesChefe-Adjunto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento

Maria Isabel de Oliveira PenteadoChefe-Adjunto de Comunicao e Negcios

Maria do Rosrio de Moraes Chefe-Adjunto de Administrao


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ISSN 0102 0110Dezembro, 2004

Documentos 122

Banco de Germoplasma de Espcies

Florestais Nativas do CampoExperimental Sucupira Mogno (Swieteniamacrophylla King) Meliaceae

Sucupira Experimental Field Station NativeForest Species Genebank Mahogany

(Swietenia macrophylla King) Meliaceae

Jos Alves da SilvaEdson Junqueira Leite

Antonieta Nassif SalomoIzulm Rita Imaculada Santos

Braslia, DF2004


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Exemplares desta edio podem ser adquiridos na

Embrapa Recursos Genticos e BiotecnologiaServio de Atendimento ao CidadoParque Estao Biolgica, Av. W/5 Norte (Final)

Braslia, DF CEP 70770-900 Caixa Postal 02372 PABX: (61) 448-4600 Fax: (61) 340-3624 http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br e.mail:[email protected]

Comit de Publicaes

Presidente : Maria Isabel de Oliveira PenteadoSecretrio-Executivo: Maria da Graa Simes Pires NegroMembros: Arthur da Silva Mariante

Maria Alice BianchiMaria de Ftima BatistaMaurcio Machain Franco

Regina Maria Dechechi CarneiroSueli Correa Marques de MelloVera Tavares de Campos Carneiro

Supervisor editorial: Maria da Graa S. P. NegroNormalizao Bibliogrfica:Maria Alice Bianchi e Maria Iara Pereira MachadoEditorao eletrnica: Maria da Graa S. P. Negro

1 edio1 impresso (2004): 150 unidades

Banco de germoplasma de espcies nativas do campo experimental Sucupiramogno (Switenia macrophylla King) Meliaceae = Sucupira experimental fieldnative station forest species genebank Mahogany (Swietenia macrophyllaKing) Meliaceae / Jos Alves da Silva... [et al.]. -- Braslia : Embrapa RecursosGenticos e Biotecnologia, 2005.

p. -- (Documentos / Embrapa Recursos Genticos e Biotecnologia,ISSN 0102-0110 ; n. 122)

1. Banco de germoplasma Swietenia macrophylla. 2. Mogno. I. Silva,Jos Alves da. II. Srie.

583.77 - CDD 21
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/


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SUMRIO

Introduo ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Descrio Botnica e Utilizao da Espcie ...........................................................................8

Distribuio e Ecologia da Espcie .........................................................................................14

Caracterizao gentica da espcie ........................................................................................18

Conservao ex situ .....................................................................................................................20

Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Mogno...............................................................................24

Inventrio e Anlise da Vegetao do Cerrado .................................................................... 27

Estabelecimento do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma ............................................................36

Avaliao das plantas no BAG ..................................................................................................41

Referncias Bibliogrficas.........................................................................................................45


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Introduo

Rpido crescimento, adaptabilidade, boa forma de fuste e alto valor comercial soalguns quesitos essenciais para a escolha de uma espcie, visando implantao de

programas florestais que atendam s demandas da indstria madeireira.O mogno (Swietenia macrophylla ) no s atende a esses quesitos, como tambm,

representa a mais valiosa das espcies florestais madeireiras nativas da Floresta Tropical,especialmente da Floresta Amaznica. O preo por metro cbico de sua madeira serrada,no mercado internacional, atinge de US$ 1200 a US$ 1400 (WWF, 2002; BIGLEAF, 2004). O Brasil e a Bolvia detm as maiores reservas naturais de mogno e so osmaiores produtores mundiais da espcie. O Brasil contribui com cerca de 60% do volume

de mogno comercializado e a Bolvia com 27,6%. Desse volume, 50% so exportadospara os Estados Unidos, 34,3% para a Comunidade Europia e 23,3% ao Reino Unido(FUNATURA, 1993; MAZZEI e FELFILI, 2001).

No Brasil, a explorao do mogno iniciou-se na dcada de 20 e intensificou-se apartir dos anos 60, com a abertura da rodovia Belm-Braslia, graas aos incentivos decrdito do governo para exportao da madeira e ao declnio dos estoques naturais daespcie na Amrica Central (WWF, 2002).

Atualmente, estima-se que a mdia anual de explorao do mogno seja de 500.000m3, sob forma de cortes seletivos, prtica esta adotada desde o incio de sua explorao,o que afeta negativamente a integridade das populaes, podendo resultar em seuextermnio em um perodo de 32 a 42 anos (PATIO, 1997). Isto porque, o mogno umaespcie algama, ou seja, de polinizao cruzada, e muito sensvel explorao seletiva.Esta prtica, alm de remover a maioria das rvores produtoras de sementes, nomantm as condies de luminosidade necessrias regenerao natural da espcie,

reduzindo assim, as chances de estabelecimento das plntulas(http://66.9.53.140/reso_tree.asp?id=35 ). Alm disso, o abate seletivo de indivduos queapresentam melhor forma e maior crescimento pode promover a seleo disgnica, oaumento do nvel de endogamia e a eroso gentica das geraes posteriores, as quaistero qualidade inferior (NEWTON et al., 1996; PATIO, 1997; LEMES et al., 2003).

O desenvolvimento de uma estratgia que vise silvicultura, ao manejo sustentadoe sua conservao torna-se, portanto, uma tarefa urgente, uma vez que a espcie extremamente sensvel s aes exploratrias. Tal estratgia, segundo Newton et al.(1996), deve ser baseada em informaes precisas sobre o efetivo populacional da
http://www.defenders.org/cites/mahogany.htmlhttp://66.9.53.140/reso_tree.asp?id=35http://66.9.53.140/reso_tree.asp?id=35http://www.defenders.org/cites/mahogany.html


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espcie, a extenso da variabilidade gentica entre e dentro das populaes e acompreenso dos processos mantenedores dessa variabilidade. Observa-se, entretanto,que essas informaes so muito limitadas para o mogno e todas as estimativas deestoque, na regio amaznica, so especulativas, pois no h inventrios nacionais daespcie (NEWTON et al., 1996; VERSSIMO e GROGAN, 1998).

Os testes genticos mais comuns de conservao ex situ a campo referem-se,usualmente, aos testes de procedncia e prognie, que permitem avaliar as caractersticasmorfolgicas dos indivduos (crescimento e forma), considerando-se o carterherdabilidade.

O presente trabalho objetivou a conservao ex situ de acessos de Swieteniamacrophylla , procedentes de Rondnia, sul do Par e Acre; em Banco Ativo deGermoplasma (BAG), assegurando, assim, material que serviro de base para futurosprogramas de melhoramento gentico, pesquisas multidisciplinares e usos diversos.

Introduction

Fast growth rate, adaptability, excellent tree shape and high market value are someof the essential qualities to include a tree species in a forestry programme for the timber

industry. Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla ), the most valuable forest species native tothe tropical forests, especially from the Amazon forest, meets all of these requirementsmentioned above. The cubic meter of mahogany wood in the international market canreach US$ 1200 to US$ 1400 (WWF, 2002;BIGLEAF, 2004). Most of the natural reservesof mahogany are in Brazil and Bolivia, which are also the main world suppliers of thiswood. Brazil contributes with about 60% of the total mahogany volume traded and Boliviawith the remaining 27,6%. The United States of America imports 50% of this volume,

34,3% goes to the European Community and 23,3% to the United Kingdom (FUNATURA,1993; MAZZEI e FELFILI, 2001).In Brazil, the exploitation of mahogany as a timber species started in the 20s and

became more intense in the 60s, after the opening of the Belm-Braslia highway, builtthanks to credit incentive from the Brazilian government for the export of timber, and thedecline of the species natural stocks in Central America (WWF, 2002).

Currently, the average annual production of mahogany is in the range of 500.000m3, obtained through selective cut, an approach adopted since the beginning of itsexploitation. Selective cut of individuals that show best shape and growth rate can lead to
http://www.defenders.org/cites/mahogany.htmlhttp://www.defenders.org/cites/mahogany.html


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dysgenic selection, increase in the endogamy level and genetic erosion of the futuregenerations, which will present inferior quality (LEMES et al., 2003; NEWTON et al., 1996;PATIO, 1997). This approach also eliminates most of the mature trees that produceseeds therefore reducing chances of seedling establishment, necessary for the naturalregeneration of the species. Besides, this procedure affects the integrity of the nativepopulations and could lead to the extermination of the species in 32 to 42 years becausemahogany is an allogamous species, that is, it is cross-pollinated and therefore verysensitive to selective exploitation (PATIO, 1997).

The development of a strategy towards silvicultural use, sustainable use andconservation of this species is of extreme urgency, since it is extremely sensitive to thepresent exploitation model. Such strategy, according to Newton et al. (1996), must bebased on precise information about the species population effective, the extension of thegenetic variability among and within populations and an understanding of the processesthat maintain this variability. However, information on mahogany is very limited and allstock estimates in the Amazon region are speculations since there are no nationalinventories on the species (NEWTON et al., 1996; VERSSIMO e GROGAN, 1998).

Genetic tests commonly used in ex situ conservation in the field refer usually toprovenance and progeny tests that allow an evaluation of the morphological characteristics

of the individuals (growth and shape), considering the herdability of the character.The main objective of the present work was the ex situ conservation in the field of

accessions of Swietenia macrophylla obtained on Rondnia, south of Par and Acre; in aGermplasm Active Bank (BAG), ensuring the safety of material that will serve as the basisfor future breeding programs, multidisciplinary research studies and other uses.

Descrio Botnica e Utilizao da Espcie

Swietenia macrophylla , vulgarmente denominada de mogno, aguano, araputanga,cedro-i, caoba, cedroarana e mogno-brasileiro (RIZZINI, 1971; LORENZI, 1992; IBAMA,1992), uma espcie arbrea de comportamento decduo a semidecduo, helifita quechega a atingir, em mdia, 35 a 45 m de altura em floresta de terra firme e dimetro mdiode 75 a 135 cm (VERSSIMO e GROGAN, 1998; CATIE, 2000). Possui tronco reto ecilndrico, sem ramos at, aproximadamente, os 25 m de altura. (ESPECIES, 2004).rvores muito velhas podem apresentar fustes de at 2 m de dimetro e razes tabulares

ou sapopemas, comuns nesses indivduos, que podem atingir at 5 m na base da tora
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(RIZZINI,1971; CATIE, 2000). Na Figura 1C tem-se um indivduo jovem da espcie,desenvolvendo-se em rea de Cerrado, no Campo Experimental Sucupira, DistritoFederal.

A B CFigura 1. Embries (A), Sementes (B) e Indivduo jovem (C) deSwietenia macrophylla plantado no Campo Experimental Sucupira.Figure 1. Embryos (A), Seeds (B) and young tree, growing at Sucupira ExperimentalStation (C) ofSwietenia macrophylla .

A madeira apresenta alburno e cerne bem diferenciados, com anis de crescimentovisveis, porm pouco marcados. O alburno estreito e de colorao clara, e o cerne

depois de cortado apresenta colorao rosa reluzente, passando ao pardo-avermelhadocom reflexos dourado brilhantes, liso de textura fina e desenhos pronunciados. A madeira inodora, inspida, dura, resistente ao ataque de fungos e cupins, pesada, com pesoespecfico varivel, conforme a procedncia, entre 0,45 e 0,70 g/cm3. A casca dosindivduos adultos parda avermelhada escura, grossa, reticulada fundamente sulcada(RIZZINi, 1971; LORENZI, 1992; ESPECIES, 2004).

As folhas so compostas, com ambas as superfcies dos fololos glabras, lisas, de

cor verde escuro brilhante; enervao secundaria proeminente na superfcie superior,decduas a semidecduas, paripenadas, opostas, com 8 a 10 fololos, medindo de 7 a 15


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cm de comprimento e 3,5 a 6 cm de largura, oblongos ou oval-oblongos, assimtricos nabase mais ou menos arredondada, com pice filamentoso, membranceos ousubcoriceos, com pecolos medindo 7 a 9 cm e pecilulos curtos (RIZZINI,1971; ESPECIES, 2004).

Flores monicas, inflorescncias axilares ou subterminais, pentmeras, empanculas de 10 a 20 cm, glabras, ptalas brancas 5, livres de 4,5 a 6 mm decomprimento e de 2 a 2,5 mm de largura, oblongas a obovadas, glabras e com margemciliada. Clice pentalobulados, lbulos largamente arredondados de 1 a 1,5 mm decomprimento. Tubo estaminal cilndrico. Ovrio globoso, glabro, tetra-penta loculares,lculos com 10 a 14 primrdios seminais. A polinizao efetuada basicamente porinsetos(RIZZINI,1971; ESPECIES, 2004).

O fruto do tipo cpsula, grossa, lenhosa, ereta, elongada a elongada ovide, svezes piriforme, provida de coluna central prismtica, tetra-penta valvadas, sendo asvalvas externas lenhosas de 6 a 8 mm de espessura, de colorao marrom griscea desuperfcie lisa ou com verrugas muito pequenas. O fruto demora cerca de um ano paraamadurecer e a disperso anemocrica das sementes ocorre na estao seca, quando asrvores esto despidas da folhagem (RIZZINI, 1971; RIZZINI e MORS, 1976). Hvariaes, de acordo com a procedncia, das dimenses dos frutos que podem ser de 10

a 22 cm de comprimento e de 6 a 10 cm de dimetro, com 4 a 5 vlvulas (RIZZINI,1971).Frutos procedentes de duas aldeias da Terra Indgena Parakan-Tucuru, no estado doPar, apresentaram 162,28+7,21 mm de comprimento, 82,71+4,15mm de espessura,peso mdio de 347,20g e 61 sementes por fruto (aldeia Maroxewara). Por outro lado,frutos procedentes da aldeia Inaxyganga, apresentaram 173,33+13,40mm decomprimento, 87,42+4,84mm de espessura, peso mdio de 472,67g e 64 sementes porfruto (MARTINS FILHO et al., 2004). Frutos procedentes da Costa Rica contm de 45 a

70 sementes (CATIE, 2000).A semente alada com ncleo seminfero basal, marrom-escuro brilhante a

vermelho-pardacento. As dimenses das sementes so variadas, podendo ter de 7,5 a 12cm de comprimento, incluindo a ala e um quilograma de sementes com alas contm cercade 2300 unidades (Rizzini, 1971;http://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/jardin/cd1/Maderas%20CITES/swmacro.htm)(Figuras 1 A e B). Sementes com ala, provenientes da aldeia Maroxewara PA

apresentaram 105,05+4,75mm de comprimento, 16,44+1,57mm de largura, 6,28+0,33mmde espessura, e sem casca, as dimenses foram de 20,37+1,86mm de comprimento,
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10,79+1,69mm de largura, 3,53+0,4mm de espessura. Em um quilograma de sementeshavia 1.474 unidades. Na aldeia Inaxiganga PA, as sementes com ala, apresentaram109,93+7,44mm de comprimento, 17,33+0,55mm de largura e 6,70+0,36mm deespessura, e sem casca, as dimenses foram de 22,00+2,12mm de comprimento,11,26+0,27mm de largura, 4,10+0,29mm de espessura e 1.184 sementes por quilo(MARTINS FILHO et al., 2004). A produo de frutos varivel por rvore e regio, pormpode oscilar de 125 kg a 148 kg, cujo rendimento varia de 3,8 kg a 4,5 kg de sementespor rvore (CATIE, 2000). A predao das sementes por macacos e araras inicia-se naprpria rvore e, aps disperso, so predadas por pacas e roedores (VERSSIMO eGROGAN, 1998).

O gnero Swietenia largamente utilizado na medicina popular para vriospropsitos. Na Indonsia empregado como antimalrico, pelo uso de substnciasextradas pela coco de suas sementes. A atividade antimalrica das sementes foievidenciada principalmente contra Plasmodium falciparum. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar,tambm, que as sementes do mogno podem causar hemorragias uterinas, podendo,eventualmente levar morte (MUOZ et al., 2000). A casca produz os mesmos efeitosdas sementes no tratamento antimalrico, o que torna perigoso o seu uso generalizado,em razo da possibilidade de existncia de componentes txicos (MUOZ et al., 2000).

Na regio amaznica, a espcie empregada no tratamento de malria, febre, anemia,diarria, desinteria e como depurativo. (SWIETENIA, 2004; JENSEN, 1995).

A madeira muito utilizada para fabricao de mveis de luxo, lambris, rguas declculo, esquadrias, painis, laminados, contraplacados, ebanisteria de interiores, rodaps, molduras, portas, janelas, assoalhos, instrumentos musicais, embarcaes eesculturas. A casca presta-se ao tingimento de couro. A espcie utilizada para finspaisagsticos e ornamentais (JENSEN, 1995; VERSSIMO et al. 1995;ESPECIES, 2004).

Botanical Description and Utilization of the Species

Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogani, aguano, araputanga, cedro-i, caoba,cedroarana and Brazilian-mahogany) (IBAMA, 1992; LORENZI, 1992; RIZZINI, 1971) is asemi-deciduous or deciduous heliophytic tree species, that can reach 35 to 45 m and thetrunk diameter may average 75 to 135 cm (VERSSIMO e GROGAN, 1998; CATIE, 2000).The trunk is straight and cylindrical, without lateral branches up to a height of 25 m(ESPECIES, 2004). Old trees might present 2 m diameter trunks and roots, also called
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sapopemas , common to these individuals, which might measure up to 5 m at the basis ofthe trunk (RIZZINI, 1971; CATIE, 2000). Figure 1C shows a young individual, growing in aCerrado area, at Sucupira Experimental Station, Braslia, Distrito Federal.

Mahogany wood has sapwood and heartwood well differentiated; with growth ringsare visible but not very conspicuous. The sapwood is narrow and with pale coloration. Theheartwood coloration varies from a shiny pink after it has been cut, to reddish-brown withshiny golden hues, and it is smooth with fine texture and pronounced pattern. The woodhas no scent or taste, and it is hard, very resistant to fungi and termites, heavy, withvariable specific weight, depending on the provenance, from 0,45 to 0,70 g/cm3. The barkof adult individuals is dark reddish brown, thick, reticulated and with deep sulcate (Lorenzi,1992; RIZZINI, 1971;ESPECIES, 2004).

Leaves are compound, and both surfaces of the leaflet are glabrous, smooth, shinydark green; secondary enervation prominent in superior side, deciduous orsemideciduous, paripinnate compound, opposites, with 8 to 10 leaflet, measuring from 7 to15 cm in length and 3,5 to 6 cm in width, oblong or ovoid-oblong, asymmetrical at the basethat is slightly round, with filamentous tips, membranaceous or sub-coriaceous, withpetioles that measure 7 to 9 cm and short petiolules (RIZZINI, 1971;ESPECIES, 2004).

Flowers are monoecious, on axillary or sub-terminal inflorescences, pentamer,

panicle type measuring 10 to 20 cm, glabrous, with 5 free white petals, measuring 4,5 to 6mm in length and 2 to 2,5 mm in width, oblong to obovate, glabrous and with ciliate edge.Chalice is pentalobulated, and lobules are round measuring 1 to 1,5 mm in length.Staminal tube is cylindrical. The ovary is globoid, glabrous, with four or five locules, andlocules contain 10 to 14 seminal primordia. Pollination is done mostly by insects (RIZZINI,1971; ESPECIES, 2004).

The fruit is a capsule type, with thick woody walls, erect, elongated or elongated

ovoid, sometimes pear shaped, with a prismatic central column, with four or five valves,and the external valves are woody and measure 6 to 8 mm in thickness, of gray-browncoloration smooth surface or with very small warts. The fruit takes about one year tobecome completely ripe and the seeds are dispersed by the wind during the dry season,when the trees have shed their leaves (RIZZINI, 1971; RIZZINI e MORS, 1976). Fruits ofdifferent provenances present variations in the size from 10 to 22 cm in length and 6 to 10cm in diameter, with 4 to 5 valves (RIZZINI, 1971). Fruits obtained from two indian villages

in the Parakan-Tucuru, in Par state, presented 162,28+7,21 mm in length,82,71+4,15mm in thickness, average weight 347,20g and 61 seeds in each fruit
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(Maroxewara village). On the other hand, fruits collected in the village Inaxyganga, where173,33+13,40mm in length, 87,42+4,84mm in thickness, and average weight 72,67g and64 seeds in each fruit (MARTINS FILHO et al., 2004). Fruits obtained from Costa Ricacontain 45 to 70 seeds (CATIE, 2000).

The seed has wings and basal seminiferous nuclei, coloration ranging from shinnydark brown to reddish brown. Seeds dimensions are variable, ranging from 7,5 to 12 cm inlength, including the wing, and one kilogram of seeds with the wings contains about 2300seeds (RIZZINI, 1971;ESPECIES, 2004). (Figures 1A and B). Seeds with wings, obtainedfrom Maroxewara PA village presented 105,05+4,75mm in length, 16,44+1,57mm inwidth, 6,28+0,33mm in thickness, and 20,37+1,86mm in length, 10,79+1,69mm in width,3,53+0,4mm in thickness after the seeds coat was removed. One kilogram contained1.474 seeds. In Inaxiganga PA village seeds with wings were 109,93+7,44mm in length,17,33+0,55mm in width and 6,70+0,36mm in thickness, and after the seed coat wasremoved the dimensions were 22,00+2,12mm in length, 11,26+0,27mm in width,4,10+0,29mm in thickness and one kilogram contained 1.184 seeds (MARTINS FILHO etal., 2004). The production of fruits is variable between different trees and regions, andmight range from 125 to 148 kg, that is 3,8 to 4,5 kg of seeds per tree (CATIE, 2000).Seeds are first eaten by monkeys and macaws that pick them right from the trees, and

after dispersal they are also consumed by tapir and other rodents (VERSSIMO eGROGAN, 1998).

The genus Swietenia is broadly used in popular medicine as a remedy to variouspurposes. In Indonesia substances extracted from boiled seeds are used in the treatmentof malaria. The efficacy of these substances in the treatment of malaria was observedparticularly against Plasmodium falciparum. However, it must be mentioned, also, thatmahogany seeds might cause uterus hemorrhage, and might eventually lead to death

(MUOZ et al., 2000). The bark produces the same effects as the seeds in the treatmentof malaria, and that makes its generalized use dangerous, due to the presence of toxiccomponents (Muoz et al ., 2000). In the Amazon region the species is used in thetreatment of malaria, fever, anemia, diarrhea, desinteria and as a blood depurative.(SWIETENIA, 2004; JENSEN, 1995).

The wood is extensively used for the production of luxury furniture, cabinet work,ruler, windows and door frames, paneling, laminates, floor frames, picture frames, doors,

windows, floors, musical instruments, boats and sculptures. The bark can also be used to
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dye leather. The species is utilized as an ornamental plant in landscaping projects(JENSEN, 1995; VERSSIMO et al. 1995;ESPECIES, 2004).

Distribuio e Ecologia da Espcie

O gnero Swietenia inclui trs espcies que ocorrem na Amrica tropical:Swieteniahumilis Zucc., S. macrophylla King e S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq. H tambm vrios hbridosnaturais na Amrica Central e do Sul, como, S. macrophylla x S. humilis ; S. macrophylla xS. mahagoni . Alm destas espcies, se distinguem por sua similitude com as caobasamericanas outras de origem africana, e que so denominadas genericamente comocaobas africanas ( ESPECIES, 2004).

Swietenia macrophylla uma espcie que apresenta ampla distribuio geogrfica,estendendo-se desde o sul da pennsula de Yucat, ao sul do Mxico e nos seguintespases da Amrica Central, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,Nicargua, e Panam, at a Amrica do Sul, onde encontrada na Venezuela, Colmbia,Bolvia, Peru, Equador e, em especial, na Amaznia brasileira, nos estados do Acre,Amazonas, Par, Mato Grosso, Tocantins e parte de Gois (RIZZINI, 1971; BAUER eFRANCIS, 2004).

Devido sua amplitude ecolgica, cresce naturalmente em florestas tropicaismidas e secas, com altitudes de at 1.500 m e em diferentes tipos de solos. (JENSEN,1995. Entretanto, o mogno alcana seu maior desenvolvimento em altitudes de 1250 m a1500 m e temperaturas maiores que 24 C (CATIE, 2000). A espcie desenvolve-se muitobem em solos franco-arenosos, frteis, com boa drenagem e pH entre 6,9 a 7,7 (CATIE,2000). No planalto central, especialmente em Braslia, onde amplamente usada emarborizao dos principais conjuntos residenciais e parques da cidade, a espciedesenvolve-se bem.

Biologicamente adaptado s perturbaes naturais, o mogno no se regenerasatisfatoriamente quando submetido s prticas de explorao e cortes seletivos (WWF,2002; CASTILLO-NEGREROS et al., 2003).

Em locais de ocorrncia natural, estudos realizados indicaram que o mognoapresenta considervel grau de regenerao, principalmente depois de ser submetido aperturbaes ambientais como (incndios, inundaes etc.). Tais perturbaes provocamabertura de clareiras possibilitando a entrada de grande quantidade de luz e

disponibilizando espao fsico necessrios ao seu estabelecimento, conferindo-lhe a
http://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/jardin/cd1/Maderas%20CITES/swmacro.htmhttp://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/jardin/cd1/Maderas%20CITES/swmacro.htmhttp://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/jardin/cd1/Maderas%20CITES/swmacro.htmhttp://www.uco.es/organiza/servicios/jardin/cd1/Maderas%20CITES/swmacro.htm


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condio de espcie pioneira, ou seja, especialista em ambientes de clareira (GULLISONe HUBBEL, 1992, GULLISON et al., 1996). Porm, o grau de sucesso do recrutamento deplantas de mogno sob prticas de manejo de regenerao natural pode variar, em funodo tamanho da clareira e da fertilidade do solo (GROGAN et al., 2003)1.

Essa estratgia ecolgica torna o mogno vulnervel aos processos de exploraoseletivos, porque os indivduos juvenis so eliminados do sub-bosque, e, as rvoresprodutoras de sementes so sistematicamente abatidas, deixando os demais indivduossubmetidos a um processo de competio com outras espcies (SNOOK, 1996). O idealseria que as rvores deixadas na floresta tivessem a forma de tronco prxima da mdiaou da melhor forma silvicultural, a fim de reduzir ao mnimo o risco de uma seleodisgnica que conduziria a efeitos negativos nas geraes futuras, pelo incremento dafreqncia de genes menos desejveis.

Outro fato agravante que a espcie se regenera fundamentalmente em gruposcoetneos, ou seja, todas as rvores de determinada populao alcanaro no futurodimenses comerciais, aproximadamente, ao mesmo tempo. Como conseqncia, suaexplorao ocorrer tambm de uma s vez, esgotando-se, assim, os indivduosprodutores de sementes em uma rea relativamente extensa, principalmente se foremexplorados antes de dispersarem as sementes (SNOOK, 1996). Considerando-se a baixa

densidade de indivduos adultos por hectare e a produo irregular de frutos da espcie, oproblema torna-se ainda mais agravante.

Algumas sementes podem at germinar, em condies naturais, mas no chegama formar rvores adultas, pois os indivduos jovens, ao contrrio de outras espcies,precisam de muita luz para crescer. O desconhecimento deste fato tem sido a causa doinsucesso em muitas tentativas de manejo de populaes da espcie. O mogno, porconseguinte, no forma banco de sementes nem banco de plntulas no solo, que possam

servir como fonte de regenerao na ausncia de rvores produtoras.Uma das formas de garantir a produo contnua do mogno na regio amaznica

por meio da adoo de tcnicas de manejo sustentado e de programas de pesquisa,enfocando aspectos da silvicultura, manejo, conservao e tecnologia de utilizao da

1 GROGAN, J.; ASHTON, M. S.; GALVO, J. Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla ) seedling survival and growthacross a topographic gradient in southeast Par, Brazil. Submetido para publicao na revista Forest Ecology and

Management, 2003.


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espcie. Conforme recomendao do IPGRI (2002) pode-se ajudar na regenerao domogno adotando-se os seguintes critrios:

1. Efetuar a explorao madeireira da espcie alguns meses mais tardedepois que as rvores tiverem produzido e dispersado suas sementes;

2. Explorar primeiro as espcies menos valiosas comercialmente, antes daqueda das sementes do mogno, criando-se clareiras e perturbaesambientais que favoream a sua germinao.

Ecological Distribution of the Species

The genus Swietenia includes three species that occur in the tropical America:

Swietenia humilis Zucc., S. macrophylla King and S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq. There are alsovarious natural hybrids in Central and South America, likeS. macrophylla x S. humilis ; S. macrophylla x S. mahagoni . Further more, these species are distinguished by theirsimilarities to the American and African caobas, which are generally called African caobas(ESPECIES, 2004).

Swietenia macrophylla is a species with a broad geographic distribution, occurringfrom the south of the Yucat peninsula, in the south of Mexico, Central American countriessuch as Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama,and South America, where it can be found in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuadorand especially in the Brazilian Amazon, in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Par, MatoGrosso, Tocantins and certain regions of Gois (RIZZINI, 1971; BAUER e FRANCIS,2004).

Due to its broad ecological amplitude, the species is found growing naturally inmoist and dry tropical forests, at altitudes of up to 1.500 m and in different types of soils(JENSEN, 1995. However, mahogany trees will achieve best development at 1250 to 1500m and temperatures higher than 24C (CATIE, 2000). The species develops very well infertile sandy soils, with good drainage and pH between 6,9 and 7,7 (CATIE, 2000). Thespecies develops very well in the central plains of Brazil, especially in Braslia, where it islargely used for ornaments residential areas and parks.

Although biologically adapted to natural perturbations, mahogany regeneratespoorly when it is subjected to the traditional exploitation practices and selective cut(CASTILLO-NEGREROS et al., 2003; WWF, 2002).
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Studies conducted in mahoganys natural sites of occurrence indicated that itexhibits high level of regeneration, especially after environmental disturbances such as fireand floods. These perturbations open a clearing in the vegetation that make possible theincidence of large amounts of light and makes available the space necessary to itsestablishment as a pioneer species, that is, a specialist in clearings environments(GULLISON e HUBBEL, 1992, GULLISON et al., 1996). However, the degree of successof mahogany plants under management practices for natural regeneration may vary as afunction of the size of the clearings and soil fertility (GROGAN et al., 2003).

This ecological strategy makes mahogany vulnerable to selective exploitationprocesses because the young individuals are eliminated from the under-story vegetationand the trees that are producing seeds are systematically cut, living the other individualssubjected to a competitive process with other species (SNOOK, 1996). Ideally the treesremaining in the forest would have the trunk shape similar to the average or the bestsilvicultural shape, to reduce to a minimum the risk of disgenic selection, which leads tonegative effects in the future generations, through the increment of the frequency of lessdesirable genes.

Another serious factor is that the species regeneration is synchronized, that is, allthe trees of a determined population will reach the proper size for commercialisation

approximately at the same time. As a consequence, its exploitation will occur also at once,eliminating seed producing individuals in a relatively extensive area, mainly if they areexploited before they have dispersed the seeds (SNOOK, 1996). Considering the lowdensity of adult individuals per hectare and the irregular fruit production of the species, theproblem becomes even more serious.

Some seeds will germinate under natural conditions, but do not grow into adult treesbecause the young individuals, contrary to other species, require high light incidence to

grow. The lack of knowledge about these particularities has been the cause of failure ofmanagement attempts of populations of mahogany. Mahogany does not form seed orseedling bank in the soil, which could work as a source of individuals for regeneration inthe absence of seed producing trees.

One of the forms to guarantee the continuous production of mahogany in theAmazon region is through the adoption of sustainable management techniques andresearch programs focused on silvicultural use, management, conservation and use

technology aspects of the species. IPGRI (2002) recommends the following procedures toimprove mahogany regeneration:


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1. Start logging of the species a few months after the trees have produced anddispersed seeds.

2. First cut the species of inferior commercial value, before mahogany seedsdispersal, opening clearings and environmental disturbances that improve seedsgermination.

Caracterizao gentica da espcie

Lemes et al. (2003) avaliaram a diversidade gentica intra e inter especfica de setepopulaes naturais de mogno, ocorrentes na bacia amaznica brasileira. Analisando 8locus SSRs para 194 indivduos representantes das sete populaes, obtiveram altonmero mdio de alelos polimorficos por loco (A = 18,4) e alta mdia estimada deheterozigozidade (He = 0,78). Tais resultados indicam ser importante manter as populaesde mogno em seus habitats, devido ao alto nvel de diversidade gentica microgeogrficaobservada. Igualmente, para quantificar a diversidade gentica dentro da espcie emonitorar os impactos causados pela explorao seletiva dos indivduos, foi adotado omtodo de RAPD para populaes amostradas desde o Mxico at o Panam (GILLES etal.,1999). Os autores concluram que a diversidade gentica estimada indicou que 80% davariao eram mantidas dentro das populaes. A anlise de regresso demonstrou, neste

caso, que o processo de explorao seletiva provocou um decrscimo significativo nadiversidade daquelas populaes. Estes resultados ofereceram informaes prticas para afutura conservao do mogno e salientaram alguns aspectos que podiam ter influenciadona partio da diversidade gentica desta espcie na Amrica Central.

Pesquisadores do IPGRI (2001), estudando a diversidade gentica de quatropopulaes de mogno na Costa Rica, em reas onde a espcie havia sido intensamenteexplorada, concluram que apesar do alto nvel de perturbao verificado, ainda, era possvel

recuperar as populaes de mogno com significante nvel de diversidade gentica. Osresultados indicaram que poucas rvores adultas deixadas no ambiente, em meio aosregenerantes e indivduos jovens, constituam amostras da diversidade gentica, servindo derepositrio gentico para recolonizao das reas abandonadas, desempenhando, assim,importante papel no processo de restaurao das florestas.

O contrrio foi observado na Reserva Florestal de Caparo, Venezuela, onde o nmerode rvores emergentes (h < 30 m) foi drasticamente reduzido, devido explorao

madeireira. Dezenove anos aps a explorao foram encontrados apenas 8 ind ha-1

, nmeroconsideravelmente baixo em relao ao encontrado em floresta no explorada (51 ind ha -1).


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Constatou-se, tambm, que era rara a ocorrncia de indivduos de mogno (< 10 ind ha -1),tanto em povoamentos explorados quanto em povoamentos no explorados(KAMMESCHEIDT, 1998).

Verssimo et al. (1995) constataram que o futuro da explorao madeireira do mognona regio amaznica estava realmente comprometido, uma vez que encontraram, em mdia,apenas 0,25 rvores ha -1 com DAP de 30 cm, e, nenhuma rvore entre 10 e 30 cm dedimetro. A regenerao natural, por sua vez, era praticamente inexistente.

Genetic Characterization of the species

Lemes et al. (2003) evaluated the intra- and inter-specific genetic diversity of sevennatural populations of mahogany in the Brazilian Amazon basin. The analysis of eight SSRslocus for 194 individuals revealed representing the seven populations obtained high averagenumber of polymorphic alleles per loci (A = 18,4) and high estimated average ofheterozigozity (He = 0,78). These results suggest that it is important to maintain themahogany populations in their habitats due to the high level of micro-geographic geneticdiversity observed. Likewise, to quantify the genetic diversity within the species and tomonitor the impact caused by the selective exploitation of the individuals, RAPD analysiswas used for populations sampled from Mexico to Panama (GILLES et al., 1999). The

authors concluded that the genetic diversity estimated showed that 80% of the variation wasmaintained within the populations. The regression analysis showed in this case that theselective exploitation caused a significant reduction in the genetic diversity in thosepopulations. These results offered practical information for the future conservation ofmahogany and highlighted some aspects that could have influenced in the naturaldistribution of the genetic diversity of this species in Central America.

Researchers from IPGRI (2001) studying the genetic diversity of four populations of

mahogany from Costa Rica, occurring in areas were the species had been intensivelyexploited, concluded that despite of the high level of perturbation verified it was stillpossible to recover mahogany populations with significant level of genetic diversity. Theseresults pointed out that few adult trees remaining in the area, amongst the regenerantsand Young individuals, constituted samples of the genetic diversity, working as a geneticrepository for the re-colonization of the abandoned areas, and therefore playing animportant role in the process of restoration of the forests.


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The contrary was observed in the Forestal Reserve of Caparo, Venezuela, where thenumber of emergent trees (h < 30 m) was drastically reduced due to the timber exploitation.Nineteen years after the exploitation only 8 individuals/ha-1 were found, a numberconsiderably lower in comparison to that found in an undisturbed forest (51 ind ha-1). It wasalso observed that the occurrence of mahogany individuals was rare (< 10 individuals/ha-1), inexploited dwellings as well as in non-exploited ones (KAMMESCHEIDT, 1998).

Verssimo et al. (1995) concluded that the future of the timber exploitation of mahoganyin the Amazon region was compromise, since they found in average, only 0,25 trees/ha-1 with30 cm DAP and no trees with diameter between 10 and 30 cm. Natural regeneration wasbasically nonexistent.

Conservao ex situ

Devido sua explorao indiscriminada e ao decrscimo de suas populaesnaturais, o mogno uma das espcies florestais brasileiras que consta na lista oficial doIBAMA (1992) sob risco de extino, na lista da FAO (1997) de espcies prioritrias paraconservao in situ e ex situ e na lista de espcies com alta prioridade para aconservao gentica, elaborada durante o Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resourcesrealizado pela FAO em 1995. A conservao in situ e aes visando o estudo dadiversidade gentica e a conservao ex situ da espcie foram consideradas prementes(PATIO, 1997). Em 1992, o mogno foi includo no Appendix II da Convention onInternational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1994),sendo classificada para conservao entre em perigo a abundante (RODAN et al., 1992).

A espcie apresenta variaes de caractersticas herdveis como morfologia defolhas, troncos, frutos, propriedades da madeira e resistncia ao ataque da broca doponteiro, por larvas de Hypsipyla grandella Zeller (Lepdoptera). Tais variaes soobservadas ao longo de sua distribuio geogrfica e em locais isolados de ocorrnciascausados por barreiras naturais ou fragmentao devido ao natural ou antrpica(PATIO, 1997). Neste caso, cada procedncia, populao ou grupo de bitipos,especialmente no que se refere quelas caractersticas, devem ser considerados para aconservao ex situ da espcie, haja vista, a tendncia de explorao seletiva dosmelhores fentipos.

Distintos mtodos para a conservao ex situ de mogno, podem ser adotados.

Tendo em vista as caractersticas de suas sementes, ortodoxas e no longevas estas


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podem ser conservadas em banco convencional de germoplasma semente a -20 0C (EIRAet. al., 1993; CUNHA et. al., 1995). A criopreservao de embries zigticosencapsulados e de sementes podem ser igualmente adotadas com xito, para aconservao da espcie a longo prazo (MARZALINA e NORMAH, 2002).

Os plantios monoespecficos (comercial e/ou experimental), entretanto, apesar deseu grande potencial econmico, no tm obtido sucesso em vrios pases, devido aoataque da broca do ponteiro s gemas apicais das plantas jovens, diminuindo oincremento em altura e, mais importante, causando bifurcaes no fuste principal, e,conseqentemente, reduzindo seu valor comercial. Marques et al. (1988), neste caso,recomendaram a poda de formao de fuste para abrandar o ataque da broca. Essemesmo procedimento foi utilizado por Cornelius (2001) e Mazzei e Felfili (2001), comoalternativa para diminuir a severidade do ataque da broca, selecionando e conduzindo obroto principal com o objetivo de alcanar melhor formao do futuro fuste.

O plantio de mogno consorciado com outras espcies florestais em ambientes bemprotegidos tem sido uma alternativa usual, visando amenizar o ataque da praga, porm,conforme salientam Mazzei e Felfilli (2001), a reduo de densidade de mogno emplantios consorciados no impede que o nvel de ataque seja semelhante ao plantio puro.

Oliveira (2000) efetuou o plantio de mogno e de outras espcies florestais,

aproveitando clareiras e trilhas de arraste, oriundas do processo de explorao demadeira na floresta amaznica, objetivando a reduo dos custos de implantao deplantio. Cinco anos aps o plantio, verificou que o crescimento de todas as espcies foipraticamente o mesmo, sendo que, tanto o cedro ( Cedrela fissilis Vell.) quanto o mogno,apresentaram sinais visveis de ataque das larvas. O ndice de sobrevivncia para ambasas espcies, neste caso, foi de 70% e 75%, respectivamente.

Contudo, conforme salientam Piotto et al. (2004), os sistemas de plantios mistos

parecem ser mais apropriados porque so capazes de fornecer uma gama de opescomo produo, proteo, conservao da biodiversidade, recuperao de reasdegradadas, alm de produzir mais biomassa por unidade de rea, uma vez que acompetio entre indivduos sensivelmente reduzida. Outra vantagem, segundoGuariguata et al. (1995), que maior quantidade de energia pode ser captada pelasplantas, j que as espcies possuem diferentes tipos de copas e, por conseguinte,diferentes exigncias de luz, ocasionando uma melhor distribuio das copas no plano

vertical.


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Ex Situ Conservation

Due to the predatory exploitation and the reduction of its natural populations,mahogany is one of the Brazilian forest species listed by IBAMA (1992) as a species under

risk of extinction, in FAO (1997) list of prioritarian species forin situ and ex situ conservation and in the list of species with high genetic conservation priority, elaboratedduring the Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources that took place at FAO in 1995.The in situ conservation and its actions aiming at studying the genetic diversity and the exsitu conservation of the species were considered urgent (PATIO, 1997). In 1992,mahogany was included in the Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1994), being classified as a

threatened species in need for conservation (RODAN et al., 1992).The species presents a variety of herdable morphological traits such as leaf shape,

trunks, fruits, wood properties and resistance to the attack of the mahogany shoot borer(Hypsipyla grandella Zeller, Lepdoptera) larvae. These variations are observed along itsgeographical distribution and in isolated localities protected from occurrences caused bynatural barriers or fragmentation due to natural or anthropic actions (PATIO, 1997). Inthis case, each provenance, population or group of biotypes, must be considered for the

ex situ conservation of the species, especially in the case of those traits, due to thetendency for selective exploitation of the best phenotypes.

Distinct methods can be adopted for the ex situ conservation of mahogany. Theseeds are orthodox and exhibit extended longevity, and can therefore be maintained inconventional seed genebanks at -20 0C (EIRA et. al., 1993; CUNHA et. al., 1995). Thecryopreservation of encapsulated zigotic embryos and seeds can also be used withsuccess for the long-term conservation of the species (MARZALINA e NORMAH, 2002).

Monospecific plantings (commercial and/or experimental) have a great economicalpotential, however it has not been successful in various countries due to the attack by themahogany shoot borer to shoot tips of young plants, that causes growth reduction andmost importantly, branching of the main stem, and consequently reducing the commercialvalue of the individuals. Marques et al. (1988), recommend pruning of the stem to reducethe attack of the mahogany shoot borer. This same procedure was used by Cornelius(2001) and Mazzei eFelfili (2001) as an alternative to reduce the severity of the mahoganyshoot borer attack, selecting and conducting the shoot tip with the objective of reaching abetter formation of the future stem.


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Planting mahogany mixed with other forest species in protected environments hasbeen the usual alternative to minimize the attack by pests and diseases. However, Mazzeie Felfilli (2001) emphasize that this reduction in the density of mahogany individuals inmixed plantings alone is not enough to reduce the attack level that remains similar to thatobserved in monospecific planting. Trying to reduce initial plantation coasts, Oliveira(2000) planted mahogany and other forest species in clearings and trails opened in theAmazon forest for timber exploitation. Five years after planting, the growth rate of allspecies was basically the same, and cedro ( Cedrela fissilis Vell.) as well as mahoganyshowed visible signs of larvae attack das. In this case, the survival index for the twospecies was 70% and 75%, respectively.

However, as pointed out by Piotto et al. (2004), mixed planting systems seem to bemore appropriate because they are capable of supplying a wide variety of options likeproduction, protection, biodiversity conservation, recuperation of disturbed areas, apartfrom producing more biomass per area, since the competition between individuals isgreatly reduced. Another advantage, according to Guariguata et al. (1995) is that a largeramount of energy can be captured by the plants since different species have diverse typesof canopy and, therefore, different light requirements, allowing a better vertical distributionof the canopies.

Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Mogno

O Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de mogno (BAG) est localizado no CampoExperimental Sucupira (CES) da Embrapa Recursos Genticos e Biotecnologia(Cenargen), utilizando prognies coletadas em Rondnia, sul do Par e Acre por Lemes(2000) (Figura 2).

O CES est situado a sudoeste da cidade de Braslia entre as coordenadasgeogrficas aproximadas de 15 52 e 15 56 de latitude Sul e 48 00 e 48 02 delongitude Oeste, em altitudes variando de 1050 a 1250 m, ocupando uma rea total de1763,118 ha (Walter e Sampaio, 1998; Silva et al. 2001).


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Figura 2. Localizao do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla noCampo Experimental SucupiraFigure 2. Localization where theSwietenia macrophylla Active Genebank is installed, at

Sucupira Experimental Station.

A rea destinada ao BAG de florestais nativas, originalmente, era composta porCerrado sensu stricto , sendo que parte dela foi desmatada para sua implantao. O BAGfoi instalado em duas condies distintas: a cu aberto e sob a vegetao do Cerradopara efeito de comparao e reduzir os provveis riscos de ataque da broca do mogno.

O Cerrado sensu stricto uma vegetao de interflvio que se desenvolve sobre

Latossolos Vermelhos ou Amarelos com teores variveis de argila (EITEN, 1990;RIBEIRO e WALTER, 1998; FELFILLI e SILVA JUNIOR, 2001). Esse Cerrado caracteriza-se pela presena de rvores baixas, inclinadas e tortuosas, possuindo troncos comcascas grossas, fendidas ou sulcadas. Muitas espcies possuem folhas rgidas ecoriceas. Arbustos e subarbustos encontram-se espalhados, apresentando rgossubterrneos perenes (xilopdios) que permitem rebrota aps queima ou corte (WALTERe SAMPAIO, 1998). A Figura 3 mostra aspectos da vegetao do Cerrado, antes dainstalao do BAG no CES, e detalhes da preparao das covas para plantio.


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Figura 3. Detalhes do coveamento de um trecho do fragmento de cerrado onde estinstalado o Banco de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla no Campo ExperimentalSucupira.

Figure 3. Details of the planting well in a section of the Cerrado area where theSwieteniamacrophylla Active Genebank is installed, at Sucupira Experimental Station.

Dados climatolgicos obtidos pelo INMET (2000) indicaram para a regio, perodochuvoso de outubro a abril, coincidindo com os meses mais quentes do ano e chuvasconcentradas no perodo de novembro a maro. A precipitao total no ano de 2000 foi de1290 mm. A umidade relativa do ar oscilou entre 40 e 80% nesse ano. A temperaturamdia mensal do ar foi bastante uniforme ao longo do ano (Figura 4).


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Dados meteorolgicos do DF em 2000

030

6090

120150

180210

240270

j f m a m j j a s o n d

Precipitao (mm) Temperatura mdia (C) URA %

Figura 4. Parmetros meteorolgicos para a regio do Banco Ativo de Germoplasmainstalado no Campo Experimental Sucupira, no ano de plantio (2000).Figure 4. Climate parameters for the region where Swietenia macrophylla ActiveGenebank is installed, at Sucupira Experimental Station, in 2000, the year the trees wereplanted.

As reas com altitudes at 1200 m, segundo Carneiro (1984), estariam submetidasao clima Cwa (Kppen), onde a temperatura do ms mais frio chega a ser inferior a 18 C,e a do ms mais quente atinge mdias superiores 22C. Os dados climatolgicosnormais para o perodo compreendido entre 1961-1990, segundo INMET (2004),indicaram temperatura mdia anual variando de 18 a 22 C, temperatura mdia mnimaentre 16 a 18 C, umidade relativa mdia entre 70% a 80% e precipitao mdia anual de1600 mm.

Mahogany Active Genebank

The mahogany Active Genebank (AGB) is located at the Sucupira ExperimentalStation (SES) of Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen). Thecollection was composed of progenies collected in Rondnia, south of Par and Acre byLemes (2000) (Figure 2).

The SES is situated at southwest of Braslia, between the geographic coordinates15 52 and 15 56 south latitude and 48 00 and 48 02 west longitude, at altitudes


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varying from 1050 to 1250 m, occupying an area of 1763,118 ha (WALTER e SAMPAIO,1998; SILVA et al. 2001).

The area selected to install the native forest species AGB was originally composedby Cerrado sensu stricto , however part of it was deforested for its implantation. The AGBwas installed in two different conditions: at open air and under the native Cerradovegetation to compare the effect of both conditions and to reduce the probable risks ofattack by the mahogany shoot borer.

The Cerrado sensu stricto is a vegetation type that develops over red or yellowlatosoils with variable clay content (EITEN, 1990; RIBEIRO e WALTER, 1998; FELFILLI eSILVA JUNIOR, 2001). The main characteristic of this Cerrado is the presence of short,inclined and tortuous trees, whose trunks have thick, fissured barks. Many species haverigid, leathery leaves. Shrubs are scattered and have underground perennial organs(xilopdios) that allow sprouting after fire or cut (WALTER e SAMPAIO, 1998). Figure 3shows Cerrado vegetation before the installation of the AGB in the SES and details of thepreparation of the planting wells for planting.

Climate data obtained from INMET (2000) showed a rainy spell from October toApril for the AGB region, which coincided with the warmest months of the year and rainsconcentrated in the period from November to march. The total precipitation of the year

2000 was 1290 mm. The air relative humidity oscillated between 40 and 80% during theyear. The monthly average air temperature was uniform along the year (Figure 4).

Areas with altitude of up to 1200 m, according to Carneiro (1984), would besubjected to Cwa (Kppen) climate, where the temperature of the coldest month can beinferior to 18 C, and the temperature of the warmest month can reach 22C or more. Thenormal climate data for 1961-1990, according to INMET (2004), indicated that the annualaverage temperature varied from 18 to 22 C, average for minimum temperature between

16 to 18 C, average relative humidity between 70% and 80% and annual averageprecipitation of 1600 mm.

Inventrio e Anlise da Vegetao do Cerrado

Considerando-se as caractersticas da rea de instalao do BAG, quais sejam,pequena, plana e com vegetao uniforme, utilizou-se o procedimento de amostragemaleatria, conforme Freese (1970). Para o inventrio da vegetao arbreo-arbustiva

foram amostradas 60 parcelas de 20 x 10 m (200 m2

), distribudas na rea do Cerrado. Acurva de espcie-rea para todas as parcelas est mostrada na Figura 5. O padro


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encontrado sugere que a curva tende estabilizao a partir de uma rea mnima entre0,9 e 1,0 ha, quando foram amostradas 30 espcies. Ampliando-se a intensidade deamostragem (para n=60) verificou-se que houve um incremento de apenas trs espciespara um acrscimo de 0,3 ha. Isto demonstra que 1,0 ha, aproximadamente, dividido emparcelas, distribudas aleatoriamente no Cerrado em questo, representa a intensidadeamostral suficiente para se conhecer a sua florstica. O erro padro da mdia para avarivel CAP foi de 5,61%, abaixo, portanto, dos padres convencionais. O intervalo de

confiana, neste caso, foi P[20,70 > >26,00] = 0,95.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

P 1 P 4 P 7 P 1 0 P 1 3 P 1 6 P 1 9 P 2 2 P 2 5 P 2 8 P 3 1 P 3 4 P 3 7 P 4 0 P 4 3 P 4 6 P 4 9 P 5 2 P 5 5 P 5 8

Subparcelas

N d e e s p

c

i e s

Figura 5. Curva espcie-rea para o Cerrado onde est instalado o Banco Ativo deGermoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla, no Campo Experimental Sucupira.Figure 5. Species-area curve for the Cerrado area where Swietenia macrophylla ActiveGenebank is installed, at Sucupira Experimental Station.

A anlise estrutural da vegetao arbreo-arbustiva do Cerrado foi efetuada pormeio de parmetros fitossociolgicos estimados pelo Fitopac 1, desenvolvido porShepherd (1994). A diversidade florstica dos indivduos jovens foi expressa pelo ndice dediversidade de Shannon (H), conforme Brower e Zar (1977), Nappo (1999) e Mariano etal. (2000).

O ndice de Shannon foi calculado por:


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nH= - pi.Ln.(pi)

i = 1

Onde: H= ndice de diversidade de Shannon;Ln= logaritmo neperiano;Pi= ni/Nni= nmero de indivduos amostrados da espcie i;N= nmero total de indivduos amostrados.

A diversidade de espcies foi analisada pelo ndice de Simpson, conforme Browere Zar (1977).

No inventrio do Cerrado foram amostradas 33 espcies arbreo-arbustivaspertencentes a 21 famlias botnicas (Tabela 1), destacando-se Leguminosae-

Papilionoideae com 35,09% do valor de importncia (VI), Vochysiaceae com 16,19%,Guttiferae com 10,29%, Ochnaceae com 9,18% e Erythroxylaceae com 7,37%. As demaisfamlias e seus respectivos parmetros fitossociolgicos encontram-se na Tabela 1.Leguminosae-Papilionoideae e Vochysiaceae somaram juntas 51,28% do total do valor deimportncia das famlias inventariadas. (Figura 6).

Tabela 1. Parmetros fitossociolgicos das famlias inventariadas no Cerrado sensustricto , onde foi instalado o Banco Ativo de Germoplasma deSwietenia macrophylla .Table 1. Phytosociological parameters of the families listed in the inventory in thesensustricto Cerrado where Swietenia macrophylla Active Genebank was installed.

Famlias DoR FR VI VCLeguminosae-Papilionoideae

39,63 28,19 35,09 38,55

Vochysiaceae 27,17 10,64 16,19 18,96Guttiferae 6,72 12,77 10.29 9,06Ochnaceae 7,29 8,51 9,18 9,51Erytroxylaceae 3,77 11,17 7,37 5,47Malpighiaceae 2,57 6,91 4,90 3,89Myrsinaceae 1,97 4,79 3,66 3,10Styracaceae 3,77 3,72 3,58 3,52Leguminosae-Mimosoideae

3,32 3,19 2,82 2,64

Melastomataceae 0,55 1,60 1,15 0,83Caryocaraceae 0,59 1,60 1,06 0,79Sapotaceae 0,36 1,06 0,69 0,51Ebenaceae 0,35 1,06 0,69 0,50Araliaceae 0,34 1,06 0,69 0,50Rubiaceae 0,27 0,53 0,49 0,46Leguminosae- 0,56 0,53 0,47 0,44


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CaesalpinioideaeOpiliaceae 0,22 0,53 0,36 0,27Apocynaceae 0,18 0,53 0,35 0,25Hippocrateaceae 0,14 0,53 0,33 0,23Verbenaceae 0,11 0,53 0,32 0,22

Proteaceae 0,11 0,53 0,32 0,22DoR = dominncia relativa; FR = freqncia relativa; VI = valor de importncia; VC = valor de cobertura.RDo = relative dominance; RF = relative frequency; IV = importance value; CV = ground cover value.

35,09

16,19

10,29 9,187,37

4,9 3,66 3,58 2,821,15 1,06 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,49 0,47 0,36 0,35 0,33 0,32 0,32

0

5

10

1520

25

30

35

40

L e g .

P a p .

V o c h y

s i a c e a

e

G u t t i f

e r a e

O c h n

a c e a e

E r y t h r

o x y l a

c e a e

M a l p i g

h i a c e a

e

M y r s i

n a c e

a e

S t y r a c

a c e a

e

L e g .

M i m o

M e l a s

t o m a t a

c e a e

C a r y o

c a r a c

e a e

S a p o t a c

e a e

E b e n

a c e a

e

A r a l i a c

e a e

R u b i a

c e a e

L e g .

C a e s

.

O p i l i a

c e a e

A p o c y

n a c e a

e

H i p p o

c r a t e a

c e a e

V e r b e

n a c e

a e

P r o t e a

c e a e

V I ( % )

Cerrado BaG

35,09

16,19

10,29 9,187,37

4,93,66 3,58 2,82 1,15 1,06 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,49 0,47 0,36 0,35 0,33 0,32 0,32

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

L e g .

P a p .

V o c h y

s i a c e

a e

G u t t i f

e r a e

O c h n

a c e a

e

E r y t h r

o x y l a c

e a e

M a l p i g

h i a c e a

e

M y r s i

n a c e a

e

S t y r a c

a c e a e

L e g .

M i m o

M e l a s

t o m a t a

c e a e

C a r y o

c a r a c

e a e

S a p o

t a c e a

e

E b e n

a c e a

e

A r a l i a c

e a e

R u b i a

c e a e

L e g .

C a e s

.

O p i l i a

c e a e

A p o c

y n a c e a

e

H i p p o

c r a t e a

c e a e

V e r b e

n a c e

a e

P r o t e a

c e a e

V I ( % )

Cerrado BaG

Figura 6. Valor de importncia (VI) das principais famlias da vegetao arbreo-arbustivado Cerrado, onde est instalado o Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Swieteniamacrophylla.


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Figure 6. Importance value (IV) of the main tree-shrub families in the Cerrado vegetationwhere the Swietenia macrophylla Active Genebank is installed.

Consideraram-se como adultos todos os indivduos com CAP 15 cm contidos nasparcelas amostradas. A densidade estimada foi de 256 indivduos por hectare, cujadistribuio diamtrica est representada na Figura 7 e, sua composio florstica, naTabela 2.

150,8

54,17

19,27,5 8,3 7,5 5 9,17 3,30

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

15-20 20,5-25 25,5-30 30,5-35 35,5-40 40,5-45 45,5-50 50,5-55 >55

Classes CAP (cm)

N i n d i v d u o s

/ h a

Cerrado BaG

Figura 7. Densidade de indivduos adultos por classe de CAP amostrada no fragmento deCerrado, onde est instalado o Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla.Figure 7. Adult individuals density, classified by CAP, sampled in a Cerrado fragmentwhere the Swietenia macrophylla Active Genebank is installed.

Tabela 2. Relao das principais espcies arbreo-arbustivas com CAP>15 cmamostrados em um fragmento de Cerrado sensu stricto onde foi instalado o Banco Ativode Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla .Table 2. Relationship between the main tree and shrub species with CAP>15 cm sampledin a sensu stricto Cerrado fragment where the Swietenia macrophylla Active Genebank isinstalled.


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Famlia/espcie Hbito Nome VulgarVochysiaceaeVochysia thyrsoidea Pohl arbreo gomeiraVochysia elliptica (Spreng.) Mart. arbreoQualea grandiflora Mart. arbreo pau-terra-da-folha-grandeQualea parviflora Mart. arbreo pau-terra-da folha-midaLeguminosae-PapilionoideaeDalbergia miscolobium Benth. arbreo jacarand-do-cerrado

Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel arbreo Carvoeiro Acosmium dasycarpum (Vog.) Yakovl.Pterodon emarginatus Vogel arbreo sucupira-branca

Leguminosea-MimosoideaeEnterolobium gummiferum (Mart.)J.F.Macbr.

arbreo Tamboril

Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.)Coville

arbreo Barbatimo

Inga sp. arbreo Ing

OchnaceaOuratea hexasperma (St. Hil.) Baill. arbustivo vassoura-de-bruxa

StyracaceaeStyrax ferrugineus Nees & Mart. arbustivo Laranjinha

ErythroxylaceaeErythroxylum suberosum A St. Hil. arbustivoErythroxylum engleri O. E. Schulz. arbustivo

MalpighiaceaeBanisteriopis sp. subarbustivoByrsonima cocolobifolia (Spreng.) H. B. &K.

arbustivo

Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich. ex Juss. arbreo Murici

Hyppocrateaceae

Salacea crassifolia (Mart. ex Schut.) G.Don. arbustivo Bacupari

MyrsinaceaeRapanea guianensis Aubl. arbreo

GuttiferaeKielmeyera coricea (Spr.) Mart. arbreo pau-santoKielmeyera sp. arbreo

SapotaceaePouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. arbreo CurriolaPouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. arbustivo


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EbenaceaeDiospyros sp. arbreo

Verbenaceae Aegiphilla klotschiana L. arbustivoCaryocaraceaeCaryocar brasiliense Cambess. arbreo PequizeiroApocynaceae

Aspidosperma sp. arbreo Peroba

ProteceaeRoupala montana Aubl. arbreo carne-de-vaca

MelastomataceaeMiconia pohliana Cogn. arbreo

Opilionaceae Agonandra brasiliensis Miers exBenth.&Hook. .

arbreo pau-marfim

AraliaceaeDidymopanax macrocarpum (C. & S.)Seem.

arbreo Mandioco

Leguminosae-CaesalpinioideaeHymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne arbreo jatob-do-cerrado

RubiaceaePalicourea rigida Kunth arbustivo

Constatou-se, conforme indicado por Walter e Sampaio (1998), que Dalbergiamiscolobium Benth., Vochysia thyrsoidea Pohl, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel.,Kielmeyera sp., Ouratea hexasperma (St.Hil.) Baill. eErythroxilum suberosum A. St. Hil.

foram as espcies que mais contriburam para a formao do estrato arbreo-arbustivo.Essas espcies somaram 73,78% do total do valor de importncia do fragmento doCerrado analisado.

O ndice de Shannon calculado foi de H = 2,549 nats. ind-1 ( J = 72,90 %) para osindivduos adultos, ligeiramente menor que os valores encontrados por Felfili et al. (2001)para os Cerrados da Chapada do Espigo Mestre do So Francisco. O ndice de Simpsonfoi de 0, 872, indicando tratar-se de baixa dominncia de espcie.

A espcie mais abundante em regenerao natural foi Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz &Pav.) Mez., seguida de Kielmeyera sp., Dalbergia miscolobium, Byrsonima cocolobifolia


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(Spreng.) H. B. & K., Mimosa clausenii Benth., Didymopanax macrocarpum (C. & S.)Seem. e Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil.

Inventory and Analysis of the Cerrado Vegetation

Considering the characteristics of the area were the AGB was installed, that is asmall, flat and with uniform vegetation, it was used the randomised sampling procedure,according to Freese (1970). For the inventory of the tree and shrub vegetation 60 20 x 10m (200 m2) parcels distributed in the Cerrado area were sampled. The curve for species-area data for all the parcels is shown in Figure 5. The pattern obtained suggests that thecurve tends to stabilize from a minimum area of 0,9 to 1,0 ha, when thirty species weresampled. Broadening the sampling intensity to n=60 it was observed an increase of onlythree species for an increase of 0,3 ha. This demonstrates that 1,0 ha divided into parcelsdistributed randomly in the Cerrado area studied, represents amostral intensity sufficient toknow its floristic composition. The standard error of the mean for the CAP variable was5,61%, that id lower than the conventional standards. The confidence interval in this casewas P[20,70 > >26,00] = 0,95.

The structural analysis of the tree and shrub vegetation of the Cerrado plots wascarried out using phytosociological parameters estimated by Fitopac 1, developed byShepherd (1994). The floristic diversity of the Young individuals was expressed byShannons diversity index (H), according to Brower e Zar (1977), Nappo (1999) andMariano et al. (2000).

Shannons index was calculated using the following equation:

n

H= - pi.Ln.(pi)i = 1

Where:H= Shannons index of diversity;Ln= neperian logarithm ;Pi= ni/Nni= number of individuals sampled within species i;N= total number of individuals sampled.

The species diversity was analyzed by the Simpson index, according to Brower eZar (1977).


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In the inventory carried out in the Cerrado area, 33 species of trees and shrubsbelonging to 21 different botanical families were found (Table 1). Leguminosae-Papilionoideae was the most widely represented with 35,09% of the importance value (VI),followed by Vochysiaceae with 16,19%, Guttiferae with 10,29%, Ochnaceae with 9,18%and Erythroxylaceae with 7,37%. The other families and their respective fitossociolgicosparameters are represented in Table 1. Leguminosae-Papilionoideae and Vochysiaceaerepresented 51,28% of the total of the importance value of the families listed in theinventory (Figure 6).

It was considered as adults all the individuals with CAP 15 cm contained in thesampled parcels. The estimated population density was 256 individuals per hectare, andtheir distribution is represented in Figure 7 and the floristic composition is in Table 2.

It was observed, as suggested by Walter e Sampaio (1998), that Dalbergiamiscolobium Benth., Vochysia thyrsoidea Pohl, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel.,Kielmeyera sp., Ouratea hexasperma (St.Hil.) Baill. andErythroxilum suberosum A. St. Hil.were the species that contributed the most to the formation of the tree and shrub strata.These species represented 73,78% of the total of the importance value of the Cerradofragment analyzed.

The Shannon index calculated was H = 2,549 nats. ind-1 (J = 72,90 %) for adultindividuals, slightly smaller than the values obtained by Felfiliet al. (2001) for the Cerradobiome of Chapada do Espigo Mestre do So Francisco. The Simpson index was D = 0,872, an indication a species of low dominance.

The most abundant species in natural regeneration was Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz& Pav.) Mez., followed byKielmeyera sp., Dalbergia miscolobium, Byrsonima cocolobifolia (Spreng.) H. B. & K., Mimosa clausenii Benth., Didymopanax macrocarpum (C. & S.)Seem. and Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil.

Estabelecimento do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma

O plantio do mogno foi realizado em janeiro de 2000, sob a vegetao do Cerrado(Figura 3) e a cu aberto em espaamento de 10 x 10 m, distribudo em quatro blocosaleatrios. Em ambos os casos foram utilizados covas de 50x50x50 cm, nas quais foramaplicados cerca de 5 kg de calcrio. O quarto bloco (Tabela 6) no representapropriamente uma repetio, uma vez que, no existia nmero suficiente de plantas para


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compor o bloco. Justifica-se seu estabelecimento, considerando-se a importncia dasprocedncias restantes, embora em nmero reduzido.

As mudas foram preparadas em sacos plsticos de polietileno preto (30 cm) comterra esterilizada em casa de vegetao, sendo levadas ao campo aps dois anos dasemeadura, quando as plantas j haviam atingido aproximadamente 70 cm de altura. Asobrevivncia das mudas aps plantio, conforme Gerhardt (1996) est positivamentecorrelacionada ao seu tamanho inicial. Mazzei e Felfili (2001) salientaram, tambm, quepara o bom aproveitamento das mudas no campo, h necessidade de deix-las longotempo no viveiro ou em ambiente similar. Mexal et al. (2002) sugeriram que para otransplante das mudas de mogno deve-se observar o dimetro inicial do colo dasplntulas. Os autores constataram que dimetros maiores que 4 mm apresentaramexcelentes resultados em crescimento, quando transplantadas, porm dimetros maioresque 5mm apresentaram resultados excepcionais, alcanando alturas maiores que 4 m,aos 57 meses de idade.

No caso especfico do BAG de mogno, foram plantadas, em cada bloco, 30prognies, sendo utilizadas trs plantas por prognie, em razo da insuficincia de mudasnecessrias para maior nmero de repetio, O material gentico utilizado foi oriundo decoletas realizadas nos estados do Par (Marajoara e Jaba), Rondnia e Acre, por Lemes

(2000), como parte de sua Tese de Doutorado, e, posteriormente, doado ao Cenargenpara o estabelecimento do BAG.

O plantio do mogno efetuado a cu aberto foi consorciado (5 x 5 m) com espciesde rpido crescimento como Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) - angico, Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong - orelha-de-negro, Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart.- ing,Triplaris gardneriana Wedd.- paje, alm de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott - gonalo-alvese Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr.- garapa, a fim de proteg-lo do possvel ataque

da broca. O material de gonalo-alves intercalado ao mogno, plantado sob Cerrado e acu aberto, era procedente de Minas Gerais, Bahia e Gois e constitui parte do BAG deflorestais nativas do CES.

Nas Tabelas de 3 a 5 esto registradas as prognies de mogno e gonalo-alvesutilizadas para a formao do referido BAG.


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Tabela 3. Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla e Astroniumfraxinifolium no Campo Experimental Sucupira - BLOCO I.Table 3. Active Genebank of Swietenia macrophylla and Astronium fraxinifolium atSucupira Experimental Station - BLOCK I.

M41502 E16 M15258 262 205E22 M401101 M134209 254 245M60 E21 M77290 241 242M96 E05 E28E26 E17 M28272 300 287303 238 288

M21301 E19 M53189 259 200

J14A M71 E15233 280 228E06 E27 M68237 304 260M48 E18 E23

Letras e nmeros = Swietenia macrophylla , procedente de (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Nmeros = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedente de Minas Gerais, Bahia e Gois.

Letters and numbers = Swietenia macrophylla , procedence from (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Numbers = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedence from Minas Gerais, Bahia and Gois.

Tabela 4. Banco de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla e Astronium fraxinifolium noCampo Experimental Sucupira - BLOCO II.Table 4. Active Genebank of Swietenia macrophylla and Astronium fraxinifolium atSucupira Experimental Station - BLOCK II.

E26 E18 M110228 209 287M53 J14A M87259 272 200


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M21301 E27 M28233 290 300E19 M48 E30237 304 197M68 M71 E23296 238 254E06 E15 E17280 288 205

M134 E21 M60245 262 189M96 M401101 M77

258 195 303M15 E05 E22260 242 241E16 M41502 E28

Letras e nmeros = Swietenia macrophylla , procedente de (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Nmeros = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedente de Minas Gerais, Bahia e Gois.Letters and numbers = Swietenia macrophylla , procedence from (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Numbers = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedence from Minas Gerais, Bahia and Gois.

Tabela 5. Banco de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla e Astronium fraxinifolium noCampo Experimental Sucupira - BLOCO III.Table 5. Active Genebank of Swietenia macrophylla and Astronium fraxinifolium atSucupira Experimental Station - BLOCK III.

E28 E16 J14A

254 242 258M48 E21 E05195 238 290E22 M28 M96241 288 209M77 M68 M134262 205 245M15 M41502 M21301300 303 96

M40101 M60 E27237 272 189

M110 M71 E06


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233 197 287E23 E18 E15280 259 228E19 M87 M53200 260 304E30 E26 E17

Letras e nmeros = Swietenia macrophylla , procedente de (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Nmeros = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedente de Minas Gerais, Bahia e Gois.Letters and numbers = Swietenia macrophylla , procedence from (E) Rondnia e (J, M) Par;Numbers = Astronium fraxinifolium , procedence from Minas Gerais, Bahia and Gois.

Tabela 6. Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Swietenia macrophylla consorciado comespcies florestais nativas no Campo Experimental Sucupira - BLOCO IV.Table 6. Active Genebank of Swietenia macrophylla growing in consortium with native

forestry species at Sucupira Experimental Station - Block IV.

Ce Af AZ

77

Ct AZ

74

Af AZ

60

Tg AZ

80

Ec AZ

91

Ic AZ

102

Ic AZ

78

Ce AZ

88

Ce AZ

77

Hc A

06

Hc AZ

92

Hc M

20301

Hc E

25

Af M

11501

Af M

71

Al E

16

Al E

28

Tg M

96

Hc

Ic Af Ss Ct Ss Af Ss Tg Ss Ec Ss Ic Ss Ic Ss Ce Ss Ce Ss

Hc AZ

72

Ss AZ

103

Hc E

12

Hc M

53

Ce M

48

Ce M

109

Al A

38

Al E

21

Ec E

17

Ss

Ce Ec Ct Ec Ce Ss Tg Ss Ec Ss Ic Ss Ic Ss Ce Ss Ce Ec A

11

Hc AZ

89

Hc E

09

Hc M

21301

Af A

17

Ce M

60

Al E

10

Al M

17

Tg M

112

Hc

Ec Ce Ce Af Ss Tg Ss Ec Ss Ic Ss Ic Ss Hc Ss Hc Ec

AZ

07

Ic M

141

Ec E

23

Ce M

78

Ce M

20103

Al E

18

Al E

30

Ec E

27

Hc Ec Cf Ga Tg Ga Tg Ga Tg Ga Tg Ga Tg Ga

(Af) Astronium fraxinifolium; (Al) Apuleia leiocarpa; (Ce) Cariniana estrellensis ; (Cf) Cedrela fissilis; (Ct)Cordia trichotoma ; (Ec) Enterolobium contortisiliquum; (Ga) Genipa americana; (Hc) Hymenaeacourbaril ;

(Ic) Inga cylindrica; (Ss) Sterculia striata; (Tg) Triplaris gardneriana; ( A, AZ, E, M)Swietenia macrophyllaProcedncias: (E) Rondnia; (AZ), (M) Par; (A) Acre(Af) Astronium fraxinifolium; (Al) Apuleia leiocarpa; (Ce) Cariniana estrellensis ; (Cf) Cedrela fissilis; (Ct)Cordia trichotoma ; (Ec) Enterolobium contortisiliquum; (Ga) Genipa americana; (Hc) Hymenaeacourbaril ;(Ic) Inga cylindrica; (Ss) Sterculia striata; (Tg) Triplaris gardneriana; ( A, AZ, E, M)Swietenia macrophyllaProvenances: (E) Rondnia; (AZ), (M) Par; (A) Acre

Establishment of the Active Genebank

Mahogany seedlings were transferred to the field in January 2000, under Cerradovegetation (Figure 3) and at open sky, in four random 10 x 10 m plots. In both cases plantswere planted in 50x50x50 cm planting well, to which 5 kg of calcarium was added. The


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fourth block (Table 6) does not represent a repetition since the number of plants availablewas not sufficient to form the block. The establishment of this block is justified by theimportance of the remaining materials, although in reduced number.

Seedlings were transplanted to polyethylene bags (30 cm) containing autoclavedsoil and maintained in a greenhouse. Plants were transferred to the field after two years ofsowing, when the average height of the plants was 70 cm. Survival of plants after plantingin the field is positively correlated with their size at planting time (GERHARDT, 1996).Mazzei e Felfili (2001) pointed out that to improve survival of seedlings transplanted to thefield it is necessary to keep them for a long time in the nursery or a similar environment.Mexal et al. (2002) suggested that the diameter at ground level of mahogany seedlingsmust be taken into account when they are transplanted. The authors compared growth ofseedlings with 4 and 5 mm diameter after transplanting to the field and observed thatseedlings with 5mm diameter presented much better results, reaching more than 4 m, after57 months growing in the field.

In the specific case of the mahogany AGB, only thirty progenies, three plantsperprogeny, were planted in each block, because the number of seedlings was insufficient toinclude more repetitions. The genetic material used was obtained from germplasmcollections carried out in Par (Marajoara and Jaba), Rondnia and Acre states, by Lemes

(2000), as part of his PhD work, and donated to Embrapa Genetic Resources andBiotechnology for the AGB establishment.

Mahogany was planted at natural conditions, at open air, in 5 x 5 m plots, and inconsortium with species of rapid growth rate like Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.)(angico), Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (orelha-de-negro),Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. (ing),Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. (paje), Astronium fraxinifolium Schott(gonalo-alves) and Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr.(garapa), in an attempt to

protect the plants from a possible borer attack. The Gonalo-alves plants that were plantedin alternated rows with mahogany were from Minas Gerais, Bahia and Gois states andrepresent part of the CES native forest species AGB.

Tables 3 to 5 show mahogany and gonalo-alves progenies utilized to establish theAGB (active germplasm bank).

Avaliao das plantas no BAG

Os indivduos de mogno foram mensurados logo aps o plantio, aos quinze meses eaos trinta e quatro meses de idade para anlise de crescimento e avaliados anualmente


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quanto fitossanidade. As medies de altura foram efetuadas com auxlio de uma rguatelescpica com preciso de centmetros e as CAPs e/ou as circunferncias da base docolo (CAB) com uma fita mtrica. Trinta e quatro meses aps o plantio (outubro/2002)constataram-se que 40,77% dos indivduos possibilitaram efetuar medio das CAPs. Nosdemais indivduos efetuaram-se apenas as medies de CABs e alturas.

Constataram-se, ainda, uma taxa de 10% de mortalidade natural, 1,53% de plantascom ponteira quebrada e 3,46% de indivduos atacados por H. grandella , cujas plantasencontravam-se a cu aberto. As procedncias, at ento, no inferiram nenhumaalterao no ndice de mortalidade das plantas, uma vez que 54,54% dos indivduosmortos procediam de Rondnia e 45,46% procediam do Par.

Com base nas medies de CAP e altura foram, ento, ajustados modelos derelao hipsomtrica, conforme a Tabela 7, visando obter a melhor equao paraestimativa das alturas dos indivduos de mogno no BAG nesta fase de crescimento. Nestecaso, utilizaram-se apenas modelos de equaes aritmticas dadas natureza e objetivodo trabalho. Entre os modelos testados, optou-se pela equao nmero 7 que apresentouuma boa distribuio de resduos, semelhante equao nmero 2 (Figuras 8 e 9). Estemesmo modelo foi utilizado por Schumacher et al. (2001) para estimar as alturas dasrvores de um povoamento de Araucaria angustifolia no Oeste do Paran.

Tabela 7. Parmetros estatsticos das relaes hipsomtricas testadas para Swieteniamacrophylla.Table 7. Statistical parameters of the hypsometric relationships tested for Swieteniamacrophylla .

CoeficientesEquao Modelo Matemtico

b0 b1

Syx R2

1 ln = b0 + b1*ln c 3,972 0,7003 0,1625 0,59832 h = b0 + b1*c 22,53 50,10 37,61 0,62453 ln = b0 + b1*1/c 6,014 -4,6345 0,1730 0,54514 ln = b0 + b1*c2 5,015 0,0056 0,1605 0,60835 h = b0 + b1*ln*c -107,20 165,20 39,73 0,58106 logh = b0 + b1*1/c 2,616 -2,0120 0,0751 0,54517 h = ( c/b0 + b1*c)2 0,3600 0,00238 0,0539 0,7128

h = altura total em centmetros; c = CAP em centmetros; ln = logaritmo neperiano; log = logaritmona base 10; b 0 e b1= coeficientes de regresso.h = total height measured in centimeters; c = CAP in centimeters; ln = neperiano logarithm ; log =

base logarithm 10; b0 e b1= regression coefficient.


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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

H observado (cm) H estimado (cm)

CAP (cm)

A l t u r a

( c m

)

Figura 8. Relao hipsomtrica de Swietenia macrophylla do Banco Ativo deGermoplasma do Campo Experimental Sucupira.Figure 8. The hypsometric relationship of Swietenia macrophylla trees growing in theActive Genebank at Sucupira Experimental Station.


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16 36 56 76 96 116 136 156 176 196

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

CAP (cm)

R e s

d u o s

( c m

)

Figura 9. Resduos entre alturas observadas e estimadas de Swietenia macrophylla doBanco Ativo de Germoplasma no Campo Experimental Sucupira.Figure 9. Residual between observed and estimated heights of Swietenia macrophylla trees growing in the Active Genebank at Sucupira Experimental Station.

A Tabela 8 mostra os coeficientes de variao dos indivduos estabelecidos nocerrado e a cu aberto, desde o plantio at os trinta e quatro meses de idade. O maior CV(52,9%) encontrado no Bloco II foi provocado pela ocorrncia de excesso de umidade dosolo, devido ao escoamento de gua proveniente de reas vizinhas, beneficiando osindivduos situados na linha dez do bloco, especialmente nos meses mais secos do ano.As prognies procedentes de M, E e J, embora estivessem no interior do cerrado,apresentaram, por esse motivo, maiores alturas individuais. Especificamente, as

prognies M110 e J14 que apresentaram alturas de 4,40 m e 3,60 m, respectivamente,enquanto que a prognie M58, no mesmo bloco, apresentou altura de 80 cm. De modogeral, os coeficientes de variao apresentaram uma amplitude de 19,

banco germoplasma esp florestasi

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