bang kema10 06 hv technology
TRANSCRIPT
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6 HV circuit-breaker technology
arc
moveable contact
fixed contact
SF6 flow
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Circuit-breaker technology• LV: (< 1000 V, industry, utility, domestic)
- atmospheric air, elevated arc voltage forcescurrent zero
• MV (1 - 72 kV, distribution)- vacuum (majority)- SF6- air (dc, magnet blast, airblast)- oil
• HV (>72 kV, transmission)- SF6- oil, airblast
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HV circuit-breakers
• from approx. 1900 oil circuit-breakers: bulk oil breakers
• development focussed to reduction of oil content:low-oil volume ("minimum oil") circuit-breakers
• parallel there was a development of compressed air ("airblast"), the pneumatic technology of which is used for:
• from 1970 SF6 is the HV circuit-breaker medium- double pressure technology (all voltages, outdated)- puffer technology (all voltages)- selfblast technology (<= 245 kV)- rotating arc technology (<= 145 kV)
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Application of quenching mediaat HV Circuit-Breakers
Germany (data RWE)
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increase of capacity per break
electra 2003
GVA / break
550 kV 63 kA
ABB
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(Bulk) Oil circuit-breakers
life tank dead tank
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Early years
CIGRE
CIGRE
Oil CB by Kelman (1901)
Water expansion CB
CIGRE
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Oil-breakers
photo NUON
Essent
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Bulk oil breaker under test
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oil volume
arcing chamber
Minimum oil circuit-breaker
H2 gas
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Circuit-breaker
compressed air (air-blast)
Advantage:• cheap
• non flammable
• chemical little active
• good isolating
• (large) breaking capacity
Disadvantage:• constant high pressure
• pressure control required
• current chopping
• noise
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Principle double-pressure breaker
• derived from air blast technology
• disadvantage: high pressure must always be available
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Air blast technology
photo Alliander
150 kV 40 kA 4 chambers
150 kV 40 kA 2 chambers
"Freistrahlschalter"
Phase to phase
photo Alliander
150 kV 40 kA 2 / 4 chambers
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1 phase of air blast 300 kV / 31,5kA CB(re)tested KEMA 2006
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SF6 gas: HV workhorse
• high ionisation energy (19.3 eV vs 15.5 eV N2)
catches free electrons so thatthese cannot initiate avalanchetype breakdown
• very good heat conductor at low temperatures (by dissociation F- atoms releases)F- atoms take away the heat
• high breaking capacity (10 larger than air)
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SF6 breakdown
voltage
Solvay
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Reason for excellentarc extinction properties
SF6 heat conductivity
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SF6 gas• very high electrical
conductivity at elevated temperatures (low arc voltage) S-atom ionizes easily
• SF6 gas is colorless, odorless, inert and not poisonous
• technical disadvantage: relative easy to reignite by very steep, relative low TRV values (short-line fault)
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SF6 gas, cautions• in presence of arc (or any electrical discharge) very
toxic dissociation products can arise, like: metal fluorides, metal sulphites and metal oxides
• liquefies at low temperatures, permanent heating of switchgear is necessary (Canada, Scandinavia)
• expensive (approx. 30 Euro / kg)
• in the presence of moisture, the decomposition products hydrolyse and form very aggressivecorrosive HF
• greenhouse gas (24000 x CO2)
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Circuit-breakers SF6
1e generation: double pressure SF6, derived fromcompressed air
Disadvantage:• high pressure (f.e. 16 bar) must always be there• compressor required• pressure control required• condensation
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Blast valveHigh pressure intermediate receiver
Moving contact
Interrupter unit
Grading capacitor
Tripping spring
Insulating rod
High pressureSF6 high pressure storage tank
Compressor
Air receiver
Drive
Al2O3 filter
Off
Areva
SF6 double-pressure breaker1e generation
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2e generation: single-pressure SF6, puffer principle
Disadvantage:• heavy mechanism required
Features:• only one (low) pressure required• extinction pressure by means of movable cylinder• (exhaust) nozzle• very large breaking capacity
Circuit-breakers SF6
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closed position
arc has been drawnSF6 is compressed
high pressure in cylinder arc heavily blasted
clears at current zero
Principal single pressure breaker(puffer breaker)
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Puffer principlePlansee
fixed main contact
fixed arcing contact
isolator
moving main contact
moving arcing contact
nozzle
arc
compression volume
cross section
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Puffer principle
VATech / Siemens
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Puffer principle
Siemens
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Contact system (puffer breaker)
VAtech
main contact
arcing contact
nozzle
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Blast technologies
axial blast (most common) radial blast (double nozzle)
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3e generation: “self-blast” principle
Disadvantage:• less pressure at low (short-circuit) currents• in transition area: critical current (?)
Features:• arc energy supports pressure build up in arc
chamber, result:• less heavy mechanism required (10-20% from
puffer)• smaller puffer required
Circuit-breakers SF6
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Selfblast outdoor type CB
ABB
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Self-blast breaker principle
s[m
m]
I[kA
]
t [ms]10 20 30 40
p[M
Pa]
Contact separation
Open position
Closed position
Areva
Pressure course
Current
Travel curve
Arc extinction
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Guide element
Moving contact
Fixed contact
Pressure chamber
ArcNozzle
Simulation of Gas Flow
Areva
Self-blast breaker principle
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Auto puffer CB
ABB
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Self-blast technology�Motivation: reduction of drive energy and therefore more simplerdrives and a significant cost reduction The puffer cb generates a quenching pressure during the opening-operation, which is sufficient for the interruption of a short-cirucit current (= high drive energy)
�The selfblast cb uses the energy of the arc to generate the quenching pressure necessary for the interruption of a short-circuit current, less energy from the drive is needed
�The selfblast principle is well known since decades. Basis of the success was the target not to interrupt all currents, but to interrupt short-circuit currents only
�The result is a « load »-breaker, which interrupts normal currents with a small puffer. The quenching pressure for the interruption of short-circuit currents is partly generated by the energy of the arc
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Rotating arc technology
Arc rotates electro dynamically in cool background gas
1. Connection 2. Coil 3. Fixed contact 4. Arcing contact
5. Moving contact 7. Connection 8. Sliding contact 9. Arc
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Rotating arc principle 145 kV
VAtech
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• Motivation: additional reduction of drive energy• The basic design is the same as for « normal »
selfblast circuit-breakers, but the two contact areas are moving with half speed in the opposite directions
• The total speed is still 100% for the interruption, but both contact parts (breaking-chamber and upper contact) are moving with 50% of the speed, therefore no change of the interrupting capability
• But the drive energy is reduced down to appr. 33% due to the lower speed of the breaking-chamber
• Mechanically more complicated
Double motion technology
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1
2
3
a b c d
VD
VH
1 Fixed contact system
2 Break with pressure chamber
3 Fixed piston
VD Volume of pressure chamber
VH Volume of auxiliary puffer
a Closed positionb Interruption of short-circuit currents c Interruption of small currentsd Open position
Areva
Double motion technology
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Double speed (single motion) technology
EnergoInvest
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Contact system of modern CB
new typeold type
ABB
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Development: reducing drive energy
• drives are very important, simplification is highly wanted
ABBmost failures in circuit breakersare due to mechanism (43 %)
• use the thermal energy of the arcto build up the necessarypressure• self blast / auto expansion /
self compression type breaker• attach new functions to drives (motion adapted to
fault)
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Realized reduction of drive energy
Areva
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Examples of spring drives
19981934
1984
Areva
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Principle of spring drive mechanism
Siemens
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Modern spring drive
Siemens
CIGRE WG A3.06 2007
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Modern (hydrau) spring drive
ABB
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(Hydraulic) spring operated400 kV - 63 kA breaker
Tennet
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550 kV single break CB
Mitsubishi
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Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
• all conductors completely enclosed• three phases in single enclosure (up to 245 kV)• very little environmental influence• low maintenance• very compact• more expensive• high volume SF6• very fast switching transients VFTO (GIS
enclosure acts as a transmission line)
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SF6 reduction in GIS results
Areva
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Space reduction by GIS application
IEEE Switchgear Committee
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Vatech/ Siemens
Three-phase enclosed, double busbar
Three-phase GIS
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UHV kV - GIS
single-phase enclosed, double busbar
Toshiba