bandura, ross & ross (1961) transmission of …
TRANSCRIPT
BANDURA, ROSS & ROSS (1961) TRANSMISSION OF
AGGRESSION THROUGH IMITATION OF AGGRESSIVE
MODELS
TOPICS TO LEARN ABOUT:
• NATURE – NURTURE DEBATE
• INNATE/BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES
Some Questions;
1. What behaviours do you think you have learned by
watching others?
2. Why do you think we have a 9.pm “watershed” for
television programmes?
Do you agree with this?
• The Nature – Nurture Debate:
* Psychologists argue about how much aggressive
behaviour is learned and how much is to due to
biological factors.
* What do you think?
What causes aggression/violence?
1. Hobbes (1651) – We are ‘naturally’ born as ‘brutal
savages’.
2. Freud (1930) – Aggression as an instinctive
force. Thanatos, the death force.
1. Lorenz (1950) – Aggression as innate. Inevitable
build-up of aggression in all species until something
happens to trigger release.
But, little evidence to support this.
Innate/Biological Theories of Aggression.
4. Dollard et al (1939) ‘Frustration-Aggression
Hypothesis’
Aggression more likely when we are frustrated in
efforts to achieve a goal of some kind.
Any problems with this theory?
5. Biological Factors – hormone levels,
chromosomes, brain abnormalities. Eg;
Testosterone in boys; studies show consistently
more aggression in boys – more impatient,
irritable. (But, what about hormone levels in
females??!)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES
(BEHAVIOURISM)
In contrast to innate theories, SLT implies that
aggression can be learnt by the process of
conditioning.
• SLT was developed from Behaviourist Psychology.
Research here refers to two types of conditioning:
1. Classical Conditioning – when an association
between a stimulus and a response is developed.
Pavlov (1927); experiments with dogs.
Bell associated with food salivation
• Case of ‘Little Albert’: Watson & Raynor (1920)
White rat (& other white fluffy
Objects) associated with loud noise
produced fear.
• Operant Conditioning - when a response to a stimulus
is developed by some kind of reinforcement (eg; reward,
praise). Skinner (1938) – Experiments with rats.
Some everyday examples…?
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
This is an offshoot of behaviourism. It recognizes how
behaviour is not only learned by reinforcement, but
also from watching and imitating others.
S.L.T explains how behaviour can be learnt
by ‘modelling’;
Observation + imitation = learning of
behaviour (eg; aggression)
What other types of behaviour
could be learned in this way?
BEHAVOURIST THEORIES OF LEARNING
Behaviourism is an important approach in psychology
and can be applied to many areas (in addition to
explaining aggression). Refer to your text and notes:
explain and give example to illustrate the following
behaviourist theories. (try to include diagrams).
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
(Key words: association, conditioned response)
OPERANT CONDITIONING:
(Key words; positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY:
(Key words; modelling, imitation