Volume 28 Proceedings of the workshop of Bangladesh Agricultural University Research Progress 15 & 18 March 2018 Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Published by: Professor Dr. M.A.M. Yahia Khandoker Director BAU Research System (BAURES) Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Correct citation: BAU Res. Prog. No. 28, 2017 Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Address of correspondence: Director BAU Research System (BAURES) Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Cable: Agrivarsity Mymensingh Bangladesh Phone : (091) 67417 (091) 67401-7 Ext. 2036, 2037 Fax : 88-091-67417 Email : baures84@gmail.com Printed by: Mohona Printing & Publication Chhoto Bazar Mymensingh

EDITORIAL BOARD Professor Dr. M.A.M. Yahia Khandoker Chief Editor Director, BAURES Professor Dr. Md. Alamgir Hossain Executive Editor Associate Director, BAURES Dr. Paresh Kumar Sarma Managing Editor Senior Scientific Officer (SG), BAURES Professor Dr. S.M. Lutful Kabir Member Department of Microbiology & Hygiene Professor Dr. Mohammad Jiaul Hoque Member Department of Agricultural Extension Education Professor Dr. Md. Azharul Hoque Member Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics Professor Md. Moniruzzaman Member Department of Agribusiness & Marketing Professor Dr. Chayan Kumar Saha Member Department of Farm Power & Machinery Professor Dr. Zakir Hossain Member Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics

FOREWORD Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) is coordinating, organizing and monitoring all non-degree oriented research programmes undertaken by the teachers of this university. At present 339 projects are being carried out by the teachers and researchers in different disciplines of agricultural sciences. The annual review workshop is a regular process to present, discuss and evaluate the progress of researches carried out in the preceding year. I am very happy to know that the publication of the 28 volume of the Bangladesh Agricultural University Research Progress in the form of proceedings of the workshop held on 15 & 18 March 2018. This volume contains 166 abstracts of on-going/completed research projects conducted in the fiscal year 2016-2017. I am confident that the research findings documented in this report would be much helpful to the researchers working in the field of agricultural sciences. I am taking the opportunity to congratulate the Principal Investigators/Project Directors and all other investigators/researchers of different research projects for presenting their research findings to make the workshop a success. My heartfelt thanks are due to the former Director of BAURES, Editor and the Editorial Board for their sincere and painstaking efforts in publication of this volume. Special appreciation and thanks are expressed to the national and international donor agencies for funding and implementing the research projects under BAURES. Finally, the encouragement and supports extended by the honorable Vice-Chancellor of BAU are gratefully acknowledged. Professor Dr. A.M.A. Yahia Khandoker Chief Editor & Director Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

EDITORIAL NOTE

Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) is responsible for the overall administration, supervision and execution of the project based researches conducted by the teachers and researchers of different faculties of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. BAU is providing fund for the research projects. In addition, various research projects are received from different national and international donor agencies. The findings of these researches are presented in the annual workshop held every year and the progresses of the projects are evaluated as part of the monitoring and evaluation of BAURES. The present volume of the proceeding includes abstracts of 325 research projects presented in the workshop held on 15 & 18 March 2018, where 172 projects are funded by BAURES and the rest are funded by the national and international donor agencies. The aim of publishing this proceeding is to provide information generated through these projects based researches by the teachers, researchers and extension workers engaged in agricultural development of Bangladesh. This volume of the proceeding is edited by an editorial board consisted of intellectual expert members from six faculties of BAU. We have tried our best for quality publication of the proceeding. However, suggestions are always highly appreciated regarding improvement and standard of the publication and our best effort will be continued for improving the standard of the proceedings. I would like to extend my sincere thanks and appreciation to the contributors and to the learned members of the editorial board for their sincere cooperation and help in preparing, improving and proof reading of the manuscripts. I would also like to acknowledge and appreciate the help and efforts of Mr. Md. Abul Hashem, Assistant Director, Dr. Paresh Kumar Sarma, Senior Scientific Officer and Mr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Computer Operator, BAURES for their sincere cooperation in publishing this proceeding. I wish you all the best. Professor Dr. Md. Alamgir Hossain Executive Editor & Associate Director Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Contents

Chapter I : Faculty of Veterinary Science PageInvestigation on Disease Resistance Capability of Newly Developed Chicken Strain

‘Shuvra’ in Climatic Change Prone Delta Region of Bangladesh– Sukumar Saha and Md. Tanvir Rahman

1

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Pathogens in Bioslurry from Different Biogas Plants of Gazipur and Mymensingh Districts of Bangladesh– Sukumar Saha

1

Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Quinolone Resistant E. coli in Rectal Swab of Apparently Healthy Cattle in Bangladesh– Md. Tanvir Rahman

2

An Epidemiological Investigation of Campylobacter in Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm– S. M. Lutful Kabir

3

Development of a Low Cost Probiotic Formulation for the Production of Organic Poultry in Bangladesh– S. M. Lutful Kabir

3

Prevalence, Isolation and Detection of Virulent Gene in Escherichia coli from Duck –Marzia Rahman

4

Molecular detection of STEC and antibiotic resistant genes in E coli from layer birds–Marzia Rahman

4

Epidemic Survey on Respiratory Bacterial Infection of Buffalo Reared in Some Selected Areas if Bangladesh for Their Effective Control Measures–Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan and Shafiqul Islam

5

Isolation and Molecular Detection of Fish Viruses Responsible for Cat Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) Mortality in Cultured Fish Farm of Trishal and Bhaluka of Mymensingh–Md. Alimuyl Islam

6

Prevalence of Human Pathogenic Vibrio Species (Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus) in the Coastal Regions of Bangladesh with Their Specific Detection by Multiplex PCR– Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain and Md. Tanvir Rahman

6

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Virus Causing Duck Diseases from Recent Outbreak Areas of Mymensingh Division– Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain and Md. Tanvir Rahman

7

Physio-Pathological Role of Curcumin on High Fat Induced Hyperlipidemia in Mice– Siddhartha Sarker, Md. Iqramul Haque and Mohammad Alam Miah

8

Molecular Characterization of Bovine Rotavirus Causing Severe Diarrhea in Calves in Selective Areas of Bangladesh– M.M. Alam, N.U. Ahmad, and A. Khair

8

Indiscriminate Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Poultry Farms and Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Products of Bangladesh– M.M. Alam, A. K. M. Anisur Rahman and A. K. M. Humayun Kabir

9

Identification and Characterization of Potential Food-borne Pathogens from Milk, Meat and Eggs in Relation to Food Safety in Bangladesh– M.M. Alam,

A.K.M.A. Rahman and M.A. Rahman

10

Real Time PCR for Identification of Brucella Species in Cattle and Buffaloes– M. S. Rahman, M. A. S. Sarker, Sayra Tasnin Sharmy, F. Melzer and H. Neubauer

11

Epidemiological Investigation of Haemoprotozoan Parasites of Poultry in Some Selective Districts of Bangladesh–Mohammad Zahangir Alam

12

Exploring Epidemiology, Anthelmintic Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Some Common Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants in Bangladesh–Mohammad Zahangir Alam

12

Molecular Detection of Haematozoan Parasites in Poultry– Mohammad Zahangir Alam

13

Epidemiological Investigation of the Emerging Neosporosis in Bangladesh–Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder

14

Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Vector Mosquitoes in Mymensingh in Relation with Meteorological Factors–Thahsin Farjana

14

Pathological Investigation on the In-door Reared Pekin and Khaki Campbell Ducks– M. H. Rahman

15

Community Engagement in Biosecurity (CEB) for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases of Poultry Based on Epidemiological Risk Analysis– M.R. Islam, M.M. Rahman, E.H. Chowdhury and P.M. Das

16 Application of Radiation Technology in Developing Irradiated Caprine Mycoplasma

Vaccine and Determination of Its Protective Efficacy–Emdadul Haque Chowdhury

16 Experimental Pathogenesis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal

Goat Using Bangladeshi Isolates of PPR Virus–Emdadul Haque Chowdhury

17

Experimental Production of Arteriosclerosis in Rats by Different Edible Oils: An Animal Model for Human Cardiovascular Diseases– M. M. Hossain, M. S. Hoque and M. H. Rahman

18 Prevention and Control of Poultry Salmonella Infections in Selected Poultry Farm–

MM Hossain, MA Islam and T Akter

18

Genotypic Characterization of the Field Isolates and Vaccine Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus– Md. Rajib Bin Saife, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Mohammed Nooruzzaman

19

Genetic Characterization of Recent Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 from Layer Chickens in Bangladesh– Rokshana Parvin, Jahan Ara Begum, M.F. Rahaman, M.H. Minty, A. Hasnat, E.H. Chowdhury and M.R Islam

20

In Vitro Stability of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccine Virus in Diluents– Rokshana Parvin, N. Mohanto, M.S.I. Siddiqui, M.M. Parvin, S. Begum, M. R. Islam and E. H. Chowdhury

21 Epidemiological and Patho-biological Investigation of Repeat Breeding Syndrome

and Development of Strategies for Improving the Fertility of Repeat Breeder Dairy Cattle–Nasrin Sultana Juyena

22

Optimizing Reproductive Performance of Indigenous Female Buffaloes for Sustainable Productivity in Small Holding Buffalo Farms–Nasrin Sultana Juyena

22 Substantial Development of Genetic Potential for Improved Productivity in Cattle

Through Manipulative Reproduction Technology–Nasrin Sultana Juyena

23

Molecular Identification of Conception Factor(s) in Blood and Urine for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Cow– J Bhattacharjee, ASM Sayam, MMU Bhuiyan

Identification of Environmental and Metabolic Factor(s) Causing Retention of Placenta in Dairy Cattle of Bangladesh– J Bhattacharjee, MS Arif, R Debnath, MM Rahman

24

Pregnant cow’s Metabolic Profile and Its Relation with Retention of Fetal Membrane– J Bhattacharjee, MS Arif and MM Rahman

24

Direct Transfer of Vitrified Embryos for Speeding up of Genetic Improvement in Indigenous wes in Bangladesh– Ghosh S, Juyena NS, Talukder MRI, Jha PK, Naher N and Bari FY

25

Introduction of Artificial Insemination (AI) in sheep breeding in Bangladesh using produced frozen Ram Semen– Zaman A, Alam MGS,Jha PK, Naher N and Bari FY

26 Chapter II : Faculty of Agriculture Development of Integrated and Cost-effective Weed Control Methods in

Transplanted Rice–Md. Abdus Salam

27

Weed Suppressing Ability of Buckwheat and Marshpepper Debris and Their Subsequent Effect on Yield Performance of Rice– M. R. Uddin and U. K. Sarker

27 Development of Sustainable Biological Weed Management Techniques Through

Allelochemicals from Crop Residues– M. R. Uddin and U. K. Sarker

28

Assessment of cropping pattern Fallow-Fallow-T.aman rice with Wheat-Jute-T.aman rice in char areas of Netrakona region– M. R. Uddin and U. K. Sarker

28

Effect of Variety, Date of Planting and Level of Phosphorus on the Growth and Yield of French Bean– F M Jamil Uddin, Md. Abul Kashem, A K M Mominul Islam and Md Abdur Rahman Sarkar

29 Evaluation of Weed Competitiveness of Some Elite Boro Rice Varieties and

Identification of Agronomic Traits Conferring Weed Competitiveness Under Modified Aerobic System– Professor Md. Parvez Anwar

30 Screening of Medicinal Plants for their Allelopathic Potential to Develop

Bioherbicides for Sustainable Weed Management in Rice– A K M Mominul Islam

30 Allelopathic Potential of Some Local Timber Species for Eco-Friendly Weed

Management in Cereals– A K M Mominul Islam and Md. Anwarul Abedin

31

Maximizing Yield of Aromatic Fine Rice in Boro Season Through Management Practices– S. K. Paul, K. K. Saha, S. Sarker, A. Adhikari, and M. A. R. Sarkar

32 Development of Integrated Weed Management System for Dry Direct Seeded Boro

Rice Based Cropping Pattern– Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Abdus Salam, Mozahar Hossain Ahmad and Md. Sahjahan Sarkar

32 Intercropping of Dry Seeded Boro Rice with Different Leafy Vegetables for Better

Weed Suppression and Higher Bio-Economic Efficiency– Md. Parvez Anwar, Mahfuza Begum, Most. Israt Rabeya and Aziza Akhter

33 Physiological Bases of Grain Weight Response to Increased Assimilate Availability

to the Reproductive Organs of Wheat–Ahmed Khairul Hasan

34

Performance of Inbred and Hybrid Rice as Influenced by Level of Nitrogen Fertilizer–Ahmed Khairul Hasan

35

Cell and Tissue Specific Regulation of Sodium Homeostasis Conferring Salinity Tolerance in Rice– Kader MA

35

Morphological and Physiological Characterization of Wild Rice for Their Better Utilization in Improvement of Cultivated Rice– Kader MA

36

Enhancing the Crop Productivity Through Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies in the Salinity Area of Bangladesh– Kader MA

37

Increase in N Use Efficiency and Rice Yield Through Water Technologies and Deep Placement of N Fertilizers–Md. Rafiqul Islam

38

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Rice-Based Cropping Systems Through Efficient Fertilizer and Water Management– M. R. Islam, M. R. Islam, M.A. Ali and H. Akter

38 Improvement of Soil Fertility Through Integrated Use of Organic and Inorganic

Sources of Nutrients for Sustainable Rice Production– M. A. Hashem

39

Improvement of Rice Production Under Different Moisture Regimes Through Integrated Plant Nutrient Management–Md. Anamul Hoque

40

Improving Crop Croductivity and Livelihoods in the South-west Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Through Modern Production Technologies and Soil Management Practices–Md. Anamul Hoque and Mahmud Hossain Sumon

40

Water and Nutrient Management for Increasing Crop Productivity in Rice-Rice Cropping Pattern–Md. Anamul Hoque and Mohammad Golam Kibria

41

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungal Biopesticide Against Soft-bodied Insect Pests of Vegetable–Mohammad Tofazzal Hossain Howlader

42

Investigation of Bio-rational Methods for Controlling Major Insect Pests Infesting Vegetables in Bangladesh– Mohammad Tofazzal Hossain Howlader

42

Damage Assessment and Biorational Management of Bean Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch– M. M. Uddin and S. Sultana

44

Development of Integrated Mosquito Management Strategy for Mymensingh District– M. M. Uddin and A. K. Das

44

Screening of Tomato Varieties for Resistance Against Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Development of Its Suitable Eco-friendly Management Approach– M. M. Uddin and D. Biswas

45 Evaluation of Certain Bio- and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Brinjal Shoot and

Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) Based on Spraying Time and Threshold Level– Gopal Das

46 Use of Bio-rational Insecticides for the Management of Bean Pod Borer, Maruca

vitrata (Fabricius)– Mohammed Abul Monjur Khan

46

Bio-intensive Management of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Different Entomopathogens, Insect Growth Regulators and Microbial Derived Pesticides– Tarikul Islam

47

Effects of Variety and Frequency of Application of 4-Chlorophenoxy Acetic Acid on Growth and Yield of Summer Tomato– Bipul Roy, Refat Sultana and Md. Rezaul Karim

47

Effect of Different Fertilizers and Preservative Solutions on the Growth, Yield and Vase Life of Tuberose Cut Flower–Md. Habibur Rahman

48

Response of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth and Yield with Integration of Fish Pond Muds and Management Practices– Md Ashraful Islam and Nusrat Jahan

49 Collection, Conservation, and Characterizations of Garlic and Onion– M. A. Rahim 49 Performance of UCD Chimney Drier– M. A. Rahim, M. A. Islam, M. Morshed, M. Al-

AMin, Ms. Halima Khatun

50

BAU Germplasm Center (GPC) Fruit Tree Improvment Program (FTIP)- A One Stop Service for Fruit Development, Conservation, Biodiversity, Production, Extension and Research– M. A. Rahim F. Islam, N. Naher and M. S. Alam

50

Collection and Molecular Characterization of Brinjal and Mango Plant Genetic Resources- Two Important Geographical Indication (GI) Crops of Bangladesh– MG Rabbani and MR Karim

51 Assessment of Field Performance of Allamanda Tablet in Suppressing/Reducing

Viral Mosaic and Leaf Curl Diseases and Root Knots of Some Important Vegetables–M. Bahadur Meah

51 Screening for Resistance Sources of Mustard-rapeseed Cultivars in Bangladesh

Against Alternaria brassicae/ Alternaria brassicicola– Muhammed Ali Hossain, Ahsan Habib, Md. Al-Imran Hasan, Md. Atiqur Rahman Khokon

52

Analysis of Genetic Variation of Pathotypes, Resistance Screening and Eco-friendly Management of Pyricularia oryzae pv. Triticum/Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum Causing Wheat Blast in Bangladesh– Muhammed Ali Hossain, Fatema Tuz Zohura, Tazrin Akter and Abul Kashem

52

Formulation of Elicitor Based Inducers for Improving Quality of Selected Vegetables Seeds and Seedlings–Md. Atiqur Rahman Khokon

53

Bio-Control of Post-harvest Diseases of Potato–Mohammad Shahjahan Monjil

54 Study on Aman rice genotypes and flooding pattern of Bangladesh to search for

submergence tolerant rice cultivars–M. Habibur Rahman Pramanik

54

Refining and Validation of BAU-Bro Chickens–Md. Alamgir Hossain

55

Off-season Production Potentials of Water Melon in Winter Using Polytunnel Technology–Md. Abdul Awal

55

Study on Aman Rice Genotypes and Flooding Pattern of Bangladesh to Search for Submergence Tolerant Rice Cultivars–M. Habibur Rahman Pramanik

56

Phenolics in the Growing Region of Leaf in Maize Genotypes Under Salinity–Md. Nesar Uddin, Md. Injamum-ul-Hoque, Rumana Islam

57

Production and Dissemination of Stress Tolerant and Nutritional Rice Varieties to the Farmers of Bangladesh–Lutful Hassan

57

Food security: Integration of Nutrition and Gender to Address Food & Nutrition Security in Bangladesh–Lutful Hassan

58

Genetic Dissection of Tomato Genotypes Against Tm 1 Gene for Tomato Mosaic Virus Resistance– Md. Ashraful Haque, Sharmin Akhter , Rumana Yasmin Mitul, Shoylen Kumar Pal, Md. Mahmuduzzaman Chowdhury, Meherun Nesa, and Susmoy Bhowmik

58 Genetic Potentiality of Pumpkin Genotypes Against Pumpkin Yellow Vein Mosaic

Virus: An Effective Approach for Nutritional Security– Md. Ashraful Haque, Muhammad Jonayed hasan Khan, Shoylen Kumar Pal, Md. Mahmuduzzaman Chowdhury Sharmin Akhter, Meherun Nesa, Bilkis Akhter, and Mst.Jannatul Ferdoush

59 Study of the Heat-adaptive Physiological Traits in Wheat for Screening of Wheat

Genotypes from Exotic Sources to Use in Future Breeding Programs–Sharif-Ar-Raffi

60 Developing breeding stocks to investigate genetic basis of physiology driven heat

tolerance in wheat– Sharif-Ar-Raffi

60

Pangas Farming: Means of Income and Improving Livelihood of Pangas Farmers in Selected Areas of Mymensingh District– Shonia Sheheli

61

Effects of Sewage Sludge and Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Growth, Leaf Biomass Yield of Stevia and Post Harvest Fertility Status of Soils– Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury

62

Contaminated Soils and Their Effect on Heavy Metal Accumulation by Polluted Soil Grown Crops– Quazi Forhad Quadir, Md. Shahinur Rahman and Atiqur Rahman

62

Effect of Heavy Metals: Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) Stress on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Their Possible Remedies– K. C. Saha

63

In vitro screening of soil bacteria for inhibiting phytopathogenic fungi– Istiaq Ahmed, Sutopa Basak and K.M. Mohiuddin

64

Sowing Time Influences Quality Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Production– Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, Mohammad Anowar Hossain and Mahfuja Alam

65

Characterization of Rice Genotypes for Salt Tolerance, and Nutritional and Grain Quality– Bishan Lal Das Chowdhury

65

Alleviating Drought and Chilling Stress in Rice by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming– Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif

66

Cardioprotective Effects of Nitrate Rich Vegetables– Md. Arif Sakil, Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Mohammad Arif Sadik Polash and Md. Afzal Hossain

67

Protein nutritive quality and functionality of raw and germinated Khaishya bean (Phaseolus spp), a wild legume grown in the Chittagong hill tract in Bangladesh– Md. Golam Mortuza

68 Exogenous Chitosan Mitigates Salt Stress in Rice Plant by Enhancing Antioxidant

Defense System– Mohammad Anowar Hossain, Md. Khaleduzzaman, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, Sakil Mahmud

68 Biochemical Approaches for Successful Rice Seedling Production under Chilling

Stress in Northern Part of Bangladesh– Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif

69

Biogeochemical Analysis of Soils of Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh– Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

69

Making Social Forest Management Work Towards Livelihood Improvements and Poverty Alleviation of Ethnic Minority Living in Madhupur Sal Forests, Bangladesh–Kazi Kamrul Islam and Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

70

Performance of Mango and Guava Fruit Tree Under Char Land Based Agroforestry Practices– Md. Abdul Wadud

71

Effect of Agroforestry Practices on Soil Environment– Md. Abdul Wadud

71

Molecular Characterization of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Germplasms– Md. Shahidul Islam and Rehena

72

Induction of in Vitro Flowering of Dendrobium Orchid by Reducing Juvenile Period–Sabina Yasmin

73

Micropropagation of Turmeric and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants by Rapd Markers– Md. Shahidul Haque

73

Molecular Screening for Heat and Drought Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes and Their Physiological Studies in North-west Bangladesh– Md. Shahidul Haque

74

Effects of Waste Materials on Soil Microbial Communities and Greenhouse Gas Emission– Rehana Khatun and A.B.M. Forhad

74

Effects of Biogas Plant byproducts on soil C-sequestration, Rice Productivity and Methane Emission from Paddy Field–Muhammad Aslam ali

75

Organic Farming and Soil Carbon Sequestration for Sustainable Crop Production– Md. Shahadat Hossen

76

High-Value-Tree Production, Environmental Amelioration and Enhancement of Year Round Fruit, Vegetable, Flower and Seed Production through Multistrata Tcf-Mpts Management Technologies– M. Abul Hossain

77

Chapter III : Faculty of Animal Husbandry Evaluation of Fate and Reproductive Performance of Female Calves in a Farmer’s

Participatory Beef Breeding Program Using Brahman Bulls–Md. Azharul Hoque

78 Evaluation of Different Graded Brahman Calves in Local Environment of

Bangladesh– Md. Azharul Hoque

78

Study on the Production Potential of Black Bengal Goat and Income Generation Activities Using Frozen Semen Under Community-Based Participatory Rearing System–Syed Sakhawat Husain

79 Phenotypic and Genetic Trends in Growth Traits of Red Chittagong Cattle in a

Nucleus Herd– A. K. F. H. Bhuiyan and M. S. Islam

79 Supplementation of Saponin Rich Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) has the Potential to

Increase Growth Performances of Black Bengal Goat–Md. Ruhul Amin

80

Investigating the Effects of Nutrition, Feed Quality, Safety and Feeding Management Practices on Animal Performance and Quality and Safety of Their Products in Bangladesh– Hashem MA, Rahman MT, Al-Mamun M and Hossain MM

81 Assessment of Quality and Safety of Raw and Processed Meats Through

Conventional Analytical and Image Technology– Hashem MA and Rahman MF

82 Morphometrical Changes in Black Bengal Goat Testis at Different Postnatal Ages– A.

K. M. Ahsan Kabir

82

Production of Buffalo Embryo from in Vitro Grown Oocytes– M.N. Islam, M. H. Alam, A. Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman

83

Cryopreservation of Buffalo Oocytes– J. Bari, M.N. Islam, A.Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman

83

Effects of sucrose and glycerol on vitrification of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, L.) oocytes– M.A. Hossein, M.N. Islam, M.H. Alam, A.Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman

84 Transportation Stress and Post-transportation Grazing Periods in Meat Quality Traits

in Black Bengal Goats– Md. Abul Kalam Azad

85

Use of Five Fodder Species as Feed for Livestock– M.J. Khan and S.H. Ema 85 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Medicinal Herb on the Growth Performance,

Carcass Traits and Plasma Metabolites in Broiler– Uddin MSK, MR Islam, MJ Khan and M. Al-Mamun

86

Modulation of Cholesterol Content of Meat Through Supplementation of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) Herb in Sheep Fed Pellet Diet– Mohammad Al-Mamun

87

Determining Energy and Protein Requirements for Crossbred Bull Calves– Z. H. Khandaker and N. Akter

87

Fermentation of Deoiled Rice Bran (DORB) to Improve Nutritive Value for Poultry–Khan Md. Shaiful Islam and A. K. M. Ahsan Kabir1

88

Dose Titration, Tolerance and Food Safety Aspects of Dietary Urea in Poultry–Khan Md. Shaiful Islam and Md. Elias Hossain

88

Nutritional and Economic Benefit of Adopting Alternative Feeding Systems in Different Dairy Production Systems in Bangladesh– Uddin, M.M.

89

Economic Efficiency of Alternative Feeding Systems (AFS) of Dairy Production and Marketing in Rural-urban Interphase of Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Value Chain Approach– Uddin, M.M and Palash, S.P

90 Supplementation of Protein Concentrates on the Performances of Dairy Herd

Replacement Stock–Md. Harun-ur-Rashid

90

Effect of Calf Starter on the Growth Performance of Dairy Calf– Mohammad Shohel Rana Siddiki

91

Breeding and Improvement of Japanese Quail for Selenium Enriched Meat and Egg Production Toward Preventing Human Arsenicosis in Bangladesh– MS Rahman, QF Quadir, FR Shebli and S Ashrafi

92 Production of Safe Broiler Meat by Use of Neem Leaf Powder in Broiler Diet– Md.

Elias Hossain

92

Antibiotic Free Organic Broiler Meat Production Using Different Medicinal Plants– Md. Elias Hossain

93

Meat Yield and Meat Quality Characteristics of Indigenous, Crossbred and Commercial Broiler Chicken of Similar Weight at Different Storage Time– Md. Hatem Ali and Md. Shawkat Ali

93 Harnessing Heterosis of Growth Traits Through Crossing of Different Quail Lines–

Md. Bazlur Rahman Mollah

94

Use of Nutritional Biotechnological Tools to Combat the Effects of Global Warming on Poultry Production– S. D. Chowdhury and M. Y. Mia

95

Chapter IV : Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Cropland Conversion to Freshwater Pond Fish Farming in Mymensingh District:

Present Status and Future Trend– Md. Salauddin Palash

97

Use of Solar Panel at Rural Areas in Bangladesh: Impacts, Financial Viability and Future Prospects– Mohammad Ataur Rahman and Md. Ibrahim Kholilullah

97

Assessing Demand and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Safe Broiler of Different Communities in Bangladesh– Md. Akhtaruzzaman Khan

98

Cassava Production: A Socioeconomic Assessment in Selected Areas of Bangladesh– M. Sayeedul Haque

99

Determining Consumers’ Preference and Willingness to Pay Premium Prices for Organic Beef in Bangladesh– Paresh Kumar Sarma

99

Chapter V : Agricultural Engineering and Technology Appropriate Scale Mechanization Innovation Hub-Bangladesh– Md. Monjurul Alam,

Md. Mosharraf Hossain, Chayan Kumer Saha, Md. Rostom Ali, Md. Ayub Hossain, Md. Ashik-E-Rabbani, Md. Hammadur Rahman, Mohammad Saidur Rahman, Shahana Begum, Surajit Sarkar, Md. Kamrul Hasan, Md. Abdul Mottalib

100

USAID Postharvest Loss Reduction Innovation Lab (PHLIL)-Bangladesh Component– Md. Monjurul Alam, M. Ayub Ali, M. A. Awal, Chayan K. Saha, M. R. Ali, M. A.Hossain, Md. Ashraful, Afruz Zahan and Shahana Begum

101

Green Energy Knowledge Hub at Bangladesh Agricultural University– Md. Monjurul Alam, , Chayan K. Saha, Md. Anisur Rahman, Md. Rafiqul Islam, M. Jahiruddin and Md. Kamal Hossain

102 Development of Potato Sorting System Using Machine Vision Technique– Md.

Hamidul Islam

102

Development of Damaged Egg Detection System Using Machine Vision Technique–Md. Hamidul Islam

103

Present Status and Future Opportunities of Peat Soil in Bangladesh–Md. Rostom Ali

104 Design and Development of a Pull Type 4-rows Granular Urea Applicator– Murshed

Alam

104

Impacts of Irrigation by Dairy Farm’s Wastewater on Crop Production and Soil Health–A.K.M. Adham

105

Design, Construction and Performances Study of Semi-Pilot Scale Baking Oven– M. Burhan Uddin

106

Characterization of Colour and Surface Appearance of Banana Fruits Using Computer Vision System (CVS)– Abdullah Iqbal

106

Development of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) on Ardunio Platform and Improved User Interface Software and Standardization on a Pilot Plant–Abdullah Iqbal

107 Chapter VI : Fisheries Production Enhancement of Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) by Generating

Monosex All-female Population Through Chromosome Manipulation– Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder, Mohammad Rafiqur Rahman and Rafiul Islam

108

Genetic Improvement of Rohu, Labeorohita, Strain in Bangladesh– Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder and Md. Shahidul Islam

108

Improvement of Salinity Tolerance in Tilapias: a Need Based Study for the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh– Md. Sadiqul Islam

109

Effects of River Pollution on Aquatic Biota– Zakir Hossain and Halima Jahan 109 Determination of Digestive Enzymes Activities, New Muscle Generation by Replacing

Animal Protein to Plant Protein in Diets of Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus– Zakir Hossain and Mst. Arzu Pervin

110

Extraction of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (pufas) from a Marine Cephalopod Loligo sp. and Determination of Its Performance on the Gonadal Maturation and Spontaneous Spawning of C. Fasciatus– M. M. Rahman, N. Sultana and M. S. Hossen

111

Transforming Climate Knowledge with and for Society (TRACKS): Mobilizing Knowledge on Climate Variability with Communities in Northeast Bangladesh-Impacts of Citizen Science Research– M. Mahfujul Haque, Md. Saifullah Bin Aziz and Scott Bremer

111

Upgrading Pangas and Tilapia Value Chains in Bangladesh–BangFish: Aquaculture Certification Issues– M. Mahfujul Haque and Md. Ismail Hossain

112

Eco-friendly Health Management of Indigenous Catfish Using Probiotics: Efficacy and Application Against Bacterial Diseases– Tanvir Rahman

113

Towards Understanding Bacterial Diseases in Commercial Aquafarms: Investigation on Biosecurity Issues and Causal Agents– Tanvir Rahman

114

Development of Induced Breeding, Larval Rearing and Culture Techniques of Ghaura, Clupisoma Garua– Md. Idris Miah

114

Growth and Production Performance of Air-Breathing Climbing Perch (Anabas Testudenius) znd Major Carps in Polyculture–Shahroz Mahean Haque

115

Development of Quality Salt-Smoke-Dried Fish Product Prepared From Tengra (Mystustengara) and Batashi (Neotropiusatherinoides Kept at Ambient Storage Condition– Subhash Chandra Chakraborty

116

Studies on the Quality and Safety Aspect of Fish and Fishery Products of Bangladesh– M. A. Mansur

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CHAPTER I Faculty of Veterinary Science

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Investigation on Disease Resistance Capability of Newly Developed Chicken Strain ‘Shuvra’ in Climatic Change Prone Delta Region of Bangladesh

Sukumar Saha* and Md. Tanvir Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: sukumar07@gmail.com

Abstract Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) claims that the newly developed chicken strain, “Shuvra” is capable to resist diseases and sustain at local environment. Considering this fact the project was designed to determine the disease resistance capability of newly developed chicken strain “Shuvra” against Newcastle disease (ND), Fowl cholera (FC), Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis and Infectious bursal disease with indigenous chickens in climate change prone area in Bangladesh. In addition it was also aim to determine the effect of climate change on health and production of newly developed chicken strain “Shuvra” in the climatic change and non non-climatic change prone area. Initially the study was conducted to investigate the disease resistance capability of Shuvra compared with Indigenous chickens. For this day-old chicks of Shuvra and Indigenous chickens were collected from BLRI and local sources. Initially the chicks were divided into 4 groups. In the first group 10 Shuvra and 10 Indigenous chickens were vaccinated by BCRDV at day 7 (one week) through intra ocular route (i/o) and with RDV at day 35 (5 weeks) of age of birds through intramuscular (i/m) route. In the second group 10 Shuvra and 10 Indigenous chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with BAU Fowl cholera vaccine at day 56 (8 weeks) and 84 (12 weeks) following manufacturer instructions. In the third group 10 Shuvra and 10 Indigenous chickens were vaccinated with BAU Salmonella at day 56 (8 weeks) and 84 (12 weeks) following manufacturer instructions. 10 Shuvra and 10 Indigenous chickens were kept as unvaccinated control to each group. Sera were obtained from all vaccinated and control chickens before and after 28 days (4 weeks) of each vaccination. The immune responses of the vaccinated and control chicks were determined by HI antibody titers against NDV vaccines and by passive haemagglutination antibody titer (PHA) against Fowl cholera and Salmonella vaccines. The protective potential of the vaccinated and control chickens of different groups Shuvra and Indigenous chickens were done by challenge infection using virulent field isolates (NDV, Fowl cholera, Salmonella pullorum). Very comparable level of antibody titer and protection following challenge infection were observed both in Shuvra and Indigenous chickens against three common diseases of chickens. The research work to investigate the effect of climate change on health and production of newly developed chicken strain “Shuvra” in the climatic change and non non-climatic change prone area is on progress.

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Pathogens in Bioslurry from Different Biogas Plants of Gazipur and Mymensingh Districts of Bangladesh

Sukumar Saha Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: sukumar07@gmail.com

Abstract The main objective of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize common indicator bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp.) in bio slurry samples collected from different biogas plants. The manure samples were collected from 8 different livestock

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farms and the bioslurry samples were collected from 16 different natural bioslurry pits and from experimental anaerobic digester after 60 days digestion at environmental temperature and 30 days digestion at different temperature (250C, 270C, 290C and 450C). The total viable count (TVC), E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in the samples were determined by spread plate technique method according to ISO-6579 (International Standards Organization, 2002). For isolation and identification, samples were inoculated into Nutrient agar and other selective media such as Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar and incubated at 370C for overnight and CFU was calculated in per gram volume of bioslurry. Identification of E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. was confirmed by colony characteristics, staining, biochemical tests and finally using PCR. The average TVC, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were 9.77, 6.11, 6.23 and 7.68 log CFU/gm respectively in manure sample. In natural bio slurry pits total viable count of bacteria varied from 8.65 to 7.26 log, E coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were 5.203 to 3.82, 7.18 to 4.00 and 7.9 to 3.14 log CFU/gm respectively. In anaerobic digester after 30 days digestion, the presence of E. coli varied from 0 to 5.11 log CFU/gm, Salmonella spp. 0 to 4.84 log CFU/gm and Staphylococcus spp. 0 to 6.59 log CFU/gm at different temperature of digestion (250C, 270C, 290C and 450C). In bio slurry from anaerobic digester after 60 days digestion showed absence of common indicator bacteria. In both natural slurry pits and in experimental anaerobic digester ( 30 and 60 days digestion) the total number of viable bacteria, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were significantly reduced (p<.05). Antibiogram profile of isolated bacteria from bio slurry samples were also tested with commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practice and our results revealed that multidrug resistant indicator bacteria were present in the bio slurry samples. Our findings conclude that the microbial load after treatment of animal manure via anaerobic digestion (Bio gas plant) was grossly reduced and the reduction of bacterial pathogen depends on the duration and temperature of digestion. Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Quinolone Resistant E. coli in Rectal Swab of Apparently Healthy Cattle in Bangladesh

Md. Tanvir Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E.mail: tanvirahman@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Emergence of antibiotic resistance is a serious health problem both in human and animal all over the world. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant E. coli isolated from apparently healthy cattle in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. A total of 137 rectal swabs was screened among which 95 was found positive for E. coli. Confirmation of isolation of E. coli was done by PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene of E. coli (prevalence 69.3%). Resistance against quinolone is primarily due to activities of qnrS and qnrA gene products. Among these E. coli quinolone-resistant gene qnrS was detected in 11 isolates. None of the isolates were found positive for qnr Agene. The overall prevalence of qnrS positive E. coli was 8.0%. Many of these quinolone-resistant E. coli was multidrug-resistant. Nucleotide sequence analysis of qnrS gene showed homology with the qnrS gene detected in China, Nigeria, Taiwan, Russia, Turkey and USA. All isolates that were resistant to multiple quinolones were found highly sensitive to imipenem, ertapenem and meropenem. The results of this study indicated that apparently healthy cattle harbor quinolone-resistant E. coli which

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have both clinical and public health significance. If strict regulation on the use of quinolones in food animals is not maintained, these quinolone-resistant E. coli may be transmitted to humans and other animals and may cause serious health problems in future. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular detection of quinolone-resistant E. coli in cattle in Bangladesh. An Epidemiological Investigation of Campylobacter in Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm S. M. Lutful Kabir Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: lkabir79@gmail.com

Abstract

This study was aimed for isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter species from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) dairy farm during the period of January to May, 2016. A total of 80 samples (faecal samples of calves, heifers and cows; milk samples of cows) were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm for isolation and identification of Campylobacter species by using cultural, biochemical and molecular methods. Moreover, the isolated Campylobacter species were subjected for antimicrobial susceptibility test. Campylobacter like organisms were presumptively identified in 20 samples. Isolates were biochemically positive to catalase and oxidase tests and in hippurate hydrolysis test some of the isolates (n=6) shown negative that indicated the isolates were C. coli and some of the test isolates (n=14) shown positive that indicated the isolates were C. jejuni. Campylobacter specific 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the isolates. C. jejuni were resistant to amoxicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin and susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and streptomycin. Furthermore, C. coli were resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin and susceptible to gentamycin, ciproflaxacin. Out of 20 Campylobacter isolates, 57.14% C. jejuni and 33.33% C. coli were identified as multidrug resistant. To the best of our knowledge, this study has brought the first report on the occurrence of Campylobacter species with their antibiogram profiles in any dairy farm of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Dairy farm, C. jejuni, C. coli, molecular identification, antibiogram profiles Development of a Low Cost Probiotic Formulation for the Production of Organic Poultry in Bangladesh

S. M. Lutful Kabir Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: lkabir79@gmail.com

Abstract

The second year of this project was designed with a view to sample collection from different poultry farms of Bangladesh and from different environmental sources, isolation and identification of micoorganisms by conventional and molecular methods, molecular characterization of the isolated bacterial strains having probiotic potentiality. The above mentioned activities were performed successfully. In addition, a total of 750 samples were collected from 10 broiler farms in where, 300 ceacum and 300 cloacal swab samples of broiler birds, 50 litter, 50 feed, 50 water samples from broiler birds related environment from two different districts of Bangladesh. Lactobacillus spp. were procured from intestinal

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contents of chicken after culturing on MRS broth and agar. In caecal samples, Lactobacillus spp. was detected in 88 (29.33 %) out of 300 samples, Enterococcus spp. was 102 (34%) out of 300 samples, Streptococcus spp. was 49 (16.33 %) out of 300 samples, Bacillus spp. was 42 (14 %) out of 300 samples, Bifidobacterium spp. was 15 (5%) out of 300 samples. In cloacal swab samples, Lactobacillus spp. was detected in 82 (27.33%) out of 300 samples, Enterococcus spp. was 99 (33%) out of 300 samples, Streptococcus spp. was 48 (16%) out of 300 samples, Bacillus spp. was 46 (15.33%) out of 300 samples, Bifidobacterium spp. was 13 (4.33%) out of 300 samples. In litter sample (n=50), Lactobacillus spp. was detected in 09 (18%), Enterococcus spp. was 14 (28 %), Streptococcus spp. was 12 (24%), Bacillus spp. was 10 (20%), Bifidobacterium spp. was 04(8%). In water sample (n=50), Lactobacillus spp. was detected in 05 (10%), Enterococcus spp. was 05 (10 %), Streptococcus spp. was 02 (4%), Bacillus spp. was 02 (4%), Bifidobacterium spp. was 01(2%). In feed sample (n=50), Lactobacillus spp. was detected in 02 (4%), Enterococcus spp. was 00(00 %), Streptococcus spp. was 01 (2%), Bacillus spp. was 02 (4%), Bifidobacterium spp. was 00(00 %). Furthermore, molecular characterization of the isolated bacteria is going on.

Prevalence, Isolation and Detection of Virulent Gene in Escherichia coli from Duck Marzia Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: marziamicro@yahoo.com

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine virulent genes in Escherichia coli prevalent in duck population by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 60 cloacal swab samples were collected from two duck farms of Bangladesh Agricultural University and Shamvuganj. Initially the samples were screened for the detection of E. coli on the basis of cultural, staining and biochemical properties, followed by molecular detection of E. coli using genus specific primers to amplify 16s RNA. According to the results, out of 60 samples, 26 (43.33%) were confirmed to be E. coli positive. Among the E. coli positive samples, 12 (46.15%) samples were found positive for Stx-1 and 11 for Stx-2. Among 26, 11 (42.31%) samples possess both Stx-1 and Stx-2 genes, whereas only one isolate had Stx-1 gene. The prevalence of both Stx-1 and Stx-2 in Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm was 41.66%, and the prevalence of Stx-1 and Stx-2 in Shamvuganj was 50% and 42.86%, respectively. This is the first report on the detection of virulence genes in E. coli of duck origin in the context of Bangladesh. This study indicates that duck may play role for the transmission of Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli (STEC) to human or its environment through fecal contamination or eggs or meat.

Molecular Detection of STEC and Antibiotic Resistant Genes in E coli from Layer Birds

Marzia Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: marziamicro@yahoo.com

Abstract

The present study was carried out to detect the shiga toxin producing and antibiotic resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from layer birds of three different farms located at Katiadi,

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Kishorganj district. The investigated genes includes 16SrRNA, Stx-1, Stx-2, tet(A)and blaCMY. According to cultural and biochemical and PCR results, 50% (25/5) isolates from layer birds were recognized as E. coli. The distribution of virulent gene Stx-1, 8.0% among positive isolates and all isolates were found negative for Stx-2 by PCR. The distribution of antibiotic resistant genes tet(A) and blaCMY. were 44% and 36% respectively. All isolates were found resistant to a t least two microbial agents. About 80% isolates were found resistant to three or more agents termed as multidrug resistant. The antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that 96% isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin followed by ampicillin (92%), tetracycline (76%), erythromycin (56%) and gentamycin (36%). The highest sensitivity was found to streptomycin (98%). The results indicate that the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli in layer birds are alarming for human being and indicate increased risk of infection via meat and egg. Epidemic Survey on Respiratory Bacterial Infection of Buffalo Reared in Some Selected Areas if Bangladesh for Their Effective Control Measures Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan* and Md. Shafiqul Islam Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: msrkhan001@yahoo.com Abstract The study was performed with a view to proper control of respiratory bacterial infection in Buffalo. For the epidemiological study at first data were collected through a structured questionnaire at field level. On the basis of history and clinical signs and as per the information provided by the farmers the prevalence rate was recorded as 38.78% and the P value was calculated as 0.004 (p<0.01) which was noted as highly significant. The prevalence rate was 13.33% Pasteurella multocida, 8% was E. coli and 8.22% was Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of location. The organisms were characterized using cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques. The isolated Pasteurella multocida produced small, round, opaque colonies on blood agar. Staphylococcus aureus produced golden yellow colony in mannitol salt agar. E. coli produced black color colonies with metallic sheen on EMB agar. Pasteurella multocida showed Gram negative, bipolar rods. Staphylococcus aureus showed Gram positive, cocci shaped and E. coli showed Gram negative, small rod shaped. On the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics it was found that among 40 nasal samples 5 was found positive for Pasteurella multocida, 3 was E. coli & 4 was Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiogram study concluded that amoxicillin, gentamycin, & ciprofloxacin should be first choice of treatment of respiratory bacterial infection caused by isolated 3 bacteria. Pasteurella multocida was further characterized by PCR where 5 isolates showed positive band at 620 bp. Based on the present findings it may be concluded that epidemiological parameters such as age, sex, season and location have great impact on respiratory bacterial infection of buffalo in some selected areas of Bangladesh. The present research work covering epidemiological study is a first and preliminary report in the context of Bangladesh.

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Isolation and Molecular Detection of Fish Viruses Responsible for Cat Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) Mortality in Cultured Fish Farm of Trishal and Bhaluka of Mymensingh

Md. Alimuyl Islam Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: alim_bau@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Stinging catfish, Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) is been cultured in Bangladesh which is one of the most popular and highly valuable fish species. A total of 150 diseased H. fossilis were collected from twenty fish farms of Trishal and Bhaluka Upazila of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh between June 2016 to February 2017. Affected fishes revealed variable clinical symptoms like loss of equilibrium and, erosions at the bases of fins and tail, hemorrhages and skin lesions on body surface, profuse mucous secretion and congestion along with enlargement of most of the internal organs. Some of them showed only white sported lesion on the body surface and enlargement of liver and spleen only. Three different kinds of selective media were used for the isolation of total population of bacteria from the affected fishes. A number of biochemical tests were performed for the identification of the isolated bacteria. Commercially available panel of antibiotics were used for the determination of sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. A total of 85 bacterial strains were isolated and the isolated were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. sobria, Pseudomonas angulliseptica, P. fluorescens and Vibrio anguillarum. Aeromonas spp. appeared to be the main pathogen in the diseased fishes. Among the isolated spp of bacteria distribution of Aeromonas species was as follows: A. hydrophila 34 (40.00%), A. salmonicida 14 (16.47%), A. sobria 8 (9.41%) as well as 5 (5.88%) unidentified Aeromons strains. The other isolated of Pseudomonas anguliseptica, P. fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio spp were distributed as 12 (14.11%), 4 (4.70%), 3 (3.52%) and 5 (5.88%), respectively in infected H. fossilis. However, results of antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that all the bacterial isolates of H. fossilis were found more or less resistant to all most all the antibiotics with the exception of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacinn which were found highly sensitivity against all the strains of Aeromonass pp. and other species of bacteria. Fish viruses of the family Nodaviridae, Herpesviridae and Orthomyxoviridae were failed to isolate from the fishes showed ulceration and erosions on their body surface. None of the above mentioned strains of bacteria were able to isolates from the fishes showed white sported symptoms. These fishes were preserved at -860C for the detection and isolation of fish viruses.

Prevalence of Human Pathogenic Vibrio Species (Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus) in the Coastal Regions of Bangladesh with Their Specific Detection by Multiplex PCR

Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain* and Md. Tanvir Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: tofazzalmh@yahoo.com

Abstract

Among more than 70 identified Vibrio species, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are of major concerns as they are pathogenic to animals, including humans. All

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three species are commonly associated with seawater, sediment, shellfish, and the intestinal contents of fish. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been proven to provide rapid and highly sensitive methods for the specific detection of microorganisms and can be easily performed in diagnostic laboratories. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of three important Vibrio species, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in the coastal regions of Bangladesh by multiplex PCR using the groEL gene, a potential phylogenetic marker. A total of 50 different samples (fish, shrimp, seawater, stool of diarrhoeic patient) were collected from the coastal regions, especially from Chittagong and Cox’s bazar. The samples were collected and transported maintaining cold temperature. Each sample was processed and inoculated in TCBS agar media. Positive colonies were purified by subculture and chromosomal DNA from each isolate was extracted by simple boiling method. Multiplex PCR was performed using primer sets designed from GroEL gene for the specific detection of Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus from the samples. All the collected samples were found negative for the target three species except four for Vibrio cholerae. Only 3 human samples and 1 seawater sample collected from beach were found positive for Vibrio cholerae. This indicates that beach might be a source of contamination. Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Virus Causing Duck Diseases from Recent Outbreak Areas of Mymensingh Division Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain* and Md. Tanvir Rahman Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: tofazzalmh@yahoo.com Abstract Duck farming is getting popular day by day among the small landless people of Bangladesh. Ducks are considered as resistant birds compare to chicken in relation to disease because the morbidity and mortality rate in ducks due to disease is very limited. But sometimes, some bacterial and viral diseases may cause havoc to the duck population. Among the diseases, duck cholera, duck septicemia, colibacillosis, duck viral hepatitis and duck plague are mainly associated with high morbidity and mortality in ducks worldwide including Bangladesh. The present study was targeted to isolate and accurately identify different causal agents (bacteria and virus) of duck diseases prevailing in Mymensingh division. Samples were collected from 15 dead ducklings and 35 dead ducks of different regions of Mymensingh, Netrokona and Kishoregonj districts. Liver and intestine were aseptically collected for the isolation of causal agents. Samples were processed and inoculated in bacteriological media for bacteria isolation and duck embryo for virus isolation. Among the collected samples, 50 were found positive for E. coli, 2 for Pasteurella multocida, 4 for Staphylococcus spp., 4 for Salmonella spp. and 8 were found positive for duck plague virus. All the pure isolates were preserved; chromosomal DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C for further study.

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Physio-Pathological Role of Curcumin on High Fat Induced Hyperlipidemia in Mice Siddhartha Sarker, Md. Iqramul Haque and Mohammad Alam Miah* Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *Email: alam.dina@gmail.com Abstract Curcumin is an extract of turmeric plants. It has been shown to possess potent antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. The experiment was designed to observe the effects of curcumin on butter fat induced hyperlipidemia in mice. A total of 40 Swiss Albino mice (Musmusculus), age of 28-30 days with an average body weight of 27g were randomly divided into 2 groups. Non-treated control group A(n=8)and butter group B (n=32), fed on 10% butter. After 5 weeks, butter fed mice were subdivided into 4 equal groups (n=8): Group B, C, D andE fed on varying concentration of curcumin: 1%, 2% and 3% extracts in drinking water respectively along with butter. The experiment was carried out for period 10 weeks. Maximum weight gain was recorded in butter fed mice. Supplementation of curcumin to butter fed mice prevented additional weight gain. Butter fed mice had significantly (p<0.01) higher hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, total erythrocyte count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV). Addition of different concentration curcumin on butter fed mice didn’t enhance the hematological values. In case of lipid profile, increased total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol values were observed in butter fed mice. However, addition of curcumin extracts dramatically reduced or prevented the lipid profile and more prominent result was found in 2% curcumin group. Histo-pathological studies revealed that butter altered the normal structures of liver and aorta. There were few fatty changes found along with pyknoticnuclei in the hepatocytes and thickening of the wall of aorta with disorganized lining cells of aorta. No detectable changes were found in the liver and aortic tissues of curcumin treated mice. It could be predicted that the butter fats have harmful effects on weight gain, on lipid profile and on organ structures without bad effect on hematology. These harmful effects could be prevented by addition of curcumin extracts. Molecular Characterization of Bovine Rotavirus Causing Severe Diarrhea in Calves in Selective Areas of Bangladesh M.M. Alam1*, N.U. Ahmad1, and A. Khair1 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: asamahbub2003@yahoo.co.uk Abstract Rotavirus is distributed worldwide as an enteric pathogen in man, animal and poultry. Bovine rotavirus (BRV) has been detected in both dairy and beef cattle herds worldwide. A total of 200 faecal samples were collected from diarrheic calves of the dairy region of Barisal, Madaripur and Sirajgonj districts during the period from July 2015 to June 2017. These 200 faecal samples were consisted of 68 from Barisal, 92 from Madaripur and 40 from Sirajgonj. The collected stool samples were screened using rapid test- strips BioK 152 to determine the presence of BRV. Group A BRV was detected in 22.50% of faecal samples (45/200). The highest rate of BRV infection was detected in the Barisal (26.47%) and Madaripur (26.08%)

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while the lowest detection rate was in Sirajgonj (7.5%). The detected positive rotavirus samples by rapid test- strips BioK 152 were also examined by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining (PAGE-SS) technique for the detection of presence of rotavirus dsRNA. About 70% of positive rotavirus samples by rapid test- strips BioK 152 was found positive in PAGE. All the electropherotypes were long and single pattern. RT-PCR and sequencing was done for 30 positive BRV samples to determine the G and P serotypes of bovine rotaviruses are circulating in Bangladesh. Genotyping analysis of rotavirus positive samples indicated that G6P[11] was the most prevalent genotype (56.67%) followed by G10P[11] (3.33%). Seven samples (23.33%) could not be G and/or P typed. P[11] genotype was predominantly detected as 76.67%. This study demonstrates that BRV is a contributing pathogen to diarrhoeal disease in calves of different three district of Bangladesh. In the present study, it was not investigated that bacteria, parasites or any other pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea or not. Keywords: Bovine Rotavirus, G and P typing, RT-PCR & Sequencing, Severe Diarrhea &

Calves Indiscriminate Use of Antimicrobial Drugs in Poultry Farms and Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Products of Bangladesh

M.M. Alam1*, A.K.M. Anisur Rahman1 and A.K.M. Humayun Kabir1 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: asamahbub2003@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

Indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs in poultry causes the drug residue in edible poultry tissues which have an adverse effect on public health as consumers. There is paucity of information about antimicrobial drugs usage by the meat producing (broiler, cock, shonali, grameen types) farmers and qualitative detection of antibiotic residue. Hence a cross sectional study was undertaken through interviewing the farm owners or caretakers and by physical investigating of the farms including other secondary documents to measure the frequency of the antimicrobial drugs using in poultry farms of different upazila in six districts of Bangladesh and qualitative detection of drug residue in broiler sample from December 2015 to December 2017. The current study on 416 investigated poultry farms revealed that majority farmers reared broiler (91.1%) and the half (50.0%) of them were more than 1000 to 2000 nos. of birds. A total of 28 different kinds of antimicrobials were identified those used by the farmers and of them at least 16 antimicrobials used to treat the human illness. The mostly used antimicrobials were Oxytetrtacycline (72.4%), Amoxicillin (72.4%), Ciprofloxacin (70.4%), Enrofloxacin (67.1%), Sulfadrugs (61.1%), Anticoccidial (61.1%), Doxycycline (58.4%), Trimethoprim (55.8%), Colistin Sulfate (56.0%), Metronidazole (55.5%), Tylosin Phosphate (37.7%), and Erythromycin (36.1%). It was also revealed that more than 61.0% farmers were used antimicrobials at least 04 to 06 times in each batch. For treatment, around 95% farm owners depend on unskilled and unauthorized personnel like company personnel, dealer and quack. On laboratory investigation of 2000 sample (Breast meat, thigh meat, Liver, kidney) from 500 live meat producing birds through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC),it was found that about 100.00% samples indicated the presence of antibiotics. Based on the present findings the foremost prerequisite is farmers training on poultry biosecurity. It is also vital to implement proper legislation of antimicrobial drugs use by meat producing poultry farms in order to ensure the food safety through declining antibiotic usage.

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Identification and Characterization of Potential Food-borne Pathogens from Milk, Meat and Eggs in Relation to Food Safety in Bangladesh

M.M. Alam1*, A.K.M.A. Rahman1 and M.A. Rahman1 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: asamahbub2003@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract Food (milk, meat and egg) is never being free of risk because even sterile food can be recontaminated. Some toxins released from bacterial pathogen survive cooking, and some individuals may be sensitive to certain foods (e.g., allergy). Food-borne diseases causing infections and intoxications can affect everyone. The study was conducted to investigate the presence and characterization of food borne pathogens in milk, meat and eggs sold to consumer at a retail market or farm level of Mymensingh district. A total of 169 samples including milk (n=108), chicken meat (n=51) and beef (n=10) were collected from BAU dairy farm and retail market of municipal area during two year period from July 2015 to June 2017. In this study the food-borne pathogens were isolated and identified by colony characteristics on selective agar media, gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test and biochemical test and PCR finally. It was found that out of 108 milk samples a total of 25 (23.1%) samples were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp. including S. aureus & S. epidermidis, 32 samples (29.63%) were E. coli and 02 samples were Salmonella spp. Out of 51 chicken meat samples 39 samples (76.47%) were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp., 25 samples (49.02%) were E. coli and 29 samples (56.86%) were Salmonella spp. including S. pullorum. Out of 10 beef samples only 06 samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., and 07samples were contaminated with E. coli and Staphylococcus sp.. Among 64 samples of E.coli identified by conventional method only 24 samples (37.5%) were confirmed and out of 71 Staphylococcus sp., positive sample through conventional method only 39 samples were confirmed by PCR. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli were detected by disc diffusion test using 10 commonly used antibiotics. Overall 50% of E. coli isolates of food were found MDR. About 28.13%, 57.14% and 76% of the E. coli isolates originated from milk, beef and chicken meat respectively were MDR. Out of 37 about 31 (83.78%) samples of Salmonella sp., were MDR. Out of 71 samples of Staphylococcus sp. about 23 (32.39%) samples were multidrug resistant, no MDR were in beef sample. Antibacterial resistant gene mecA gene (Methicillin–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) were detected in 10 (25.64%) Staphylococcus sp. out of 39 positive samples, strA gene in 13 (54.17%) samples and tet A gene in 9 samples were detected in 24 (37.5%) E. coli positive sample. Antibiogram study showed that E. coli isolated from chicken meat were resistant to oxytetracycline (92%), sulphonamide-trimethoprim (84%), amoxycillin (76%) and erythromycin (60%). E. coli isolated from beef sample were resistant to erythromycin (85.71%) and oxytetracycline (71.43%) and sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%), gentamicin (100%) and neomycin (100%). However, all isolates of E. coli were found sensitive to amikacin (100%). E. coli isolated from milk sample were 100% sensitive to gentamicin followed by neomycin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, oxytetracycline and erythromycin. In case of S. aureus originated from chicken meat were highly resistant to oxytetracycline (71.79%) and highly sensitive to neomycin, amikacin and colistin sulphate; in milk sample S. aureus highly resistant to colistin sulphate (92%), amikacin (56%), erythromycin (44%) and sensitive to enrofloxacin(100%), neomycin(100%), ciprofloxacin (92%), gentamicin (92%); in beef sample S. aureus were resistant to enrofloxacin and sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, doxycycline, azithromycin. In case of Salmonella sp. originated from chicken meat highly resistant to erythromycin(100%), colistin

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sulphate(80%), doxycycline (79.31%) and sensitive to gentamicin (86.21%), ciprofloxacin (83.33%), neomycin (82.76%); in milk sample Salmonella sp. were equally resistant to erythromycin, amoxycilin, doxycycline, colistin sulphate (100%) and equally sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin (100%); in beef sample Salmonella sp. were resistant to erythromycin (83%), azithromycin (83%) and sensitive to gentamicin (100%),, neomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (83%) and amikacin (83%). Higher prevalence of E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella spp. in chicken meat, beef and milk indicates unhygienic production and processing of these foods. Presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in these foods might pose serious public health threats. The antibiogram profile of the isolates will help therapeutic decision making in the treatment of food borne diseases in cattle and poultry in Bangladesh. Further study is needed to identify more antibacterial resistant gene and their genomic diversification in these organisms. All samples were examined for detection of Campylobacter spp., but not a single of isolate was detected from those samples. The obtained result showed that the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli ,Salmonella spp. and in retail chicken meat, beef and milk may represent a threat to public health. Real Time PCR for Identification of Brucella Species in Cattle and Buffaloes M. S. Rahman*, M. A. S. Sarker, Sayra Tasnin Sharmy, F. Melzer1 and H. Neubauer1

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BANGLADESH; 1 OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany, *E-mail: pritul02@yahoo.co.uk Abstract According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), brucellosis is considered to be the most widespread zoonosis throughout the world. The objectives of the present study were to identify the common species of Brucella in cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh and determination of the characteristics and diversity of Brucella genotypes circulating in Bangladesh and to develop recommendations for agricultural and public health polices to control and prevent brucellosis and to improve the livelihoods of farmers, abattoir workers and consumers in Bangladesh. In this study, a total of 799 serum samples of cattle and buffaloes were collected from the different districts of Bangladesh. The Rose Bengal Test (RBT) was used as screening test and the positive sera were re-tested with SAT, ELISA and finally all the positive sera will be confirmed by genus specific and species specific Real Time PCR. Out of total 700 cattle and 99 buffalo sera, 38 cattle and seven buffalo sera showed positive reaction to RBT with the overall prevalence of brucellosis 5.42% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.87-7.38) in cattle and 7.07% (95% CI: 2.89-14.03) in buffalo. Out of 799 serum samples, 45 serum samples reacted positive in the Rose Bengal test (RBT); among the RBT positive serum, 14 sera were found to contain Brucella DNA by genus specific IS711 screening using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR); and all of the 14 qRT-PCR positive samples were found to contain specifically Brucella abortus DNA through species specific real time PCR. A combination of SAT-iLEISA and real time PCR could be effective for future eradication program of brucellosis in Bangladesh.

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Epidemiological Investigation of Haemoprotozoan Parasites of Poultry in Some Selective Districts of Bangladesh

Mohammad Zahangir Alam Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mzalam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Avian haematozoans are important pathogens of birds causing asymptomatic to fatal infections. The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria parasite infections in domestic chickens and ducks in three localities namely Mymensingh, Tangail and Netrokona districts in Bangladesh. In total, 474 blood smears (266 chickens and 208 ducks) were screened for haemoprotozoan infection during the period from March, 2016 to February, 2017. Blood samples were collected from wing vein by needle puncture. The parasites were identified from Giemsa stained thin blood smears based on morphological features using standard keys. Malaria protozoa were found in 60 birds (12.7%), of which 35 were chickens (13.2%) and 25 were ducks (12.0%). Two species of blood protozoa were identified namely Leucocytozoon spp. (10.5%) and Plasmodium spp. (2.1%). The prevalence of haemoprotozoa was found high among the adults (13.9%) while it was 11.2% among young birds. Female (15.2%) was 1.46 times more susceptible than male (10.9%).The prevalence rate was highest in Netrokona (18.9%) followed by Tangail (12.2%) and Mymensingh (8.7%). In this study, the prevalence rate was highest in rainy season (18.3%), moderate in summer (10%) and less in winter season (9.3%). Present study revealed that these haemorpotozoa are capable of infecting indigenous domestic chicken and duck. Further studies should focus on characterization of the malaria parasites of indigenous chickens and ducks in Bangladesh. Amplification of cytb gene was performed to identify the haemoprotozoan parasites at molecular level. Of 25 microscopically positive blood smears collected from chickens and ducks, 15 Leucocytozoon and 10 Plasmodium positive samples were used for molecular detection. Out of the 25 samples tested by nested PCR, 17 resulted positive for Leucocytozoon or Haemoproteus/Plasmodium spp. From the findings of this study it is concluded that malaria parasitic infection in pigeon is prevalent in Bangladesh. Exploring Epidemiology, Anthelmintic Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Some Common Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants in Bangladesh

Mohammad Zahangir Alam Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mzalam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematodes of small ruminants have major economic impacts in Bangladesh. Despite the impact of diseases caused by these GI nematodes, there seems to be paucity of reports on epidemiological factors, anthelmintic resistance, genetic diversity and drug resistant alleles of parasites in small ruminants. The main aim of the proposed project is to: (a) investigate epidemiological factors (b) detect anthelmintic resistance and (c) molecular characterization of GI nematode parasites of small ruminants. A cross sectional epidemiological study was conducted for the duration of one year to determine the overall prevalence of GI nematodes and the associated risk factors in small ruminants. Animals with and without anthelmintic use had no significant effect on the prevalence and intensity of GI

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nematode parasites. The prevalence of GI nematodes in Govt. farm was significantly higher than non-Govt. farms and household samples. Bivariable analysis of host-related factors, farm management-related factors, farmer-related factors and environmental factor showed that species, age, breed, physiological condition of female, physiological condition of male, body condition, farming system, farm type, housing, socio-economic status, knowledge about GI nematodes and education level of farmers were associated with gastrointestinal nematode infections. These significant factors were simultaneously analyzed in a logistic regression model to assess their relative contribution to prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, while adjusting for their effects. The final logistic regression model showed that body condition, farming system, housing, socio-economic status and the educational level of farmers were associated with gastrointestinal nematode infection. We conducted in vivo (fecal egg count reduction test-FECRT) and in vitro (Egg hatch assay) experiments in Govt. sheep/goat farms of Rajshahi, Savar, Dhaka and Sylhet and one private farm (Shambhugonj goat farm) in Mymensingh. FECRT indicated that multiple anthelmintic (Albendazole, Levamisole and Ivermectine) resistance was developed in these farms. The present study also revealed that Haemonchus spp. and Oesophagotomum spp. are resistant to the used anthelmintics. The results of in vitro technique are in line with the results in vivo technique. Molecular Detection of Haematozoan Parasites in Poultry Prof. Dr. Mohammad Zahangir Alam Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mzalam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract Over the years there have been several suspecting reports regarding death of chicken, duck and pigeon due to malaria parasites by Veterinary Surgeon. Besides, the available published report is insufficient to understand the exact situation of poultry malaria in Bangladesh. Recently developed molecular based detection system would have great advantage to conduct epidemiological surveillance of avian haematozoan parasites combined with traditional morphological diagnosis by observing blood smears. To the best of our knowledge, no research has been carried out to identify poultry haematozoan parasites in Bangladesh using molecular tools. Therefore, epidemiological investigation using molecular tools in previously identified (microscopically) samples were applied to explore the genetic diversity of haematozoan parasites in poultry. Parasite DNA was extracted from the 50 blood samples (those were positive to haemoprotozoan parasites with microscopy) spotted on glass slide. Extracted DNA was used for nested-PCR to detect the partial cytb gene of the avian malaria mitochondrial genome. Samples with positive amplification were sequenced using commercially available automated sequencer. Amplification of cytb gene was performed to identify the haemoprotozoan parasites at molecular level. Of 50 microscopically positive blood smears collected from different districts, 30 Haemoproteus, 10 Plasmodium and 10 Leucocytozoon positive samples were used for molecular detection. Out of the 50 samples tested by nested PCR, 32 resulted positive for Leucocytozoon or Haemoproteus/Plasmodium spp. The sequences showed high variability, and a neighbor- joining tree clustered them into 3 distinct groups with high confidence (bootstrap values from 50 to 99 for the different genera and branches. These 3 clusters corresponded to species of Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon. In conclusion, we found a variety of poultry haematozoan parasites in indigenous birds of Mymensingh, Tangail, Netrokona and Rangpur districts through molecular analysis and our present study is the first attempt to detect and characterize haemoprotozoan parasites of poultry in Bangladesh.

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Epidemiological Investigation of the Emerging Neosporosis in Bangladesh Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: talukdermhasan@bau.edu.bd Abstract Neosporosis is an important neuromuscular disease of domestic dogs world-wide. The causative parasite, Neospora caninum, cycles between canine definitive hosts and herbivore intermediate hosts, mostly cattle. This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of N. caninum in dog and seroprevalence and risk factors associated with neosporosis in dairy cattle in selected districts of Bangladesh. A total of 185 fecal samples from stray dogs and 368 blood and 221 bull milk samples from cows were collected during February 2016 to November 2017. Dog fecal samples collected from Mymensingh Sadar and Gouripur Upazila of Mymensingh were examined by flotation method for detecting Hammondia-Neospora like oocysts (HNLO) microscopically. HNLO were detected 4.87% in fecal samples. Sera and bulk milk samples collected from cows of Mymensingh, Kishoreganj and Sirajganj districts were tested for antibodies against N. caninum using a commercially available kit (Neospora caninum antibody test kit, cELISA, VMRD, Inc, Washington). The overall seroprevalence of neosporosis was found 5.43%. Among the tested bulk milk and sera samples, the seropositivity were 4.52% and 5.98%, respectively. The seroprevalence of bovine neosporosis was higher in Kishoreganj district (9.0%) followed by Mymensingh (6.15%) and Sirajganj (3.62%). The seroprevalence rates among Holstein Friesian cross breed, Indigenous breed and Jersey cross breed were 8.26%, 7.41% and 3.93%, respectively. The seroprevalence of bovine neosporosis was found to be 17.11% and 3.08% in animals with and without history of abortion, respectively and showed statistically significant association of the disease with abortion history (p value <0.05). Prevalence were 8.39% and 4.64% in animals with and without history of infertility, showed statistically non-significant association (p value >0.05). Seroprevalences were 9.91%, 5.79% and 2.52% in the animals of age group above 5 years, 3-5 years and below 3 years, respectively, showed that seroprevalence increases with age. This study showed that neosporosis is associated with abortion in dairy cattle of Bangladesh. The study may contribute as the baseline data of neosporosis in Bangladesh for future nation-wide surveillance of neosporosis. Species Composition and Seasonal Dynamics of Vector Mosquitoes in Mymensingh in Relation with Meteorological Factors

Thahsin Farjana Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: tfarjanamunni@yahoo.com

Abstract

Global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito borne diseases in many parts of the world, in which third world countries are very much prone to this crisis. Exact information on the seasonal prevalence of mosquito fauna in a region is essential for the development of efficient vector control programs. Therefore, this study was designed to

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investigate the species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito vectors in relation with meteorological factors in Mymensingh. Adult mosquitoes were collected with light traps, spray catch and mosquito net from indoor, outdoors and cattle sheds, rice fields, drains, ditches. Outdoor rainfall, temperature and relative humidity data of the study areas, from January to December, 2017 were collected from the local stations of the meteorological department. Density of mosquitoes was expressed as percent of specimens of the species in the whole sample followed by the formula given by Banaszak and Winiewski, 1999. A total of 1842 adult mosquitoes were collected from different places of Mymensingh during the period of January to December-2017. All the collected mosquitoes were found to be family culicidae. Among the collected mosquitoes, two genera were identified. The identified two genera were Anopheles and Culex. Of the collected mosquitoes, density of Culex was 66.6% whereas Anopheles was 33.4%. Among Culex, five species, namely, Cx. quinquefasciatus (45.9%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (7.4%), Cx. mimulus (10%), Cx. sinensis (1.5%) and Cx. vishnui (1.6%); on the other hand, four species of Anopheles, namely An, quadrimaculatus (24.6%), An. vagus (7.8%), An. walkeri (0.1%) and An. annularis (2%) were identified during this study period. Out of 9 mosquito species, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. mimulus, An, quadrimaculatus, An. vagus were of dominant classes, Cx. sinensis, Cx. vishnui, An. annularis were the subdominant species, whereas An. walkeri was the satellite species. Both the temperature and humidity had positive effect on the number of mosquitoes; in contrast the precipitation had the negative effect. Both the genera, Anopheles and Culex, were most prevalent in monsoon (42.3% and 38% respectively), followed by summer (37% and 32.6%, respectively) and were least in winter (20.7% and 27.8%, respectively). This information will add a concrete understanding on the species and seasonal dynamics of mosquito which will help to develop public health awareness and a sustainable control measures about mosquito and mosquito borne diseases. Pathological Investigation on the In-door Reared Pekin and Khaki Campbell Ducks M. H. Rahman Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: rahmanmdhabib@gmail.com Abstract A total of 200 meat (Pekin) and layer (Khaki Campbell) types of mixed sex ducklings were fed ad libitum of broiler starter (4wks) grower (8 weeks) and pre-layer (4 weeks) to evaluate the effect on the growth and disease episodes that had occurred during this period. Feeds were formulated to meet the common nutrients specifications depending upon the age and were supplied in commercial pellet form. Results showed that adding Rena phytase® had substantial effects on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate. On an average, male Pekin grew from 60g as day-old-duckling to 3.85 Kg in 90 days. Up to three months, there had been no deaths and occurrences of diseases. However, bumble foot, duck cholera, paralysis and lastly duck plague wiped out the flock. It is highly likely that bumble and or sore foot may made ducks vulnerable to diseases and pestilence. Furthermore, lack of funds to purchase feed, high environmental costs, lack of proper housing and uncontrolled diseases led to terminate the project prematurely after five months. Ducks were disposed hygienically and future course of actions have been discussed.

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Community Engagement in Biosecurity (CEB) for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases of Poultry Based on Epidemiological Risk Analysis M.R. Islam*, M.M. Rahman, E.H. Chowdhury and P.M. Das Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mrislam_bau@yahoo.com

Abstract

Biosecurity is considered as the most important tool for the prevention of infectious poultry diseases. The present project is aimed at the development of a model for biosecurity with community engagement. The study is being conducted at Bhaluka upazila of Mymensingh district and Sakhipur upazila of Tangail district addressing the small and medium scale commercial layer farms. Prior to this reporting period an epidemiological survey on the risk factors for poultry diseases, a KAP study on biosecurity, two PRA workshops and an expert consultation workshop were organized to develop a community-engaged biosecurity model. A biosecurity model comprising 10 conceptual and structural and 10 operational interventions was developed. During the reporting period two ToT programs on the developed biosecurity model were organized which were participated by 50 lead farmers from each of the two upazillas. Subsequently, seven more field level training programs for layer farmers were organized at different locations of the study areas. In those training programs selected lead farmers explained the developed biosecurity model to their fellow farmers. Following the training programs the community animal health workers of the project have been monitoring the adoption of biosecurity measures by individual farmers through regular farm visits. At the same time outbreaks of various diseases are also being investigated following a defined diagnostic algorithm. Laboratory analysis of the samples are now in progress. The forthcoming activities will include a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the level of biosecurity compliance and an impact assessment of biosecurity. This will be followed by fine tuning of the biosecurity model and its dissemination through an advocacy workshop.

Application of Radiation Technology in Developing Irradiated Caprine Mycoplasma Vaccine and Determination of Its Protective Efficacy

Emdadul Haque Chowdhury Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: emdad001@yahoo.com

Abstract Caprine mycoplasmosis is an economically important disease of small ruminants worldwide, which is caused by species of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. In Bangladesh, clinical mycoplasmosis in goats has been reported to OIE but there is no official report of successful isolation of the organism. Therefore, the present study was under taken to isolate and identify the Mycoplasma isolates in goats with respiratory illness from Mymensingh district of Bangladesh and finally develop an irradiated caprine Mycoplasma vaccine. Since peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infected goats are often concurrently infected with Mycoplasma, 20 PPR infected (either naturally or experimentally), goats were selected for the isolation of Mycoplasma species. Swabs from nasal passage, trachea and pleural cavity and pleural fluid

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were collected in sterile mycoplasma broth at necropsy and propagated for the isolation of Mycoplasma. Tissue samples were also collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. Finally, the identity of the cultured Mycoplasma isolates was confirmed by six sets of cluster and species specific PCR. At necropsy, the affected animals showed hemorrhage in trachea and congestion and consolidation of lungs.The histopathological changes in the respiratory system of the affected goats were marked by chronic tracheitis and severe pyogranulomatous necrotizing pneumonia. In culture, Mycoplasma isolates produced large colonies (LC) of cream yellowish and shiny brown color characteristics of Mycoplasmamycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), and small colony (SC) of cream color characteristics of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC) type. We found 90% of the PPR infected goats were concurrently infected with Mycoplasma, in which 50% of these goats were concurrently infected with Mmc. Furthermore, 25% of the PPR infected goats were co-infected with MmmSC. In addition, 15% of the PPR infected goats carried both Mmc and MmmSC type of Mycoplasma. All six PCR protocols were standardized with the positive control DNA isolated from Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (MCCP). The established PCR protocols successfully detected Mycoplasma under Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in three samples using cluster specific 16S and CAPCR.This is the first report of successful isolation and identification of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in Bangladesh. Further studies to confirm the subspecies of Mycoplasma mycoides cluster using subspecies-specific primers and other studies in context to development of irradiated vaccine are in progress.

Experimental Pathogenesis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal Goat Using Bangladeshi Isolates of PPR Virus Emdadul Haque Chowdhury Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: emdad001@yahoo.com Abstract Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a paramyxovirus belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. It is widely distributed in Africa, the Near East and Asia, and has a major economic impact on livestock keepers in developing countries. PPR is endemic in Bangladesh since 1993. Pathology of PPR infection is available elsewhere to different goat and sheep breed, but not in Black Bengal goat. Pathology and localization of antigen of infectious agents vary across animal species and type. Although PPR is endemic in Bangladesh such experimentation has not been done in goats. The study is being conducted to determine the pathology and pathogenesis of PPR in Black Bengal goats. Results of the experiment could help veterinarian to understand the basic nature of the disease, its process, development and consequences, which will help to design supportive treatment and control strategies against PPR infection in goat, will reduce the mortality, and thus will generate income. The major activities performed were: (a) Isolation and identification PPRV isolates from field outbreaks (b) Investigation of natural PPR outbreaks with immunological, hematobiochemical and histopathological analysis (c) Sequencing of two genes (full length) of five (field) PPR virus isolates (d) Development of primary lamb and goat kidney cell culture to isolate PPR virus from the field outbreak (e) Titration of PPR virus in Vero cells (f) Experimental infection to Black Bengal goats: recording of clinical signs at time interval, collection of samples as per protocol (g) Hemato-biochemical analysis and histopathological

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investigation of experimentally infected goats (h) Immunological investigation (antibody detection) at time interval and other activities are in progress. The results of the experiments are being analyzed to design the pathogenesis of the PPR virus infection in Black Bengal goats. Experimental Production of Arteriosclerosis in Rats by Different Edible Oils: An Animal Model for Human Cardiovascular Diseases M. M. Hossain*, M. S. Hoque and M. H. Rahman Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mmhossain04@yahoo.com.au Abstract The present investigation was conducted to determine the effects of different edible oils (mustard, palm and soybean oils) in experimental animals. For this, a total of 36 male Long Evans rats of one month age were randomly divided into four groups (9 rats in each group) for the experiment. All rats were kept in clean animal shed with supply of ad libitum feed and water. Rats of group A were kept as control by feeding normal rats pellet. Rats of group B, C and D were fed rat pellet by mixing palm, mustard and soybean oils, at the doses of 15% in feed. The experiment was continued for 6 months. The methods included determination of body weight gains by digital balance; lipid profiles by commercial lipid profile detection kit and spectophotometer; and histopathological lesions in different organs especially aorta, liver, heart and kidneys at 0 day, 3 months and 6 months intervals by histopathology. All oils (mustard, palm and soybean oils) caused significant (p<5%) increase of weight gain than control group. Soybean oil caused significant (p<1%) rise of cholesterol level in sera than control. Mustard oil caused significant (p<1%) decrease of cholesterol in sera than control group. Palm oil causes fatty change in liver. Soybean and palm both caused arteriosclerosis in heart. TG in sera became low in all group than control one. HDL level in sera increased significantly (p<5%) in soybean oil and palm oil fed rats. LDL level in sera had no significant changes after 6 month. From this experiment it is claimed that mustard oil was found to be less harmful than soybean and palm oils. Prevention and Control of Poultry Salmonella Infections in Selected Poultry Farm MM Hossain1*, MA Islam2 and T Akter1 1Department of Pathology, 2Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mmhossain04@yahoo.com.au Abstract The present investigation has been designed to develop a protocol for rearing of Salmonella -free poultry flock. Strict biosecurity of poultry farms and vaccination with potent Salmonella-vaccines is one of the important tools for disease control and prevention. A commercial Krishibid poultry farm was selected at Valuka upazilla of Mymensingh district. All components of biosecurity strictly have been maintained in the selected farm. A total of 1000 chicks have been collected from Salmonella-free certified from breeder cum hatcheries in this experiment.

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The birds were vaccinated with killed Salmonella vaccine (Bio-Typhoid 0.5 ml IM route) at week 16, 18, 21 and will be vaccinated at week 30, 42, 54, 66 and 78. The used methods were determination of seroprevalence (rapid serum plate agglutination/SPA; Bio Chek) from sera of randomly selected 1% birds at week 16, 18, 21, 30, 42, 54, 66 and 78; cultural prevalence of Salmonella from cloaca of randomly selected 2% birds from the same time points; ELISA test for OD value to check protective response at prevaccination and post vaccination at the same time points of experiment; histopathology; molecular characterization and sequencing of prevalent Salmonella in Bangladesh. Seroprevalence at week 16 was 50% (10/5) and at week 18 was also 50% (10/5). Cultural prevalence was 50% (20/10) at week 18, 40% (20/8) at week 21 ages of birds. Gram stained showed gram negative rod shaped bacteria in all cultural positive cases. ELISA test of 10 sera samples at week 16 ages showed OD values while 8 samples were negative and 2 samples were positive to Salmonella antibody. Histopathology; molecular characterization and sequencing of prevalent Salmonella are yet to be performed. Genotypic Characterization of the Field Isolates and Vaccine Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus Md. Rajib Bin Saife, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Mohammed Nooruzzaman* Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mohammed.nooruzzaman@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is endemic in Bangladesh. Several vaccine strains of NDV are manufactured locally or imported by several pharmaceuticals. Despite continuous use of vaccines, outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) are observed frequently. However, very little is known about the genetic characteristics of vaccine strains of NDV available in Bangladesh. For molecular characterization of field and vaccine strains, a 535 bp fragment of the F gene was amplified by RT-PCR from 4 field isolates and 6 vaccine strains. The RT-PCR products were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Based on prudent classification, all 4 field isolates belonged to genotype XIII of class II NDV but segregated into two sub-clusters under genotype XIII, having four to six sub-cluster specific amino acid substitutions. The field isolate BD-C161/2010 was aligned with the recently reported sub-genotype XIIIc. The other 3 field isolates (BD-C21/2010, BD-C50/2010, BD-C56/2010) formed a novel Sub-cluster phylogenetically quite distinct from previously described sub-genotypes XIIIa, XIIIb and XIIIc. On the other hand, most of the vaccine strains (BCRDV, RDV, Bangla BCRDV, La Sota and Clone 30) were classified as genotype II and one vaccine strain ‘Avinew’ belonged to genotype I of Class II NDV. Analysis of amino acid sequences showed that the vaccine strains Avinew, BCRDV, Bangla BCRDV, La Sota and Clone 30 carried a monobasic fusion protein cleavage site motif 112GR/KQGRL117, suggesting of lentogenic pathotype. Whereas, vaccine strain RDV (LRI) clustered with other mesogenic vaccine strains and carried a polybasic fusion protein cleavage site 112RRQKRF117. Although the field viruses and vaccine strains belong to different genotypes, they shared a relatively conserved neutralizing epitope sites. It remains to be investigated if the genotypic mismatch affects the efficacy of vaccines against heterologous field strains.

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Genetic Characterization of Recent Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 from Layer Chickens in Bangladesh Rokshana Parvin*, Jahan Ara Begum, M.F. Rahaman, M.H. Minty, A. Hasnat, E.H. Chowdhury and M.R Islam Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Email: rokshana.parvin@bau.edu.bd Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of subtype H9N2 have become widespread in poultry in many countries with clinical relevance to respiratory diseases of multifactorial origin. In Bangladesh, H9N2 is endemic and infections display mild clinical signs with reduced egg production and increased mortality along with other respiratory signs. Data on genetic characteristics of H9N2 viruses of Bangladesh is very limited. Thus the current study was designed to isolate AIVs from recent outbreaks and to know the phylogenetic origin and genetic evolution of the H9N2 viruses currently circulating in Bangladesh. Ten (10) different samples from commercial layer chickens were collected for this study. Real time RT-PCR targeting M gene confirmed that all the samples were positive for influenza type A virus. Embryo inoculation was performed for virus propagation and RNA was extracted for further molecular analysis. After embryo propagation heagglutination (HA) titer ranged from 32 to 512 were confirmed on collected allantoic fluid. Subtyping was performed by RT-PCR using 383bp and 244 bp fragments of the H9 and N2 gene, respectively and full length amplification of HA and NA gene of three selected H9N2 viruses were completed. The nucleotide blast search of HA and NA sequences revealed that the recent isolates are 93-99 % homologies to other Bangladeshi H9N2 and cluster with other South Asian and Middle Eastern isolates of H9N2. Bangladeshi isolate belong to ‘quail/HK/G1/97-like’ sub-lineage of H9N2 viruses. In Vitro Stability of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccine Virus in Diluents Rokshana Parvin*, N. Mohanto, M.S.I. Siddiqui, M.M. Parvin, S. Begum, M. R. Islam and E. H. Chowdhury Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: rokshana.parvin@bau.edu.bd Abstract Specialized freeze drying process is being used in the field for different thermostable vaccine preparation worldwide. The thermostability remains only in undiluted conditions. Normally in field, dilution make at the morning and the diluted vaccine is being used for the whole day or sometimes even for the next day which compromises the efficacy of the vaccine. We prepared specialized vaccine diluent to increase the stability of PPR vaccine in diluted condition. Our field study revealed increased immune responses while our test diluent was used. In this study we tested stability of vaccine virus in test diluent in vitro. The Vero cell was cultured in the laboratory. The PPR vaccine reconstituted with conventional (supplied by DLS) and with test diluents. These diluted vaccines were kept at environmental temperature

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without maintaining any cool chain at a selected time point and Vero cells were infected subsequently. The tissue culture infectivity dose (TCID50/ml) was determined on the basis of CPE. The presence of the virus particles in Vero cell was confirmed by positive spanning of 448bp of F gene of PPR by standard RT-PCR. The test diluent produced TCID50 5.5, 5.5, 4.8, 3.6, 2.5 at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 24 hours of post dilution, respectively. On the other hand, in case of conventional diluents, log10 TCID50 was 5.5, 5.5, 4.4, 2.5 at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours of post dilutions respectively, but there was no infectivity titer at 24 hours of post dilution. The new test diluent exhibited little more better infectivity than the conventional diluents which helps the vaccine virus to maintain cold chain and enhancing the stability of vaccine virus. Epidemiological and Patho-biological Investigation of Repeat Breeding Syndrome and Development of Strategies for Improving the Fertility of Repeat Breeder Dairy Cattle Nasrin Sultana Juyena Dept of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: juyenahabib@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the project is to investigate epidemiological factors that influence repeat breeders and to develop proper strategies for the improvement of fertility by proper treatment with systemic antibiotic and using Assisted reproductive technologies such as estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination (TAI), double time AI and embryo transfer. Data were collected from different project areas using a questionnaire. Hemato-biochemical parameter of RB cows and normal cyclic (NC) cows were analyzed. Microbiological tests were performed from the sample of deep vaginal swab and uterine fluid of RBCs and NCCs. Hormonal (estrogen and progesterone) profile and Vaginal Electrical Resistance (VER) were determined in RBCs and NCCs. Selected RBCs were assigned for four experimental groups according to treatment assigned. Results showed 20.71% (222/1072) prevalence of RB cows . Prevalence of RB cows were highest in Frisian (F x L) cross and in high milk yielding cows bred with AI. Among the hemato-biochemical parameters, mean value of TEC, Hb, PCV, TC, TG, TP, Glucose, Calcium and Phosphorus of RB cows were lower than that of normal cows. Occurrences of endometritis, acute mastitis and sub-clinical mastitis as previous diseases were higher in RB cows than normal cows. Result from the hormonal and VER profile indicates the disturbances in hormonal synchrony and also indicates the turbulence of synchrony between the ovarian structures and estrous cycle stages in RBCs. 57.23% RBCs were getting pregnant after experimental treatments. 65 calves were delivered from the pregnant cows. Among the 65 post partum normal cyclic cows, 59 were getting pregnant normally and 6 (9.23%) were getting repeat breeder after three or more consecutive AI. Successful completion of the project will create proper strategies for the prevention of RB Syndrome. The project activities will encourage small farmers through making breeding strategy for the improvement of fertility of dairy cows.

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Optimizing Reproductive Performance of Indigenous Female Buffaloes for Sustainable Productivity in Small Holding Buffalo Farms Nasrin Sultana Juyena Dept of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: juyenahabib@yahoo.com Abstract Buffaloes are being concentrated in particular agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh due to their contribution and importance. Despite their important role in Bangladesh national economy, buffaloes are always neglected animals in Bangladesh. Therefore, the aims of the project were to study the reproductive performance of native buffalo breeds, to develop methodologies in proper oestrus/heat detection by studying vaginal electrical resistance (VER) using heat detector and by studying follicular dynamics with transrectal ultrasonography, and to evaluate synchronization protocol suitable for native water buffaloes. Two studies were conducted in the reported period. In Study-1, 1516 water buffaloes were observed to collect data on their management, productive and reproductive performances in the study areas. Two synchronization protocol were performed in 120 local and cross breed. Buffaloes were divided into two groups according to synchronization protocols named as OVSYNCH (n=80) and COSYNCH (n=40) in Study-2. Timed artificial insemination (TAI) was performed with frozen-thawed semen of Italian Mediterranean buffaloes in all synchronized Bangladeshi buffaloes. Different epidemiological factors related to farm and animal information were considered and carefully recorded prior to the conduction of the experiment. VER was recorded and ultrasound scanning of both ovaries was performed on D0, 7 and 10 to confirm estrus and to monitor ovarian follicular and luteal status. Pregnancy was diagnosed with transrectal ultrasonography after 35 days of AI. Results showed that milk production were higher in buffaloes of Madargonj, Jamalpur district. Buffalo became pregnant if AI is performed at VER 200-215Ω. Follicular size at the beginning of the synchronization of estrus insignificantly affected the pregnancy rate. Higher pregnancy rate (45%) was observed in buffaloes of Group OVSYNCH compared to that of Group COSYNCH (35 %/) that was non-significantly different (p> 0.05). Results of the study confirm that the OVSYNCH protocol has more effect on the successful fertility in water buffaloes.

Substantial Development of Genetic Potential for Improved Productivity in Cattle Through Manipulative Reproduction Technology Nasrin Sultana Juyena Dept of Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: juyenahabib@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the project is to examine socio-economical impact of genetic improvement of cattle via conventional Artificial Insemination (AI) program in selective areas of Bangladesh, and to implement the manipulative reproduction techniques such as semen processing, estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination (TAI) at the farm level for the

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production of sex selective offspring to speed up the genetic improvement of economic traits of cattle. Key activities of this project were performed during this period included: i) recruitment of MS student, lab attendant and accountant, ii) Development of questionnaire, iii) Processing of semen, iv) AI in cows in natural heat, v) Pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy. MS student was allowed for a two months training course based on evaluation of semen, preparation of semen, swim up separation technique of sperm, ultrasonography of reproductive organs, using of heat detector and PCR technique. During the training period a questionnaire was developed by Project Team for collection of data from different selective project areas. Two experiments had been started during this period. Experiment 1was aimed to study the factors affecting pregnancy rate and sex selective offspring production in cows inseminated after natural estrus (Group-A) and synchronized estrus (Group-B). Aim of Experiment 2 was to investigate the effect of swim up technique on quality of spermatozoa in term of viability%, plasma membrane functional integrity% and motility especially kinetic velocity parameters of bull spermatozoa and fertility rate. This is a baseline study of CASA kinematics in swim-up separated samples which could help the scientist to draw attention on separation of X and Y spermatozoa based on motility characters of spermatozoa in bulls. Molecular Identification of Conception Factor(s) in Blood and Urine for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Cow J Bhattacharjee*, ASM Sayam, MMU Bhuiyan Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: bhattacharjee@bau.edu.bd Abstract Earliest pregnancy diagnosis in cow has always been an utmost need for the dairy industry. Rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography are widely used methods of pregnancy diagnosis having limitations of skilled personnel and specialized instruments impeding it’s wider use in smallholders’ farms in developing countries. Therefore, a suitable indirect pregnancy diagnosis method is a demand of the industry. Till now biochemical and molecular methods used are measurement of blood or milk progesterone, pregnancy-associated-glycoproteins and early conception factor, interferon-tau (IFN-tau) and/or IFN-tau stimulated genes (ISG) in blood. However, changes of blood biochemical properties in peri implantation period have not been studied yet. Therefore, Blood and urine were examined in 65 animals at Day 1 (Day of AI), Day 12, Day 18 and Day 24 after showing oestrus. At Day 24, urine pH was significantly (P<0.0164) higher in pregnant zebu and crossbred animals compared to non-pregnant animals. On the other hand, total protein level was significantly lower at the day of breeding in the crossbred animals that were found pregnant later on. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly higher at day 12 (P< 0.0215), day 18 (P<0.0001) and day 24 (P<0.0001) post AI in pregnant cow than non-pregnant. In local pregnant animal, BUN level was significantly higher at day 18 (P<0.0169) and day 24 (P< 0.0001) post AI. Like wisely, Glucose concentrations remained higher in pregnant group than non-pregnant group at day 18 (P< 0.0269) and day 24 (P< 0.0001) after AI. In pregnant animals, blood cholesterol level was also higher at day 12 (P< 0.0001), day 18 day (P< 0.0001) and day 24 (P< 0.0001) after AI. Experiments are going on to find out the ISGs (MX2, ISG15), PSBP and abscisic acid contents in pregnant and non-pregnant animals.

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Identification of Environmental and Metabolic Factor(s) Causing Retention of Placenta in Dairy Cattle of Bangladesh

J Bhattacharjee*, MS Arif, R Debnath, MM Rahman Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: bhattacharjee@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Placenta acts as a site of nutrient, waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus. If placenta does not expel until 12 hours of parturition then the condition is called retained placenta. Many factors apart from infection may cause retained placenta. However, still now very few data are available on environmental and host metabolic profile on retention of placenta. Metabolic profile testing has been used in dairy practice for the diagnosis, treatment and management of different dairy diseases as multi-disciplinary approach. Different metabolites appear to be crucial for normal fetal development in early pregnancy, normal materno-fetal wellbeing and retained placenta. Despite the critical importance of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), total protein (TP) and glucose in maternal health and fetal development, we have investigated these metabolites in different trimester of pregnant crossbred cows (n=125) and in their post partum. Blood samples were collected without anticoagulant and serum were separated by centrifugation. The serum samples were analyzed by automated biochemical analyzer for Ca, P, Mg, TP and glucose or stored at -200C until analysis. We found that serum Ca, TP and Glucose level were significantly (P<0.001) lower after parturition in cows with retained fetal membrane. On the other hand, Mg and phosphorus level did not differ. However, Mg and TP level were significantly (P<0.001) varied in different trimester of pregnancy in healthy cows and cows with retained fetal membrane. In addition, we performed a study to examine placental expulsions and its associate condition in zebu cows. The overall prevalence of manual placenta in zebu cow was 10.3%m where the influencing factors were age, body condition score and feeding system (P<0.05). Concurrently, parity had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on manual expulsion of placenta. The present study indicates the discrepancy of metabolic profile in healthy cows and cows having retained fetal membrane. Although pregnant animals need optimum nutrients for their normal health and proper growth and development of the fetus, in reality they are having discrepancy in the amount of critical metabolites. Therefore, dairy practitioners and farmers need to be more careful about the metabolic profile and wellbeing of the pregnant animals. Pregnant cow’s Metabolic Profile and Its Relation with Retention of Fetal Membrane

J Bhattacharjee*, MS Arif and MM Rahman Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: bhattacharjee@bau.edu.bd

Abstract The study was designed to determine the blood serum Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Total protein and Glucose value in different stages of crossbred cows (heifer, 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester of pregnancy and after parturition) to find out the relation of these metabolic factors with retention of fetal membrane. One hundred and two pregnant cows and ten heifers were examined. Animals were categorized into cows with retention of fetal membrane (RFM) and cows without RFM. Blood samples were collected at different stages of pregnancy, before pregnancy (Heifer) and after parturition. Serum was analyzed by auto blood analyzer. Cows

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having retention of fetal membrane (RFM) had significant variation (p<0.05) of their calcium concentration in different period of pregnancy and after parturition. RFM affected cows’ Mg level was continuously decreasing in different trimesters of pregnancy and after parturition. Interestingly, Cows in which placenta were expelled normally also showed significant difference in calcium, magnesium, total protein and glucose concentration in their different trimester of pregnancy and after parturition. Serum calcium, total protein and glucose level after parturition in cows with retention of fetal membrane was significantly lower than healthy cows. In heifers, serum calcium (12.40 mg/dl) and glucose (85.83 mg/dl) level was significantly (p<0.05) higher than pregnant cows. There was significant variation of calcium concentration in different trimester of pregnancy in heifers. Phosphorus (9.77 mg/dl) was also higher in heifers than pregnant cows. Protein levels also significantly (p<0.05) varied in different trimesters of pregnancy and were higher at 1st trimester pregnant cows. It can be concluded that serum calcium, glucose and total protein levels may have relation with retention of fetal membrane in crossbred cows. Direct Transfer of Vitrified Embryos for Speeding up of Genetic Improvement in Indigenous wes in Bangladesh

Ghosh S, Juyena NS, Talukder MRI, Jha PK, Naher N and Bari FY* Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: fybari61@yahoo.com.au

Abstract

The present experiment was designed to observe the effects of PMSG on superovulatory response and embryo yield in donor ewes, to observe the qualities of embryo yield and to observe the pregnancy rate following the direct transfer of produced vitrified embryos into recipient ewes. Three donors, 9 recipients and 2 rams were selected for this experiment. All donor and recipient ewes were synchronized by using two doses of Cloprostenol equivalent to 125µg Prostaglandin F2α (Ovoprost® Bayer, NewZealand) per ewe at an interval of 9 days following deep intramuscular injection.To induce superovulation and to ensure ovulation, donor and recipient ewes were treated with 600 iu and 250 iu Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG; Folligon®, Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands) at the time of 2nd injection of Prostaglandin F2α. All donor ewes were mated using fertile rams with high vigor for a period of sexual receptivity by the donor. Embryos were collected from donor ewes on day 6 of insemination by inguinal laparotomy. Embryo assessment was carried out based on morphological aspects under a magnification of 10 to 40x objectives after collection. Then, grade 1 embryos were vitrified using standard procedure. After thawing the embryos were transferred into the exteriorized uterine horn of the recipient as soon as possible by inguinal laparotomy. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by trans-abdominal ultrasonography on 40 days after embryo transfer in recipient ewes which were in non-return to estrus. The mean values of onset of estrus after 2nd injection of PGF2α, and duration of estrus of donor and recipient ewes were 31.3±8.1, 32.6±8.7, 24.7±9.9, 32.8±12.8 hours, respectively. The mean values of no. of corpus luteum and no. of embryos of donor ewes were 11.7±4.0 and 8±2.6, respectively. Total embryo recovery rate was 68.6%. The mean values of qualities of embryo yield of donor ewes were 6±1.7, 0.3±0.6, 1.3±1.2 and 0.3±0.6, respectively. Only grade 1 embryos of donor ewes were vitrified. No. of embryos transferred in each recipient ewe were 2. Total no. of embryos vitrified, no. of recipient ewes, total no. of embryo transferred and no. of pregnant recipient ewe were 20, 9, 18 and 4, respectively. The pregnancy rate of recipient ewes was 44.4%.The above results indicate the suitability of using vitrified embryos following direct transfer technique for field conditions use in Bangladesh. Further work involving the transfer of large number of vitrified embryos in recipient ewes is running on to observe the consistency of the present experiment.

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Introduction of Artificial Insemination (AI) in sheep breeding in Bangladesh using produced frozen Ram Semen Zaman A, Alam MGS,Jha PK, Naher N and Bari FY* Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: fybari61@yahoo.com.au Abstract Sheep, the poor man's cow, could contribute a significant amount in meat production in Bangladesh. However, farmer’s dream is not full filling due to poor genetic merit, poor nutrition and management. Farmers are not aware with the benefits of selective breeding including oestrous synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) from superior genetics. Considering the need of sheep farmers, the project has been designed to assess the field pregnancy rate in indigenous sheep following AI with frozen semen produced in BAU with an aim to increase quality production and to execute sustainable sheep farming in Bangladesh.The work conducted till now (7 month duration) were selection of sheep farmers and their training.Acclimatization of selected ram, training and routine evaluation for future frozen semen production and AI in farmer’s ewes. Two important consultative meetings were arranged in two districts of Mymensingh and Tangail. Project allocated sheep farmers were monitored with the cooperation with District Livestock officers (DLS) personals. All together four pocket upazillas namely Trisal, Muktagacha and TangailSadar and Gopalpur were selected in Mymensingh and Tangaildistrict respectively. The DLS officers, Veterinary Field Assistant (VFA) and the Sheep farmers of the selected areas were invited in the interaction meeting. Within each upazilla, 20 sheep farmers were selected for training on the basis of having at least 6 sheep in their farm. There were five sessions in each day long training course. They were provided with training manual. The Principal Investigator, DLO, upazilla livestock officer, Veterinary Surgeon, PhD students were participated as resource persons. The day long course was about Sheep management system, controlled breeding system, reproductive performances, farm-economy, diseases management and veterinary services. The effect of modified sheep rearing strategy on existing management system for additional benefits was also discussed. The farmers were agreed andcommitted to the modified management system of sheep farming and accept the controlled breeding system for improved sheep breeding. Following training, a questioner was developed and data collection has been started to record about the socio-economic status of the farmer and the reproductive performances of the sheep reared under traditional management system. The non- pregnant ewes were selected by ultrasonography in two upazilla of two district. The ewes were dewormed, vaccinated and supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Training has been given to the selected rams and semen has been collected for evaluation before freezing. The characteristics of selected ram semen will be used for cryopreservation were observed as volume (0.8±0.2 ml), color (3.9±0.2), mass activity (3.3±0.4), motility (82.9±4.7%), viability (87.9±5.8%), concentration (2709.6±81.8×106 sperm/ml) and normal percentages spermatozoa (87.6±6.1%). The 7 months work of the study brought a close interaction with the DLO office and sheep farmers to introduce further works to make the project successful.

CHAPTER II Faculty of Agriculture

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Development of Integrated and Cost-effective Weed Control Methods in Transplanted Rice

Md. Abdus Salam Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: salamma71@yahoo.com

Abstract

Two field experiments were carried out to observe the effect of different herbicides and integration of herbicide with cultural practices on weed suppression and yield performance of rice. The first experiment was screening experiment and 18 different herbicides including no weeding and two hand weedings (HWs) at 20 and 35 days after transplanting (DAT) were used as experimental treatments. The second experiment was two factorials where three rice cultivars were used as factor A and different weed management practices were used as factor B. The first Experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and the second experiment was laid out in a split plot design. In the first experiment it is observed that weed density and dry weight were the highest in the no weeding plots and the lowest weed density and dry weight were recorded in the most of the herbicide applied plots although some variations were observed in MCPA, Weed kill, Aim and Vacate applied plots. The highest grain yield was recorder in herbicide Changer applied plot which was statistically similar with Commit, Bensanil and Supermix applied plots. The lowest grain yield was found in no weeding plots. In the second experiment, between the two popular boro rice cultivars, there was no significant variation in weed density and dry weight at different days after transplanting (DAT) but BRRI dhan28 transplanted plot had numerically the lower weed dry weight at different DAT. From the interaction it is observed that BRRI dhan28 × Application of Pre-emergence herbicide Pretilachlor (Commit) followed by one HW at 35 DAT treatment produced the lowest weed dry weight at 25 DAT. Among the different weed management treatments, Application of pre-emergence herbicide Pretilachlor (Commit) followed by one HW at 35 DAT treatment produced the highest grain yield and highest BCR. From the interaction it is found that BRRI dhan28 × Application of Pre-emergence herbicide Pretilachlor (Commit) followed by one HW at 35 DAT treatment produced the highest grain yield. Therefore, application of pre-emergence herbicide followed one HW at 35 DAT might be the best option for effective weed management in boro rice as well as for obtaining highest grain yield and highest BCR.

Weed Suppressing Ability of Buckwheat and Marshpepper Debris and Their Subsequent Effect on Yield Performance of Rice

M. R. Uddin* and U. K. Sarker Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: romijagron@yahoo.com

Abstract

For developing an alternative weed control strategy allelopathic activity of crop residues to common weeds and selectivity of crops were studied in upland organic farming. All crop residues applied in the experiments suppressed weed growth and inhibition at satisfactory level. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate varieties and various crop residues on weed suppression and crop performance. Among the crop residues used in this study, buckwheat was the most effective followed by marsh pepper. It was noticed that broadleaf

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weed species were more susceptible to rotation crop residues than grass weed species. In this respect, highest growth inhibition (78.81%) was observed in controlling Chesra (Scirpus juncoides). In respect of yield and yield contributing characters, cultivar and crop residues respond significantly. The results indicated that highest grain and straw yield (4.21 t/ha and 7.09 t/ha) produced by BR11. Highest grain and straw yield was observed in crop residues application @ 2 t/ ha buckwheat crop residues along with variety BR11. Variety and rate of marsh pepper residues application significantly influenced weed growth and inhibition. Marsh pepper residues application @ 2.0 t ha-1 and BRRI dhan33 showed superior performance and inhibition was maximum for all weed species. In respect of yield and yield contributing characters, BR 11 performed best and highest grain and straw yield along with 0.5 t/ha buckwheat + 1.0 t/ha marsh pepper residues.

Development of Sustainable Biological Weed Management Techniques Through Allelochemicals from Crop Residues

M. R. Uddin* and U. K. Sarker Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: romijagron@yahoo.com

Abstract

The presence of crop residues on the soil surface as mulch suppresses weeds through allelopathy and thus reduces a greater reliance on herbicides. Research regarding crop residues for weed suppression can help to develop effective weed control techniques. Therefore, the study was designed to develop effective weed management technique that can help in the field of sustainable weed management. Ten different crops residues (Barley, Sorghum, Wheat, Lentil, Mustard, Rice, Grasspea, Sunflower, Maize, Soybean) were collected and used in this study. After collection, the crop residues were dried under shade and was ground using blender to make them powder. After grinding, the ratio of each crop residues were mixed as a 0/100, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60 and 50/50 of crop/soil by volume. All the crop resides significantly reduced the growth of all tested weed species. The degree of inhibition increased with increasing mixture ratio of crop residues. Generally it was noticed that broadleaf weeds were suppressed more than grasses and sedge weeds. Among the ten different rotation crop residues, sorghum was the most effective to inhibit weeds followed by lentil, grasspea, sunflower, soybean, mustard, rice, barley, wheat and maize. The growth inhibition was highest (51.25%) in case of sorghum crop residues in controlling Echinochloa crusgalli (shama). The inhibition was 100% when sorghum was used at 50:50 ratio. Similiar trend of results were obtained for Scirpus juncoides (chesra), Monochoria vaginalis (panikachu) and Cyperus difformis (sabujnakful). Sorghum along with other promising crop residues will be used for bioassay test and other related experiments in time for better results and understanding.

Assessment of cropping pattern Fallow-Fallow-T.aman rice with Wheat-Jute-T.aman rice in char areas of Netrakona region

M. R. Uddin* and U. K. Sarker Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: romijagron@yahoo.com

Abstract

Fallow - Fallow - T. aman cropping pattern is the common and popular cropping pattern in char area of Netrakona region. Farmers mostly cultivate T.aman rice under rainfed condition and not interested to cultivate wheat or jute during rabi and kharif 1. Wheat and Jute may be

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introduced for improvement of cropping pattern. Considering mentioned points, the study was conducted to determine the yield and economic performance of two cropping patterns viz. IP: improved pattern (Wheat - Jute - T. aman) + improved management practice and FP: farmer’s pattern (Fallow - Fallow - T. aman) + management practice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with six dispersed replications at farmer’s field in Netrakona region during 2017-18. The data of improved management practice for the pattern produced significantly higher yield in T. Aman rice respectively and also gave additional jute yield .It was concluded that farmers of Netrakona region might follow Wheat (var. BARI Gom-26) - Jute (var. O-9897) - T. aman (var. BRRI dhan49) cropping system in char land for higher productivity and profitability. Effect of Variety, Date of Planting and Level of Phosphorus on the Growth and Yield of French Bean F M Jamil Uddin, Md. Abul Kashem, A K M Mominul Islam and Md Abdur Rahman Sarkar Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: ar.sarkar@yahoo.com Abstract

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to study the effect of variety, sowing date and level of phosphorus on the growth and yield of French bean during November 2015 to March 2016. The experiment consisted of three factors namely, (i) variety viz. BARI Jhar Sheem-1, BARI Jhar Sheem-2 and BARI Jhar Sheem-3, (ii) sowing date viz. 5 November 2015, 20 November 2015 and 5 December 2015 and (iii) level of phosphorus viz. 0 kg P ha-1, 22 kg P ha-1 and 44 kg P ha-1. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Variety, sowing date and level of phosphorus showed significant effect on most of the characters viz. plant height, number of branches plant-1, root length, shoot length, leaf area plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, number of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds plant-1, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield and stover yield. The highest seed yield (0.66 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Jhar Sheem-3 and the similar yield (0.46 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Jhar Sheem-1 and BARI Jhar Sheem-2. The highest seed yield (0.65 t ha-1) was obtained from 20 November sowing and the lowest one (0.36 t ha-1) was obtained from 5 November sowing. In case of phosphorus application, the highest seed yield (0.55 t ha-1) was obtained when the land was fertilized with 22 kg P ha-1 and the similar yield (0.51 t ha-1) was obtained from 0 kg P ha-1 i.e without phosphorus application and 44 kg P ha-1. The interaction among variety, sowing date and phosphorus had significant influence on the yield contributing characters and yield of French bean. The combination of BARI Jhar Sheem-3 with 22 kg P ha-1 and 20 November sowing gave the highest yield (1.03 t ha-1) which was statistically identical with combination of BARI Jhar Sheem-1 with 22 kg P ha-1 at 5 December sowing and lowest yield (0.14 t ha-1) was received from the treatment combination BARI Jhar Sheem-1 with 44 kg P ha-1 at 5 November sowing. Results showed that the yield contributing characters and yield of French bean varieties were increased with sowing on 20 November and 22 kg P ha-1 and decreased with very early or late sowing. The sowing on 20 November with 22 kg P ha-1, BARI Jhar Sheem-3 gave the highest seed yield. Compared to sowing on 20 November, very early or late sowing condition with other two treatments, the seed yield of BARI Jhar Sheem-1 was reduced than BARI Jhar Sheem-2 and BARI Jhar Sheem-3.

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Evaluation of Weed Competitiveness of Some Elite Boro Rice Varieties and Identification of Agronomic Traits Conferring Weed Competitiveness Under Modified Aerobic System

Md. Parvez Anwar Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E mail: parvezanwar@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

High weed pressure and lower yield are among the major constraints to adoption of aerobic rice. Rice yield loss under aerobic system can be minimized to a greater extent by following a modified aerobic system where aerobic condition up to heading stage is followed by wet condition from heading to grain filling stage. Rice variety with strong weed suppressive ability may also play a vital role in minimizing weed infestation and reducing rice yield loss in a sustainable way. The study was conducted during boro season (February-June) of 2016 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Fourteen rice varieties namely, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan50, BRRI dhan55, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan59, BRRI dhan67, Binadhan-5, Binadhan-6, Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, BRRI hybriddhan3 and Agrodhan14 were grown under weedy and weed- free conditions. Plots with no rice were also maintained to study the natural growth of weed in absence of rice. Primed rice seeds were dry seeded following 25 cm x 15 cm spacing with 5 seeds hill-1 on non-puddled soil. Plots were surface irrigated as and when necessary to maintain aerobic condition (at around field capacity) up to heading stage followed by wet condition from heading to grain filling stage. The results revealed that rice varieties varied widely in yield performance and weed suppressive ability. Among varieties, BRRI dhan59 allowed the minimum weed growth (20.8 g m-2) while Binadhan-5 allowed the maximum weed growth (65.8 g m-2). Grain yield ranged from 2.2 t ha-1 (BRRI dhan55) to 4.67 t ha-1 (Binadhan-5) under weed-free condition and from 0.62 t ha-1 (BRRI dhan55) to 2.48 t ha-1 (BRRI dhan59) under weedy condition. Weed infected relative yield loss ranged from 40.1% to 78.2% among varieties. BRRI dhan59 incurred the least yield penalty (40.1%) while Binadhan-5 performed the best in terms of grain yield (4.67 t ha-1) but its weed inflicted relative yield loss was higher (76.4%) than any other variety with low yield potential. BRRI dhan59, on the other hand, appeared as the most weed competitive variety (only 40.1% relative yield loss) with yield of 4.19 t ha-1. Present study confirms that the varieties tested under study varied widely in terms of weed suppressive ability and yield performance. Considering both the yield and weed suppressive ability, BRRI dhan59 appeared to be the most suitable variety for growing under modified aerobic system.

Screening of Medicinal Plants for their Allelopathic Potential to Develop Bioherbicides for Sustainable Weed Management in Rice

A K M Mominul Islam Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: akmmominulislam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Research on novel natural plant products has moved from the fringe to the mainstream for the development of bio-rational herbicides. Allelopathy of medicinal plants could play a vital role in identification of new allelochemicals and could accelerate the process of this herbicide

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development. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the allelopathic properties of 55 medicinal plant species of Bangladesh representing 32 different families viz., Moringaceae (1), Combretaceae (3), Araceae (1), Acanthaceae (1), Thymelaeaceae (1), Lauraceae (2), Malvaceae (2), Phyllanthaceae (1), Annonaceae (2), Rutaceae (2), Piperaceae (2), Gentianaceae (1), Costaceae (1), Umbelifers (1), Ebenaceae (1), Zingiberaceae (2), Lythraceae (1), Moraceae (2), Asteraceae (1), Meliaceae (2), Theaceae (1), Cucurbitaceae (1), Lamiaceae (3), Fabaceae (7), Sapotaceae (4), Apocynaceae (3), Oxalidaceae (1), Myrtaceae (2), Rubiaceae (2), Anacardiaceae (1) and Clusiaceae (1). The aqueous leaves extract of those plant species were diluted into four different concentrations viz. 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 (w/v) and tested against the seedling growth of allelopathic sensitive plant Raphanus sativus L. A control (distilled water without extract) was also maintained in every cases and the bioassay experiment was replicated thrice. The aqueous leaves extract of all these species inhibited both shoot and root length of R. sativus at concentration greater than 1:15 (w/v) except Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. (Fabaceae), Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (Lamiaceae) and Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Clusiaceae). The inhibitory activity was concentration dependent and root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth. At the highest (1:5) concentration, all the studied plant species showed more than 70% shoot growth inhibition except Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae), Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. (Costaceae), Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae), Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. (Sapindaceae) and Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Clusiaceae). At the same concentration, all but M. oleifera, S. oleosa and G. mangostana exhibited more than 80% root growth inhibition. However, at concentration 1:10 (w/v) Swietenia macrophylla King. (Meliaceae), Termanilia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Combretaceae) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. (Myrtaceae) showed more than 70% shoot and 90% root growth inhibition. Based on these results it can be concluded that S. macrophylla, T. arjuna and S. cumini could be used as potential candidate for further study under field condition to evaluate their potentiality which may finally lead the development of eco-friendly bio-herbicides for sustainable agriculture.

Allelopathic Potential of Some Local Timber Species for Eco-Friendly Weed Management in Cereals

A K M Mominul Islam* and Md. Anwarul Abedin Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: akmmominulislam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Considering the harmful effects of synthetic chemical herbicides, research on novel natural plant products has moved from the fringe to the mainstream for the development of environment friendly and cost-effective natural herbicides. Allelopathic plants could play a vital role in identification of new allelochemicals and could accelerate the process of new natural herbicides development. In this backdrop, current study aims to investigate the allelopathic potential of 11 locally available timber plant species of Bangladesh viz., Azadirachta indica, Swietenia macrophylla, Acacia auriculiformis, Tamarindus indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera. indica, Albizia. saman, Artocarpus. heterophyllus, Diospyros discolor and Tectona grandis. The aqueous sawdust extract of those plant species were diluted into four different concentrations viz. 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 (w/v) and tested against the seedling growth of allelopathic sensitive plant Raphanus sativus under control laboratory condition. A control (distilled water without extract) was also maintained in every cases and the bioassay experiment was replicated thrice. The results of this experiment showed that S. macrophylla, E. camaldulensis, M. indica and A. saman inhibited more than 90% shoot and root growth of R. sativus. Therefore, the sawdust of these four plant species was selected to evaluate their potentiality under filed condition. A total of 16 treatments were consider in the field experiment viz., four plants at three application rates

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(100, 200 and 300 g m-2), manual, chemical, chemical + manual and a control (season long weedy). The results showed that the effect of different sawdust on the weed control varied significantly. Weed growth suppression by the sawdust increase with the increase of application rate. Conventional weed control methods e.g., Manual and chemical means of weed control provide lower weed density and weed biomass, and higher grain yield. However, sawdust of E. camaldulensis @ 300 g m-2 also gave almost similar result (3.8% lower) in terms of both weed control and grain yield. Based on these results, we may conclude that the sawdust of E. camaldulensis has allelopathic potential and this sawdust could be used for the development eco-friendly bio-herbicide for sustainable weed management in rice.

Maximizing Yield of Aromatic Fine Rice in Boro Season Through Management Practices

S. K. Paul*, K. K. Saha, S. Sarker, A. Adhikari, and M. A. R. Sarkar Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *E-mail:skpaul@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during November 2016 to May 2017 under the project “maximizing yield of aromatic fine rice in Boro season through management practices”. Three rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan50, BRRI dhan63 and Bashmoti were used in these experiments. In expt. 1, the highest grain yield were found in BRRI dhan50 at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing while the highest straw yield was recorded in Bashmati at 20 cm x 10 cm plant spacing. In expt. 2, the highest grain yield was found in BRRI dhan50 with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33 EC, 2.5 l ha-1) + post emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC, 95 ml ha-1) which was statistically identical with BRRI dhan63 with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33 EC, 2.5 l ha-1) + post emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC, 95 ml ha-1). In expt. 3, the highest grain yield and straw yield were obtained in BRRI dhan63 with 50% less than recommended dose of chemical fertilizer + vermicompost 10 t ha-1. Therefore, it can be concluded that BRRI dhan50 at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing, BRRI dhan63 with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33 EC, 2.5 l ha-1) + post emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC, 95 ml ha-1) and BRRI dhan63 with 50% less than recommended dose of chemical fertilizer + vermicompost 10 t ha-1 appears as the promising combination in respect of appreciable grain yield. Development of Integrated Weed Management System for Dry Direct Seeded Boro Rice Based Cropping Pattern Md. Moshiur Rahman*, Md. Abdus Salam, Mozahar Hossain Ahmad and Md. Sahjahan Sarkar Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: rahmanag63@yahoo.com

Abstract

Water scarcity is the major barrier to boro rice cultivation in conventional puddled transplanting system. Dry direct seeding is the alternate rice establishment technology used to sustain boro rice production using 50-60% less irrigation water compared with the conventional system. However, weed is the major constraint to the adoption of this new promising technology. The project was initiated with a view to develop an integrated weed

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management system for dry direct seeded boro rice based cropping pattern. Six experiments (2 in rabi season and 4 in boro season) were conducted during the year2 (2016-17) at the Agronomy Field Laboratory under T. Aman – Rabi – Dry direct seeded boro rice cropping system. Rabi season experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of rabi crops and their weed management regimes on weed infestation and yield performance of dry direct seeded boro rice. It was also intended to find out the effect of rice straw mulching in mustard and planting spacing of boro rice on weed infestation and yield performance of dry direct seeded Boro rice. The results revealed that boro rice gave best performance after potato while the worst after mustard because the weed density and dry matter were the highest and lowest in rice field after mustard and potato, respectively. Pre-emergence application of Panida in rabi crops significantly reduced the weed density and dry matter in the succeeding boro rice. During boro season, four experiments were conducted where three were done to select suitable pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicides along with sequential application of different herbicide formulation and their tank mixtures for dry seeded rice. Among the pre-emergence herbicides, pendimethalin and oxadiazone and of the early post emergence herbicides penoxusulam, quinclorac, bispiribac sodium and pyrazosulfuran ethyl appeared as the best herbicides for dry direct seeded boro rice. The sequential application of herbicide trial revealed that application of Pendimethalin fb Hand weeding at 21 DAS fb Pendimethalin, Ethoxysulfuron+Pendimethalin fb Carfentrazon ethyl+ Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and Pendimethalin fb Bispyribac sodium/Bensulfuron methyl fb 2, 4 D amine could be practiced for effective weed management in dry direct seeded boro rice. The fourth experiment in boro season concluded that BRRI dhan28 planted at 20cm x 15cm and application of mustard stover mulch provided better weed control and gave highest grain yield among the boro rice varieties and their different spacing options.

Intercropping of Dry Seeded Boro Rice with Different Leafy Vegetables for Better Weed Suppression and Higher Bio-Economic Efficiency Md. Parvez Anwar*, Mahfuza Begum, Most. Israt Rabeya and Aziza Akhter Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E mail: parvezanwar@bau.edu.bd

Abstract A study was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season 2017 to evaluate the possibility of intercropping different leafy vegetables with dry-seeded boro rice for better weed suppression and higher profitability. Four leafy vegetables namely red amaranth, gimakalmi, jute and indian spinach were intercropped with dry seeded boro rice following 50 cm spaced 2 row rice strip, 75 cm spaced 4 row rice strip and 100 cm spaced 5 row rice strip; sole cropping of rice was also maintained as control. Thus a total of 13 treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Unit plot size was 4.0 m × 4.0 m. Primed rice seeds were dry seeded following spacing as per treatments with 5 seeds hill-1 on non-puddled soil. Plots were surface irrigated as and when necessary to maintain aerobic condition. Vegetable seeds were sown three days after sowing of rice seeds. Both weed density and dry matter were found the highest in rice sole cropping. Intercropping with red amaranth and jute significantly reduced weed density and dry matter; while intercropping with gimakolmi or indian spinach failed to reduce weed growth as compared with rice sole

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cropping. Rice yield was recorded the highest (3.8 t/ha) in rice sole cropping, and intercropping with vegetables significantly reduced rice yield. Among the intercropping systems, rice yield was recorded the highest (2.5 t/ha) when spinach was intercropped following100 cm spaced 5 row rice strip. While rice yield was the lowest (1.73 t/ha) when red amaranth was intercropped following 50 cm spaced 2 row rice strip. Vegetable yield was observed the highest (9.43 t/ha) when gimakolmi was intercropped following 50 cm spaced 2 row rice strip. On the other hand, intercropping of jute following 75 cm spaced 4 row rice strip or spinach following 100 cm spaced 5 row rice strip resulted in the lowest vegetable yield (2.47 t/ha). Although intercropping reduced rice yield, both net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were increased due to intercropping with leafy vegetables compared to rice sole cropping (net return 49,910 TK/ha and BCR 1.58). Among the intercropping systems, gimakolmi intercropping following 50 cm spaced 2 row rice strip resulted in the highest net return (2,20,340 TK/ha) and BCR (3.30), while intercropping with jute following 75 cm spaced 4 row rice strip produced the lowest net return (55,060 TK/ha) and BCR (1.60). Therfore, present findings confirm that intercropping of leafy vegetables is feasible in direct seeded boro rice, and it helps reduce weed growth and increase profitablity. Intercropping with gimakolmi following 50 cm spaced 2 row rice strip may be recommended for better weed suppression and higher bio-economic efficiency.

Physiological Bases of Grain Weight Response to Increased Assimilate Availability to the Reproductive Organs of Wheat Ahmed Khairul Hasan Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: akhasanbau@yahoo.com Abstract Wheat breeding programs are facing problem as grain yield improvement is in stagnant condition. Negative relationship of two main yield components (grain number and grain weight) is the main barrier for further yield improvement. As grain weight is a conservative trait, its improvement is very critical. For that reason a better understanding of grain weight determination is very important. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from November 2015 to April 2016 to find out the effect of sink manipulation on grain weight of wheat under terminal heat stress. Besides, response of terminal heat stress to grain yield and yield contributing characters of wheat was also evaluated. The experiment consisted of three factors viz. three varieties (Shotabdi, BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-29), two date of sowing (optimum sowing and late sowing) and four sink manipulation treatment control (no sink manipulation), halving of spike on one side at heading, detachment of proximal florets from position 1 and 2 at heading (the closest to the rachis from the two central spikelets), halving of spike on one side at 12 days after anthesis. Among the varieties BARI GOM 29 performed the best in both normal and terminal heat stressed condition. In case of individual grain weight, proximal grains (G1 and G2) always have the higher weight than the distal grains (G3 and G4). Among the sink manipulation treatments, pre-anthesis treatments responded higher than the post anthesis treatment. Moreover, pre-anthesis detachment of proximal florets increased the weight of the distal grains. Grain weight has a strong relationship with ovary weight at anthesis and maximum water content of the developing grains, which indicates that both pre-and post anthesis traits are responsible for grain weight determination. Under terminal heat stress, sink manipulation treatment could not

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increase the grain weight of the other grains as increased in the optimum sowing condition. These findings may not give full insight of the topic as there other factors (grain dimensions, starch content and cell wall expansins of the grains, endosperm and pericarp cell) may involve with this process. Therefore, further study is necessary to get the more understanding of the topic

Performance of Inbred and Hybrid Rice as Influenced by Level of Nitrogen Fertilizer Ahmed Khairul Hasan Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: E-mail: akhasanbau@yahoo.com

Abstract

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from January 2016 to July 2016 to study the response of inbred and hybrid boro rice varieties under varying levels of N fertilizer. The experiment consisted of four varieties viz., BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29, SL-8H, and BRRI hybrid dhan2 and six levels of nitrogen viz., 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110 kg N ha -1. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Results indicated that all crop characters were significantly influenced due to variety and level of nitrogen. Hybrid variety SL-8H (4.725 t ha-1) gave the highest grain yield compared to those of variety BRRI dhan28 (3.512 t ha-1), BRRI dhan29 ( 3.986 t ha-1) and BRRI hybrid dhan2 (4.587 t ha-1). The variety SL-8H showed the best performance in respect of number of total tillers hill-1, number of effective tillers hill-1, number of grains panicle-1, straw yield and biological yield compared to the other varieties used in the study. Yield and yield components were also affected by level of nitrogen .The highest grain yield (4.810 t ha -1) was recorded from 90 kg N ha -1, which was significantly superior to that of 60 kg N ha-1 (3.64 t ha-1), 70 kg N ha -1(3.80 t ha-1) and 80 kg N ha-1 (3.995 t ha -1), 100kg N ha-1 (4.558 t ha-1) and 110 kg N ha-1 (4.97 t ha-1). The treatment 90 kg N ha -1 also showed the best performance in respect of plant height, number of total tillers hill-1, number of effective tillers hill-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, straw yield and biological yield. The interaction between variety and level of nitrogen showed significant influence on yield and yield parameters. The highest grain yield (5.37 t ha-1) was found with the variety SL-8H with 90 kg N ha -1, whereas the lowest grain yield (3.03 t ha-1 ) was achieved with the variety BRRI dhan28 with 60 kg N ha-1. Among the four varieties SL-8H performed the best for grain yield while the grain yield of BRRI dhan28 was the worst compared to the others. It can be concluded from the findings that hybrid variety SL-8H with 90 Kg N ha-1 may be used for achieving the best yield in Boro season. Cell and Tissue Specific Regulation of Sodium Homeostasis Conferring Salinity Tolerance in Rice

Kader MA Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: abdul.kader@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Salinity stress, mostly caused by excess of NaCl, elicits two primary effects on plants: osmotic stress and ionic toxicity due to high levels of Na+ and/or Cl- ions in the cytoplasm.Under salinity the ability of a plant to restrict Na+ uptake into the cytosol and also

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to sequester Na+ from the cell determines its tolerance level. The objectives of the project are : i) to investigate the uptake of Na+ through root plasma membrane and its transport up to the shoot and leaf in salt tolerant rice cultivars and compare it with salt sensitive rice cultivar, ii) to delineate the role of vaious transport proteins in cell and tissue specific regulation of Na+ and Na+/K+ homeostasis in salt tolerant rice cultivars and iii) to identify the most important gene(s) confering salinity tolerance in salt tolerant rice cultivars and characterize their expression under salinity stress condition. The uptake of Na+ in root and leaf protoplasts of salt tolerant rice cultivars (pokkali, BRRI dhan 47, Binadhan-8 and Binadhan-10) and salt sensitive rice cultivar (BRRI dhan29) were measured using SBFI Fluorescence microscopy. Sodium uptake was also measured in root and shoot tissues of the cultivars using Flame Photometry Emission method. In both the methods Na+ uptake was much higher in the salt-sensitive cultivar BRRI dhan29 as compared to the Salt-tolerant rice cultivars. However, among the tolerant cultivars Pokkali showed the least uptake of Na+ followed by Binadhan-10, Binadhan-8 and BRRIdhan47. A number of candidate genes like OsSOS1, OsNHX1, OsNHX2 and OsHKT8 have been identified through inhibitor analysis and semi-quantitative expression, which might play significant role confering salinity tolerance in rice.The constructs of OsNHX1, OsNHX2, OsSOS1 and OsHKT8 genes were made by using Gateway cloning technology. These entry clones of OsNHX1, OsNHX2, OsSOS1 and OsHKT8 were used for transformaton in E. coli competent DH5α cells by heat shock method. Transformants were grown on LB agar plates containing 50, 100 and 150mgml–1 kanamycin. Positive colonies were confirmed by colonies PCR using gene specific primers. Plasmids from positive colonies were isolated by using PurelinkTM Plasmid isolation Kit (Invitrogen, USA), which wereused for cloning into plant expression vector pB2WG7.Agrobacterium mediated transformation (strain GV3101)through embryogeniccalliis currently in progress for the transformation of the genes in rice. Morphological and Physiological Characterization of Wild Rice for Their Better Utilization in Improvement of Cultivated Rice

Kader MA Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: abdul.kader@bau.edu.bd

Abstract Wild species of rice are untapped reservoir of genetic diversity and they contain many useful genes, particularly for resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. These desirable traits are of significant importance that can be used to improve the cultivated rice varieties with multiple resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses.Out of 22 wild species of Oryza, at least 10 are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical part of south-east Asia including Bangladesh. This project was designed to i) collect accessions of wild rice and to conserve them in the Department of Agronomy, BAU, ii) characterize the morpho-physiological attributes of the accessions of the wild species including their flowering behavior, particularly if they are photo-sensitive, and their timing of pollination, iii) screen salinity, drought and submergence tolerant wild species of rice from the collected accessions and iv) identify the traits conferring salinity, drought and submergence tolerance in the wild rice accessions.Live plants of forty one accessions of wild species of rice were collected from different organizations like BRRI, BINA and DU and also from some other naturally grown areas across the country like haor area, coastal area and hill area. All of the accessions were grown at the net house of the

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Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Morphological attributes of all the accessions were recorded including flowering time and their seeds were collected. Four accessions namely O. alta, O. latifolia, O. rufipogon and O. coarctata were found to have some unique morphological features, which could be of interest for future breeding program. Among the species, O. alta showed very high biomass production, particularly with a very large leafblade (like maize leaf) which could be interest in relation to C4 anatomy in rice. O. latifolia was found to produce 4-5 panicles in a single tiller.O. coarctata is known as a halophytic plant and O. rufipogon as known as a submergence tolerant plant. All of the four species are currently grown to identify their photosensitivity. Seeds of all of the species are sown in every month starting from January to December. The species are also being tested for their salinity, submergence and drought tolerance. Enhancing the Crop Productivity Through Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies in the Salinity Area of Bangladesh Kader MA Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: abdul.kader@bau.edu.bd Abstract Due to unfavorable condition agricultural productivity is very low in the coastal belt of Bangladesh.Farmers in the area primarily grow low-yielding and late-maturing transplant amanrice varieties and most of the lands remain fallow during the dry period of the year. The constraints of low agricultural productivity in the coastal area include prolonged submergence/ water logging during and after the monsoon (Kharif-II season) and increasing soil salinity and lack of fresh irrigation water during the dry season (both Kharif-I and Rabi seasons). This research program was designed with a view to increasing crop productivity in the coastal area of Noakhali district by adopting climate smart technologies. The objectives of the study include: i) to identify the existing cropping systems being practiced by the farmers in the coastal area of Noakhali district and the reasons liable to poor yields and ii) to increase the yield of Boro and Transplant Aman rice, sesame, sunflower and maize through varietal selection and adopting salinity stress ameliorative agronomic practices. Three research sites were selectedin two Upazilas of Noakhali district namely Hatiya and Subornochar. A benchmark survey was done with a semi-structured questionnaire in the area covering 141 farmers in both the Upazillas. The major cropping patterns identified in the area include transplant aman rice with fallow either in Kharif I or in Kharif II season or in both. Salinity and drought are the major problems in the area causing lower crop yields. To improve the crop productivity in the drought and salinity affected areas in Noakhali district season-specific field trials have been designed. A field trial on transplant aman rice was conducted in two selected locations of Hatiya and one selected location in Subornochar with a view to improving rice yield through varietal selection and gypsum fertilizer application. Experiments on boro rice, sunflower and maize are under progress in the selected areas, which included selection of stress tolerant varieties and improved management practices to ameliorate the stress effects. During KharifI season a field trial will be conducted in the selected areas on sesame, a known salt tolerant crop.

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Increase in N Use Efficiency and Rice Yield Through Water Technologies and Deep Placement of N Fertilizers

Md. Rafiqul Islam Professor, Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mrislam69@yahoo.com

Abstract

The study was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in 2016-17 to evaluate the effect of deep placement of N fertilizers and water management on N use efficiency and rice yield. The soils belong to Sonatala series under the AEZ-9 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain). The soils were silt loam in texture. In AWD condition the soil had pH 6.07, organic matter content 1.10%, total N 0.055%, available P 3.8 ppm, exchangeable K 0.24 me% and available S 12.56 ppm. In continuous flooding condition the soil had pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95%, total N 0.136%, available P 3.16 ppm, exchangeable K 0.095 me% and available S 10.5 ppm. There were 7 treatments consisting of different sources of N and these include- T1 (Control), T2 (PU, 130 kg N ha-1) T3 (USG, 130 kg N ha-1) T4 (USG, 104 kg N ha-1) T5 (USG,78 kg N ha-1+ PM 3 t ha-1), T6 (NPK briqutte,129 kg ha-1)) and T7 (NPK briqutte,102 kg ha-1) and T8 (NPK briqutte,78 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results demonstrate that the deep placement of N in the form of USG and NPK briquettes had better performances on grain and straw yields, nitrogen recovery and nitrogen use efficiency as compared to the broadcast application of PU. Overall, the AWD practice performed better than continuous flooding. Based on grain yield and N use efficiency it can be concluded that application of N @ 104 kg ha-1 (80% of recommended N) as USG can be used for profitable cultivation of BRRI dhan29. Mitigating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Rice-Based Cropping Systems Through Efficient Fertilizer and Water Management

M. R. Islam1, M. R. Islam1, M.A. Ali2 and H. Akter1 1Department of Soil Science and 2Dept. of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mrislam58@yahoo.com Abstract

The project is funded by KGF and has started from February 2016 for three years. Rice dominates the Bangladeshi agricultural sector (covering 85% of all land) emitting Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) and globally rice farms may account for 9-13 percent of GHG emissions and is likely to be much higher in Bangladesh given rice’s predominance relative to other countries. Increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers along with its inappropriate application method resulting in higher N losses and low N use efficiency (NUE), is an important concern to sustain soil fertility and crop productivity in Bangladesh. Urea Deep Placement (UDP) technology, which reduces fertilizer use, increase NUE and crop productivity, is a proven technology in lowland rice cultivation. Moreover, use of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer helps to increase soil organic matter and increase crop yield. . Therefore, cropping pattern-based field experiments were started February 2016 at Bangladesh Agricultural University farm to quantify GHG (methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide) emissions from rice-based cropping

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systems under different water and fertilizer management practice with different forms of nitrogen fertilizer and manures on rice yield, N use efficiency in Non-Calcareous soils (AEZ 9). In both cropping pattern (Rice-Rice-Rice & Rice-Mustard-Rice) eight treatments were used: control (Zero N application), Urea briquette (Boro: UDP N-78 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman: UDP N-52 kgha-1) , Prilled urea broadcast (Boro: PU N-78 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-52 kgha-1 ), Prilled urea deep placement (BRRI Applicator, Boro: PU N-78 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-52 kgha-1), Prilled urea broadcast (Boro: PU N-156 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-78 kgha-1 ), Prilled urea (Boro: PU N-156 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-78 kgha-1 ) + Poultry manure (26 kgha-1), Prilled urea (Boro: PU N-156 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-78 kgha-1 )+Vermicompost (Boro: PU N-156 kgha-1 & Aus / T. Aman : PU N-78 kgha-1 ) (26 kgha-1), Prilled urea +Cowdung (26 kgha-1) and also laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Automated closed chambers were used for N2O and NO, while manual chambers techniques were followed for methane measurement. After harvest, grain and straw yields from every plot will be recorded. Besides, crop yield, ammonia volatilization & plot water NH4

+-N were quantified during urea top dressing. Also, NO, N2O & CH4 emission trend & seasonal cumulative emission ware measured in every seasons. Currently Boro rice is in the field. The first year trials were repeated in the same block with the same treatments and the same layout. The project is expected to produce the following outcomes: (i) GHG’s emission mitigation options will be identified (ii) GHG’s emission pattern from rice based cropping system will be recognized & (iii) effect of addition of organic manure with broadcasted N fertilizer and AWD technology on growth, yield and NUE of rice will be known.

Improvement of Soil Fertility Through Integrated Use of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients for Sustainable Rice Production

M. A. Hashem Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh E-mail:mahashem71@yahoo.com

Abstract

A research project was undertaken for a period of two years from January 2015 to December 2016 with the objectives of improving soil fertility for sustainable rice production. To achieve the objectives of the project a field experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2016 with the combined application of Azolla, Water hyacinth and compost and inorganic fertilizer through Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS). BRRI dhan29 was used as test crop. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatment combinations included T1: Control (No organic and inorganic fertilizers); T2: Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD); T3: Fertilizer + Azolla; T4: Fertilizer + Compost; T5: Fertilizer + Water hyacinth; T6: Fertilizer + Azolla + Compost + Water hyacinth; T7: Azolla + Compost + Water hyacinth; T8: Farmers’ practice. Azolla, Water hyacinth and compost were applied before 7 days of transplantation. The results showed that the grain and straw yields as well as yield components, nutrient uptake and soil fertility were significantly influenced due to different treatments. The highest grain and straw yields of 6.17 and 6.87 t ha-1 respectively were recorded in treatment T2 (100%RFD) which were statistically identical to that recorded in treatment T3 having integration of Fertilizer and Azolla. Soil organic matter, total N, available P and S in soil were significantly improved due to combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer through IPNS. Among the treatments tested integration of chemical fertilizer and Azolla showed the best performance in improving soil fertility and increasing rice yield.

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Improvement of Rice Production Under Different Moisture Regimes Through Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Md. Anamul Hoque Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: anamul71@yahoo.com

Abstract

Water scarcity is a major problem to crop production, particularly grown in drought-prone areas. Integrated plant nutrient management is an effective approach to maintain soil fertility as well as to increase crop productivity under water deficit conditions. To investigate the effects of nutrient management on the growth and yield of rice under different irrigation regimes, field experiments were carried out at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of BAU. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Treatments were the combination of water saving techniques and integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS). There were four types of water management viz. minimum irrigation, normal irrigation (farm practice), continuous flooding, and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). There were five nutrient management practices viz. 100% recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn), 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 5 t ha-1 cowdung, 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 5 t ha-1 cowdung slurry, 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 3 t ha-1 poultry manure, and 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 3 t ha-1 poultry manure slurry. The water and nutrient management practices were introduced in the main plot and the sub plot, respectively. Two rice cultivars (Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan29) were used as test crops. Rice seedlings were transplanted in the experimental fields during aman and boro seasons. Irrigation treatments did not show any effect on growth, yield components and yield of aman rice whereas nutrient treatments showed a slight increase in growth and yield of aman rice. Growth and yield of boro rice considerably decreased when crops were grown in minimum irrigation and normal irrigation conditions. No remarkable differences in growth and yield were observed between continuous flooding and AWD. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with manure or bio-slurry remarkably increased growth and yield of boro rice under different irrigation regimes. Therefore, results suggest that improvement of rice production in water deficit conditions could be achieved through efficient management of water and plant nutrient. Improving Crop Croductivity and Livelihoods in the South-west Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Through Modern Production Technologies and Soil Management Practices Md. Anamul Hoque* and Mahmud Hossain Sumon Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-Mymensingh, Bangladesh, *E-mail: anamul71@yahoo.com Abstract Soil and water salinity is one of the major natural hazards hampering crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Agricultural land use in coastal saline areas is very poor which leads to lower livelihood status of farmers. On the basis of existing cropping patterns in saline areas as well as physiological and biochemical studies of crops, major crop species from the

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study areas were selected. Salt-tolerant crop cultivars were also used in the present study. The field experiments were carried out at the SMRC, SRDI, Botiaghata, Khulna and farmer’s fields of saline areas (Kaliganj, Satkhira). T. Aman- Boro rice, T. Aman-wheat and T. Aman-til (sesame) cropping patterns were followed. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Different treatment combinations with manures and chemical fertilizers were designed to minimize the adverse effects of salinity. Results have shown that salinity caused significant reductions in growth, yield contributing characters and yields of crops in all the cropping patterns. Application of organic manures with fertilizers improved the growth, yield contributing characters and yields of all crops under saline conditions. Additionally, combined application of manures and fertilizers increased nutrient uptake and K+/Na+ ratio as well as improved fertility status of saline soils. It can be concluded that organic amendments with cowdung, poultry manure and compost confer tolerance to salinity in crops due to increasing nutrient uptake and maintaining higher K+/Na+ ratio. However, crop cultivation in saline areas might be profitable with organic amendment of soils. Extensive field research work is needed in this area since organic manures like cowdung, poultry manure and compost are more available and less expensive. Water and Nutrient Management for Increasing Crop Productivity in Rice-Rice Cropping Pattern Md. Anamul Hoque* and Mohammad Golam Kibria Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: anamul71@yahoo.com Abstract Water deficit causes serious losses of yield and productivity of crops. Drought is being counted as the root cause which hampers agricultural growth in Bangladesh. Current research was designed to address the rice-rice cropping system through efficient water and nutrient management with modern crop variety. A field experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory, BAU, Mymensingh. There were three types of water management viz. minimum irrigation, continuous flooding, and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). There were four nutrient management practices viz. control (no fertilizer or manure), 100% recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn), 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 5 t ha-1 cowdung, and 75% RFD chemical fertilizers (NPKSZn) + 3 t ha-

1 poultry manure. The water and nutrient management practices were introduced in the main plot and the sub plot, respectively. BRRI dhan28 was used as a test crop. Minimum irrigation treatment caused a remarkable decrease in growth and yield of boro rice. On the other hand, no remarkable differences in growth and yield of were observed between continuous flooding and AWD. Application of manure in combination with chemical fertilizer remarkably increased growth and yield of boro rice under different irrigation conditions although no significant differences were observed as compared with chemical fertilizer alone. Therefore, results suggest that improvement of crop production at water deficit conditions could be achieved by balanced supply of plant nutrients from organic and inorganic sources.

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Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungal Biopesticide Against Soft-bodied Insect Pests of Vegetable Mohammad Tofazzal Hossain Howlader Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh E-mail: tofazzalh@bau.edu.bd Abstract

Two entomopathogenic fungal biopesticides BotaniGard 22WP and Mycotal were selected representing two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium, respectively. In laboratory, the efficacy of B. bassiana and L. muscarium were evaluated by bioassay through serial dilution method against bean aphid. Mortality was recorded and the toxicity was determined by probit analysis. It was found that both the B. bassiana and L. muscarium exhibited toxicity against the bean aphid. The LC50 of B. bassiana and L. muscarium was 1.87 and 1.22g/L respectively, after 5 days of application. A field experiment was also conducted having ten treatments and a control at the Entomology field laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University to determine their relative efficacy individually and combinedly with selected recommended insecticides against Jassid pest infesting brinjal. The treatments were B. bassiana (3 g/L) (T1), B. bassiana (1.5 g/L) (T2), L. muscarium (3 g/L) (T3), L. muscarium (1.5 g/L) (T4), Imidaclorpid as Confidor 70WG (0.2 g/L) (T5), Fipronil as Envoy 50SC (2.0 ml/L) (T6), B. bassiana (1.5 g/L) + Imidaclorpid (0.1 g/L) (T7), B. bassiana (1.5 g/L) + Fipronil (1.0 ml/L) (T8), L. muscarium (1.5 g/L) + Imidaclorpid (0.1 g/L) (T9), L. muscarium (1.5 g/L) + Fipronil ( 1.0 ml/L) (T10) and Control (T11). The experiment was designed as RCBD having three replications using BARI begun-1 (Uttara) variety. A total of 2 sprays of the treatments were given at 2 weeks interval. Four brinjal plant and then one leaf per plant randomly selected to count the no. of Jassids per leaf per plant. Data were collected on 1, 3 and 7 days after spray (DAS). Fruits were picked at 10 days interval and no of fruits per plant were counted. Results revealed that both the B. bassiana & L. muscarium were found effective against the Jassid pest. The combined effects with tested insecticides of B. bassiana and L. muscarium were higher than their respective individual effects. The B. bassiana was found highly compatible with Imidaclorpid which caused the maximum increase of the no. of brinjal fruits. Investigation of Bio-rational Methods for Controlling Major Insect Pests Infesting Vegetables in Bangladesh Mohammad Tofazzal Hossain Howlader Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: tofazzalh@bau.edu.bd Abstract Insect pests cause about 30-40% damage to vegetables and even 100% losses, if no control measures are taken. Among the insects, Leucinodes orbonalis, Amrasca devastans, Bactrocera cucurbitae are some of the most important ones infesting vegetables. Farmers usually apply chemical insecticides to control the insects. However, chemical insecticides have caused numerous problems such as resistance, secondary pest outbreak, destruction

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of natural enemies, residual effect. Therefore, uses of eco-friendly methods such as bio-rational pesticides are of urgent demand. This proposal was targeted to evaluate several bio-rational products, i.e., spinosad, abamectin; buprofezin, Beauveria bassiana, formulations against major vegetable insects in Bangladesh. In this connection, during second year of the research project, two field experiments were conducted using selected bio-rational insecticides. The studies were carried at the “Entomology Field Laboratory” of Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University in a randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the first experiment, two fungal microbial biopesticide viz. Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium lecanii along with some new generation insecticides were evaluated against jassids, (Amrasca devastans) on Brinjal crop. Six treatments, namely, T1-Control (without any treatment), T2- Beauveria bassiana GHA strain (from commercial product Botanigard) @ (2.0 g/L), T3- Lecanicillium lecani (from commercial product Mycotal) @ (2.0 g/L), T4- Fipronil as Enovy 50SC @0.5ml/L, T5- Abamectin as Ambush 50EC @ 1.0 ml/L), and T6- Imidacloprid as Imitaf 20SL @ 1.0 ml/L) were tested. Three sprays were applied to the brinjal plants at 10 days interval and data jassid populations were collected at 1, 3 and 7 days after spraying (DAS). The cumulative mean was also calculated. It was found that all the selected fungal biopesticide and new generation insecticides tested have showed their efficacy against jassid on Brinjal. Fungal biopesticides (Bb and Ll) have exerted their effect in reducing jassid population after 1st spray and continued for upto 3rd spray. Imidacloprid showed best consistent efficacy up to 7DAS in all the three sprays followed by Fipronil application. All the others exerted their efficacy up to 3 DAS of each spray. In addition, the percent reduction of jassid population over control after three sprays was also compared. The highest reduction was from Imidaclorpid treatment (75.27%) followed by Fipronil (74.46%) and Abamectin (73.12%). The lowest reduction was found in Beauveria bassiana application (59.14%) followed by the application of Lecanicillium lecani (56.72%). Although compared to chemical insecticides, the efficacy of fungal biopesticides (Bb and Ll) is low, however, they had showed efficacy against jassid. Hence, fungal biopesticides (Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium lecanii) could be suggested for Jassid management in Brinjal crop. In the second experiment, the individual and/or combined effects of three microbial derivative based biopesticides viz. Spinosad, Abamectin and a microbial fungal biopesticide, Lecanicillium lecanii against cucurbit fruit fly, B. cucurbitae on bitter gourd were elucidated. Seven treatments, T1- Control, T2- Abamectin as Ambush 1.8EC @ 2ml/L; T3- Spinosad as Tracer 45SC @ 1ml/L, T4-Lecanicillium lecani as Mycotal @ 3mg/L, T5 - Tracer 45SC @1ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @3mg/L, T6 -Ambush 1.8EC@2ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @3mg/L, T7- Tracer 45SC @1ml/L + Ambush 1.8EC @2ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @3mg/L were selected. A total of two sprays at 10days interval were applied and data on fruit infestation were collected at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after spraying (DAS). The cumulative mean on fruit infestation was calculated. The cumulative mean showed that all treatments except T6 (Abamectin as Ambush 1.8EC@2ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani as Mycotal @3mg/L) the caused reduction of percent fruit infestation compared to control. In case of control, the percent fruit infestation ranges from 22.02 to 37.78. On the other hand, the treatment comprise of Abamectin as Ambush 1.8EC@2ml/L plus Lecanicillium lecani as Mycotal @3mg/L (T6), the percent fruit infestation ranges from 24.90 to 42.13 whose cumulative mean (33.28) was higher than the control. The prevalence of higher percent of fruit infestation in this treatment was possibly due to incompatibility between the fungal biopesticide, Lecanicillium lecani and Abamectin. The lowest mean fruit percentage (18.96) was obtained from the individual application of Abamectin as Ambush 1.8EC @ 2ml/L (T2) followed by the application Lecanicillium lecani as Mycotal @ 3mg/L (T4) (19.87). Among the combined treatments, T5 (Tracer 45SC @1ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @ 3mg/L) performed better (24.25%) than the triple mixture treatment of biopesticides (T7, Tracer 45SC @1ml/L + Ambush 1.8EC @ 2ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @3mg/L) in reducing the fruit infestation

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percent of bitter gourd caused by cucurbit fruit fly. The effect of the selected biopesticides on marketable yield (ton/ha) of Bitter gourd fruits were also evaluated. It showed that highest marketable yield (ton/ha) of Bitter gourd fruits was obtained from the combined treatment, T5 (Tracer 45SC @1ml/L + Lecanicillium lecani @3mg/L) which is higher than the yield of individual treatment of Tracer 45SC (T3). The lowest yield was obtained from individual treatment, T2 (Abamectin as Ambush 1.8EC @ 2ml/L). This results indicates that application of fungal biopesticide, Lecanicillium lecani enhance the yield of bitter gourd fruits. Therefore, it could be suggested that the fungal biopesticide, Lecanicillium lecani alone or in combination with spinosad could be recommended for the cucurbit fruit fly management Damage Assessment and Biorational Management of Bean Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch M. M. Uddin* and S. Sultana Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mahir@bau.edu.bd Abstract An experiment was carried out to appraise the comparative efficacy of some biorationals against bean aphid at the Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during September 2016 to June 2017. The experiment was accomplished using three botanical oils (Neem oil@ 2ml/L, Mahogany oil @2ml/L & Karanja oil @2ml/L) and four microbial insecticides (Abamectin @ 1ml/L, Spinosad @ 1ml/ L, Lufenuron @ 1ml/L, and Emamectin benzoate @ 1g/L) along with untreated control. Among various biorationals the mean number of aphid twig-1, flower-1and pod-1 varied significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) after both 1st and 2nd spray. After 1st spray, Lufenuron and Mahogany oil showed the better performance in comparison to other treatments considering the mean number of aphid twig-1, flower-1and pod-1 (10.33 & 16.66, 5.33 & 4.68, 3.33 & 7.33, respectively) at 7 days after spraying. After 2nd spray, the efficacy of different bioratioanls in managing bean aphid was significant (p<0.05). But the results were almost similar to the results of 1st spray. On the percentage protection of twig, flower and pod over control microbial derivatives showed significant effect. In all these cases Abamectin and Spinosad showed better efficacy on the percentage protection of twig, flower and pod over control compare to other treatments. Among botanicals Karanja oil showed the best performance in reducing aphid infestation. Development of Integrated Mosquito Management Strategy for Mymensingh District M. M. Uddin* and A. K. Das Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mahir@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Several experiments were conducted to develop an integrated mosquito management strategy from 2014 to 2017. A survey was done at some selected areas of Mymensingh Municipality and was found that the number of mosquito larvae per litre of water varied significantly. There were some factors involved in the prevalence of mosquito larvae. The

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main factor which was assumed from the survey that density of human population scored the first position for causing high prevalence of mosquito larvae. It was also found that type of breeding site was also an important factor for the prevalence of larvae. The prevalence of mosquito larvae also varied in different months of the year. This happed due to the variation of temperature and moisture in the nature. In case of management of mosquito it was observed that Sumithion showed the best performance in controlling mosquito larvae followed by Decis and L. Fos. The predation performance of two predatory fishes viz. Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (L.) and catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.) was tested in the laboratory and their performance was found significantly effective. Therefore, both the two predatory fishes might be used in the management of mosquito larvae as alternatives of chemical insecticides and eco-friendly management tactics. Considering the efficacy of different IPM packages, L. Fos + Sumithion and Decis + L. Fos combination showed the best results on larval mortality at 0.25% concentration both after 24 and 48 HAS, Whereas, Mahogany oil + Karanja oil performed very effectively. Screening of Tomato Varieties for Resistance Against Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Development of Its Suitable Eco-friendly Management Approach

M. M. Uddin* and D. Biswas Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mahir@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted during the period of July 2015 to June, 2017 in the Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to study the varietal screening using seven varieties and management of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) with different biorationals on winter tomato variety BARI-2 and summer tomato variety BINA-2. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 3 replications and 8 treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Neem oil @ 1.5 ml/L of water, T3: Mahogany oil @ 1.5 ml/L of water, T4: Karanja oil @ 1.5 ml/L of water, T5: Abamectin (Ambush 1.8 EC) @ 2.5 ml/L of water, T6: Spinosad (Libsen 45 SC) @ 0.5 ml/L of water, T7: Emamectin benzoate (Suspend 5 SG) @ 1 g/L of water and T8: Beauveria bassiana@ 7.5 g/L of water. Among the seven varieties tested did not vary significantly but lower fruit infestation was observed in Ruma VF followed by Ratan and Shahjalal. All the treatments were superior to control in every parameter. Emamectin benzoate (Suspend 5 SG) provided significantly the best results in parameters viz., the lowest cumulative mean number of infested fruit plot-1 (17.99 & 19.66), the highest reduction of infested fruit over control by number (57.50 & 39.80%), the lowest cumulative mean fruit infestation (20.95% & 20.84%) & the highest protection over control (58.99% & 52.52%) by number, the lowest cumulative mean weight of infested fruit plot-1 (0.41 kg & 0.54 kg), the highest (%) reduction of infested fruit weight over control (62.38 & 37.93) and the lowest cumulative mean fruit infestation (17.24 & 17.56%) with the highest protection over control (63.06 & 55.07%) by weight, the maximum fruit yield (24.72 ton ha-1 ) and the maximum yield increased over control (59.90%). Control treatment performed poorly in all parameters in both years. The pooled data of two years experiment showed that the lowest fruit infestation by number (20.90%) & by weight (17.4%) in conjunction with the highest yield of 21.92 ton ha-1 was obtained from the application of Emamectin benzoate (Suspend 5 SG) comparing to the other treatments. So, Emamectin benzoate would be highly effective to reduce the infestation as well as to get higher yield of tomato.

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Evaluation of Certain Bio- and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) Based on Spraying Time and Threshold Level

Gopal Das Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: gopal_entom@yahoo.com

Abstract

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most destructive and notorious pest of brinjal and is considered to be the limiting factor in quantitative as well as qualitative harvest of brinjal fruits. The larvae of this pest cause 12-30 % damage to shoots and 20-70% to fruits. In this study, some bio- and reduced risk pesticides were evaluated against BSFB based on spraying time (morning vs. afternoon) and threshold level (4-5% shoot infestation). The results clearly showed that all the selected insecticides were found significantly effective to reduce shoot and fruit infestation as well as increasing fruit yield when applied either in the morning or in the afternoon but spraying time (morning vs. afternoon) had no significant effect on the parameters studied. Among the insecticides, Pine 6 WG (Emamectin Benzoate + Abamectin) showed the best efficacy which was followed by Heron 5 EC (Lufenuron), Cyclone 2.5 EC (Lambda Cyhalothrin), Belt 24 WG (Flubendiamide) and Altima plus 40 WG ( Emamectin Benzoate + Thiamethoxam) respectively. Moreover, Pine 6 WG, Heron 5 EC and Altima 40 WG were found comparatively safe for natural enemies like lynx spider, ladybird beetle, wolf spider in brinjal-ecosystem. In contrast, Cyclone 2.5 EC and Belt 24 WG showed the toxicity on natural enemies as 30-40% natural enemies were reduced in brinjal-ecosystem. Use of Bio-rational Insecticides for the Management of Bean Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)

Mohammed Abul Monjur Khan Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mamkhanbd@hotmail.com

Abstract

The present research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three botanical oil such as Neem oil, Mahogoni oil, and Karanja oil, two microbial derivatives (Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate), an insect growth regulator (Lufenuron), and a microbial pathogen (Beauveria bassiana) for the management of bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) in the field laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The doses of insecticides were according to the manufacturer recommendations, while botanical oils were used @ 2% concentration. Among the selected insecticides, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, and lufenuron provided better protection against bean pod borer infestation. Among the botanical oils, lowest fruit infestation was recorded in karanja oil treated plants followed by neem oils treated plants. Higher marketable fruit yields were also recorded to those plants had lower insect infestation for the application of different treatments. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the number of healthy fruits per panicle and marketable yields in the treated plants. Therefore, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, lufenuron and karanja oil can be used for the control of bean pod borer in the bean fields. The microbial pathogen, B. bassiana was found less effective against M. vitrata.

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Bio-intensive Management of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Different Entomopathogens, Insect Growth Regulators and Microbial Derived Pesticides

Tarikul Islam Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: tarikul.entom@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

The common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a dangerous pest of more than 120 host plant species including many economically important field and vegetable crops and ornamentals. In the current study, larvae of Spodoptera litura were reared continuously on fresh bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves under the laboratory conditions and the efficacy of three entomopathogens (fungal strain Beauveria bassiana GHA, Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium, and viral strain SNPV), three insect growth regulators (azadirachtin, buprofezin, and lufenuron) and three microbial-derived pesticides (abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and spinosad) were evaluated against the 2nd instar larvae. All the treatments were sprayed directly on the insect body and host leaves and data were recorded on the percent mortality of the larvae in the consecutive days. Among the entomopathogens, SNPV was found the most effective in controlling Spodoptera litura causing 100% mortality just after 3days. Both the bacterial and fungal pathogens were moderately effective, however, Beauveria bassiana required at least three days for developing mycosis and causing the death of larvae. Moreover, lufenuron was found the most toxic compound among all other treatments which was followed by spinosad, emamectin benzoate, abamectin, azadirachtin, and buprofezin respectively. For all the treatments, larval mortality increased proportionately with the increase in dose of pesticides and time after spraying. Based on the present study, it might be inferred that the viral strain SNPV and insect growth regulator lufenuron could be incorporated to bolster IPM program for controlling Spodoptera litura.

Effects of Variety and Frequency of Application of 4-Chlorophenoxy Acetic Acid on Growth and Yield of Summer Tomato

Bipul Roy1, Refat Sultana2 and Md. Rezaul Karim1*

1Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 2Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, *E-mail: mrkarim1996@yahoo.com

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from March to August, 2016 to investigate the effect of variety and frequency of application of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) on growth and yield of tomato. The experiment was consisted of two factors viz., Factor A: two varieties of summer tomato namely, BARI Hybrid Tomato 4 and BARI Hybrid Tomato 8 and Factor B: frequency of application of 4-CPA i.e., (i) T0 (control) (ii) T1 (at 5 day interval) (iii) T2 (at 10 day interval) and (iv) T3 (at 15 day interval). The concentration of 4-CPA was 60 ppm. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that there were significant variations for most of the characters studied. The higher plant height (91.47 cm) at

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75 DAT, flowers per plant (27.22), fruits per plant (9.43), individual fruit weight (84.54 g), fruit weight per plot (7.21) and yield (28.38 t/ha) were found from BARI Hybrid Tomato 4 and the lower for all parameters were found from BARI Hybrid Tomato 8. The maximum plant height (94.45 cm) at 75 DAT, flowers per plant (32.41), fruits per plant (11.41), individual fruit weight (86.89 g), fruit weight per plot (8.92 kg) and yield (35.12 t/ha) were found when 4-CPA applied at 5 day interval whereas the minimum for these characters were recorded from control treatments. In case of combined effect of variety and 4-CPA, the maximum plant height (95.10 cm) at 75 DAT, flowers per plant (33.47), fruits per plant (11.77), individual fruit weight (87.19 g), fruit yield per plot (9.24 kg) and yield (36.36 t/ha)) were observed from BARI Hybrid Tomato 4 when treated with 4-CPA at 5 day interval and the minimum for all these characters were found from BARI Hybrid Tomato 8. The results of the present study suggest that application of 60 ppm of 4-CAP at 5 day interval can be practiced for increasing summer tomato production for both the varieties. Effect of Different Fertilizers and Preservative Solutions on the Growth, Yield and Vase Life of Tuberose Cut Flower

Md. Habibur Rahman Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mhrahmand3@yahoo.com

Abstract

Experiments were conducted at Landscaping Section, Horticulture farm and Dept. of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to investigate the effect of different fertilizers and preservatives solution on the growth, yield and vase life of tuberose. The first experiment consisted of four levels of nitrogen viz. 0, 100, 150 and 200kg/ha and four levels of phosphorus viz. 0, 100, 200, 300kg/ha P2O5. The two-factor experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that significant variations were observed for all the parameters studied. In respect of nitrogen fertilizer the highest plant height (76.79cm), number of leaves/plant (54.37), length of spike (97.81cm), length of rachis (24.43cm), no. of florets/spike (32.15), yield of spikes/ha (345,980), no. of bulb/plant (18.32) were found from 200 kg/ha nitrogen application, whereas the lowest values of the mentioned parameters were found in control. In case phosphorus application the highest plant height (78.52cm), number of leaves/plant (56.12), length of spike (94.59cm), length of rachis (24.94cm), no. of florets/spike (34.05), yield of spikes/ha (317,020), no. of bulb/plant (14.59) were found from 200 kg P2O5 whereas the lowest values of the mentioned parameters were found where no phosphorus used. The second experiment consisted of four levels of Sucrose solution viz. 0, 2%, 3% and 4%, and four levels of silver nitrate solution 0ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm and 30ppm. The two-factor experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. In case of sucrose, the diameter of 1st fully opened floret (2.78cm), floret length (6.5cm), number of days from floret opening to senescence (3.14), total solution uptake (108.46ml), percent of fully opened floret (71.44) and vase life (9.09 days) were maximum in 4% solution. The lowest values of the studied parameter were found in 0ppm sucrose solution. The highest diameter of 1st fully opened floret (2.85cm), floret length (6.59cm), number of days from floret opening to senescence (3.13), total solution uptake (118.71ml), percent of fully opened floret (69.37) and vase life (8.59 days) were obtained from 20ppm silver nitrate solution. While the lowest values of the studied parameter were found in 0ppm silver nitrate solution. Quality contributing characters like diameter of opened floret, floret length, number of days from floret opening to senescence, total solution uptake, percent of fully opened floret and vase life were also significantly influenced by combination sucrose and silver nitrate. The combined effect of 4%

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sucrose and 20ppm silver nitrate significantly gave the highest days of floret opening to senescence (3.93 days) total solution uptake (137.29ml) percent of fully opened floret (75.03) and vase life (10.18days) whereas the lowest values were observed from control (0% sucrose + 0ppm silver nitrate).

Response of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth and Yield with Integration of Fish Pond Muds and Management Practices

Md Ashraful Islam* and Nusrat Jahan Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *Email: ashrafulmi@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

The sustainability of agricultural systems greatly relies on the quality of the soil in which the crops are grown. Thus, employing agronomic practices that enhance various properties of the soil (eg. aggregate stability, particulate organic matter, soil nitrates) can improve crop production. Our previous work showed that pond sediments from aquaculture systems can be used as an alternative to traditional fertilizers to enhance the growth and yield of vegetables. Further, it is known that black polythene can be used as mulch to modify the energy and water balance at the soil surface and create more favourable conditions for plant growth. The use of this material reduces the costs of irrigation and weeding, while the application of pond muds can mitigate fertilizer costs. One of the most important crops worldwide is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), however production varies with season, planting time, climate, soil properties, management practices, and varietal. The present study sought to determine whether employing certain agronomical practices, namely mulching, in addition to using pond sediments from aquaculture systems to enhance soil quality would improve the growth and yield of tomato crops. The experiment was performed in pond dyke systems in the Dumuria Upazila, Khulna District of Bangladesh and consisted of nine treatment combinations employing pond sediment from different aquaculture systems with one of three management practices. Fertilizer was applied to the ponds fortnightly for a total of 14 times prior to being added to the tomato plots. The plots were 1.5 m x 1.5 m while the transplanted seedlings (tomato hybrid cultivar ‘Sathi’) were spaced 50 cm apart. Tomato growth and yield was typically greater in plots containing mud from fertilized ponds (P1 and P2), regardless of management practice. However, the greatest yield was observed when mud from P1 was used in combination with T3. The results indicate that combining the use of fertilized pond mud with mulching practices could enhance crop production.

Collection, Conservation, and Characterizations of Garlic and Onion

M. A. Rahim Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: marahim1956@yahoo.com

Abstract

To achieve against the specific objectives already different germplasm of short day onion and garlic have been collected from different places of Bangladesh and abroad. Twenty four Germplasm were planted in early November 2017 in the research field for trial. Twelve more germlasm has also been planted in late November 2017. Now it was harvested and post harvest operations also been completed. Sorting, grading, marking, data collection, drying

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and storage have been done in the laboratory and field store-house. Allicin content of 24 accessions has been assessed in the laboratory. Morphological and Molecular characterization is going on. In order to get a fruit full research findings a number of MS and PhD student are attached with this project work. Within these Germplasm observation is going on to select clones with higher yield potential, long shelf life and higher allicin content. Observation of storage behavior of the collected germplasm is also going on. After selecting the quality germplams among the collecting germplasm will be planted for 2nd year trial for finalization of the project work.

Performance of UCD Chimney Drier

M. A. Rahim, M. A. Islam, M. Morshed, M. Al-AMin, Ms. Halima Khatun Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: marahim1956@yahoo.com

Abstract

Different seasonal fruits and vegetables have been processed under UCD Chimney drier. During April to June fruit (Banana-varieties Sabri and Mehersagor), vegetable (sweet potato) and chilli were kept under UCD Chimney drier. Every sample was sliced like 0.5 and 1.0 cm except chilli which were not pieced or sliced. Every sample was kept under both control and chimney drier. We have found that the higher temperature (15 to 20oC) raised under chimney drier condition compared to control. Good shape as well as well as the better consumption value of the product was found under chimney drier condition. On the other side, products were deteriorated under control condition due to fungal infection and it took longer time for drying. Raw data collected during the drying of fruits and vegetables have been recorded . jackfruit bulb and lether also successfully dried under UCD chimney drier. Fish also very successfully dried within short time with out any pesticides.

BAU Germplasm Center (GPC) Fruit Tree Improvment Program (FTIP)- A One Stop Service for Fruit Development, Conservation, Biodiversity, Production, Extension and Research

M. A. Rahim F. Islam, N. Naher and M. S. Alam Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: marahim1956@yahoo.com

Abstract .

Fruit tree improvement project (FTIP)- The largest depository/germplasm centre of fruits, medicinal plants and agroforestry in Bangladesh. Initially the project was established on 1 acre of land in 1991 funded by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) whose mission was established of a seed bank and extension of technologies among the farmers. Over the past 26 years FTIP has developed a vast array of improved and conserve resources and science based appropriate technology for fruit tree propagation and managements. Currently it has been occupied 32 acres of land with the objectives i) to maintain the germplasm centre (GPC) as a facility for education, research and training ii) to conserve the germplasm resources ( fruit tree, medicinal plants and associated agroforestry sp. iii) to supply quality planting materials to various organization (DAE, BRAC, Proshika, World Vision Bangladesh, BADC, etc.). FTIP is possesses by 300 varieties of mango, 55 varieties of guava, 25 varieties of litchi, 48 varieties of citrus, 94 accession of Jackfruit, 67 species of minor fruits,18 species of exotic fruits collected from 52 countries including 97

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species of medicinal plants. FTIP has been released total varieties of fruits. Recent achievement at FTIP developed ‘BAU KUL (Ziziphus mauritiana )’ which has been made a great demand all over the country. Another achievement polyembrayonic sapling of mango by which we can get easily authentic quality planting material (QPM) without vegetative propagation. Different systematic approach like sapling distribution, exchange visit, motivational tour, demonstrations were performed for implementation of the project. In total 250 MS and 41 Ph.D. students has completed their courses and presently 20 Ph.D and 50 MS students are doing research here form different discipline. FTIP helps to education, research, propagation and disseminating improved germplasm and other technologies country wide through extension GOs, NGOs and private sectors that will help the farmers to improve their economic condition as well as whole country. International organizations may exchange germplasm of fruits from this program.

Collection and Molecular Characterization of Brinjal and Mango Plant Genetic Resources- Two Important Geographical Indication (GI) Crops of Bangladesh MG Rabbani and MR Karim Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Email: drmgrabbani@gmail.com

Abstract

The objectives of the present study were to collect and characterize the collected/selected plant genetic resources of mango and brinjal; two important GI crops of Bangladesh using morphological and molecular techniques at the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. During the reporting period (2016-17), molecular characterization of 60 in situ grown mango germplasm was carried out using RAPD and SSR markers. Also molecular characterization of 48 and 30 (in total-78) of brinjal was performed using SSR markers and results have been presented in the report. Along with that six germplasm of brinjal was screened at seed germination stage against different stresses viz. salinity, drought and temperature. In addition, performance of five summer accessions of brinjal was investigated under three levels of salinity and results have been reported.

Assessment of Field Performance of Allamanda Tablet in Suppressing/Reducing Viral Mosaic and Leaf Curl Diseases and Root Knots of Some Important Vegetables

M. Bahadur Meah Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: bmeah@yahoo.com

Abstract

Allamanda tablet made up of Allamanda (Allamanda cathertica) plant parts was tested in farmer’s fields for its efficacy in suppressing virus disease-leaf curl and mosaic and nematode disease root knot in some important vegetable crops. Tomato, eggplant, chili, cowpea, okra, bottle gourd, sweet gourd, beans, and papaya in farmer’s fields of Bogra, Dianjpur, Nilphamari, Sayedpur and Rangpur were sprayed with allamanda tablet solution right after the appearance of leaf mosaic or leaf curl symptoms. Roots of garlic bulbs in the farmer’s fields of Dinajpur Sadar infested with root knots were drenched with Allamanda tablet solution. Brinjal plants with little leaves and banana plants with bunchy leaves were also

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given the same treatment. Allamanda tablet, renamed as virus-krimi solution applied 4-5 times gradually reduced the intensity of leaf mosaic, leaf curl, little leaf and root knots. The diseases were totally suppressed finally giving the appearance of healthy plants. The treated plants produced flowers and fruits exactly like healthy plants. Plumieride, the active compound of formulated allamanda tablet was isolated , purified, configured and identified in the IPM Lab in collaboration with chemistry lab of Bangladesh Agricultural University. The product is in extended farmer’s field trials under semi-commercial scale in different parts of Bangladesh. Screening for Resistance Sources of Mustard-rapeseed Cultivars in Bangladesh Against Alternaria brassicae/ Alternaria brassicicola

Muhammed Ali Hossain1*, Ahsan Habib2, Md. Al-Imran Hasan3 and Md. Atiqur Rahman Khokon4 1234Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH, *E-mail: alihossain.bau@gmail.com

Abstract

Alternaria leaf spot or black leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola is one of the important diseases of mustard-rapeseed in Bangladesh, and can cause up to 60% yield loss every year. A total of 27 cultivars of Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea and Brassica napus were selected for resistance screening test. In order to develop a method to measure resistance to Alternaria brassicicola in mustard-rapeseed, two inoculation methods (detached leaf and seedling inoculation) were evaluated for this purpose. There was a significant positive correlation between the results from the detached leaf inoculation method and the seedling inoculation method. The detached leaf inoculation technique was suitable for screening of mustard-rapeseed genotypes having clear symptoms on the leaves within less than 36 hrs, and it was very easy to screen large scale plants for resistance and to maintain standard physical condition using detached leaves. The older leaves (3rd leaves) of 30 day old mustard-rapeseed plants were suitable for inoculation and showed severe diseased symptoms than the younger leaves (4th leaves). Among the 27 Bangladeshi mustard-rapeseed cultivars almost all the cultivars expressed susceptible reaction against A. brassicicola except, BINA Sharisha-8, as it had border line resistance.

Analysis of Genetic Variation of Pathotypes, Resistance Screening and Eco-friendly Management of Pyricularia oryzae pv. Triticum/Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum Causing Wheat Blast in Bangladesh

Muhammed Ali Hossain1*, Fatema Tuz Zohura2, Tazrin Akter3 and Abul Kashem4 123Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 4Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: alihossain.bau@gmail.com

Abstract

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of twelve plant extracts viz. Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), Nishinda (Vitex negundu), Allamonda (Allamanda cathertica), Acasia (Acacia auriculiformis), Tulsi (Ocientific

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tenuiflorum), Mehendi (Lmetawsonia alba), Datura (Datura metel), Bishkochu (Calocasia fornicate), Black cumin (Nigella sativa), Garlic (Allium sativum), Mehogoni (Swietenia macrophylla) @ 1:10 along with two fungicides Provax and Nativo @ 0.2% as check against Pyricularia oryzae pv. triticum which is responsible for wheat blast disease. This experiment was conducted in two phases viz. laboratory and pot experiment as a part of eco-friendly management of wheat blast disease in Bangladesh. In the laboratory experiment, the efficacy of plant extracts were evaluated by measurement of percent inhibition of radial mycelial growth of Pyricularia oryzae pv. triticum. The highest percentage of inhibition (93.75%) was recorded in case of four plant extracts namely Tulsi, Mehendi, Datura and Garlic followed by Black cumin seed extracts (90%) at 10 days after inoculation, where as Allamonda extract showed lowest percentage of mycelia growth inhibition (7.5%). On the basis of in vitro test five plant extracts were selected to conduct pot experiment to evaluate the disease incidence and severity and some yield contributing parameters. Minimum percentage of disease incidence and disease severity were recorded in case of Garlic clove extract ( 16.28 and 3.5) treated plants and the Mehendi leaf extract treated plants showed highest % of disease incidence and severity (66.0% and 68.0%). Garlic clove extracts showed best performance for yield contributing parameters like ear length (9.20 cm), number of ear/pot (13.25), number of healthy ear/pot (13.0), number of total and healthy spikelets/ear (34.20 and 33.40),number of total and healthy grains/ear (23.00 and 21.80) and weight of 1000 total and healthy grains/pot (56 and52) followed by Black cumin , whereas Mehendi treated plants showed lowest value for all the yield contributing parameters among the plant extracts used in this experiment. Thus in every cases Garlic showed best results on controlling wheat blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae pv. triticum. However, garlic clove extract can be used for the eco-friendly management of blast disease and increase the yield of wheat. The analysis of pathotypic variation and resistance screening of wheat cultivars for P. oryzae pv. triticum is going on.

Formulation of Elicitor Based Inducers for Improving Quality of Selected Vegetables Seeds and Seedlings Md. Atiqur Rahman Khokon Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Email: atiq.ppath@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of elicitors in improving health and quality of seeds and seedlings of ten selected vegetables. Thirty samples of ten vegetables collected from Netrokona, Dhaka and Mymensingh districts were analysed for seed-borne fungi. Sixteen different fungal pathogens belonging to fourteen genera i.e. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma exigua, Rhizopus stolonifer, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium spp., Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Cercospora spp.,Alternaria alternata, Botryodiploidia theobromae and Phytophthora spp. were isolated and identified from seed samples. Four concentrations of Chitosan and Yeast Elicitors Solutions (200, 500, 1000 & 2000 ppm) including one positive control Vitavax-200 WP (0.35%) were evaluated for controlling seed-borne fungi. Among the seed treating agents Chitosan (2000 ppm) and Yeast Elicitor (2000 ppm) showed good performance in suppressing the seed-borne fungi. Chitosan Solution (2000 ppm) showed superior performance than Yeast Elicitor Solution (2000 ppm). In in-vitro antagonism test different concentrations of Chitosan and Yeast elicitor (200 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm) and Vitavax-200 WP (0.35%) were used for their efficacy in

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inhibiting mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Fusarium moniliforme and Phoma exigua. Both Chitosan and Yeast elicitor showed the inhibitory effects against all the test fungi. Chitosan and Yeast Elicitor at 1000 and 2000 ppm showed complete inhibition of mycelial growth of different fungi. Foliar application of chitosan and yeast elicitor to three different growth stage of seedling at 1000 ppm was followed for controlling foliar disease. Seed treatment followed by foliar application of elicitor at 21, 42 and 63 DAS showed good suppression of foliar diseases. The experiments reveal that application of elicitors as seed treatment and foliar application is a potential alternative of chemical fungicide for selective vegetables.

Bio-Control of Post-harvest Diseases of Potato

Mohammad Shahjahan Monjil Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: smonjil@yahoo.com

Abstract

Efficacy of seven plant extracts, Chitosan, bio agents, Gamma rays and fungicide were evaluated against post harvest rot of potato tubers. Chitosan @ 0.01%, Bacillus subtilis @ 0.2%, Tilt (Propiconazole) @ 0.2%, Vitavax @ 0.02% of tuber weight, Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract @ 5%, Mehogani (Swietenia macrophylla) leaf extract @ 5%, Biskatali (Polygonum hydropiper) leaf extract @ 5%, BAU-Biofungicide @ 2%, BINA-Biofungicide @ 2%, Gamma rays (30 Gy, 50 Gy and 100Gy) and Untreated Control were applied on potato in storage. Different parameters on number of infected potato, weight of infected potato, percent infected potato, percent affected part of infected potato and percent of weight of infected potato were estimated for assessing dry rot and soft rot diseased. Among the different treatments Neem leaf extract, Biskatali leaf extract, Chitosan, Bacillus subtilis, BAU-Biofungicide and Gamma rays showed enhanced control of dry rot of potato. On the other hand, Vitavax, Bacillus subtilis, BINA-Biofungicide, Gamma rays, neem leaf extracts and Biskatali leaf extracts showed enhanced reduction of soft rot of potato. Neem leaf extract, Chitosan, Vitavax, Gamma rays, Bacillus subtilis, BAU-Biofugicide and BINA-Biofugicide were effective in reducing mycelium growth of F. caeruleum. Inhibition of F. caeruleum was estimated as 7%, 17%, 91%, 16%, 100%, 37.17% and 48.14%, respectively. Thus, elicitor, bio-agents, plant extracts and chemical fungicide have potentiality to control post harvest rot of potato in storage.

Study on Aman rice genotypes and flooding pattern of Bangladesh to search for submergence tolerant rice cultivars M. Habibur Rahman Pramanik Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh E-mail: habiburp@yahoo.com

Abstract

Flood data reveal that Bangladesh is experiencing severe floods at about 10-year interval and thus a severe flood was noticed in the 2017 Aman season of Bangladesh. Occurrence of flash flood (short duration flooding) is now a common feature in Bangladesh and causes enormous damages to crops in the flood prone areas. Thus, flash flood/submergence tolerant cultivars are to be developed for Bangladesh agriculture although BRRI and BINA already released some submergence tolerant varieties. Experiments were conducted in the grill-house & Plant Ecology laboratory of the department of Crop Botany, BAU, Mymensingh,

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during Aman season of 2016 & 2017. Rice genotypes collected from BRRI, BINA and other sources had been used for screening using a concrete submergence tank with 90 cm water depth to identify the new donor or submergence tolerant cultivars. Rice seeds were directly sown for raising seedlings in plastic buckets with 10 Kg soil holding capacity. Rice plants were put under submergence for 10-15 days at three different stages (a) seedling stage, (b) 10 days after transplanting (DAT) and (c) 25 DAT. 13 rice seedlings including HYV rice seedlings (flood tolerant), local semi-flood tolerant and BR 11 (susceptible) including FR13 A (flood resistant, check) (a) at age of 25-day after sowing (DAS) were put under complete submergence for 10 days in the submergence tank and, (b) 25-day old seedlings transplanted in plastic buckets were put in submerged condition in the submergence tank at 10 (DAT) and (c) 25 DAT for fifteen days consecutively. Submergence tolerance responses were evaluated based on plant height, tiller number, dry matter accumulation, sugar content, aerienchyma development and grain yield. Plant height, tiller number, dry matter accumulation, sugar content and yield decline for submergence stress. Plants submerged at 10-day after transplanting were severely affected compared to those at seedling stage or 25-day after transplanting. However, development of aerenchyma cells was prominent in plants under submerged condition and use of local flood tolerant cultivars for cultivation was scanty in the northern region. Refining and Validation of BAU-Bro Chickens

Md. Alamgir Hossain Department of Crop Botany & Associate Director, BAURES Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh -2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: alamgircbot@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

We developed broiler sire and dam lines from locally available genetic resources and released two broiler strains, BAU-Bro white and BAU-Bro color. Selection in parental lines is going on for last 8 generations. Selection increased homozygosity in all the studied lines, however, the rate is different among the lines. Body weight also increased with selection. The dressing meat yield on equal weight basis were almost similar i.e. 70-72 % in male lines, 67-71 % in female lines. The reproductive study of the genotypes indicated that the evolved BAU-Bro color (FLC) parents gave the highest 65.49±1.58 eggs followed by BAU-Bro white parents (FLW2) 65.09±1.14 eggs up to 35 weeks of laying. The livability during different stages of growth and production was 91-100%. The farmer’s level study with BAU-Bro white indicated variable performance of broilers depending on farmer’s experience and management. The overall growth performance of BAU-Bro white at 38 days of age was 1494g with FCR 1.69, whereas the BAU-Bro color at 43 days of age was 1094g with FCR 1.89. Profit at farmer’s level study was Tk. 27.30 per kg live weight in BAU-Bro white and Tk. 42.02 per kg live weight in BAU-Bro color.

Off-season Production Potentials of Water Melon in Winter Using Polytunnel Technology

Md. Abdul Awal Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: awalma7@yahoo.com

Abstract

Growth of water melon plant requires warm climate so its cultivation is scanty in winter of Bangladesh. Low cost polyhouse made with transparent polyethylene sheet mounted with bamboo frame could fulfill its heat requirement by rising temperature inside it. Therefore, an

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experiment was designed to evaluate the off-season production potentials of water melon under polyhouse along with open field aside as control by growing the varieties viz. Sonya and Black Dorin in winter season of 2015-2016. Data were collected on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, vine growth, daily flower opening etc. PAR inside the polyhouse was reduced by about 35% but air and soil temperatures increased under polyhouse cover compared to outside. High temperature inside polyhouse enhanced vigorous vegetative growth with plenty of male flowers but scanty of female flower resulted few fruit setting, while poor growth was observed in outside with no female flowering and fruit setting. It is speculated that dominance effect, either apical or lateral, due to vigorous growth inside polyhouse inhibits the female flowering. The second experiment was conducted with Badsha and Dragon varieties including the previous ones in subsequent winter. Treatment combination both inside and outside of polyhouse was (1) de-vining when all lateral vines removed keeping only mother vine (i.e. removal of lateral dominance), (2) de-topping when mother vine removed keeping lateral vines (i.e. removal of apical dominance), and (3) control when plant growth was unaffected. Production of female flowers as well as fruit setting was improved for the varieties of Sonya and Badsha when dominance effect was removed especially for de-vining (i.e. only mother vine maintains plant growth). This leads to the conclusion that water melon showed strong climatic sensitivity as well as genotypic (varietal) sensitivity, and Sonya and Badsha varieties can be cultivated under polyhouse condition in winter removing the lateral vines. Study on Aman Rice Genotypes and Flooding Pattern of Bangladesh to Search for Submergence Tolerant Rice Cultivars M. Habibur Rahman Pramanik Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh E-mail: habiburp@yahoo.com Abstract Flood data reveal that Bangladesh is experiencing severe floods at about 10-year interval and thus a severe flood was noticed in the 2017 Aman season of Bangladesh. Occurrence of flash flood (short duration flooding) is now a common feature in Bangladesh and causes enormous damages to crops in the flood prone areas. Thus, flash flood/submergence tolerant cultivars are to be developed for Bangladesh agriculture although BRRI and BINA already released some submergence tolerant varieties. Experiments were conducted in the grill-house & Plant Ecology laboratory of the department of Crop Botany, BAU, Mymensingh, during Aman season of 2016 & 2017. Rice genotypes collected from BRRI, BINA and other sources had been used for screening using a concrete submergence tank with 90 cm water depth to identify the new donor or submergence tolerant cultivars. Rice seeds were directly sown for raising seedlings in plastic buckets with 10 Kg soil holding capacity. Rice plants were put under submergence for 10-15 days at three different stages (a) seedling stage, (b) 10 days after transplanting (DAT) and (c) 25 DAT. 13 rice seedlings including HYV rice seedlings (flood tolerant), local semi-flood tolerant and BR 11 (susceptible) including FR13 A (flood resistant, check) (a) at age of 25-day after sowing (DAS) were put under complete submergence for 10 days in the submergence tank and, (b) 25-day old seedlings transplanted in plastic buckets were put in submerged condition in the submergence tank at 10 (DAT) and (c) 25 DAT for fifteen days consecutively. Submergence tolerance responses were evaluated based on plant height, tiller number, dry matter accumulation, sugar content,

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aerienchyma development and grain yield. Plant height, tiller number, dry matter accumulation, sugar content and yield decline for submergence stress. Plants submerged at 10-day after transplanting were severely affected compared to those at seedling stage or 25-day after transplanting. However, development of aerenchyma cells was prominent in plants under submerged condition and use of local flood tolerant cultivars for cultivation was scanty in the northern region. Phenolics in the Growing Region of Leaf in Maize Genotypes Under Salinity Md. Nesar Uddin*, Md. Injamum-ul-Hoque, Rumana Islam Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: nesar.uddin@bau.edu.bd

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the hypothesis that shoot growth inhibition is related with the changes in phenolics content during the first phase of salt stress in maize. Four maize genotypes (Indigenous yellow pure line, Indigenous yellow, Hybrid and Indigenous white) were cultivated in the plastic pots of the net house of the Department of Crop Botany, BAU, Mymensingh. One level of salinity (12 dS m-1) was imposed by addition of NaCl in the pot soil and control was maintained without any addition of NaCl. Plants were harvested on day 21 after 7 d application of full salt treatment (12 dS m-1). Basal 15 cm of upper four leaf blades were separated as the younger shoot and the rest part of these four leaves were collected as the older shoot. Total soluble and insoluble phenolics were determined colorimetrically. Salinity in the first phase of salt-stress caused severe reduction in shoot growth of all the tested maize genotypes ranged from 55-70%. The reduction of shoot fresh masses under salinity were 70, 57, 55 and 61% in indigenous yellow pure line, indigenous yellow, hybrid and indigenous white, respectively. Salinity accounted for increasing total soluble phenolics concentrations in the younger shoot of both indigenous yellow pure line and hybrid maize genotypes, whereas older shoots of all the genotypes were unaffected in their total soluble phenolics content under salinity. Production and Dissemination of Stress Tolerant and Nutritional Rice Varieties to the Farmers of Bangladesh

Lutful Hassan President, Bangladesh Association for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (BABGE) Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: lutfulhassan@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

The proposed project work was carried out at two upa-zillas of Mymensingh district Viz., Sadar and Haluaghat with the purpose of assisting small and marginal farmers to escape the gradual process of marginalization, which often results in landlessness, and to improve their nutritional status. In the present proposal we selected 500 farmers in each upa-zilla, therefore, the total number of farmers in Sadar and Haluaghat upa-zillas became 1000. Under the proposed project the selected farmers were trained. Following the training each farmer was provided with 5.00 kg of seed of BRRI dhan 51, BRRI dhan 52, BINA dhan 11, 12, BRRIdhan62, 64, 74 in Aman season, & BINA 8 dhan, BINA dhan 10, BRRIdhan64 in Boro season according to cropping season for one bigha of land. Six farmer’s field days was

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also organized in Boro and Aman season in both upa-zillas to monitor and inspire farmers to adapt with the proposed technology. Produced seed was collected from the multiplication plots and was stored for further distribution. After successful completion of the project stress tolerant high yielding and nutritional varieties became available to the local farmers. In addition, now farmers can fulfill the nutritional demand of their family. Farmers of those areas are now able to earn a substantial amount of money for poverty alleviation and their survival. Food security: Integration of Nutrition and Gender to Address Food & Nutrition Security in Bangladesh

Lutful Hassan President, Bangladesh Association for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (BABGE) Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh –2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: lutfulhassan@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

The proposed project work was carried out at the three upa-zillas of Mymensingh district viz., Sadar, Haluaghat and Gouripur with the purpose of seed multiplication of nutritional varieties of T. Aman, Mustrad and Boro rice the seeds & fertilizer were distributed the farmers of the selected area with special emphasis on those suitable for high-input and high-output in agriculture and inclusion of considerable number of female farmers to address gender mainstreaming in nutritional rice production and dissemination. In the present proposal we selected selected 300 farmers of the three upa-zillas of Mymensingh district viz., Sadar, Haluaghat and Gouripur, using the data base of the Directorate of Agriculture Extension and priority was given to CIG (Common Interest Group) farmers following the training of selected farmers. The trained 300 farmers were provided with five kg of rice and one kg of mustard seed per bigha land. Seeds & fertilizers and other inputs was distributed free of cost from the project as support. Fifteen women groups were formed based on their eagerness and the women farmers were trained on post-harvest management. Six farmer’s field days was also organized in the three upa-zillas to monitor and inspire farmers to adapt with the proposed technology. Produced seed was collected from the multiplication plots and was stored for further distribution. Successful completion of the project promotes farmer's acceptance and use of improved nutritional varieties of seeds as well as increases cropping intensity in the proposed regions of Bangladesh will be an example for ensuring food security.

Genetic Dissection of Tomato Genotypes Against Tm 1 Gene for Tomato Mosaic Virus Resistance

Md. Ashraful Haque*, Sharmin Akhter , Rumana Yasmin Mitul, Shoylen Kumar Pal, Md. Mahmuduzzaman Chowdhury, Meherun Nesa, and Susmoy Bhowmik Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, , Bangladesh, *E-mail: ashraf_gpb2000@yahoo.com

Abstract Eighteen tomato genotypes including two checks were planted following RCBD trial to evaluate the genetic potentiality and field performance using field experimentation and a PCR based detection technique. Three sets of SSR marker were designed to check the responsiveness of endogenous Tm 1 gene. Resistance to the Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is conferred by the genes Tm 1, Tm 2 and Tm 22. Tm-1, the protein product of Tm-1, a semi dominant resistance gene of tomato, inhibits Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) replication by

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binding to ToMV replication proteins and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA replication of ToMV. First year phenotypic analyses suggested the genotypes Sunlight pole, Cl-5915-153D4-3-4-0, and Homeastid were superior among all 18 tomato genotypes. SSR marker analysis was performed to detect the presence of semi dominant resistance gene Tm 1. All the three marker sets, were used which detected the absence of Tm 1 gene in the genotypes Burpi big, Marglobe II, World champion and Manik while detected the presence of Tm 1 gene in the rest of the genotypes. Therefore, the genotypes Burpi big, Marglobe II, World champion and Manik were identified as susceptible due to absence of Tm1 gene and others would be resistant to Tomato Mosaic Virus. But the resistance provided by these genotypes would be partial due to semi dominance nature of Tm 1 gene. Further investigation in the second year confirmed the previous results based on field performance and marker aided assays suggested that Florida1, Sunlight pole, Hekari, Hotscent and Joint hybrids are partially resistant against Tomato mosaic virus.

Genetic Potentiality of Pumpkin Genotypes Against Pumpkin Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus: An Effective Approach for Nutritional Security

Md. Ashraful Haque, Muhammad Jonayed hasan Khan, Shoylen Kumar Pal, Md. Mahmuduzzaman Chowdhury Sharmin Akhter, Meherun Nesa, Bilkis Akhter, and Mst. Jannatul Ferdoush Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: ashraf_gpb2000@yahoo.com

Abstract

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.) cultivation in our country is severely infected with a number of diseases and among them Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus (PYVMV) disease takes a heavy toll infecting the plant at all stages of its growth reducing drastic yield loss enhancing vegetable shortage and malnutrion in Bangladesh. We have evaluated the performance of 30 selected genotypes of pumpkin collected from ACI and different districts of Bangladesh for their genetic potentiality, yield and yield contributing characters. For agronomic and molecular assays,thirty pumpkin genotypes along with the standard check was planted following a RCBD with three replication at BAU-GPB farm. Net house assay upon inoculation facilitated us to determine the trend of AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) under controlled condition. Younger leaves were collected from these infected plants and were used as source materials for virus specific molecular analyses. SSR marker was used to detect the presence of major gene responsible for Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus resistance. Among all, the genotype PK2, Pk5, Pk6 and Pk17 gave the higher mean values of individual fruit weight, texture and also gave the higher yield minimum viral infection as compared to the check variety Baromashi. On the other hand, PK1, Pk6, Pk25 and Pk27 gave the poor performances in respect of yield, texture, storability and related traits. For molecular analysis, three sets of SSR markers were used in order to detect the presence of the major gene. All the three sets of markers detected the absence of the responsive gene in the genotypes PK1, Pk6, Pk9, Pk10, Pk11 while detected the presence of the candidate gene in most of the genotypes Therefore, the genotypes PK2, Pk5, Pk6 and Pk17 can be recommended as resistant to Pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus having high yielding genetic potentiality.

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Study of the Heat-adaptive Physiological Traits in Wheat for Screening of Wheat Genotypes from Exotic Sources to Use in Future Breeding Programs Sharif-Ar-Raffi Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Email: saraffi@bau.edu.bd Abstract In Bangladesh, the short winter often push wheat plants to the heat stress at reproductive stages, which reduces the wheat production due to its susceptibility to heat stress. Investigation should be, therefore, taken out to study the nature and way of heat tolerance in available germplasm in a view to utilize the gene source. Keeping the issue in mind, a field experiment was conducted at the Genetics and Plant Breeding Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from November 2016 to March 2017 to study the heat adaptive traits of wheat from 35 wheat genotypes of diverse origin, which, eventually came up with a list of potential wheat genotypes with heat adaptive traits to be used in wheat breeding to develop heat tolerant variety. The experiment comprised of thirty one exotic wheat genotypes from CIMMYT with four local wheat varieties, two different sowing date as optimum (T1: mid November) and late (T2: mid December), where, plants in T2 were exposed to heat stress at early reproductive stages. Data were taken on nineteen traits; however, only nine were finally considered as related heat tolerance in wheat. Considering the traits conferring heat tolerance, genotypes HTG-9 were found to have heat stress avoiding mechanism revealed by its earliness for days to heading, anthesis, grain filling and early maturity. Besides, genotypes HTG-3 and HTG-16 found with longest stay green, HTG-9, HTG-20 and HTG-26 with higher membrane theromostability, HTG-16 with higher flag leaf Chlorophyll content, HTG-26 with highest 200 Kernel weight, and HTG-7 with highest grains per plants. In summary, HTG-9, HTG-16 followed by HTG-3, HTG-5, HTG-26, HTG-1, HTG-12, HTG-20, HTG-26, HTG-7, HTG-4 and HTG-14 were found equipped with different heat tolerant (avoiding mechanisms, adaptive mechanisms and grain production) traits and henceforth, recommended for next level of investigation. Developing breeding stocks to investigate genetic basis of physiology driven heat tolerance in wheat Sharif-Ar-Raffi Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Email: saraffi@bau.edu.bd Abstract In Bangladesh, the short winter often push wheat plants to the heat stress at reproductive stages, which reduces the wheat production due to its susceptibility to heat stress. Investigation should be, therefore, taken out to study the nature and way of heat tolerance in available germplasm in a view to utilize the gene source. To understand the nature of generic control of heat tolerance in wheat, segregating generations as well as breeding stocks need to develop from contrasting wheat parents for heat tolerance. Six genotypes (HTG-2, 6, 10, 15, 17 and 23) with variable combinations of traits conferring heat tolerance were selected in a previous BAURES funded project (Project No. 2013/40/AU-GC), and used in the present

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project as parents to hybridize with five WRC released varieties (BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 29, BARI Gom 30, Sonalika and Gourab). Hybridization were done between parents with both combinations to minimize the reciprocal difference, if any, in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 rabi season, on root top and in the Experimental Field Lab, of the Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, BAU, respectively. A total of 60 parental combinations were considered (with reciprocals) and 4600 seeds were obtained from the hybridization. Less seeds were obtained from the hybridization in roof top pot growing plants. Therefore, plants again grown in field, and a handful amount of crosses were made, which eventually begot more seeds. These seeds are stored and will be grown in next rabi season to raise F2 seeds. Data on various traits conferring heat tolerance will be recorded from F1plants to later generations to analyze the genetic control and inheritance pattern of the traits concerned.

Pangas Farming: Means of Income and Improving Livelihood of Pangas Farmers in Selected Areas of Mymensingh District

Shonia Sheheli Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, BANGLADESH, Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: ssheheli@yahoo.com Abstract

The study was conducted to (i) aware the importance of Pangas farming in the targeted area; (ii) determine the existing livelihood strategies of the Pangas farmers; (iii) assess the potentiality of existing Pangas farming practices and (iv) find out the problems of Pangas farmers on Pangas farming. A total of 100 Pangas growers (35 percent of population) were interviewed by using a structured interview schedule from a village Malotipur of Muktagacha upazila of Mymensingh district at their houses and/or farm sites during January to June 2016 and it was drown from a population 288 using simple random sampling technique. Eleven (11) selected characteristics of Pangas farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, family type, year of Pangas farm establishment, area under Pangas farming, training experience, annual income, credit received, organizational participation and extension media contact were considered as the explanatory variables. From the present investigation it is evident that 78% of the farmer belonged to the age group from 28 to 36 years. Among the selected farmers, 78% had education up to secondary school, only 5% had higher secondary/college level education and 19% had elementary education up to the primary school level. In the study area 50% farmer started their farming in or after 2012 and a general belief of the farmer (89%) is that more profit has come from Pangas farming than rice or other agriculture crop. A large number of cultivable rice fields are converted into Pangas farming. Average cultivated farming area was 0.68 ha and only 6% had large sized area (above 3 ha). Access to micro-credit, availability of quality input such as seed, feed, fertilizer, etc., marketing facilities, improve technologies, and training all lead to increase Pangas production in the study area. The annual income from Pangas farming is relatively sound as of Pangas an economic perspective. Opinions of the respondents were gathered regarding the effects of pangas farming on their livelihood. The majority of the respondents (60%) indicated that their livelihoods improved through Pangas farming. Many respondents (30%) reported that Pangas farming does not change their livelihood status and 10% mentioned that their livelihood status in fact decreased. Loss of property due to discontinuation of income projects, unstable market prices, defaulting and the burden of loans were major reasons for the negative effects reported by Pangas farmer. The interviewed Pangas growers faced 19 multi-dimensional problems (economic, social and technical) that affected the Pangas farming activities as well as their livelihood. The view of Pangas growers has here been ranked according to their

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index values. The constraint index (CI) of the 10 pre-selected constraints ranged from 179 to 274. The most common constraint confronted by Pangas grower is ‘lack of quality seed’ (CI = 274). Others problems are high cost of production, training facilities, inadequate credit etc. The findings on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that most of the Pangas growers (69%) had high problem followed by 15% had low problems. Thus, it can be concluded that the Pangas growers confronted significant problems in Pangas farming. Institutional supports from Department of Fisheries (DoF), the sole government extension service provider and other non-government organizations such as credit, input and technology may be helpful to minimize their problems. In addition, mass campaign, special training program on Pangas farming by DoF, GOs and NOGs is needed to increase the income of Pangas growers as well as improving their livelihood.

Effects of Sewage Sludge and Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Growth, Leaf Biomass Yield of Stevia and Post Harvest Fertility Status of Soils

Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail:akhterbau11@gmail.com

Abstract

The organic matter content of Bangladesh soil has been decreasing at an alarming pace over last few decades due to intensive agriculture. Organic wastes can be used as compost through recycling for crop production including stevia. To examine the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and sewage sludge compost (SSC) on soil fertility, growth and yield of stevia in BAU farm soil, a pot experiment was undertaken in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during February to May, 2017. Five levels each of MSWC and SSC viz. 0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 t ha-1 were examined following CRD with three replications. The percentage of organic C, organic matter and total N of MSWC was considerably higher than those of SSC. On the other hand, moisture content along with available P and K contents were higher in SSC than MSWC. The growth and leaf biomass yield of stevia varied considerably at different levels of MSWC and SSC. Highest leaf biomass yield of stevia was obtained from MSWC @10 t ha-1 where as in case of SSC, it was @7.5 t ha-1. About 31.29% higher leaf biomass yield was obtained by applying SSC than MWSC. Both composts considerably reduced acidity of the soil but increased soil organic matter substantially. Major nutrients like N, P and K were also significantly increased with the addition of both composts. The results suggest that MSWC @10 t ha-1 or SSC @7.5 t ha-1 can be applied for getting maximum leaf biomass yield of stevia but for increasing the fertility of soil both MSWC and SSC @15 t ha-1 can be applied.

Contaminated Soils and Their Effect on Heavy Metal Accumulation by Polluted Soil Grown Crops

Quazi Forhad Quadir*, Md. Shahinur Rahman and Atiqur Rahman Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, *Email : qfq@bau.edu.bd, qfqbau@gmail.com

Abstract

An experiment was carried out in the post-graduate laboratory of the dept. of Agricultural Chemistry of BAU to isolate, screen and characterize bacterial strain from a contaminated site of Seedstore, Bhaluka, Mymensingh to evaluate their maximum tolerance to As, Cr and

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Pb. To isolate bacterial strains about ten plant and soil samples from six different spot were collected. About 34 bacterial strains were screened and pure cultures of the different bacterial strains were prepared. All strains were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Different colony colour e.g. brownish, greenish white, creamy white, pinkish, whitish, creamy and yellowish and colony shape round, irregular and curled and elevation e.g. flat, raised, umbonate, growth into medium and convex was observed. About 25 strains were gram negative and 31 bacteria had catalase producing capacity. Bacterial strains were then grown on a NBRIP media for seven days to determine their phosphorus solubilizing capacity and their phosphorus solubilization index (PSI) was determined. 30 bacterial strains were identified as PSB among which Strain SBB showed highest PSI about 11.42 and rest of the strains PSI ranges from 1.75 to 6.36. Later, all the bacterial strains were grown on a nutrient agar media containing As, Cr and Pb to determining their maximum tolerance level against those metal ions. For As, nutrient agar medium was prepared with different concentration of As ranges from 20-1440 ppm and Strain SB21 shows maximum tolerance against As upto 1200 ppm. SB21 can be characterized as yellowish color with round colony shape, raised elevation, gram negative and having catalase producing capacity. Similarly, for Cr nutrient agar medium was prepared with different concentration of Cr ranges from 20-2400 ppm and Strain SB10 shows maximum tolerance against Cr upto 2200 ppm. SB10 can be characterized as yellowish color with round colony shape, raised elevation, gram negative and having catalase producing capacity. For Pb nutrient agar medium was prepared with different concentration of Pb ranges from 20-1140 ppm and Strain SB19 shows maximum tolerance against lead acetate upto 1020 ppm. SB19 can be characterized as yellowish color with round colony shape, growth into medium elevation, gram negative and having catalase producing capacity. Further investigation of two of the bacterial lines showed enhanced Cd uptake in rice grains when BRRI dhan 29 rice plants were grown under contaminated soils. Effect of Heavy Metals: Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) Stress on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Their Possible Remedies

K. C. Saha Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: kartikchem@yahoo.com

Abstract

In Bangladesh, one might be the source of human toxic heavy metal intake is rice grains and contamination of paddy soils by toxic heavy metal and accumulation of them in rice grains are the serious agricultural issues. Heavy metals are found naturally in the earth and become concentrated as a result of human caused activity and from natural phenomenon. In paddy soils largely affected by industrial activities, the toxic heavy metal concentrations are much higher than the average. The other source is irrigation water which continuously loads toxic heavy metal into soils that showed negative impact on agricultural production and human health. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. So, the target of producing more food grains in developing countries for feeding the burgeoning population in view of the shrinking cultivated area is an uphill task. The possible way is to identify the boro-rice variety by screening which has ability to grow in industrial areas where toxic heavy metal stress is upcoming problem and hazardous of those rice grains for human health. Cadmium (Cd) a toxic heavy metal deposited in soil from industrial activities which harms human health and is also known as one of the major environmental pollutants. The experiment was implemented in plastic pots filled in 8 kg soil in each pot with required amount of fertilizers. The single dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was applied to the pots and pots without CdCl2 served as control. Seedlings of six rice varieties (BRRI-dhan 28, 29,

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59, 60 and BINA-dhan 8, 10) were transplanted in the pots. The pots were irrigated with tap water to grow plants without moisture stress. Growth and yield parameters were recorded. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in rice grain samples were determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Yield and yield contributing parameters were greatly affected by cadmium (Cd) application. The BRRI-dhan 59 showed highest Cd-uptake (4.69 ppm) whereas and it was found lowest (3.53 ppm) for BRRI-dhan 60. In conclusion BRRI-dhan 60 may be the best performing one. In vitro screening of soil bacteria for inhibiting phytopathogenic fungi Istiaq Ahmed*, Sutopa Basak and K.M. Mohiuddin Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: istiaq@bau.edu.bd Abstract

An experiment was conducted at the Post Graduate Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry to isolate and characterize the bacteria from rhizosphere soil and evaluate their antagonistic characteristics against Rhizoctonia, Curvularia and Aspergillus fungi. Soil samples were collected from various location of BAU farm. At first, pure culture of sixteen bacterial strains were isolated and their morphological characters were studied. The morphological characteristics showed that the bacterial colonies were of various colors (viz. creamy, whitish and yellowish) and of various shape (round, irregular or curled). Among sixteen strains, ten were gram negative and six were gram positive. These bacterial isolates were grown on a Pikovoskaya’s medium containing tricalcium phosphate to determine their phosphorus solubilizing capacity. Two bacterial isolates had phosphorus solubilizing capacity and remaining forteen bacterial isolates had no phosphorus solubilizing capacity. Pure culture of phytopathogenic fungi viz. Rhizoctonia, Curvularia and Aspergillus were isolated on PDA media. Sixteen bacterial isolates were tested against Rhizoctonia, Curvularia and Aspergillus fungi to determine their antifungal ability. Among sixteen bacterial isolates, six bacterial isolates had antagonistic effect against Rhizoctonia, five bacterial isolates had antifungal capacity against Curvularia and three bacterial isolates showed antagonistic effect on Aspergillus. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Percent inhibition of bacterial strains viz., SB2, SB6, SB10, SB15, GB1 and GB4 were significantly higher against Rhizoctonia and was 5, 8, 12, 12, 15 and 22%, respectively whereas, bacterial strains viz., SB1, SB9, SB11, GB1 and GB4 showed antagonistic effect against Curvularia (2, 9, 11, 19 and 40%, respectively). In addition, bacterial strains viz., SB2, SB6 and SB11 exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity against Aspergillus (7, 11 and 28%, respectively). The strain SB6 showed high level of inhibition against Rhizoctonia (22%) and strain SB11 showed high level of inhibition against Curvularia (40%) and Aspergillus (28%). PSI values of bacterial strain SB6 and SB9 were 3.43 and 1.02, respectively and strain SB1 and SB2 had high HCN producing ability. Regular laboratory study followed by field experiments are needed to establish perfect biocontrol means from these rhizobacterial strains, particularly against plant fungal pathogens.

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Sowing Time Influences Quality Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Production Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan*, Mohammad Anowar Hossain and Mahfuja Alam Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, E-mail: abir062003@gmail.com

Abstract Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an imperative pulse crop with a diverse range of potential nutritional and health benefits. The experiment was conducted to determine the proper sowing time of different chickpea varieties by assessing the maximum yield (through number of shoot, number of pod per plant) and quality of chickpea production (through phenol, protein, crude fibre, ash and functional properties like gelation, foaming capacity and water absorption capacity). Four chickpea varieties (viz. BARI-3, BARI-5, BARI-6 and BARI-9) were sown in triplicates with one month intervals at 15 October (T1), 15 November (T2), 15 December (T3) and 15 January (T4). Plants sown on 15 January could not survive after initiation of flowering due to high temperature and sudden rainfall at the reproductive stage. Flowering initiation were observed with different duration i.e. 55 DAS, 53 DAS, 50 DAS and 43 DAS at T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively. Shoot number per plant and pod number per plant were increased significantly in T2 treatment compare to other treatments in all chickpea varieties. Both T2 and T3 showed significant decrease in total phenol content compare to T1 treatment. However, phenol accumulation was significantly higher in T2 treatment compare to T3. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in protein content (%) among all the chickpea varieties under different treatments. Fibre content significantly reduced in T2 and T3 compare to T1. Furthermore, T2 treatment had relatively higher fibre content than T3. T2 showed significant increase in ash accumulation in all varieties. Gelation was commonly occurred in all the varieties at 12% and 14% flour concentration with any treatment. T2 showed increased specific volume to other varieties grown in different treatments. Moreover, their respective volume increases were higher even after 4 hours which indicates the good quality of the protein structure. There was no remarkable variation of water absorption capacity in all the chickpea varieties under different treatments. From the study, it is suggested that chickpea varieties sown in mid November performed the best compare to other sowing time. Characterization of Rice Genotypes for Salt Tolerance, and Nutritional and Grain Quality Bishan Lal Das Chowdhury Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: blaldaschowdhury@gmail.com

Abstract Eight traditionally cultivated, thirteen landrace salt-tolerant and nine high yielding (HYV) rice genotypes of Bangladesh were subjected to assessment for physical characteristics, nutritional quality and cooking properties. Physical characteristics encompassed 1000 seed weight, grain length, breadth, L/B ratio. Nutritional properties included protein, iron and zinc content and cooking properties consisted of amylose and amylopectin content, volume

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expansion ratio, kernel elongation ratio, gel consistency(GC) and gelatinization temperature(GT). In traditional, salt tolerant and high yielding varieties, 1000 grain weight varied from 11.57 to 24.47g, 24.33 to 34.63g, and 10.63 to 27.07g, respectively being higher in salt tolerant and highest in the salt tolerant variety PatnaiBalam(34.63g). Salt tolerant varieties had comparatively higher grain length (ave. 7.17) and breadth (ave. 5.54) which revealed the coarseness of the grain. The protein content, in traditional, salt tolerant and high yielding varieties varied from 5.78 to 8.09%, 6.07 to 7.71% and 6.17 to 8.37% respectively. Salt tolerant landrace varieties did not show any superiority in respect to protein accumulation. Some traditional varieties (Chamara, Koila, Dulai and Pergak) collected from Tangail, contained comparatively lower amount of protein. High yielding rice genotypes had reasonably higher protein level (mean value-7.26%) being highest (8.37%) in BRRI dhan 62. In traditional, salt tolerant and high yielding cultivars iron content varied from 5.85 - 14.27, 7.12 - 12.58 and 6.79 -14.85ppm and quantity of Zn ranged from 14.99 - 21.32, 24.24 - 35.67 and 13.90 - 30.64ppm respectively. Salt tolerant rice varieties appeared to be superior for Zn accumulation followed by high yielding and traditionally cultivated varieties. Amylose content in traditional, salt tolerant and high yielding genotypes ranged from 18.51 to 27.33%, 24.68 to 29.10% and 22.04 to 27.30% respectively. Volume expansion ratio found to vary from 1.52 to 2.64, 1.52 to 2.89 and 1.71 to 2.51 in traditional, salt tolerant land race and high yielding varieties. The salt tolerant land race cultivars showed comparatively higher volume expansion ratio than those of other two. Variations in kernel elongation ratio were from 1.14 to 1.34, 1.07 to 1.25 and 1.090 to 1.290 in traditional, salt tolerant and high yielding varieties. Highest kernel elongation ratio was noticed in Pergak (1.34), a traditionally cultivated rice variety. Considering the GC values 7 were soft and only one was medium in traditionally cultivated varieties and 5 were soft, 4 were medium and 4 were hard in salt tolerant genotypes. Among the high yielding rice varieties 6 were soft, 1 was medium and two were hard in gel consistency. General preference for traditional cultivars might be due to their soft gel consistency. Undesirable high gelatinization temperature (GT) was noticed in four traditional genotypes and three from each of salt tolerant and high yielding varieties. Other had intermediate to low GT. Alleviating Drought and Chilling Stress in Rice by Hydrogen Peroxide Priming Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: tahjib@bau.edu.bd Abstract Nowadays, chilling and short-term off-season drought stresses cause significant yield loss of rice in Northern part of Bangladesh. Exogenous application of plant signal molecules can be a potential means of stress mitigation by preparing the plant for impending adversity. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to promote plant growth and stimulate stress associated defensive mechanisms of rice under drought and chilling stresses. For germination stage experiment, rice var. BRRI dhan29 seeds were soaked in 1, 2.5 and 5mM H2O2 solutions for 24 h and then dried back to the original moisture content and were placed in 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) induced water stress and in two temperature conditions-4°C for 6h and 4°C for 12h per day as chilling stress. For seedling stage experiment, 21-day old seedlings were sprayed with H2O2 (1mM and 5mM) for 3 times at 3 days interval and eventually, exposed to

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drought stress for 14 days. Results indicated that, at germination stage, drought stress caused significant negative influence on germination indexes, plant growth and photosynthetic pigments whereas H2O2 (1, 2.5 & 5mM) priming counteracted drought stress and significantly enhanced these parameters. At seedling stage, a similar result was found where 1mM H2O2 application significantly enhanced growth, SPAD and relative water content under drought stress. At both stages, H2O2 priming improved oxidant scavenging enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase and proline content compared to drought stress condition. Both 6h and 12h chilling stress negatively affected the germination indexes and plant growth but H2O2 (5mM, 10mM &15mM) priming conferred stress tolerance and enhanced these parameters. Here, 10mM H2O2 proved to be more effective in chilling stress mitigation. Finally, it can be recommended that 1mM and 1.5mM H2O2 could be considered as an effective treatment for drought stress alleviation and 10mM H2O2 for chilling stress mitigation.

Cardioprotective Effects of Nitrate Rich Vegetables Md. Arif Sakil1, Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif2, Md. Alamgir Hossain3, Mohammad Arif Sadik Polash4 and Md. Afzal Hossain* Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, 1,2,3,4Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mafzalbau@gmail.com

Abstract

Inorganic nitrate from dietary sources serially reduced to nitrite by commensal bacteria in the oral cavity and subsequently to NO and other nitrogen oxides. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the process of revascularization which is an adaptive repair mechanism that restores blood flow to undersupplied ischemic tissue. This cardioprotective mechanism of dietary nitrate has got attention for the last few decades. In this study, we evaluated some vegetables such as cabbage, coriander leaves, mustard green, lettuce, spinach, red amaranth and garden cress for dietary nitrate content. In a randomized, cross-over trial we examined the effect of evaluated nitrate rich vegetables on serum nitrate, glucose, lipid profile and catalase (CAT) activity of male Wister rats. Twenty four (24) male Wister rats were divided into four groups: controls (C), control+spinach (CS), control+mustard green (CM) and control+cabbage (CC). For 3 weeks, the CS, CM and CC groups consumed normal diet with 50 gm of respective vegetables per day while the C group consumed only normal diet. Serum nitrate, glucose, lipid profile and catalase (CAT) activity were measured before and at the end of the study. Among the vegetables mustard green showed the highest nitrate content (480mg/100g), while spinach showed 2nd highest (400mg/100g) and cabbage showed the 3rd highest (360mg/100g). Serum nitrate decreased in C group rats and dietary nitrate restored it to normal values. Increases in serum glucose levels was significantly lower in the CM group compared to the C group (24.1% vs. 90.2%; p < 0.05). Nitrate therapy significantly improved lipid profile in CM group rat compared to the C group (49.7 6.3 mg/dL vs. 57.9 3.1 mg/dL). The C group rats had lower CAT activity and dietary nitrate restored these to normal status. Dietary nitrate supplementation may represent a novel nutrition-based strategy to provide cardio protection against cardiovascular diseases.

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Protein nutritive quality and functionality of raw and germinated Khaishya bean (Phaseolus spp), a wild legume grown in the Chittagong hill tract in Bangladesh Md. Golam Mortuza Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: gmortuza2003@yahoo.com Abstract The study was aimed to determine the nutrient composition and functionality of raw and germinated Khaishya bean flours to explore the possibility of their use in manufactured foodstuffs. Nutrient composition was determined by AOAC and functionality was measured using a modification of the centrifugation technique of Lin and Humbert. Germination did not change in nutrient content remarkably. However, a slight increase in protein content and decrease in ash and fibre content were observed in flour from germinated bean. Germination improved water absorption capacity, fat absorption capacity and lowest gelation capacity but diminished the foaming stability. Thus, these findings may play an important role in using this bean in making specific bakery products. Exogenous Chitosan Mitigates Salt Stress in Rice Plant by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense System Mohammad Anowar Hossain*, Md. Khaleduzzaman, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, Sakil Mahmud Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, *E-mail:anowar.biochem@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chitosan on the morphological, biochemical and antioxidant enzyme activity in four Rice varieties under salinity. Two susceptible (BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29) and two tolerant varieties (Pokkali, Pengek) were used for this experiment. For growing plants each pot was prepared by filling with eight kilograms of soil. The experiment comprised with four different treatments viz. control, saline (9dS / m NaCl), saline (9 dS / m) + chitosan (25 ppm) and saline (9 dS / m) + chitosan (50 ppm). Chitosan was applied as foliar spray at 30 DAS. In case of germination stage, salinity level was 12dS/m while in seedling stage salinity was 9dS/m. Growth parameters i.e. germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry wt. of shoot and root and biochemical components such as activity of alpha-amylase, total phenol, proline accumulation, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and chlorophyll (both chll ‘a’ and chll ‘b’) content were measured. Growth parameters and alpha-amylase activity were assessed from germination stage. Biochemical parameters were studied from leaves of seedlings stage at 40 DAS. Data analysis was done using students t-test for 1% and 5% level of significant followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). In saline condition morphological parameters, alpha-amylase and chlorophyll content were decreased. After the application of chitosan all these parameters were increased in all varieties. Salinity enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, proline and phenol content compare to control groups in all four rice varieties. Chitosan application at both concentrations on salt stressed plants significantly decreased the antioxidant enzyme activities, proline and phenol content. Therefore,

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observing the visual appearance and data on growth and biochemical parameters of rice, it is suggested that chitosan could be an effective biostimulator to overcome the salinity stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during saline stress. Biochemical Approaches for Successful Rice Seedling Production under Chilling Stress in Northern Part of Bangladesh

Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. Bangladesh, E-mail: tahjib@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Rice plants are susceptible to cold stress. Every year, chilling stress impedes Boro rice seedling production in Northern part of Bangladesh. Exogenous chemicals can be a possible means of alleviating the severity of chilling stress. In this study, the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA), calcium chloride (CaCl2), thiourea and citric acid (CA) on germination of rice seeds (cv. BRRI dhan29) under chilling conditions were investigated. Seeds were immersed in distilled water, 10mM H2O2, 2mM SA, 10mM CaCl2, 10mM thiourea and 10mM citric acid solutions for 24 hours after which they were dried for one day and subjected to germination tests at chilling stress (8h 4oC within 24h) conditions. Distilled water treated seeds grown at optimum temperature (25oC) were considered as a control. The results revealed that, chilling stress significantly reduced final germination percent (FGP), germination rate (GRI), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), germination index (GI) and increased mean germination time (MGT) but pre-treatment with H2O2, SA, CaCl2, thiourea and CA promoted these germination indices. Treatment of seeds with H2O2 and CA showed maximum improved germination indices. Chilling stress also drastically decreased shootlet, rootlet growth and biomass production whereas H2O2, SA, CaCl2, thiourea and CA treatment significantly improved growth compared to chilling stress conditions. Only thiourea pre-treatment showed lowest growth improvement under chilling stress. Moreover, under chilling stress, H2O2, SA, CaCl2, thiourea and CA priming reduced the MDA and H2O2 contents and elevated CAT and APOX enzyme activities compared to only chilling stress conditions. The improvement in germination and growth performance of rice under chilling stress conditions following the exogenous chemicals pre-treatment may therefore be due to reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, seed pre-treatment with H2O2, SA, CaCl2 and CA may be an effective way to improve the rice seedling establishment under chilling stress. Biogeochemical Analysis of Soils of Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Mohammad Kamrul Hasan Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH E-mail: kamrul_af@yahoo.com

Abstract

The project was carried out in Khulna and Sathkhira ranges of Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh to determine the nutritional composition in soils and stand density. There were 46 sites; 23 in each of the forest ranges were selected as sampling sites. Keeping in view the objectives, the necessary soil samples and tree data were recorded from the selected sites

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made a quadrate sample 10m×10m plot size following simple random sampling. Within each quadrate plots, the following tree related data like species name, a number of trees/plot were recorded for all the natural trees having dbh ≥10 cm to calculate the stand density in the study area. A total number of 92 soil samples were collected from the selected 46 sites at 0-15cm and 15-30cm soil depth. The collected soil samples were air-dried, ground and sieved through a 2-mm sieve and analyzed in a Laboratory to determine the soil pH, organic carbon, organic matter, total N, exchangeable K, available P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, B, and Zn. The result showed that the highest value of soil pH, organic carbon, and organic matter were 6.72, 1.55% and 2.68%, respectively found at Sathkhira forest range. The result also showed that the nutritional properties of soils such as total N, available P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, B, and Zn were 0.11%, 19.26ppm, 8.96meq/100ml, 2.88meq/100ml, 168.67ppm, 22.76µg/ml, 0.66µg/ml and 4.22µg/ml, respectively obtained higher contents at 0-15cm soil depth compare to 15-30cm except exchangeable K which was the highest (1.33meq/100g soil) at 15-30cm soil depth in the Sundarbans. On the other hand, the stand density of trees was calculated 526 and 557 N/ha in Khulna and Sathkhira forest ranges, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the soil nutrient status of mangrove forest of Bangladesh was higher at surface soils compared to subsurface soils. Making Social Forest Management Work Towards Livelihood Improvements and Poverty Alleviation of Ethnic Minority Living in Madhupur Sal Forests, Bangladesh

Kazi Kamrul Islam* and Mohammad Kamrul Hasan Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH *E-mail: kamrulbau@yahoo.com

Abstract

The Forest Department (FD) of Bangladesh initiated a people-oriented forest management approach in the name of Social Forestry (SF) at the denuded Madhupur Sal forests area in 1989. The SF program also includes the ethnic minority living in and around the Madhupur Sal forests area of Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study explores to what extent the SF has reduced poverty and improve the livelihood of the ethnic minority living in the Madhupur Sal forests area. The research made use of three poverty measurement methods: the Head Count Index, the Poverty Gap Index and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index to determine to what extent poverty had decreased. However, to determine the livelihood improvement we used livelihood capitals theory introduced by the DFID (UK Department of International Development). Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and face to face interviews of 80 participants and 20 non-participants in the study area during December 2016 to May 2017. The findings showed that SF has alleviated poverty among the ethnic minority and improved the situation comparatively. In regards to the livelihood improvements, the results indicated that the most common phenomenon of SF was the contribution of financial capital to the ethnic participants; whereas other livelihood capitals faced difficulties and not improved considerably. In addition, some new conflicts have been arisen among the ethnic minority and forest department staff. The overall findings argued that SF alone was not sufficient to conserve the Sal forest resources and assure ethnic people’s basic needs. Finally, the study concluded that SF has occur some positive impacts in alleviating poverty and improve livelihood of the ethnic minority, however, a long term integrated approach will be needed by the FD/government so as to address the basic needs of the ethnic minority in a more sustainable way.

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Performance of Mango and Guava Fruit Tree Under Char Land Based Agroforestry Practices Md. Abdul Wadud Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: awadudaf@yahoo.com

Abstract

This research was conducted in Char Kalibari at the bank of Old Brahmaputra River under Sadar Upazila, Mymensingh during July 2016 to June 2017, to develop a viable farming system for charland ecosystem through integrated appraoch by combining fruit trees and differents vegetables/crops with the view of sustainable production. In this study, mango and guava trees was used as fruit trees and sweet gourd and bitter gourd was used as agricultural crops. Mango and guava trees were transplanted during 2012 maiitaining a spacing 3.6m 3.7m. Growth, yield attributes and yield of sweet gourd and bitter gourd was observed with and without mango and guava trees. Yield and yield attributes of mango and guava trees also recorded. It was found that growth and yield of sweet gourd and bitter gourd were remerkably redudeced in association with both mango and guava trees. Yield of sweet gourd and bitter gourd severely rudeced per unit area compare to per plant but it was almost similar in association with both mango and guava trees.. Near 75% yield reduction of both sweet gourd and bitter gourd was recorded per unit area where as it was near 50% in per plant of both vegetable crops. Yield and yield attributes of mango and guava trees almost identical with and without vegetables combination. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of mango with sweet gourd, mango with bitter gourd, guava with sweet gourd and guava with bitter gourd were 1.45, 1.44, 1.46 and 1.44, respectively, which indicate these combined production system in char land ecosystem are more productive compare sole cultivation of fruit trees or vegetable crops. From this study, it may be concluded that agroforestry practices in char areas of Bangladesh by combining fruit trees with sweet gourd and bitter gourd is profitable. Effect of Agroforestry Practices on Soil Environment Md. Abdul Wadud Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: awadudaf@yahoo.com Abstract This study was conducted in the field laboratory, Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during July 2016 to June 2017 to investigates the effect of agroforestry practices on soil fertility maintenance as well as soil environment. Different experiments was carried out to achive the objectives of this study as alley cropping and by using different tree leaf biomass directly. In alley cropping system Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree was used for hedge establishment at 10 feet apart from each row. In between the established hedges of Ipil-ipil trees different winter and summer vegetables were cultivated. Ipil-ipil leaf biomass (ILB) was used as manure or organic fertilizer with or without recommended chemical fertilizer and it was compared with no fertilizer condition. It was found that growth and yield of different summer and winter vegetables were almost similar in ILB and recommended chemical fertilizer treated condition. In another experiment different tree leaf bimass viz. sada koroi, ipil-ipil, minjiri, neem, bakphul, raintree, akashmoni, kalo koroi,

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eucalyptus, Acacia hybrid, lohakat, mahogony, teak and lombu etc. were used as manure or organic fertilizer for amarant cultivation. From this study positive and negative effect was observed by different tree leaf biomass on the growth and yield of amaranth. Yield of amaranth was almost similar in ipil-ipil, bakphul and chemical fertilizer treated condition, 15-20% lower yield was obsered in sada koroi, minjiri, raintree and kalo koroi treated condition and more than 50% yield reduction recorded in other (neem, akashmoni, eucalyptus, Acacia hybrid, lohakat, mahogony, teak and lombu) tree leaf biomas treated condion. Soil analysis report of above studies also indicate the positive effect of ipil-ipil and bakphul leaf biomass on soil. From soil analysis report it was found that sada koroi, minjiri, raintree and kalo koroi leaf biomas not depleted soil condition but other studied tree leaf biomass degraded soil at different rate. Molecular Characterization of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Germplasms

Md. Shahidul Islam* and Rehena Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh *E-mail address: m.s.islam@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the economically important and nutritionally rich traditional fruit trees in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Agricultural University Germplasm Center has a collection of more than 57 guava germplasms. Knowledge on intraspecific genetic variaion is prerequisite for conservation and improvement of guava germplasms. In order to estimate genetic variation and relatedness between 21 guava germplasms, six microsatellite loci (mPgCIR03, mPgCIR09, mPgCIR15, mPgCIR17, mpgcir21and mPgCIR26) were analyzed. All the six loci were polymorphic and they contained a total of 32 alleles. Loci mPgCIR03 and mPgCIR09 had the highest number of alleles (7), while the locus mPgCIR21 had the lowest (3). Differences were observed in observed number of alleles, heterozygosities and proportion of polymorphic loci among the germplasms. Private alleles, which could be used as diagnostic markers for identification of guava germplasms were found for BAU Payera-2 (2: mPgCIR03116/140 and mPgCIR09156/174), BAU Payera- 3 (2: mPgCIR03114/140 and mPgCIR09156/156), BAU Payera-4 (1: mPgCIR09157/177), BAU Payera- 6 (1: mPgCIR03133/143), BAU Payera-10 (5: mPgCIR09157/157, mPgCIR15170/170, mPgCIR17226/226. mPgCIR21172/172, and mPgCIR26193/193), Indonesia (1: mPgCIR09160/170), Strawberry (1: mPgCIR03130/143), Variegated (1: mPgCIR03130/159), Washington (1: mPgCIR09160/160), Kanchanagar (1: mPgCIR09160/180), Mukundopuri (1: mPgCIR03159/159) and Mukundopurimisti (1: mPgCIR03143/159). Estimation of pair-wise differentiaion (FST) and gene flow (Nm) revealed that a high level of genetic variation existed between germplasms with some excepiton. This was further confirmed by an observation that the homogeniety test revealed significant (P0.05) departure from homogeniety between most of the germplasms. Pair-wise genetic distance values ranged between 0 to 2.83 with the highest between Strawberry and Verigated and the least between 12 pairs of germplasms. Genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram separated 21 germplsms into two main clusters. Strawberry together with BAU Payera-1, 6 and 9 made one cluster and other germplasms formed second major cluster. Private alleles could be used to identify specific guava germplasm very easily and wide range of genetic distances between different germplasms could help detect potential germplasms for development of new variety(s) through selective breeding program.

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Induction of in Vitro Flowering of Dendrobium Orchid by Reducing Juvenile Period

Sabina Yasmin Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: sabinay.yesmin@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Dendrobium is a rare and endangered perennial orchid, which is valued for its attractive flowers. Its three-to-five-year breeding cycle makes propagation difficult. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a protocol for in vitro regeneration and subsequently flower induction of orchid. Performance of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) induction was good from leaf-tip explants on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulator. Then PLBs were maintained and used for further experiment. Multiple shoots and roots were found onto different concentrations and combinations of BAP (0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/l) and NAA (0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/l). The highest percentage of shoot (85%) and root (76%) were produced on MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.5 mg/l +NAA 0.5 mg/l and BAP 2.5 mg/l +NAA 5.0 mg/l, respectively. Moreover, half MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP, NAA and TDZ (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) were used separately for in vitro flower induction.

Micropropagation of Turmeric and Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants by Rapd Markers

Md. Shahidul Haque Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh (haquems@bau.edu.bd)

Abstract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) is an important spice crop having high medicinal values. Vegetative propagation requires 20–25% of the rhizome produced annually for raising crop in the next year giving a low rate of multiplication. This study aimed to develop a process for in vitro production of plantlets and microrhizomes for clonal propagation maintaining the genetic fidelity. The explants were cultured aseptically on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BAP alone or in combinations with NAA and Kn in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA. The explants cultured on medium with 20 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA had the best shoot regeneration. Rooting was spontaneous in almost all the treatments. The highest number of roots was found on 1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L NAA. The plantlets were transferred to pots. On an average 2-3 microrhizomes were induced per explant. Genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of the regenerated plantlets for testing the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. Out of 15 random decamer primers used, 6 generated well distinguished and reproducible pattern of amplified DNA. The analysis of RAPD data is underway and the result will be available soon. Thus, a simple, rapid and efficient micropropagation method of turmeric has been developed through in vitro culture.

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Molecular Screening for Heat and Drought Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes and Their Physiological Studies in North-west Bangladesh

Md. Shahidul Haque Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh (haquems@bau.edu.bd)

Abstract

Two experiments on the heat and drought tolerance were conducted. To assess morphological diversity, 20 wheat genotypes were cultivated in pots placed in the net house for the whole growing season except for three days when the pots were kept in a growth chamber maintained at 35° C with 70 % humidity. Phenotypic diversity was evaluated by yield and yield contributing 17 traits. Shotabdi, BARI-GOM 28 and BARI-GOM 29 performed best in various characters indicating potential for heat tolerance. Sixteen wheat genotypes showing heat tolerance at different degrees through morphological analysis were characterized with SSR markers associated with heat tolerance. A total of 31 alleles were detected among the 16 wheat genotypes with average 10.33 alleles per locus. Overall polymorphism information content (PIC) and Nei’s gene diversity was 0.8600 and 0.8724, respectively. Similarity indices based cluster analysis separated 16 genotypes into different clusters. Three genotypes, Shotabdi, BARI-GOM 28 and BARI-GOM 29, identified as relatively heat tolerant by morphological analysis were grouped in one cluster. In both morphological and molecular analysis, Shotabdi, BARI-GOM 28 and BARI-GOM 29 varieties were found to be heat tolerant. Wheat genotypes were cultured in pots under water stressed condition. After 21 days when three leaves were expended fully, water supply was suspended for treated pot plants. Water stressed condition were applied for 25 days and after that water was supplied to the treated plants until harvest. Sonalika, BINA gom 1, BARI gom 28 and Durum performed as drought tolerant variety. Sourav, BRI gom 27, and Kanchon performed moderately. BARI Triticale, Gourav, Bijoy and Akber were identified as susceptible variety. The wheat genotypes were characterized with 2 SSR markers which were previously reported to be associated with drought tolerance of wheat. A Total of 21 alleles were detected among the 16 wheat genotypes with average 10.50 alleles per locus with mean PIC Value 0.8616. According to similarity based UPGMA dendrogram, the genotypes were segregated into different clusters. The data indicated a good variability among the 20 genotypes in their tolerance to heat and drought. The information obtained in this study will be valuable for future wheat breeding for heat tolerance. Effects of Waste Materials on Soil Microbial Communities and Greenhouse Gas Emission

Rehana Khatun* and A.B.M. Forhad Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: rehana_envsc@yahoo.co.uk Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of farm waste, kitchen waste and municipal solid waste on soil microbial communities and methane (CH4) emission in Boro rice season (December 2015 to April 2016) at Environmental Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The field experiment comprised of 5 treatments: T1

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(control), T2 (recommended chemical fertilizer), T3 (50% well decomposed farm waste + 50% recommended chemical fertilizer), T4 (50% well decomposed kitchen waste + 50% recommended chemical fertilizer), T5 (50% well decomposed municipal solid waste + 50% recommended chemical fertilizer). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. BRRI dhan-28 was used as the test crop in this study. Populations of bacteria, fungi and nematode were counted from post harvest soil. Plant height, leaf area and methane (CH4) emissions were recorded at active tillering stage, flowering stage, and mature stage. The results indicated that combined organic waste and chemical fertilizer increased bacterial, fungal and nematode populations in soil compared to un-fertilized and recommended chemical fertilizer treated plots. Application of organic wastes influenced the CH4 emission from rice field. The highest CH4 emission (51.20 mg m-2 h-1) was observed at the active tillering stage in the treatment T5 and the second highest CH4 emission (44.8 mg m-2 h-1) was found in T4 treatment at the same growth stage of rice. The CH4 emissions were lowest in control plots at different stages of rice growth. Yield and yield contributing characters were also higher under combined organic waste and chemical fertilizer applied plots over control. This study revealed that well decomposed waste materials along with chemical fertilizers could be more effective in improving microbial community, growth and yield of rice.

Effects of Biogas Plant byproducts on soil C-sequestration, Rice Productivity and Methane Emission from Paddy Field Muhammad Aslam ali Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: litonaslam@yahoo.com

Abstract

Biogas slurry is a typical organic fertilizer that ensures the proper use of livestock waste for sustainable crop production and maintenance of an eco-friendly, pollution-free environment. Keeping this view in mind, this project work was carried out at the field laboratory of the Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experimental treatments were T1: Recommended NPKSZn; T2: 75% of the recommended NPKSZn + 5 t biogas slurry/ha; T3: 50% of the recommended NPKSZn + 10 t biogas slurry/ha; T4: 25% of the recommended NPKSZn + 15 t biogas slurry/ha; T5: No NPKSZn + 20 t biogas slurry/ha. Similar treatments were followed in case of biogas solid materials. The experiment was started in Kharif season (July-November, 2015) with Transplanted Aman rice BINA dhan-7 and followed by BINA dhan-10 in Rabi season (December-June, 2015-2016). Consecutively, both the cultivars, BINA dhan-7 and BINA dhan-10 were cultivated in the 2nd year (2016-2017) also. It was observed that the addition of bioslurry with NPKSZn fertilizers increased rice yield and improved soil C status, while a discrepancy observed in regards to methane emissions. Finally, half (50%) of the recommended NPKSZn with liquid bioslurry (10 t/ha) amendments significantly increased rice grain yield compared to biosolid materials ((10 t/ha) amendments which could be due to higher availability N, P, K, S and Zn to rice plant. Maximum rice yield was increased by 12% with bioslurry amendment in T3 (50% NPKSZn + 10 t ha-1 bioslurry) and by 7% with biosolid amendment in T3 (50% NPKSZn + 10 t ha-1 biosolid) compared to the treatment T1 (100% NPKSZn), whereas rice yield was decreased in T5without chemical ammendments although 20 t ha-1 biosolid or bioslurry was applied in Aman season. In Boro season rice yield increased by 15.7% with bioslurry amendment (50% NPKSZn + 10 t ha-1 bioslurry) and by 12% with biosolid amendment (50% NPKSZn + 10 t ha-

1 biosolid) in treatment T3. Comparatively higher CH4 emission rates were found under

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biosurry amendments compared to the biosolid amendments during rice cultivation in both Aman and Boro seasons. Soil properties such as soil porosity (%), soil bulk density, soil pH, Organic carbon content, and available P, S, exchangeable K were significantly improved with bioslurry and biosolid amendments. At the end of the experimental period, C-sequestration was found 0.38 kg ha-1 to 21.5 kg ha-1 with biosolid amendments whereas C-sequestration was found -0.29 kg ha-1 to 12.2 kg ha-1. The maximum C-sequestration were found 21.5 kg ha-1 with 15 t ha-1 biosolid and 25% NPKSZn (T4) whereas 12.2 kg ha-1 C-sequestration was found with bioslurry amendments (No NPKSZn + 20t bioslurry ha-1) (T5).The integrated use of inorganic fertilizer nutrients (NPKSZn) and bioslurry amendments in paddy soil could be a feasible strategy for sustainable rice farming as well as environment friendly approach for controlling methane emissions from rice paddy ecosystem.

Organic Farming and Soil Carbon Sequestration for Sustainable Crop Production Md. Shahadat Hossen Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mshossen@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at Bangladesh Agricultural University farm, Mymensingh. The objective of the study was to investigate the impacts of organic farming practices in soil and crop. Three separate experiments were conducted under this project. First experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of mulches on soil properties, nutrient uptake and on growth and yield of Brinjal. Mulching showed better crop performance and water conservation over control. Organic mulch especially rice straw mulches had better performance on summer Brinjal. Second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic mulches on soil properties, water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop performance of Tomato. The results indicated that the mulched plots had higher soil moisture content and soil temperature than bare soil plots, which has positively reflected on tomato yield parameters. The result also, indicated that plot with black polythene mulch performance best in terms of growth, yield, nitrogen and water use efficiency. Water use efficiency and crop yield varied from 18.2 to 26.4 kh m-3and 32.2 to 65.4 t ha-1 respectively. Third experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil nutrient availability and nutrients partitioning in rice at different growth stages. Results indicated that there was not significant variation of N and K availability in soil at different plant growth stage but varaition in soil P was observed in different nutrient treatments. The partitioning of nitrogen of the plant including leaves, shoot, and roots was not significantly affected by the treatments but the partitioning of phosphorus of the plant including leaves, shoot, and roots was significantly affected by the treatments. Higher percent of P and K translocate from vegetative part to reproductive part in INM treatment producing better yield.

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High-Value-Tree Production, Environmental Amelioration and Enhancement of Year Round Fruit, Vegetable, Flower and Seed Production through Multistrata Tcf-Mpts Management Technologies M. Abul Hossain Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: abulhossainbauaf@yahoo.com Abstract

A research was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to manage and obtain high-value-trees followed by recovery of fallow lands under shady and unmanaged condition for new plantation and higher production through MPTS and TCF (Tree-Crop-Flower) management technologies. The RCBD design was followed with selected large homesteadseach having 20-30 decimal garden area, medium homesteads having 10-15 decimal garden area, small homesteads having 5-7 decimal garden area and a developing multistrata garden with plots each having 2 decimal land area. The results showed that the average yield of pruned out fuel woods from large homestead was 1097.5±404.4 kg, from medium homestead was 771.7±245.7, from small homestead was 148.8±117.5 kg and from the developing multistrata garden area of 2 decimal plot size was 122.5±56.8 kg. The tree management systems applied immediately resulted removal of unwanted branches of trees, excessive branch parts of leader branches, excessive top growth, epiphytes and bushes with separation of surrounding unused fallow lands for better plantation of saplings along with fruit, vegetable, flower and seed production. The systems also converted the surrounding microenvironment into healthy one having better air flows in the areas with incidence of sun rays into the soil surface for higher production. The recovered fallow lands under tree shade and bushes were prepared for increasing new plantation of mango, jackruit, litchi, Neem, moringa, Jamrul, banana, jujubee, guava, lemon, pineapple, sunflower, strawberry, Capsicum, green chillies, different types of summer and winter vegetables along with varieties of shrubby and herbaceous flower species.Approximately17% increase in new plantation of MPTS and 30% increase in fruit, vegetable and flower production could be possible under the systems studied.

CHAPTER III Faculty of Animal Husbandry

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Evaluation of Fate and Reproductive Performance of Female Calves in a Farmer’s Participatory Beef Breeding Program Using Brahman Bulls

Md. Azharul Hoque Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: azharhoque@yahoo.com Abstract The part of this (up to date) study was conducted to evaluate the fate and reproductive performance of female calves in the beef breeding program running under the department of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Under the program, 4 (four) Brahman crossbred (graded) breeding bulls had been selected from Brahman crossbred population-1 (F1) with the help of the Department of Livestock Service, Bangladesh. Bulls have been selected on the basis of average daily gain, physical appearance and libido. The selected bulls are now being rearing at the AI center of Bangladesh Agricultural University and collected semen of these bulls are being used to inseminate indigenous cow to get 25% Brahman cross calves for improving beef production potentialities. These breeding activities are being running with the direct participation of farmers in 3 (three) selected areas (Boyra, Bhavokhali and Dowhakhola) of Mymensingh district. To know the fate of female calves and their reproductive performance, birth weight, year-weight, weaning-weight, age at first heat, and service per conception on female progeny are recorded. So far a total of 157 records on birth weight 132 records on year-weight, 109 records on weaning-weight, 43 records on age at first heat and 9 records on service per conception of female progeny have recorded. During the rest period of the project further records on other new animals will be collected and statistical analysis with scientific interpretation will be provided. Evaluation of Different Graded Brahman Calves in Local Environment of Bangladesh

Md. Azharul Hoque Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: E-mail: azharhoque@yahoo.com Abstract The present study was conducted using growth performance data on 624 Brahman cross (25%) calves collected under three villages adjacent to Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Growth performance data of 289 Brahman cross (50%) calves were also collected from the record sheet maintained at the 12 Upazila Livestock Offices under the "Beef breed development project" of Department of Livestock Services to compare the performance between 25% and 50% Brahman cross calves to local environment of the country. Growth performance and adaptability traits considered were birth weight, weight at three-, six-, nine-, twelve-month of age, average daily gain from birth to twelve-month of age, calving difficulties (dystocia) and calf mortality under the study area. The birth weight, weight at three-, six-, nine- and twelve-month average daily gain for 25% Brahman cross calves were 19.79±0.20, 52.72±1.31, 86.61±2.02, 129.90±3.08, 172.60±3.48 kg and 426.00±4.99g, respectively. The average birth weight (21.40±0.24 kg) and year weight (229.62±2.08 kg) of

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50% Brahman cross calves were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of 25% Brahman cross calves. Average daily gain was significantly higher (570.52±5.19g) in 50% Brahman cross and the lower (529.98±4.54g) was in 25% Brahman cross calves. Birth weight, three-, six-, nine-, twelve-month weight and average daily gain all are positively correlated to each other. Strong correlations were found between birth weight and weight at three-month (0.65), between weights at six- and nine-month (0.65). There was no report of calving difficulties or abnormal calf birth in the study areas. It indicates that Brahman cross calves are well adapted to this climatic condition. However, further study with larger sample sizes covering more different management systems would be required to draw a better conclusion in this regard. Study on the Production Potential of Black Bengal Goat and Income Generation Activities Using Frozen Semen Under Community-Based Participatory Rearing System Syed Sakhawat Husain Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Email: sshusain_bau@yahoo.com, sshusain53@gmail.com

Abstract

The work of the project has been conducted at the Bhabokhali village along the side of Brahmaputra River. The objective of this study was to investigate the production potentiality of Black Bengal goat using frozen semen under community-based rearing system and the socio-economic enhancement trend of contact registered farmers. The project is funded by BAURES and started working from January 2017. Twenty-one Black Bengal does were distributed to the goat keepers particularly female as experimental material. Goats were collected from the previous USAID ended up project, from Government Goat Development Farm, Savar and market. All goats are of six to eight months of age. Records on different productive and reproductive traits of Black Bengal goats are going on. Goats are inseminated with the frozen semen of selected Black Bengal bucks collected from American Dairy Limited (ADL) and Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC). Vaccination and deworming are performing regularly. Data on different parameters were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., 2009). The means along with standard errors for initial body weights, weight at first heat, service per conception and conception rate were found 4.99±0.15 kg, 8.49±0.17 kg, 1.68±0.13 and 43.90%. Only three female kids have born with average 850 g birth weight. Other parameters are recording routinely and will be analysed after the end of the project. Phenotypic and Genetic Trends in Growth Traits of Red Chittagong Cattle in a Nucleus Herd A. K. F. H. Bhuiyan* and M. S. Islam Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Memensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: bhuiyanbau@gmail.com Abstract

The project is aimed to conserve and improve the Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) through enhancing the livelihood of rural farmers. The aim of this study was to estimate the phenotypic and genetic trends in growth traits including birth weight, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month weight, pre-weaning and post-weaning average daily gain (ADG) of

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Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC), indigenous cattle of Bangladesh. Phenotypic least squares means were calculated using SAS (9.3.1) to estimate the phenotypic trends in growth traits. Heritability and breeding values were estimated using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method using VCE (4.2.5) and PEST (3.1) software, respectively. Both phenotypic and genetic trends were estimated by regressing yearly mean phenotypic and breeding values on year of birth of animals, respectively. The heritability of birth weight, 3-month, 6-months, 9-month, and 12-month weight, pre-weaning ADG and post-weaning ADG were 0.489±0.026, 0.304±0.046, 0.405±0.039, 0.407±0.041, 0.437±0.043, 0.390±0.041 and 0.422±0.047, respectively. The phenotypic trends in studied traits for birth weight, 3-month and 6-month weight were nearly constant whereas 9-month and 12-month weight, pre-weaning ADG and post-weaning ADG were fluctuating from year of births 2005 to 2016. Likewise, in the case of genetic trends, birth weight was nearly constant while other growth traits including 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weight, pre-weaning ADG and post-weaning ADG showed a fluctuation of wide range from 2005 to 2016. The values of annual genetic trends for birth weight, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weight, pre-weaning ADG and post-weaning ADG were (–0.09±0.16, 0.68±1.53, 0.44±1.34, 0.26±1.35, –0.20±1.73)kg/year, (3.42±7.60 and –1.17±9.01) gm/day, respectively. The values of genetic trends showed that there was a positive genetic improvement in all traits except birth weight and post-weaning ADG which indicated that selection was effective in improving growth traits of RCC in the Nucleus Herd. Therefore, it can be concluded that, RCCs selected at an early age can be effective in improving weights at later ages as both the phenotypic and genetic trends of 3-month and 6-month weight and pre-weaning ADG were found to be positive.

Supplementation of Saponin Rich Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) has the Potential to Increase Growth Performances of Black Bengal Goat

Md. Ruhul Amin Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Memensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: aminmr64@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Livestock are mostly raised in smallholder systems in Bangladesh where the availability of feeds and fodder is a major constraint for livestock production. Sesbania aculeate, locally known as ‘Dhaincha’, leaves could be a good source as feed and the saponin content have the ability to manipulate rumen fermentation characteristics thus may increase the protein supply to the ruminants. As far as I am aware, there is lack of information on the effect of feeding Dhaincha specially the effect of saponin on rumen fermentation characteristics and on the live weight gain of goat. Therefore, the present research program is undertaken to investigate the effect of saponin present in Dhaincha fodder on rumen fermentation characteristics specially protein sparing ability in the rumen and on the live weight gain of Black Bengal goat. For this purpose, in vitro incubation was carried out using the Hohenheim gas test according to Menke & Steingass (1988) in 30 ml buffered rumen fluid. Samples were collected for the analyses of soluble protein, precipitated protein, kinetic study and ammonium concentration. For the in vivo feeding trail, six Black Bengal male goats were selected and divided into two groups (control and Dhaincha leaves). The goats were allowed 15 days to adapt to the experimental feed and management conditions prior to the commencement of the study. The feed was offered twice a day once at 9:00 am and another at 4:00 pm. The feed intake, digestibility, and weight gain was determined according to the standard procedure. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from the study was analyzed

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with the help of SAS computer package program v-9.1. The in vitro gas production was higher in control than Dhaincha. Addition of Dhaincha accumulated soluble protein that made protein concentration high in the soluble state and at the same time accumulation of pellet protein was also found higher and could be used as an alternative of growth promoter. Ammonium concentration was found lower with the addition of Dhaincha. Daily DM intake, DM and CP digestibility, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and days required for 1 kg LW gain were shown to be higher in Dhaincha compared to control. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present finding that the saponin content in Dhaincha leaves have the ability to manipulate rumen fermentation characteristics specially protein sparing ability and increased the growth of Black Bangle goat. Investigating the Effects of Nutrition, Feed Quality, Safety and Feeding Management Practices on Animal Performance and Quality and Safety of Their Products in Bangladesh Hashem MA*, Rahman MT, Al-Mamun M and Hossain MM Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail address: hashem_as@bau.edu.bd Abstract In recent times, public awareness for safe food has gradually increased. But some unscrupulous people are using growth promoters in livestock illegally for excessive profit without considering withdrawal period and level of doses. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the quality and safety of cattle feeds, feeding and nutrition of livestock in Bangladesh. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 80 farmers of Gazipur, Mymensingh, Sirajganj and Rajshahi. 63% respondents’ occupation was agriculture, 27.5% livestock business and 23.8% of the total farmers had training on livestock. Beef fattening was dominant during the Eid-ul-Adha. 64% farmers practiced fattening whole year and others for 3 months before Eid-ul-Adha. 59% of the farmers applying steroid as growth promoters and hormones in beef cattle fattening. To identify different contaminants in livestock feed we plan to assess heavy metal analysis, aflatoxin analysis, pesticide analysis, growth hormone analysis in feed and meat. At first we analyze heavy metal in cattle feed. Heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are potential bioaccumulative toxins of the beef production system. This study determined the heavy metal content of commercial beef cattle feed and feed ingredients. Zinc (Zn) was found at the highest concentration in compound beef rations and reflected the deliberate addition of these metals to meet animal nutrient requirements. Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cd, and Pb were present in lower concentrations and decreased in the order Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd. The results also indicated that different levels of lead, chromium, zinc, copper were detected in all samples. They ranged from 0.218-0.361, 0.223-0.459, 0.313-1.261, 0.004-0.140 ppm for lead, chromium zinc and copper, respectively. Cadmium was not detected in any ration. Total concentrations of the elements examined were within ranges normally encountered in cattle feed and below the NRC and EU limit guideline values for heavy metal levels in feed.

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Assessment of Quality and Safety of Raw and Processed Meats Through Conventional Analytical and Image Technology Hashem MA* and Rahman MF Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail address: hashem_as@bau.edu.bd Abstract

Image technology can be the most effective technology for quality and safety assessment of meat and meat products for its rapid and non-destructive function. With this view an experiment is conducting in the animal science laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The main objective of this work is to establish an imaging system for quality and safety evaluation of meat and meat products. Beef samples were taken for this experiment. Different proximate component, pH, color, drip loss and cooking loss were determined using conventional analytical technology. For beef samples values obtained were 21.89±0.111, 24.00±0.168, and 10.76±0.066, 1.48±0.037 for DM%, CP%, EE% and Ash% respectively. pH, L, a*, b* were found 5.89±0.102, 26.22±0.295, 8.17±0.015, 2.30±0.021 accordingly. Values obtained for cooking loss and drip loss were 8.51±0.24 and 10.73±0.087, respectively. An imaging system has been installed in the laboratory. Images of the meat samples were taken. The images were calibrated. An image analysis software (MATLAB) already installed in the computer. Analysis of images using the software is ongoing. Morphometrical Changes in Black Bengal Goat Testis at Different Postnatal Ages A. K. M. Ahsan Kabir Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Email: ahsankabiras@bau.edu.bd Abstract The study was aimed to know the developmental status of testis at different postnatal ages of the most popular and widely distributed Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh. The research was conducted at Animal Science laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University under the project identification number 2015/11/BAU. A total of 15 male goats were used in this experiment divided into five age groups; viz 3.5 months, 5.0 months, 7.0 months, 9.0 months and more than 2.0 years considering five different physiological stages namely; neonatal, pre-puberty, peri-puberty, puberty, and adult stages. Left and right testis of an animal was considered as an individual sample. Histological assay techniques were used according to standard protocols. The parameters of testis weight, volume, total number and morphology of seminiferous tubules were studied. The testis weight was increased significantly (P <0.05) between 3.5 and 5.0 months of age. The overall testis weight of Black Bengal goats of 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 months were recorded as 20.33 ± 1.52, 34.35 ± 8.54, 44.18 ± 0.96, and 52.28 ± 2.41g, respectively. The diameter of seminiferous tubules were recorded as 6.93 ± 0.51, 8.93 ± 1.79, 14.82 ± 1.29, and 12.21 ± 0.68 µm, respectively of 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 months of age which was significantly (P <0.05) increased between 3.5 and 9.0 months of age. However, stages of seminferous epithelium cycle were examined based on tubular morphology. Like other goat breeds, there were eight stages from stage I to stage VIII. The highest frequency was observed in stage I (34.0%) and the lowest in stage VIII (5.2%).

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Therefore, it can be concluded that Black Bengal goat bucks come sexual maturity at about 7 months but testicular development continue until 9 months of age and thereafter, eight stages in seminiferous epithelium cycle and the stage frequencies are almost similar to other miniature goat breeds. Production of Buffalo Embryo from in Vitro Grown Oocytes M.N. Islam, M. H. Alam, A. Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman* Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail:smonir74@yahoo.com Abstract The major problem of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) technology in buffalo lies in the low number of ovulatory follicles comparing cattle. To overcome the shortage of large follicles, attempt should be paid to grow up small oocytes in vitro. This study was aimed to grow up buffalo oocytes from early antral follicles in vitro and to examine the developmental ability of in vitro grown oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes were dissected from early antral follicles (1 mm) of slaughtered buffaloes and cultured in Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium pyruvate, gentamycin, hypoxanthine, dexamethasone, cysteine, polyvinylpyrolidione, L-ascorbic acid, estradiol-17β and androstenedione in 96-well culture plate at 38.5 ºC under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air for 6 days. The culture media were supplemented with 0, 50 and 100 ng/ml SCF. In vitro grown oocytes were cultured for maturation in Tissue Culture Medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with FBS, sodium pyruvate, gentamycin, and FSH at 38.5 ºC for 24 hrs under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. The oocytes were then stained with aceto-orcein and examined under a differential interference contrast microscope. The data were analyzed using “SAS/STAT version 9.1.3” for windows to compute one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of difference among means was determined by Tukey’s HSD test. The mean diameter of oocytes measured at the time of seeding on the culture substrate was 100.6 ± 0.4 µm (n=180). After 6 days of culture the diameters of oocytes increased to 110.8 ± 0.5, 114.0 ± 0.5 and 115.0 ± 0.6 µm in 0, 50 and 100 ng/ml SCF treated groups, respectively. The survival rates were 60.0 ± 6, 81.2 ± 1.2, 92.0 ± 4.9% in 0, 50 and 100 ng/ml SCF supplemented oocytes at day 6. Moreover, SCF pre-treatment enhanced maturation of buffalo oocytes dose dependently. A small number of 8.4% oocytes reached to MII stage treated with 50 ng/ml SCF. This number significantly increased while oocytes were treated with 100 ng/ml SCF. These results show that SCF supports the viability and meiotic progression of buffalo oocytes in vitro. Cryopreservation of Buffalo Oocytes J. Bari, M.N. Islam, A.Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman* Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail:smonir74@yahoo.com Abstract Cryopreservation can be a useful technique to replenish buffalo oocytes for reproductive technology. Vitrification, a method of rapid cooling, is recently being applied for cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. The present study was aimed to cryopreserve

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buffalo oocytes by vitrification method. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) containing fully grown oocytes were aspirated mature buffalo ovaries.The basic solution (M-199) was TCM-199 containing 2.5 mg/mL HEPES, 2.47 mg/mL Na-HEPES,0.35 mg/mL NaHCO3, and 0.05 mg/mL Gentamycin sulfate. The equilibration solution was M-199 containing 7.5% (v/v) Ethylene glycol (EG), 7.5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The vitrification solution consisted of 15% (v/v) EG,15% (v/v) DMSO and 20% FBS in M-199. Vitrification solution was supplemented with 0, 5 or 10% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Then the oocytes were submerged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C) for a while using cryotop. The oocytes were then thawed, diluted and washed in washing solution (80% Basic solution and 20% FBS), each for 5 min. Vitrified oocytes were cultured for maturation in TCM-199 supplemented with fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, gentamycin and FSH at 38.5°C for 24 hrs under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Then oocytes were fixed in acetic acid and ethanol (1:3) and stained with aceto-orcein. Data were recorded and analyzed with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Number of morphologically normal oocytes was higher in 5% PVP than that of other group, respectively. A proportion of oocytes treated with 5% PVP reached to M-II stage while none of oocytes in control and 10% PVP group developed beyond Anaphase I and M-I stage, respectively. Buffalo oocytes can be vitrified using PVP. Effects of sucrose and glycerol on vitrification of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, L.) oocytes M.A. Hossein, M.N. Islam, M.H. Alam, A.Khatun, M.A. Hashem and M. Moniruzzaman* Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail:smonir74@yahoo.com Abstract Vitrification, an ultra rapid cooling technique, has recently been used for cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of sucrose and glycerol on vitrification of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, L.)oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) containing fully grown oocytes (120 µm) were aspirated mature buffalo ovaries.The basic solution (M-199) was TCM-199 containing 2.5 mg/mL HEPES, 2.47 mg/mL Na-HEPES,0.35 mg/mL NaHCO3, and 0.05 mg/mL Gentamycin sulfate. The equilibration solution wasM-199 containing 7.5% (v/v) EG, 7.5% (v/v) DMSO and 20% fetal bovine serum. The vitrification solution consisted of 15% (v/v) EG,15% (v/v) DMSO and 20% FBS in M-199. In experiment 1, vitrification solution was supplemented with 0, 0.25, or 0.5M sucrose. In experiment 2, vitrification solution was supplemented with 0, 5 and 10M glycerol together with 0.5M sucrose. COCs were exposed into equilibration solution and vitrification solution (15% EG, 15% DMSO, 20% FBS, 0.5M Sucrose) for 5 min and 1 min, respectively. Then the oocytes were submerged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C) for a while using cryotop. The oocytes were then thawed, diluted and washed in washing solution (80% Basic solution and 20% FBS), each for 5 min. Vitrified oocytes were cultured for maturation in TCM-199 supplemented with fetal bovine serum, sodium pyruvate, gentamycin and FSH at 38.5°C for 24 hrs under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Then oocytes were fixed in acetic acid and ethanol (1:3) and stained with aceto-orcein. After staining oocytes were observed under microscope. Data were recorded and analyzed with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). In experiment 1, higher number of morphologically normal oocytes was found in 0.5M sucrose treated oocytes than in 0.25M and 0M groups. Higher (p<0.01) number of oocytes

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showed cumulus expansion in 0.5M sucrose treated groups than others. A proportion of oocytes resume meiosis but none of those developed to metaphase II (M-II) stage irrespective of sucrose level in the vitrification medium. In experiment 2, a higher number of oocytes showed cumulus expansion in 5M and 10M than in 0M glycerol treated group. Percentages of morphologically normal oocytes were higher in 5M and 10M glycerol group than in the control. Here, 18.75% oocytes matured to M-II stage in 5 M glycerol group while 0M and 10M glycerol treated oocytes resumed meiosis but none of them reached to Metaphase II stage. The results indicate that buffalo oocytes can be vitrified with a combination of sucrose and glycerol in order to maintain its developmental potential. Transportation Stress and Post-transportation Grazing Periods in Meat Quality Traits in Black Bengal Goats Md. Abul Kalam Azad Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: azad_animalscience@bau.edu.bd Abstract This study was designed to reveal the role of post-transportation grazing time in meat quality traits and hormonal environments of Black Bengal goats. Twenty-four first-pair permanent castrated male Black Bengal goats were assigned to the following treatments: control (without transport), WTHJ (30 minutes walking before 6h transport and then again 30 minutes walking in human jam), PTG1 (post-transportation grazing for 48h) and PTG2 (post-transportation grazing for 72h). Transported group showed a significant reduction of T3 and T4 values and also neutrophil lymphocyte ratio as compared to the control group. However, with the advancement of grazing time T3 and T4 levels and N: L ratios were returned to the control level. Results showed that with the advancement of post-transportation grazing time, pH level had returned to the control group. With the increment of grazing periods, water-holding capacity had returned to the control group. No statistical significant changes were found in overall color changed of PTG2 group compared to the control group. Microbial counts of post-transportation grazing groups were more accordance with the control goats. The present results conclude that 3 days post-transportation grazing is recommended with the present transportation protocols. Use of Five Fodder Species as Feed for Livestock M.J. Khan* and S.H. Ema Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mjkhan_bau04@yahoo.com Abstract Grass is the most important resource for animal production and to evaluate for animal feeding a comprehensive study was conducted to determine the comparative biomass production, chemical composition and nutritive value of both local and exotic forages. In the present study, one local (cowpea) and four exotic (alfalfa, centro, atriplex, canavalia) fodder species were evaluated to find out the biomass production and different nutritional characteristics viz. DM, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, Ca, P, IVOMD and ME value. The experiment was conducted following Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with five replication for

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each forage. The fodders were first harvested after 40 days of planting at pre-flowering stage, and second time harvested was done at the initiation of flowers on the plots at the age of 70 days. The findings of the study showed that fresh biomass of five fodders differed significantly (p<0.01) at both stage where at pre-flowering and flowering stage atriplex produced the highest biomass yield. Dry biomass yield (p<0.01) of five fodders also differed significantly at pre-flowering stage and flowering stage. The results of the study also showed that DM, CP, CF, Ash, EE, NFE, Ca, P of the five fodder differed significantly (p<0.01) both at pre-flowering and flowering stage of production. CP content was higher in centro at pre-flowering and in canavalia at flowering stage. For IVOMD and ME, the results showed that within the fodders the IVOMD and ME differ significantly (p<0.01) at both production stage where ME value in atriplex was higher 9.03 (MJ/Kg DM) and canavalia focused the lower value 8.28 (MJ/Kg DM) at pre-flowering stage and at flowering stage the highest ME value was focused by cowpea 8.74 (MJ/Kg DM) and the lowest value was for canavalia 8.00 (MJ/Kg DM). Ca % was higher in canavalia at both stage of production and P% was found the highest value for alfalfa at both production stage. From the above findings, it may be concluded that among the five fodders centro, atriplex and canavalia fodder showed best result in respect of biomass production, CP , ME and Ca value. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Medicinal Herb on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Plasma Metabolites in Broiler Uddin MSK, MR Islam, MJ Khan and M. Al-Mamun* Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, BANGLADESH *E-mail: mamamun@bau.edu.bd Abstract An experiment was conducted for a period of 28 days to determine the effect of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) herb on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma metabolites of broiler. A total no. of 144 day old commercial broiler chicks was randomly allocated to 3 groups (12chicks per cage at 4 cages per group). The chicks were offered basal diet with supplemented0.5% (Group-1), 1.0% (Group-2), or 1.5% (Ggroup-3) fresh plantain on DM basis during the day 15 to 28.Broilers fedGroup-2showed better growth performance, Feed Conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass traits than Group-1and Group-3 though there were no significant differences (P<0.05) among the groups. Lean meat percentage was numerically higher in Group-1compared to Group-2 and Group-3. Abdominal fat (%) was reduced numerically in Group-3 compared to Group-1 and Group-2. The highest mean blood concentrations like total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were found in Group-3. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was greater (P<0.05) inGroup-2 compared to Group-1 and Group-3. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in Group-2 compared to Group-1 and Group-3. Under these conditions it can be concluded that, comparison of the results for all the treated groups showed the Group-2 treatment is the best in case of growth performance, dressing percentage, reduced abdominal fat and blood parameters. Supplementation of plantain at 1.0% DM basis to the diet could be a way to produce safe meat for human consumption.

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Modulation of Cholesterol Content of Meat Through Supplementation of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) Herb in Sheep Fed Pellet Diet Mohammad Al-Mamun Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: : mamunshimu@yahoo.com

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a medicinal herb plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics in sheep. For this experiment 12 indigenous Garole sheep (Ovis aries) of one year of age around 9±0.7 kg of live weight (LW) were divided into two groups and each group having randomly selected six sheep using Randomized Block Design. One group was supplied roadside grass, wheat bran, molasses based total mixed ration (TMR) pellet (ME=2240 kcal/kg dry matter, CP=14.21%) which was considered as control diet (TMRP-diet). In another group, the TMRP-diet was supplemented with 5% plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) herb that was termed as TMRPPL-diet. In both the dietary treatments the energy and protein were offered at 1.5 times of the maintenance level for a period of 90 days. The LW was recorded at the onset of, and then every week interval throughout, the experimental period. The LW gain, and total digestible nutrients were higher (P < 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in TMRPPL-diet compared to TMRP-diet. Plasma glucose and triglycerides concentration, and caul fat and pelvic fat were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in sheep fed TMRPPL-diet compared to the sheep fed TMRP-diet. It could be concluded that supplementation of plantain herb might be used as additive in Garole sheep diet for better growth performance and lean meat production. Determining Energy and Protein Requirements for Crossbred Bull Calves

Z. H. Khandaker* and N. Akter Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: zhkhandaker@yahoo.com

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine energy and protein requirements for crossbred bull calves. For this purpose, sixty days long feeding trial was conducted with twelve numbers of crossbred bull calves having similar body weight and age. Four dietary treatments were formulated to extrapolate the need of energy and protein at different levels of daily growth. Four levels of ME and DCP are allocated to maintain the animals of 0, 200, 400, and 600 g targeted daily live weight gain for dietary groups as To, T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The level of ME and DCP were, To=17.4 MJ/d and 110 g/d as Maintenance ration, T1=19.22 MJ/d and 160 g/d for 200 g/d targeted LWG, T2=21.29 MJ/d and 220 g/d for 400 g/d targeted LWG, T3=23.37 MJ/d and 235 g/d for 600 g/d targeted LWG. A positive strongly correlation of live weight gain with uptake of nutrients (energy and protein) and feed conversion efficiency of different dietary groups were observed. From the results, it was found that the average daily live weight gain in T1 (200 g/d) fulfills against the targeted live weight gain (200 g/d) and T2 maintaining live weight gain (327 g/d) against the targeted live weight gain 400 g live weight gain per day. On the other hand, the expected live weight gain for T3 (600 g/ d) were not fulfill

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at the end of experiment. This result indicate that rations which were calculated for groups T3 were not suitable to obtain targeted live weight gain of bull calves. The requirement of ME for maintenance was 16.45 MJ/d and for each kg LWG per day was 15.56 MJ for 100 kg live weight of crossbred bull calves. The maintenance requirement of DCP was 78.31 g/d and for each kg LWG per day was 0.47 g for 100 kg live weight of crossbred bull calves. Fermentation of Deoiled Rice Bran (DORB) to Improve Nutritive Value for Poultry Khan Md. Shaiful Islam* and A. K. M. Ahsan Kabir1

Department of Animal Nutrition and 1Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: kmsislam1@yahoo.com Abstract DORB is by product of Rice bran (RB) oil industry would be fermented for improvement of quality and nutritive value. But due to extraction method there might be some chemical changes might reduce the nutritive value. So, before fermentation study DORB and RB was compared for the performance of broiler in iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 35 days. In view of the experimental a number of 100 day old COBB 500 broiler chicks were allocated randomly into two different groups with five replications for each treatment having 10 chicks in each. Corn-soybean based diet was used as basal diet. In group 1, RB was included at 7% level and in group 2 also DORB included at 7% level. Feed and fresh drinking water were supplied ad libitum basis and proper care and management were taken throughout the experimental period. Body weight and body weight gain and of broilers were recorded at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age and carcass characteristics were measured at the end of the trial. At the end of the trial, the live weights of broilers were 1351g and 1343g in RB group and DORB group respectively. Although weight gain found not significantly different but DORB group showed numerically higher body weight. There were no significant differences on feed intake among the groups (2192 and 2221 g/b RB and DORB group). Feed conversion ratio of RB and DORB found 1.68 and 1.71 respectively. Level of urea nitrogen (95.56 and 7.59 mg/dl) and Phosphorus (4.75 and 5.35 mg/dl) in the blood was lower in RB group than DORB group. Feed cost per kg live weight gain was lower (68.82 BDT) in DORB group comparison to RB group (69.66 BDT). It might be concluded that, use of DORB reduces production cost without hampering the performance of broiler. Dose Titration, Tolerance and Food Safety Aspects of Dietary Urea in Poultry Khan Md. Shaiful Islam* and Md. Elias Hossain Department of Animal Nutrition and 1Department of Poultry science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: kmsislam1@yahoo.com Abstract Although urea is not suitable as feed supplement for non ruminant animals but sometime it may be added to process other feed ingredients for improvement their quality and nutritive value. If urea added during process of any feed there is possibility to remain urea as residue after processing. In this connection it is important to study either inclusion of urea has

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adverse effect on the performance of broiler or till which level would be safe for birds as well as safe for human when consume the meat. Considering the fact a number of 180 day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were divided into 6 dietary groups like 1 (0.0% urea), 2 (0.5% urea), 3 (1.0% urea), 4 (1.5% urea), 5 (2.0% urea) and 6 (2.5% urea) where 10 birds in a cage considered as replicate and 3 cages as treatment. At the end of the trial final body weight was 1450, 1422, 1413, 1407, 1383, 1344 g/bird in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Here significantly (p<0.5) higher weight observed in control group (1) where the level of urea was 0.0% but lower in urea group as followed by group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Feed intake was 2307, 2345, 2273, 2239, 2436, 2314 g/bird in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (p<0.5). Feed conversion ratio (kg FI/kg LWG) observed significantly different like 1.66, 1.67, 1.66, 1.73, 1.75, 1.70 in group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (p<0.5) where higher in urea group 5 (2% urea group), but was lowest in control where urea was absent. Blood urea nitrogen was 13.88, 14.81, 18.87, 23.26, 29.14 and 32.42 (mg/dl) respectively for group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (p<0.5) where 0.5% level shows lack of effect of urea inclusion. Phosphorus level was 4.71, 6.0, 5.93, 5.52, 5.95 and 5.29 respectively for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively and found higher for most of the urea groups (p<0.5). No birds were died in any dietary groups during whole period of trial. The cost of production (BDT/kg broiler) was lowest in control group (71.0 BDT) but was higher when more than 1.5% level of urea added in diet. So, considering growth performance, tolerance and food safety aspects dietary urea would be added in poultry diet at 0.5% level without altering level of blood urea but 1.5% level may be considered cost effective for live weight gain. But further research is needed to confirm its feasibility in different species and different feeding system. Nutritional and Economic Benefit of Adopting Alternative Feeding Systems in Different Dairy Production Systems in Bangladesh Uddin, M.M. Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Email: mohammad.uddin@bau.edu.bd Abstract Feed is the foundation of the dairy production, with feed costs generally accounting for up to 70% of the cost of animal production. Access to feed in sufficient quantity and quality is, therefore, among the key and strategic priorities for dairy sector development. The approach that will deal with feeds and feeding system might be helpful for increasing dairy production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the nutritional and economic benefit of adopting alternative feeding systems in different dairy production systems in Bangladesh. This study was conducted in Sirajgonj district which is recognized as high milk producing area in the country. The International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) methodology that was based on Typical Farm Approach (TFA) and Technology Impact Policy Impact Calculations (TPI-CAL) model was applied in this study. The results revealed that milk production is increased from 736 kg/cow/year to 825 kg/cow/year which correspond to about 12% increase in AFS compared with CFS. Total Dry Matter intake decreased in AFS but roughage intake increased by 5% but concentrate intake decreased by 5% but the quality of the feed decreased which causes higher energy (8.43 MJ ME/kg ECM) for AFS. However, the cost of feed to the total milk production decreased from 1777 BDT/100 kg ECM to 1058 BDT/100 kg ECM. The entrepreneur’s profit increased from -7.7 BDT/100kg in CFS to 15.3 BDT/100 kg ECM in CFS. The results of this study implies that if the farmers shift from CFS

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to AFS, the quality of the feed decrease but due to changes toward more roughage and local sources of feed, the cost is decreased and thus profitability is increased. A further study might be needed to see which extent the feed ration can be optimized by using local resources and use of the processed forage.

Economic Efficiency of Alternative Feeding Systems (AFS) of Dairy Production and Marketing in Rural-urban Interphase of Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Value Chain Approach

Uddin, M.M1* and Palash, S.P2 1Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 2Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mohammad.uddin@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Dairying in Bangladesh is highly linked with increasing animal protein, thus ensure nutrition security. This leads to intensification of the dairy farming system which eventually needs to rely more on purchased feeds along with increased cost in feed production. Within the pace of intensification process, shifting current feeding system (CFS) and alternative feeding system (AFS) is taking place. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the structural characterization of the milk production value chain along with understanding the technical efficiency differences between Current Feeding System (CFS) and Alternative Feeding System(AFS) which is addressed in this study. The field survey data using stratified random sampling of 100 dairy farmers from the District of Sirajgonj were used for single stage value chain between milk production and milk processing.The technical efficiency was estimated using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) using Cobb-Douglas functional form. The results revealed that milk producers in the study areas were confronted with multi-dilemma factors. Milk price dilemma (low price and quota system adopted by most of the processors during peak season and vice versa in lean season) was the most vulnerable issues that affect the dairy farmers and might negatively affecting their willingness to continue their dairying. Looking into the efficiency parameter of the value chain, it is found that the farmers suing AFS and having strong relation with processors are highly efficiency (0.73). Among factors, age, market linkage and cost of purchase feed negatively affect their efficiency. The scale elasticity (<1.0) shows that farmers have roam to increase their efficiency. This study might be concluded that that farmers have to adopt suitable feeding technology (e.g.AFS) as well as need to strengthen relationship with processors for increasing economic efficiency in the value chain. However, this study might be further explored to see how the other stages of value chain (processing distribution and marketing consumers) affect the efficiency of the farmers.

Supplementation of Protein Concentrates on the Performances of Dairy Herd Replacement Stock

Md. Harun-ur-Rashid Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh – 2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mrashid_69@yahoo.com

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation on crossbred heifer as future dairy herd replacement stock using concentrate mixture with green grass namely para grass (Brachiaria mutica) and german grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) for

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monitoring the changes in their growth performance such as body weight gain, growth measurements and blood parameters. In these purposes, six crossbred heifers were selected and equally divided into two groups such as “A” (treatment group) and “B” (control group). The heifers of group A was supplied green grass with concentrate mixture composed of wheat bran, rice polish, mustard oil cake, soybean meal, DCP and common salt and group B was supplied green grass with concentrate mixture composed of rice polish, wheat bran, DCP and common salt. Concentrate mixture for Group A was supplied @ 2.0 kg and group B was supplied @1.9 kg/d/h and roughages were supplied for group A @18.63 kg and group B @18.21 kg/d/h based on dry matter consumption @3.5% of the live weight. It was found that the dry matter intake was 5.433±0.04 and 4.423±0.04 kg/d/h in group A and B, respectively and significant difference (p<0.01) existed between the groups. Average body weight gain was found non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in group A than group B. From the obtained results revealed that significantly higher wither height gain; body length gain and heart girth gain were found in group A than group B. Both the groups were found almost similar in serum levels of glucose and albumin and non-significant (p>0.05) difference existed between them. Only serum urea value (28.050±1.453) was found significantly (p<0.05) higher in group A than group B (19.701±1.453). The results suggested that supplying of protein concentrate with green grass be the important in heifer feeding in relation to nutritional and reproduction status; especially those are kept for the development of future dairy herd replacement stock. Effect of Calf Starter on the Growth Performance of Dairy Calf Mohammad Shohel Rana Siddiki Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: msrsiddiki@bau.edu.bd

Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of dairy calf using calf starter which is very important to a calf with a good healthy start. Ten dairy new born heifer calves (Holstein/HF cross and Sindhi-Sahiwal/SS cross) were selected for this study feeding with calf starter. The Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm calf pen will use for their housing. A balanced calf starter (CP=20%) was formulated for feeding of calf. Calves given water free choice and calf starter and about 45-50 gms or a small handful of calf starter along with the milk three days after birth. Gradually increase it on the starter scheme. Continue to slowly increase the starter until the calf is eating 0.50 to 0.750 kg a day for three consecutive days. Weekly measurements of body weight (BW), withers height (WH), hip height (HH), hip width (HW), and heart girth (HG) were measured and recorded. In addition, fecal scoring was determined weekly based on fecal fluidity, consistency and odor. After 17 weeks, BW was increased from 44 kg to 66.6 kg in HF cross and 58 kg to 80 kg in SS cross calves. WH was increased from 27.7 inches to 31.4 inches (HF), 29.1 inches to 33.25 inches (SS) and HH increased from 28.46 inches to 33.40 inches (HF), 30.72 inches to 35.05 inches. The length from point of shoulder to pin bone was increased from 27.2 to 33 inches (HF) and 28.8 to 34.8 inches (SS). Based on fecal scoring, fecal fluidity and consistency were normal, but fecal odor was slightly offensive at the beginning of life and gradually terns to normal odor. Therefore, It could be concluded that feeding calf starter help to get well-grown vigorous calf with minimizing health problems and make the dairy business profitable.

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Breeding and Improvement of Japanese Quail for Selenium Enriched Meat and Egg Production Toward Preventing Human Arsenicosis in Bangladesh MS Rahman*, QF Quadir1, FR Shebli and S Ashrafi Department of Poultry Science and 1Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: msrahman.poultry@bau.edu.bd Abstract Two feeding trials with the Japanese quail mutations were conducted to find out the best dose of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation and color mutation of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that excel performances upon Se supplementation. Initially, a dose response of dietary Se supplementation with 0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 mg Se/kg feed was conducted in the Wild Japanese quail. And, in the next, the performances of the Wild, BB-White and BB-Dhakaya color mutations were tested upon supplementing them with 2mg Se/kg feed with or without black pepper (BP) @ 0.5%. Under the standard management procedure and feeding, the 2mg/kg feed was found to be the best dose to achieve highest combined performance index (CPI) in the Wild Japanese quail. Among the color mutations, BB-White was found to be the best for the CPI in presence of BP. Results suggested that the quail diet ingredients available in Mymensingh local market should be supplemented with 2mg Se/kg feed for the optimum performance and BB-White can be chosen as the best color mutation of Japanese quail for establishing the Se-enriched egg and meat producing quail lines. Production of Safe Broiler Meat by Use of Neem Leaf Powder in Broiler Diet Md. Elias Hossain Department of Poultry science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mehossain_bau@yahoo.com Abstract This study was conducted to produce safe broiler meat by use of neem leaf powder (NLP) in broiler diet. The experiment was carried out for a period of 35 days with a number of 320 day-old straight run broiler chicks. Birds were divided into five dietary treatment groups with 4 replications each having 16 birds. The dietary groups were; control (basal diet; no additives), antibiotic (basal diet + antibiotic), NLP 0.25% (basal diet + 0.25% NLP), NLP 0.375% (basal diet + 0.375% NLP) and NLP 0.50% (basal diet + 0.50% NLP). Results showed that the body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were differ significantly (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. Body weight and body weight gain were higher in antibiotic, NLP 0.25% and NLP 0.375% group compare to NLP 0.50% group. Total feed intake was not different but weekly feed intake differs significantly (P>0.05). Better (P>0.05) FCR was observed in antibiotic and NLP 0.25% group compare to the control and NLP 0.50% group. The results also showed that dressing parameters were not significantly different among the dietary groups. Serum glucose, triglyceride, GOT, GPT and cholesterol level were not significantly different among the dietary groups. However, HDL was significantly (P>0.05) higher in NLP 0.25% group compare to the control group. It can be concluded that addition of NLP to broiler

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diet had positive effect on growth performances but no negative effect on dressing parameters and serum biochemical parameters. Moreover, NLP at the level of 0.25% increase HDL level. It can be suggested that neem leaf powder at the level of 0.25% could be a potential feed additive in broiler diet. Antibiotic Free Organic Broiler Meat Production Using Different Medicinal Plants Md. Elias Hossain Department of Poultry science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mehossain_bau@yahoo.com Abstract A study was conducted to observe the administration effect of garlic in feed and water on growth performances of broiler. The experiment was carried out for a period of 35 days with a number of 340 day-old straight run broiler chicks. Birds were divided into five dietary treatment groups with 4 replications each having 16 birds. The dietary groups were; control (basal diet; no additives), antibiotic (basal diet + antibiotic), garlic-0.25% (basal diet + 0.25% garlic powder), garlic-0.50% (basal diet + 0.50% garlic powder) and garlic in water (basal diet + 1 clove of garlic/2lit water). Results indicated that body weight and body weight gain were differ significantly (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. Higher body weight and body weight gain were in control, antibiotic and garlic in water group compare to the garlic-0.25% and garlic-0.50% group. Total feed intake was differ significantly (P>0.05) among the groups. Control group showed the highest feed intake whereas garlic-0.25% and garlic-0.50% group showed lowest feed intake. Better (P>0.05) FCR was observed in antibiotic and garlic in water group compare to the control and garlic in feed groups. It can be concluded that when compare to administration effect, addition of garlic in water has positive effect on body weight, body weight gain and FCR of broiler as such as antibiotic group and can be use in broiler production. Meat Yield and Meat Quality Characteristics of Indigenous, Crossbred and Commercial Broiler Chicken of Similar Weight at Different Storage Time Md. Hatem Ali and Md. Shawkat Ali* Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh *E-mail: mdshawkatali@hotmail.com Abstract Two experiments were carried out to investigate the meat yield characteristics and quality parameters of different crosses of Sonali, commercial broiler and indigenous chicken at similar weight. In first experiment, six male chickens of each genotype viz., RIR x Sonali, Fayoumi x Sonali, Aseel x Sonali and Hilly x Sonali of 1200g (±50g) body weight were slaughtered and processed. The eviscerated and defeathered carcasses were stored at -18°C for 0, 15 and 30 days. Meat yield characteristics and quality parameters of different crossbred and backcrossed genotype did not differ significantly. In 2nd experiment, six male and six female chickens from each of indigenous, Hilly x Sonali and commercial broiler

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were slaughtered at 1000g (±50g) body weight. The eviscerated and defeathered carcasses were stored at -18°C for 0, 15 and 30 days. In both sexes, the shank, neck, carcass yield, dressed, breast meat and breast bone weight (%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in commercial broiler while wing meat and thigh meat (%) were higher in Hilly x Sonali chicken. The dry matter (%), crude protein (%), total viable count (log CFU/g), total coliform count (log CFU/g) and total yeast-mold count (log CFU/g) were significantly higher in indigenous chicken while drip loss (%), cooking loss (%), ether extract (%), ash (%), per oxide value (meq/kg), free fatty acid value (%) and thiobarbituric acid value (mg malonaldehyde/kg) were found significantly higher in commercial broiler during different storage time in both sexes. In the both experiment, the meat yield parameters did not differ among different storage time. However, the drip loss, cooking loss, pH and crude protein decreased, while dry matter, ether extract, ash, peroxide vale, free fatty acid value, thiobarbituric acid value, total viable count, total coliform count and total yeast-mold count increased with the increasing of storage time. Harnessing Heterosis of Growth Traits Through Crossing of Different Quail Lines Md. Bazlur Rahman Mollah Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh E-mail: mbrmollah.ps@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

The monitoring and comparison of production traits of original lines and their crossbred hybrids aimed to establish the best heterotic effect on the commercial products are indispensable for viable breeding stock development. To know the effect of line crossing on body weight and growth in quails, two experiments were conducted to fit the best predictive equation to describe the growth curve of four quail lines namely BAU-Jp, BAU-Fa, BAU-Pw, BAU-Ro and three line crosses progenies of BAU-Ro () × BAU-Pw (); BAU-Pw () × BAU-Ro () and BAU-Ro () × BAU-Fa (). The body weights in different lines were significantly different among the lines depending on the age. The highest 35 and 42 day body weight was found in BAU-Pw line. In contrary, the BAU-Fa showed lower body weight than other quail lines at all the studied ages. The β parameter (relative intensity of growth rate) was varied significantly (P < 0.001) among lines. The highest value of β was found in BAU-Pw and BAU-Ro and the lowest value was found in BAU-Jp and BAU-Fa. The time at inflection point (t) also varied significantly among lines (31.494 to 40.084 days). The highest t value was found in BAU-Ro, while the lowest t value was found in BAU-Pw. Similar to β and t, the M (asymptotic body weight) also varied significantly (P <0.001). The highest asymptotic body weight (244.774 ± 28.346) was found in BAU-Pw, while the lowest (190.129 ± 29.137) was in BAU-Fa. The BAU-Ro and BAU-Pw lines have significantly higher asymptotic bodyweight compared to BAU-Fa and BAU-Jp. The higher body weight of different line crossed quails at 42-days of age indicated that line crossing may be a good choice for improving body weight in the progenies of BAU-Ro × BAU-Pw, BAU-Pw × BAU-Ro and BAU-Ro × BAU-Fa quails.

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Use of Nutritional Biotechnological Tools to Combat the Effects of Global Warming on Poultry Production S. D. Chowdhury1* and M. Y. Mia2

1Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202 2Sylhet Agricultural University, Tilagar, Sylhet, Bangladesh, *E-mail: drsdchow@gmail.com Abstract During the second year of the project period, four experiments were conducted using a number of biotechnological tools with or without antibiotics to study the effects of heat stress on commercial broiler and layer production. First experiment was carried out with commercial broilers chickens and three other experiments with commercial layer birds. Commercial broilers were reared to determine the productive performance, immune status, intestinal morphology, meat yields and quality, survivability and cost effectiveness while laying performance, egg quality and cost-effectiveness were studied in layer birds under conditions of heat stress and fluctuating temperatures. The efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, stress killer, immune-modulator and intestinal morphology was studied in broiler chickens while that of acidifiers, probiotic and prebiotic was determined for layer birds. In experiment 1, A total of 450 one-day old Cobb 500 straight run broiler chicks were divided into five dietary groups and each group was replicated to six sub-groups. Birds of different treatment group of chicks received Diet 1: basal diet, diet 2: basal diet + probiotic, diet 3: basal diet + enzyme, diet 4: basal diet + stress killer, Diet 5: basal diet + immune-modulator. In experiment 2, a total of 24 cages with an area of 2.5 sq. ft. per bird were allocated for 96 laying pullets. The experimental layer birds were divided into four dietary groups and each group was replicated into six sub-groups each having 4 birds. The first group of birds received diet 1: basal diet, diet 2: basal diet + flavomycin, diet 3: basal diet + 0.2% organic acid blend (OAB-1) and diet 4: basal diet+0.2% OAB-1 +flavomycin. All feed additives were supplemented in feed. In experiment 3, the number of birds, type of birds and diets were similar to experiment 2 but the test material acidifier was applied via drinking water. The first group of birds received treatment 1: basal diet, treatment 2: basal diet + flavomycin, treatment 3: basal diet +OAB-2 @ 2ml/10 liter of drinking water and treatment 4: basal diet+ @ 2ml OAB-2/ 10 liter drinking water + Flavomycin. In experiment 4, a total of 72 ISA brown layer aged 26 weeks were used to investigate the effect of prebiotic on layer performance and egg quality. In this experiment, all birds were divided into four dietary treatments and each treatment was replicated into 6 subgroups each having 3 birds. All types of management were identical in case of broiler chickens. On the other hand, the layer birds were exposed to similar care and management for all dietary groups throughout the experimental period. A corn-soybean meal based mash diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of broiler and laying birds. All types of data likes performance traits, carcass yields, antibody titre, intestinal morphology, egg and meat quality were recorded by maintaining birds under identical care and management. Data of required variables were kept and statistically analyzed employing SAS Computer Package Program for interpretation. The results of experiment 1 showed that feeding stress killer increased body weight, feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio as compared to control and other groups. On the other hand, probiotic and enzyme in separate treatments also showed better results in case of growth and meat yield characteristics. Immuno-modulator fed group showed highest antibody titre level against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) at the end of experiment. From experiment 2 and 3 the results indicated that supplementation of organic acid blend (OAB) with antibiotic increased hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake and improved growth

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performance. In experiment 4, the effects of supplementing 0.3% OAB with 0.02% flavomycin significantly improved body weight and feed conversion efficiency (p<.0001) of commercial broiler chickens. The results of experiment 4 revealed that prebiotics supplementation at a dose more than recommended level of layer diet increased feed intake, egg production, egg weight and improved feed conversion ratio as compared to control, recommended and less than recommended levels. Finally, we it was concluded that, stress killer treated birds showed comparatively better growth performance in broilers, as would be expected during stress condition. Probiotic, enzyme and stress killer fed groups showed highest meat yields. Immuno-modulator treated group showed better antibody titre level against IBD. On the other hand, individual OAB had a great effect on growth performance as compared to flavomycin but OAB with 0.02% flavomycin may enhance better performance. Prebiotic supplementation in the diet at a dose more than recommended level may show a result that is highest in case of growth and egg production. Birds of all experiments survived well, at a rate more than the untreated groups indicating that biotechnological tools have a positive impact under conditions of heat stress resulting from global warming.

CHAPTER IV Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology

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Cropland Conversion to Freshwater Pond Fish Farming in Mymensingh District: Present Status and Future Trend

Md. Salauddin Palash Department of Agribusiness & Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: palash80@gmail.com

Abstract

Agriculture to agriculture (non-crop) and agriculture to non-agriculture, these are the two types of cropland use change in Bangladesh. Both changes are alarming since cereal crop (rice) is the staple food, at the same time traditional and emotional food, in this territory. This research focused on a small administrative unit (called sub-district) in the central part of Bangladesh. Secondary data from different relevant government offices were collected to find out how much cropland was converted to pond fish farming and at the same time, relevant consequences and future trend of cropland uses were also identified. Total land area of Trishal sub-district is 33,898 ha of which land used for agriculture farming was 29,505 ha. Since three-decade, roadside and ease of accessed land have been restructured and became the huge number of ponds for commercial freshwater fish farming in the study area, therefore, the area under commercial fish farming is now 4,100 ha and increasing over the year. Most of the land used for commercial fish farming was converted from cropland, not from fallow or forest land. Consequently, rice production should reduce during this time, but the result showed that rice production was increasing over the year because of practicing intensive rice culture adopting HYV varieties vigorously. However, like cereal food self-sufficiency, Bangladesh became near to fish self-sufficiency very soon. The decreasing growth rate of cropland conversion to commercial pond fish farming was found; hoping that in the near future, it will be lessened by intensifying fish culture method and better management practices in the study area. Use of Solar Panel at Rural Areas in Bangladesh: Impacts, Financial Viability and Future Prospects

Mohammad Ataur Rahman1* and Md. Ibrahim Kholilullah2 1Department of Agricultural Finance, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, 2Department of Agricultural Finance, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh2202, Bangladesh, *1E-mail: marahman@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Electricity is the life blood of power for most of the country's economic activities. Solar panels may be a reliable and good source for supplying electricity throughout the country. The study was undertaken to determine the intensity of solar panel system is practiced in Bangladesh, the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit -Cost Ratio(BCR) and IRR of the solar panel, the impact of solar panel on livelihoods, the future prospect of solar panel in Bangladesh; and the problems and constrains of the solar panel faced by the households. Sherpur upazila of Bogra district and Haluaghat upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh were selected purposively because of the intensity of solar panel users and familiarity of the area. A total 140 households were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling technique and conducted direct face to face interview by using semi-structure questionnaire. Survey method was followed to collect data from the respondents. Data were collected by the researcher through personal interview and focus group discussion. Tabular technique was applied for the analysis of data and sustainable livelihood framework was used for the analysis of household

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assets. It was found that in Bogra district about 52.86% respondents used low capacity of solar panel, about 28.57% respondents used medium capacity of solar panel and 18.57% respondents used high capacity of solar panel. In case of Mymensingh district about 62.86% respondents used low capacity of solar panel, about 31.43% respondents used medium capacity of solar panel and 5.71% respondents used high capacity of solar panel. Financial analyses were done on the basis of investment decision making tools like Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PBP). NPV, BCR, IRR and PBP were Tk. 312, 1.01, 10.26% and 6.08 years, respectively in Bogra district and Tk. 1051, 1.04, 8.72% and 7.06 years, respectively in Mymensingh district. Most of the respondents reported that both their income, expenditure level as well as their livelihoods had increased after using the solar panels. After getting the solar panel purchased most of the livelihood assets were improved. But 34% and 13% of the respondents said that the land leased and cash in hand were unchanged in Bogra district and 11% and 23% respondents in Mymensingh district, respectively. The expected value of NBI was positive (45.87) means the project is preferable for continuing the business for the future in Bogra district and the value was also positive (127.58) in Mymensingh district. About 95% of the respondents reported shortage of sunlight in rainy day as problem in Bogra district and this figure was 92.85% in Mymensingh district. It may be conclude that Bangladesh has a great potentiality to adopt more solar panels especially in household level since it has positive impact on livelihoods. Assessing Demand and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Safe Broiler of Different Communities in Bangladesh

Md. Akhtaruzzaman Khan Department of Agricultural Finance, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202 , Bangladesh, E-mail:azkhan13@yahoo.com

Abstract

Commercial broiler production has been growing rapidly in Bangladesh since early 1990 by using improved genetics, manufactured feeds and management. Broiler feed is being prepared with some inorganic and organic elements which contain heavy metal. In addition, growth hormone is being used for quick growth which is the causes of various serious diseases in human body. But safe broiler feed can be produced which might be costly. Consequently, consumers have to pay more money due to higher production cost of safe broiler. Therefore, this study estimate the demand for safe broiler, assess ‘willingness to pay (WTP)’ and factor affecting WTP for safe broiler in different communities of Bangladesh. Three hundred (300) consumers are selected using the random sampling technique. Static demand function is estimated with different premium price and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used for assessing the willingness to pay. Result reveals that consumer wants to buy safe broiler with premium price and the trend of demand is supported by ‘Law of Demand curve’. Demand for safe broiler is significantly higher compared to unsafe broiler and income of different professionals is positively correlated with demand. About 98.67% of the total respondents are willing to pay premium price for safe broiler and this amount is varies from BDT.10 to BDT.70 for per kilogram (kg) of safe broiler. On an average, consumers are WTP more BDT.27 for per kg of safe broiler. Safety & less health risk is the most important concern to the consumer for WTP. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a potential for safe broiler market in Bangladesh which can reduce health risk and safe the future generation.

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Cassava Production: A Socioeconomic Assessment in Selected Areas of Bangladesh M. Sayeedul Haque Department of Agricultural Finance, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh–2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: bauhero@gmail.com Abstract This study was undertaken to obtain a comprehensive insight into the production of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) for starch production under Pran RFL group based on the primary level data collected form contract growers in Habiganj District of Bangladesh. The study found that motivated and young entrepreneur minded farmers are the main target group of Pran RFL for contract growing. Average farm size of the Contract farmers are found to 62.54 acres. Major share of crop land came from leased in land from local land owners. Necessary all inputs materials and training are provided by Pran RFL to its growers and growers are bound to sell their produce @Tk.7.00 per Kg to Pran RFL group. Receipts for the inputs and supplies given to farmers are adjusted while the products are sold to RFL groups. Per Kg cost of Cassava including transportation cost to RFL plant was estimated Tk.5.05. Per acre production of cassava were calculated at 4.98 ton (without taking care) and 11.5 ton (with proper care). Availability of suitable land for cassava production is scarce in the study area. More extension work for selecting efficient farmers and covering of more area for availability of suitable land are recommended for increasing cassava production. Determining Consumers’ Preference and Willingness to Pay Premium Prices for Organic Beef in Bangladesh

Paresh Kumar Sarma Senior Scientific Officer (SG), BAU Research System, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: paresh.baures@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

Beef is widely accepted as an important source of protein and calcium. Consumer demand for beef has been changing over the time due to urbanization, population growth as well as rural-urban migration among the urban dwellers with increasing beef safety. This study aim to investigate the attributes preferences of consumer products and their willingness to pay (WTP) for organic beef in the city of Dhaka in Bangladesh. The total samples were 180 and collection by using a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and probit regression model were used for data analysis. The results showed that consumer perception and WTP for organic beef is largely influenced by the beef attributes such as Quality, safe, taste and nutrient content followed by freshness, beef, production practices, fat content and the habit of the beef hallal certification.. About 73.33% beef consumers are willingness to pay an average of 26.12% price premium per kilogramme. Consumers’ gender, education, income and awareness about beef safety are positively significant influence WTP for organic beef. The result shows very constructive information about consumer demand, which contains information about sources of beef sector producers about consumer preferences and willingness to pay for quality and selected beef safety for decision makers, especially government agencies and producers’ new cattle production methods and offer pricing and marketing strategies.

CHAPTER V Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology

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Appropriate Scale Mechanization Innovation Hub-Bangladesh Md. Monjurul Alam1*, Md. Mosharraf Hossain1, Chayan Kumer Saha1, Md. Rostom Ali1, Md. Ayub Hossain4, Md. Israil Hossain4, Md. Nurul Amin4, Md. Ashik-E-Rabbani1, Md. Hammadur Rahman2, Mohammad Saidur Rahman3, Shahana Begum5, Surajit Sarkar6, Md. Kamrul Hasan6, Md. Abdul Mottalib6 1Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 2Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 3Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, 4Farm Machinery and Post-harvest Engineering, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 5Gender Specialist, ASMIH- Bangladesh, 6PhD Fellow, Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, *E-mail: mmalam.bau@gmail.com Abstract Agriculture of Bangladesh played a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh. To increase food production and cropping intensity with minimum yield losses, faster development of agricultural mechanization is urgently needed in Bangladesh. In contrast with the rest of Bangladesh, the Southern Delta region of Bangladesh is lagging behind in adoption of agricultural mechanization due to its agro-ecological characteristics. The main objective of the project is to promote appropriate-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable intensification focusing on smallholder farming systems in Southern Delta region of Bangladesh. Mechanization activities have been focused on rice based cropping patterns at the selected villages in Khulna, Barisal, Patuakhali and Noakhali districts. The project concentrates its adaptive research activities involving rice transplanting, harvesting and conservation machinery in four districts of southern delta for assessing technical robustness, economic feasibility and end-users acceptance to identity appropriate technologies for this region. A survey has been conducted to identify present status and future opportunity of mechanization in the selected areas along with socio-economic and livelihood status of the stakeholders. The project integrated gender-sensitive participatory approaches into all stages of project cycle. Several experiments, field days/demonstrations and training programs were conducted in Aman 2016 and Boro 2017 at selected villages in Khulna and Barisal districts for evaluating technical and economic performances of selected agricultural machineries. Appropriate transplanting, harvesting and conservation agricultural machineries were identified based on the technical and economical performances. Later, the project activities have been scaled up in Patuakhali and Noakhali districts. Intensive trainings, field days and demonstration programs have been conducted in the new areas to build up the capacity of farmers, service providers, mechanics and manufacturers. The research identifies cost saving of 48%, 37% and 52% for using rice transplanter, reaper and mini-combine harvester, respectively over manual operations. Uses of appropriate machines have an impact on food security through cost saving and reducing harvesting losses over manual agricultural production operations.

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USAID Postharvest Loss Reduction Innovation Lab (PHLIL)-Bangladesh Component Md. Monjurul Alam1*, M. Ayub Ali2, Md. Abdul Awal1, Chayan K. Saha1, Md. Rostom Ali1, Md. Afzal Hossain3, Md. Ashraful Alam3, Afruz Zahan4

and Shahana Begum5 1Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; 2Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; 3PhD Fellow, Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 4PhD Fellow, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 5Gender Specialist, PHLIL-Bangladesh, *Email: mmalam.bau@gmail.com Abstract Rice is the staple food in Bangladesh and the main source of income and employment of the farming households. Since independence, the production of paddy has increased over three folds (55.5 million tons in 2015; BBS, 2016) compared to double the population growth and attains self-sufficiency in paddy production. The moisture content of paddy during harvesting is about 22 to 28% (wet basis). High moisture causes heat buildup, mold growth and insect infestation during storage that incurred loss and reduces grain quality. The objective of the project is to build a national database on Mycotoxin development; identify and adopt appropriate drying and storage technologies of paddy for farmers (men and women), farmers’ groups and agribusiness entrepreneurs to reduce post-harvest loss and improve grain quality with particular emphasis on involvement of women in post-harvest loss reduction activities. The project concentrates adaptive research activities in Mymensingh, Netrokna, Bogra, Dinajpur, Jessor and Barishal districts of Bangladesh. Paddy samples were collected during Aman 2016 and Boro 2017. Moisture content and quality of the paddy samples were determined and the level of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins development was detected. Moisture content was recorded by John Deere digital moisture meter. Aflatoxins and Fumonisins were detected by using Romer test strips. The BAU-STR dryer was evaluated using BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan32 at different moisture content of paddy. The average drying loss of paddy using BAU-STR dryer was found 0.43% in laboratory and 0.39% in field level while the drying losses using open sun drying method at farmer’s field level were found 3.95, 3.24, 2.98 2.41 and 3.04% in Tangail, Mymensingh (Phulpur), Mymensingh (BAU), Netrokona and Jessore districts, respectively. Therefore, BAU-STR dryer can save about 2.7% loss over traditional drying. The national post-harvest loss save of paddy would be about 1.4 million ton of paddy annually. Traditional storage technologies like dole, motka, plastic drum and plastic bag were tested alongside of PICS bag and GrainPro bag at laboratory and farmers’ house. Average germination rate of stored paddy was recorded above 91% in all the cases before storing. However, at five months storage period the germination percentage was found above 80% only in PICS and GrainPro bags. The highest percentage of value addition (45%) for was found in PICS and GrainPro bags.

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Green Energy Knowledge Hub at Bangladesh Agricultural University Md. Monjurul Alam1*, , Chayan K. Saha1, Md. Anisur Rahman1,2, Md. Rafiqul Islam3, M. Jahiruddin3, Md. Kamal Hossain3 1Department of Farm Power & Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, 2Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute, Ishurdi 6620, Pabna, Bangladesh and 3Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *Email: mmalam.bau@gmail.com Abstract Environment friendly biogas produced from renewable resources could play a vital role in solving energy and environmental problems for growing number of both livestock and poultry farms in Bangladesh. The Green energy Knowledge Hub with modern biogas lab facilities has been established at the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. A baseline survey was conducted to investigate the present status of biogas production, identify constraints and future needs. Poultry and dairy commercial farms from different regions of Bangladesh were randomly selected for conducting the survey. Farmers were not aware about mixing ratio of solid and liquid, specifically manure and water. Biogas production from poultry farms were found higher than the dairy farms. Bio-slurry from digesters is used and sold as fertilizers by the some farms. However, knowledge of the nutrient quality of bio-slurry in dried as well as liquid form and its' effect on crop yield is scarce. Anaerobic co-digestion of poultry dropping (PD) with lignocellulosic co-substrates (LCSs) was investigated for optimization. The value between 21 and 32 has been suggested as the optimal range of the C:N ratio for the co-digestion of PD with LCSs. Field experiments were conducted in T. Aman – Potato – Boro rice cropping pattern. It appears that the bio-slurry is better than the original manure. Poultry manure is better than cowdung in terms of grain yield of rice. Combined use of poultry slurry and chemical fertilizer (50:50) produced significantly higher growth and yield than other treatments in cabbage, cauliflower, carrot & brinjal production. The capacity building of students and other stakeholders have been enhanced through long and short term training, respectively on biogas production. Development of Potato Sorting System Using Machine Vision Technique

Md. Hamidul Islam Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: hamidfpm@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

In Bangladesh, potato has emerged as a major food crop and is being cultivated throughout the country. Potato usually consumed as vegetable and also as other food items such as singara, chop, chips etc. Consumption of potato in any form requires a certain type of potato in terms of quality, shape and size. Sorting of potato usually done to meet the consumer preference. On the eve of acute labor shortage, manual grading of potato is subjective, costly and time consuming. On the other hand, mechanical methods are not economically sound because of the possibility of inflicting damage to the product. Therefore, present work is focused on the development of a machine vision system for sorting potato based on size and

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surface damage at laboratory scale. In this study, at first, image of both fresh and damaged potato were acquired. Later, image processing algorithm was developed and analyzed image. During image processing, at first boundary of potato shape was detected to fix the region of interest (ROI). Then color processing was done on the region of interest to obtain an image segmentation that allows the discrimination of size variation and surface damage from fresh ones. Image feathers obtained from processed image was later used to develop a multivariate classification model (linear discriminant analysis) in order to classify different size group and damage and fresh potato. The results showed that the developed machine vision system is able to measure potato size with a good level of reliability (R2 = 0.91) compared to human vision. In addition, this machine vision system could detect small defects, handling damage and insect and fungi attacks that cause surface damage on potato. In future, this image processing technique will be combined with mechanical and instrumental devices to replace human handling. Development of Damaged Egg Detection System Using Machine Vision Technique Md. Hamidul Islam Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh - 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: hamidfpm@bau.edu.bd Abstract Poultry egg is one of the most important poultry products which play an important role in the provision of essential dietary protein. In our country both clean and damaged (dirt and cracked) eggs are sold together. An egg contains organic residuals on surface such as blood, feces and yolk, could contaminate other eggs and have negative economic consequences. In addition, presence of eggshell cracked is a food safety concern because micro-organisms can allow contamination of the egg cause by pathogens, such as Salmonella, Enterobacter, and etc. Early separation of defective (dirty and cracked) eggs from regular eggs is a fundamental issue at the poultry industry for both economical and sanitary reasons. Automatic separation of defective eggs (spotty and cracked) could be a helpful tool for the poultry farmers and poultry egg seller. Present work is focused on the development of an artificial vision system for detecting defective eggs at laboratory scale. During this study, at first, image of both regular and defective eggs were acquired. Later, image processing algorithm was developed and analyzed image. During image processing, at first boundary of egg shape was detected to fix the region of interest (ROI). Then color processing was done on the region of interest to obtain an image segmentation that allows the discrimination of defective eggs from regular ones. Image feathers obtained from processed image was later used to develop a multivariate classification model (linear discriminant analysis) in order to classify detective eggs from regular one. The results showed that the developed machine vision system can be used to grade regular eggs with 90% accuracy. On the other hand, the defective eggs were graded with an accuracy of 95%. The results of the study indicated that some improvements are necessary to increase the classification rate of non-defective eggs to avoid the cost associated to the actual over pull.

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Present Status and Future Opportunities of Peat Soil in Bangladesh Md. Rostom Ali Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: rustom412@yahoo.com

Abstract

In Bangladesh, peat soils occupy about 0.13 million ha and occur in the low-lying areas. Dark brown muck is the most common constituent of the soil. Peat is one of the most important mineral resources which are being extensively used around the world. People in the haor areas have no idea about the versatile use of peat soil. Therefore it is necessary to find out the potential use of peat soil and disseminate utilization ways to rural people in those areas. The main goal of the study is to find out the present utilization status of peat soils in haor areas of Bangladesh and to test the collected peat soil for determining energy/fertility potential. In the study, plenty of peat soil based locations in Bangladesh are identified and these locations are: Moulvibazar, Sylhet, Kishorganj, Netrakona, and Brahmanbaria districts of Bangladesh. To know the present utilization status of the peat soil, it is necessary to collect information from local people/farmers who live in the peat soil based areas. For the particular reason, a survey questionnaire has been developed to collect information systematically. Based on the survey questionnaire, much information have been collected and analyzed. Farmers/local peoples in those areas now use peat soil as a bio-fertilizer inefficiently as well as in few areas they collect peat soil from low land during dry season (March-April every year) and then deliver/supply to different agro-farms where it is mainly used as a major ingredient of bio-fertilizer. In the project, some peat soil based agro-farms have already been visited and informed about the present utilization status of peat soil. Raw peat soil processing steps like crushing, mixing with other ingredients and packaging were also observed. Chemical composition and potentiality for heating fuel will be studied in future for the samples collected from identified locations. Design and Development of a Pull Type 4-rows Granular Urea Applicator Murshed Alam Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: murshedalambau@gmail.com

Abstract

Although deep placement of urea super granule (USG) reduces the losses of urea and increases yield, it was not being practiced broadly in Bangladesh due to lack of an appropriate applicator. Therefore, a four row pull type manually operated USG applicator was designed and developed at the department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The width of the applicator was 1.6 m. The lowest values of missing (0.86%), over-falling (0.90%) and breaking (0.6%) of USG were found in the speed range of 2.05 to 2.21 km/h in a laboratory experiment. Therefore, the recommended operating speed of the applicator was 2 to 2.2 km/h. The effective field capacity and field efficiency of the applicator at a forward speed of 2.06 km/h were 0.26 ha/h and 78%, respectively. The average spacing between USG in a row was found to be 39.89 cm which was desired. The cost of the applicator was US$ 78 and the operating cost of the

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applicator was US$ 22 per hectare. The machine was easy to pull because the maximum draft and drawbar power were only 0.105 KN and 0.06 kW, respectively in puddle field. Moreover, the weight of the whole applicator was only 12 kg which made it easy to carry. The break-even point of the applicator when compared with manual application of USG justified the ownership of this machine for an area of only 0.63 ha/yr of rice land. The overall performance of the applicator was found better than that of the available USG applicators in Bangladesh. Therefore, the developed applicator might be introduced in the Bangladesh to apply USG in rice field. Impacts of Irrigation by Dairy Farm’s Wastewater on Crop Production and Soil Health A.K.M. Adham Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: adhamiwm@gmail.com Abstract An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Farm to investigate the effects of dairy farm’s wastewater irrigation on maize (zea mays L. BARI hybrid-9) production and soil health during 05 February 2016 to 14 May 2016. Irrigation had three treatments - I1: Irrigation with fresh water, I2: Irrigation with mixed water (fresh water: wastewater = 1:1) and I3: Irrigation with wastewater. There were three fertilizer treatments - F0: No fertilizer, F1: Half dose fertilizer and F2: Full dose fertilizer. The experiment was laid down in a split-plot design with three replications. Maize was grown with two irrigations applied at 28 and 86 days after sowing (DAS). Various growth and yield data of the crop were recorded. Considering the effect of irrigation, the highest grain yield (10.89 t/ha) was obtained under I3 and the lowest grain yield (7.95 t/ha) was obtained under I0. Considering the effect of fertilizer, the highest grain yield (11.70 t/ha) was obtained under F2 and the lowest yield (8.56 t/ha) was obtained under F0. The interaction effect between irrigation and fertilizer exerted a significant impact on the grain yield of maize. For the interaction effects between irrigation and fertilizer, the highest grain yield (11.41 t/ha) and water use efficiency for grain production (2125 kg/ha-cm) were obtained under I3F0 (wastewater irrigation with no fertilizer application) and I3F2 (wastewater irrigation with full dose fertilizer application), respectively. The lowest values of grain yield (7.657 t/ha) and water use efficiency for grain production (697.3 kg/ha-cm) were obtained under I1F0 (fresh water irrigation with no application of fertilizer). The highest 1000-grain weight of 417.7 g was obtained under wastewater irrigation with full dose fertilizer (I3F2) and the lowest 239.7 g was obtained under fresh water irrigation with no fertilizer (I1F0). Irrigation by wastewater did not significantly alter the quality parameters of the irrigated soils. The wastewater supplied more nutrients to the soil of the maize field. So, it may be used as a source of irrigation and fertilizer for maize production without any hazard of the soil health.

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Design, Construction and Performances Study of Semi-Pilot Scale Baking Oven M. Burhan Uddin Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: burhan.ftri@bau.edu.bd

Abstract The project deals with the design, construction and experimental study of a semi-pilot scale baking oven applicable for the production of baked products. Baking is one of the oldest and most popular processing techniques. It is highly sensitive in terms of development of color, flavor, texture and volume in baked foods during baking process. In baking process, oven is the most conspicuous and characteristic piece of equipment and dominates and determines the arrangement of the other pieces of equipment as well as quality of the end products. The objectives of the project were (i) to design and fabricate an oven , ( ii) to standardize the oven for baking of selected confectionary products, (iii) to analyze the quality, shelf life and acceptability of baked products and (iv) to disseminate model oven and processed products among the major stakeholders. A four tray 20'' X 18'' X 1" size baking oven was designed and fabricated in an Engineering Workshop. The main accessories used in the manufacture of baking oven were GI box, SS sheets, blower, heater, tray stand, panel board, glass wool, SS tray, nuts and bolts, thermostat valve and so on. The oven has been fabricated and installed in the laboratory of the Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries and its performances are being evaluated. Different recipes for processing of bread, biscuit, toast and cake have been developed products processed in the oven. The process parameters have been finalized for different products. The evaluation of quality and shelf-life of the processed products are being continued (on-going project - duration July 2016 to June 2017).

Characterization of Colour and Surface Appearance of Banana Fruits Using Computer Vision System (CVS) Abdullah Iqbal Department of Food Technology & Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: iqbal21155@bau.edu.bd Abstract Surface appearance of food is visually considered one of the most important parameters in defining quality of any food. Researchers in the area of food engineering and relevant fields have always been of concern about visible food characteristics. The main objective of this research was to establish a computer vision system (CVS) using digital photography and image analysis techniques to measure color in banana surfaces. A computer vision system was implemented to identify the ripening stages of bananas based on color, surface appearance and development of brown spots. The color space for color quantization in foods was the L*a*b* model. In this study, selected features of surface appearance i.e., L*a*b* values, brown area percentage were extracted from images of bananas were used for classification purposes. Results revealed that although there are variations within the samples of same variety, it is possible to differentiate or classify 100% from the extracted features which is completely impossible by human expertise or even from the chemical

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analysis data of bananas done by destruction of banana samples as well as by laborious techniques. At the same time, the similar results were obtained (100% correctly classified) when three different types of banana were considered. On the other hand, the % brown spot area (BSA) was obtained preciously from the captured image during different ripening stages of banana. Also, it is seen from the study that after 4th or 5th days, BSA becomes prominent. The findings from the research indicate that Computer vision has the potential for on-line prediction of ripening stages of bananas. Computer vision systems seem to be a good alternative for objective evaluation of standard color and other appearance features of banana in a non-destruction approach.

Development of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) on Ardunio Platform and Improved User Interface Software and Standardization on a Pilot Plant Abdullah Iqbal Department of Food Technology & Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: iqbal21155@bau.edu.bd Abstract Food sector is expanding and quality of food has market-demand. Automation in production system increases efficiency, saves time, ensure/maintain quality of the products and thereby increases market demand. Presently, the Device-PLC used in automation purpose has to import. The objective of this study was to develop and implement a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) on Ardunio platform and improved user interface software and standardization on a Pilot Plant. The Device –PLC developed has been designed and fabricated locally and cost is very less comparative to the imported one. Therefore, it is cost-effective. Introducing this modern technology in production/operation system and to maintain quality of products is priority-agenda of the present Government and has the special budgetary allocation under different ministries. This project has both demand and scope in this regard. The closeness of the data of standard table and the data in the practical field indicates the the success of this project. In this context, where problems of brand-dependence and ease of use strongly affect PLCs programming, the research can develop a truly automation PLC based brand-Independent programming platform, which will provide a solution to SME-Ag members and to the automation sector as a whole. As the device can be installed.

CHAPTER VI Faculty of Fisheries

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Production Enhancement of Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) by Generating Monosex All-female Population Through Chromosome Manipulation Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder, Mohammad Rafiqur Rahman and Rafiul Islam Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: rafiqulsarder@yahoo.com

Abstract The study was dealt with induction of gynogenesis in the silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) to produce meiotic and mitotic gynogens with the view to generate monosex all-female population as silver barb females grow faster than males. Induction of meiotic and mitotic gynogenesis was carried out by exposing the sample containing 8×108 sperm/ml to UV at a dose of 196µWcm-2 for 1.5 min that denatured the DNA of sperm. Meiotic diploidization was accomplished by cold shock to eggs after 1.5 min of fertilization at 2±0.1ºC for 10 min which yielded 23.08±1.42% hatching. Mitotic diploidization was done using the same cold shock applied after 27.5 min of fertilization that yielded 6.95±0.95% hatching. Heat shock at 40±0.1ºC for 1 min was applied after 1.5 min of fertilization for meiogyne and after 27.5 min of fertilization for mitogyne which brought about 24.78±1.84% and 16.60±0.88% hatching respectively. Haploid gynogens produced by fertilizing eggs with UV-irradiated sperm were deformed and died 1-2 days after hatching that indicated successful UV-irradiation of sperm. The karyological analysis showed that the haploids contained 23 (N) chromosomes, and the meiotic and mitotic gynogens and controls contained 46 (2N) chromosomes. Sexing of fish demonstrated that meiotic gynogens were nearly all-female, ranging 98.28 to 100% female sex while the control group contained 51.56% female. DNA microsatellite analysis revealed that the gynogens contained the alleles same as their mother and the control shared alleles with their parents. Sex-reversed meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic males were produced by feeding hormone-treated (17α-methyl testosterone, 30mg/kg of feed) feed, which are also known as neomales. The genotype of neomales (XX) was verified by mating them with genetic females (XX) and the progeny showed 100% female sex. The progeny of neomales are being reared in ponds and will be compared with controls to assess the growth performance of all-female B. gonionotus population. Genetic Improvement of Rohu, Labeo rohita, Strain in Bangladesh

Md. Rafiqul Islam Sarder* and Md. Shahidul Islam Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2002, Bangladesh, *E-mail: rafiqulsarder@yahoo.com

Abstract

Rohu, Labeo rohita, is the most popular species for its growth, appearance and taste as food fish and fetches high price. This issue remarks the importance to find out the protocol to produce genetically improved broods as well as seeds for development of a Rohu strain in Bangladesh. With this view, BFRI F2 (descendant of crossbred) generation and the two wild populations of the Padma and Halda river origin were used as the experimental fish. The designed spawning of these experimental fish was performed and different F1 progeny families were produced through single pair mating. The fry from each of these F1 progeny families were reared in both partitioned ponds and hapas. The growth of fry was found to be

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higher in comparable ponds than that of the replicated families in hapas. For evaluation of growth performance and estimation of breeding value of individuals of all F1 progeny families, PIT Tagging was performed by inserting the tag into peritoneal cavity of grown individuals for identification. A 25 fingerlings from each of the selected families were tagged. The PIT tagged individuals showed mortality at 35% within two-three weeks of insertion. To know the impact of hapa rearing system, 25 individuals from each of the selected comparable family groups grown from hapa rearing system, were also PIT tagged and stocked in the same communal experimental pond. These families are being reared to evaluate them by studying growth characteristics as well as DNA microsatellite based genetic structure for identification of improved individuals and also improved families. In the breeding season of 2017, eight pairs of selected broods (F1) from the communal experimental pond were bred and the resultant F2 progenies are being reared in hapas for comparing their growth performance with a rohu stock collected from a private hatchery. Improvement of Salinity Tolerance in Tilapias: a Need Based Study for the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh Md. Sadiqul Islam Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH, E-mail: sadiqul1973@yahoo.com

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the survival and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to different salinity exposures. Nile tilapia of 5 and 25 day after hatch (DAH) were (weight =0.02±0.00g, total length =0.12±0.01cm) and (weight =0.17 ± 0.00g, total length =2.41 ± 0.05cm, mean±SE), respectively was conducted for 45 days in 15ppt salinity. The range finding test from 0 to 25ppt showed that the salinity tolerance limit of the fish was up to 15ppt and median lethal concentration (LC50) of 5 and 25 DAH Nile tilapia were 16.53 and 18.65ppt, respectively by probit analysis. Fish showed various observations in different salinity. The exhibited signs and mortality rate increased with increased of salinity level. To evaluate the growth of fish such as weight gain (g), average daily weight gain (g), percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (%) were calculated. Survival rate (%) of 5 and 25 DAH Nile tilapia during acclimation at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15ppt salinity were 100, 99, 93.94, 94.98, 64.15 and 100, 98.58, 94.5, 96.83, 88.52, respectively. At the end of experiment result showed that the highest specific growth rate was found in 0ppt in 5 DAH Nile tilapia and 15ppt in 25 DAH Nile tilapia and it was significantly (P<0.05) higher than 0ppt. The mean survival rate of tilapia were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 25 DAH Nile tilapia. The obtained result clearly indicates that Nile tilapia of 5 DAH has lower ability to salinity tolerance than 25 DAH. Effects of River Pollution on Aquatic Biota

Zakir Hossain* and Halima Jahan Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: zakirh1000@yahoo.com

Abstract

Due to rapid and unplanned urbanization and industrialization, the river Buriganga is expressing the complicated problem of pollution that eventually affects the aquatic biota including fish. Thereby, plankton community, histopathology and Acetylcholinesterase

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(AChE) activity were studied from these steadily polluted rivers. Intolerable dissolved oxygen, 1.5 ppm in Buriganga, was recorded at the advent of dry season when the water level reduces abruptly but the pollutant concentration remains identical. A total of 38 plankton genera were recorded from Buriganga at wet season whereas at dry season, lower count was recorded as 25. Anabas testudineus and Channa punctatus were challenged for 20 days to the water of Buriganga for histological analysis that reveal the severe structural alterations in skin muscle, gills, liver, kidney and gonads. The major pathologies were partial and total epidermal loss, muscle separation, hemorrhage, necrosis, pyknosis, gill clubbing, fungal granuloma, missing of secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy, fatty degeneration, degenerating kidney and glomelural tubule, scattered spermatozoa, prominent testis interstitial space and vacuoles found in skin muscle, gills, gonads, hepatocytes, and hematopoietes. The AChE activity was used as a neurotoxic biomarker. After 20 days of exposure, significant inhibition (P< 0.001) of this enzyme reveals the potency of this biomarker against pollution. These results suggest that discharge of industrial pollutants into three major rivers ultimately interrupt with the biological availability of plankton as well as fish altering their normal histology and inhibiting the key enzyme in nervous system. Determination of Digestive Enzymes Activities, New Muscle Generation by Replacing Animal Protein to Plant Protein in Diets of Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus Zakir Hossain* and Mst. Arzu Pervin Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: zakirh1000@yahoo.com Abstract In the present study, growth performances, histological structure of muscle and stomach and intestine and digestive enzymes activity were investigated for the confirmation of the positive effect of soybean meal (SBM) in growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five diets were formulated as D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM, respectively as a replacement of fish meal (FM). Significantly higher (P < 0.1) final body weight was observed in D1 (SBM0) and D2 (SBM25) groups at 90, 120, 150 and 180 days; and in D3 (SBM50) and D4 (SBM75) groups at 150 and 180 days compared to D5 (SBM100) group. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and specific growth rate were shown by D1, D2, D3, and D4 groups compared to D5. Fiber density was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in D1 and D2 groups compared to D5 group. D3, D4, and D5 groups having approximately similar weight (34±1.41 g) showed significantly longer (P < 0.01) intestine compared to D1 group. D1, D2 and D3 groups displayed significantly greater (P< 0.01) villus height (Vh) of both stomach and intestine compared to D5. Significantly greater (P< 0.05) muscular thickness (Mt) of stomach and intestine were shown by D3 and D4 groups and also D5 group showed significantly greater (P< 0.01) muscular thickness. Protease activity significantly increased (P < 0.05) in stomach of D2 group compared to D5. In posterior segment (PS) of intestine, significantly increased (P < 0.05) amylase activity was found in D2, D3 and D4 groups compared to D1 group containing higher amount of SBM and unlikely protease activity significantly greater (P < 0.05) in D1.group. These results suggest that the replacement of FM up to 75% SBM, showed significantly (P <0.01; P < 0.05; P <0.1) better growth performance, and did not affect the enzyme activities and gut health of O. niloticus.

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Extraction of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (pufas) from a Marine Cephalopod Loligo sp. and Determination of Its Performance on the Gonadal Maturation and Spontaneous Spawning of Gourami, Colisa Fasciatus M. M. Rahman*, N. Sultana and M. S. Hossen Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, *E-mail: rahman.matiur@bau.edu.bd Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors that determine the reproductive success through improving egg and sperm quality and quantity. An experiment was conducted to extract PUFAs from marine squid (Loligo edulis) and to observe its performance on gonadal maturation and growth of Gourami, Calisa fasciatus. Following the method of Salman et al. (2007) with some modification, PUFAs was extracted from L. edulis at the rate of 1.11% body weight. Then C. fasciatus were provided with supplemental diet enriched with 1% PUFAs for three months and a control diet without PUFAs. After three months, PUFA treated fish of both male and female showed superior growth performance in terms of average gain in length (3.32±0.15 cm and 2.29±0.09 cm), and average gain in weight (3.3±0.08 g and 5.57±0.15 g), respectively compared to control fish. Considering sperm quality, live sperm count was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated fish (97.79±0.82%) compared to control fish (91.89±0.63%). Motility of sperm was 90% and 95% for control and PUFAs treated fish, respectively. To evaluate the effect of PUFAs on gonadal maturation of C. fasciatus, histomorphological study of ovary and liver samples was done. Most of the oocytes from ovary of PUFAs treated fish were found at the stage of late yolk granule (LYG) in April that point towards the spontaneous spawning of the fish. Whilst in control group, mostly observed oocytes were in pre-maturation stage. Histomorphological changes in liver of PUFAs treated C. fasciatus confirmed significant amount of lipid droplets in pre-spawning period in March and it decreased early in April or May; whereas, no such lipid droplets were initiated at that time in control group. It is therefore, suggested that supplementation of extracted PUFAs from L. edulis in feed induced growth and early gonadal maturation of C. fasciatus. Transforming Climate Knowledge with and for Society (TRACKS): Mobilizing Knowledge on Climate Variability with Communities in Northeast Bangladesh-Impacts of Citizen Science Research M. Mahfujul Haque1*, Md. Saifullah Bin Aziz1 and Scott Bremer2 1Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 2Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway *Email: mmhaque1974@yahoo.com

Abstract

The TRACKS project funded by the Norwegian Research Council aims to bring science and society together in an interacting platform to co-produce high quality knowledge of climate

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variability and its impacts in the northeast Bangladesh i.e. Sylhet Division, one of the climatically vulnerable regions of Bangladesh. The use of citizen science approach for measuring indicators of climate change in developing countries is becoming popular because it is cost effective, it permits gathering data over a large geographic and temporal scale, and it improves the ‘broader impact’ of the research by involving citizens. The TRACKS research approach emphasizes the learning and capacity building associated with citizen science, engaging the stakeholders of an ‘extended peer community’ for designing the research, carrying out the measurements, logging data, and undertaking analysis. In this project area (particularly in Sunamganj and Moulvibazar district), about fifty citizen scientists were selected depending on the level of their climate knowledge as known from narrative interviews done with them before, and their willingness to participate in the research process. The selected citizen scientists developed cognitive maps relating to their local weather phenomena, found out major indicators to measure, and developed the ways to measure the indicators for a year following Bengali calendar (mid April 2016 to mid April 2017). The impacts of measuring the indicators by the citizen scientists were found far-reaching. Citizen scientists measured climate indictors using both device and their own (indigenous) knowledge systems and practices. The acquired knowledge measuring indicators they applied in various ways for adaptation of daily life to local weather variability. Using the knowledge of temperature reading, citizen scientists (e.g. rural doctor cum medicine seller) decided to rearrange drugs in shelf in shop so that temperature sensitive drugs cannot get affected by higher temperature. Citizen scientists (e.g. poultry drug seller cum poultry farmer) kept open the window of poultry shed so that air ventilation gets high, so as to reduce temperature stress on poultry birds. Using temperature and humidity knowledge, citizen scientist (e.g. rice farmer) acquired skills to predict short term rainfall and decide to go for work in long distant ricefields in Haor. Measuring humidity combining with northeast-to-southwest wind flow, citizen scientist (e.g. rice farmer) can predict rainfall accurately. Using this knowledge, citizen scientist can decide for fishing in Haor, ricefields work, harvesting rice, drying rice and going to marketplaces. Upgrading Pangas and Tilapia Value Chains in Bangladesh–BangFish: Aquaculture Certification Issues M. Mahfujul Haque1* and Md. Ismail Hossain2 1Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 2Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *Email: mmhaque1974@yahoo.com Abstract In Bangladesh, pangasius and tilapia are the leading aquaculture species but their existing farming systems are intertwined with negative environmental impacts; poor scope of value addition in the domestic market because culturally Bangladeshis like fresh fish from wet market; low price and its fluctuation in domestic market; and uncertain profit margin at the farmer level; and no development of export market yet. Therefore, ensuring quality fish production for export trade, adopting standard and certification might be the reality. In upgrading pangasius and tilapia value-chain with respect to standard and certification adoption/development, the criteria/quality control points on which aquaculture standard and certification generally stands on, are site management (local legal framework), seed production at hatchery, feed management, occupational health and safety, fish welfare, management & husbandry, harvesting, environment & biodiversity management, water use &

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waste disposal and social criteria. Depending on these quality points, the existing farming practices are being assessed combining with other studies of WP2 under BangFish Project funded by DANIDA. This assessment is being done applying various methodological approaches with the stakeholders of DoF, NGO, processing plants, seafood exporter association etc. Currently, the questionnaire surveys with pangasius and tilapia farmers, nursery owners, hatchery owners, commission agents, wholesalers, retailers, input suppliers, feed mill owners, and processing plants owners are underway. After data collection and database preparation, the analytical approach would be of descriptive statistics as per criteria of cultured species (pangasius, tilapia), species combination (mono, poly), farm size (small, medium, large) etc. Based on these criteria, comparative statistical analyses would be carried out to see what category of farms doing better in terms of quality fish production complying with criteria/control points as required by aquaculture standard and certification in the export market. Eco-friendly Health Management of Indigenous Catfish Using Probiotics: Efficacy and Application Against Bacterial Diseases Tanvir Rahman Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh E-mail: tanvir.nishi@gmail.com Abstract Studies were conducted to identify the potential probiotic bacteria from the guts of indigenous catfish and to evaluate the probiotic effects on survival, growth and Aeromonas infection of Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis under laboratory condition. Probiotic bacteria were isolated from intestines of experimental fish using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) and tryptone soya agar (TSA) in duplicate. The candidate bacterium was injected intraperitoneally (IP) at a dose of 106-107 CFU/ mL to determine its bio-safety effects on experimental fish. In-vitro antagonistic ability of the bacteria was investigated against a laboratory stocked fish pathogen, Aeromonas veronii using TSA. Efficacy of the candidate bacterium was tested under laboratory condition by experimental infection of catfish. Probiotic performance was analyzed by comparing the growth performance of C. batrachus and H. fossilis with a commercial probiotic supplemented with basal diet. Primarily, 14 autochthonous gut isolate were selected from catfish based on the antagonistic activities. Two isolates, each from C. batrachus and H. fossilis, showed antagonism against the experimental pathogen A. veronii, were selected as putative probiotics. The whole-cell components exhibited bactericidal activity against the pathogens. Biochemical analyses identified Bacillus sp. from the gut of C. batrachus and Lactobacillus sp. from H. fossilis. Bio-safety evaluation through intra-peritoneal injection of the isolates did not induce any clinical signs or mortalities in fish. The incorporation of Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. prevented aeromonad experimental infection, improved growth performance and survival of both catfish. The study showed probiotic properties of autochthonous gut bacteria in C. batrachus and H. fossilis, demonstrated potential for using them as biocontrol agents and hence, could be recommended as an eco-friendly health management approach in the indigenous catfish aquaculture.

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Towards Understanding Bacterial Diseases in Commercial Aquafarms: Investigation on Biosecurity Issues and Causal Agents Tanvir Rahman Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh E-mail: tanvir.nishi@gmail.com

Abstract

Biosecurity in aquaculture is a management strategy to safeguard aquatic animals from infectious diseases, and is crucial for a successful aquaculture industry. The present study was conducted to determine the bacterial fish diseases and related biosecurity issues in 50 commercial aquafarms located in Mymensingh district. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools like focus group discussion. Clinical investigation of diseases was recorded on spot and laboratory analysis was performed at Fish Disease Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Bacterial identification was done by conventional biochemical techniques. Antibiotic-resistances were checked by disk diffusion method. Virulence was tested by experimental infection. It was observed that majority of the farmers (92.00%) did not have clear understanding about aquafarm biosecurity. No farm was found having foot bath or quarantine facilities to prevent bacterial infection. Sporadically, some farmers measured water quality parameters (74.00%), arranged proper feed storage facility (66.00%) stocked disease free fingerlings (72.00%), disinfected fish before stocking (18.00%) and disposed dead fish regularly (58.00%). Very few farms restricted cattle or visitor's movement (20.00%), covered ponds with nets to prevent birds (16.00%) and regularly disinfected the equipments (22.00%). Bacterial involvement was found from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), hemorrhagic disease, gill rot, dropsy and tail and fin rot affected fish. About 22 fish pathogenic isolates were collected from infected carps, catfish and perches. Biochemical analyses identified pathogenic strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Aeromonas sp. Edwardsiella tarda, Steptococcus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. Most virulent bacteria were screened by the experimental infection of Bardonymus gonionotus (6.30 ± 1.50 g) and Oreochromis niloticus (5.74 ± 1.95 g). Antibiogram studies by disk diffusion method revealed ampicillin resistant strains of A. veronii, isolated from hemorrhagic lesions of Mystus cavasius. The study has successfully drawn up a scenario of the biosecurity status of commercial finfish farms of Mymensingh. To prevent the outbreaks bacterial fish diseases, further improvement of the overall biosecurity status in aquafarms is highly recommended. Development of Induced Breeding, Larval Rearing and Culture Techniques of Ghaura, Clupisoma Garua Md. Idris Miah Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Email: pdridris952@gmail.com Abstract For the first time, induced breeding, larval rearing and pond culture of threatened ghaura, Clupisoma garua were studied at the Fisheries Laboratory Complex, Faculty of Fisheries,

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Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, during January/2015 to December/2016. In the first year, 122 fish were collected from different places of Mymensingh district for experimental breeding purpose. The Collected fish were stocked in the cistern over night for conditioning in the complex. 50% of the fish died due to much turbidity of the water. At that time deep tube well was almost out of order. Remaining 50% of the fish were feed CP quality feed at 20% body weight per day. One or two fish died in every twenty four hours. After 20 days, pond was dried and found that all fishes were dead. In the second year, 215 male and female fish were collected from same places mentioned above. After acclimatization, the fishes were used for induced breeding trial with different doses of PG and HCG with single and double doses at 6 h intervals. After using double doses, most of fish were died. However, most of the fish were survived after using single doses but their belly become hard and no ovulation were observed. The fish showed different abnormal behaviour after injection, such as abnormal movements, become very weak, lips turned to red colour etc. The eggs in the ovary moved to upper side instead of opening to the ovary. Actually, this fish is a running water critically endangered species, very fragile, sensitive and difficult to handling. However, GSI and fecundity of this fish species were determined. The mean GSI obtained from April 2016 to March 2017 were 0.52, 1.52, 1.87, 1.20, 0.89, 0.77, 0.22, 0.37, 0.66, 0.48 and 0.45, respectively. The lowest GSI for female was found in November (0.22) and highest GSI was in June (1.87). The lowest fecundity was 6159 eggs and highest was 22166 eggs. Based on GSI and fecundity, the spawning season of this species was apparent from May to August with peak in June. This is a high fecundity fish. Four M.S. students were working to produce wheir M.S. theses. Further student should be needed.

Growth and Production Performance of Air-Breathing Climbing Perch (Anabas Testudenius) and Major Carps in Polyculture

Shahroz Mahean Haque Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, E-mail: shahrozm2002@yahoo.com Abstract The use of Koi or climbing perch (Anabas testudenius)in aquaculture has grown substantially over the past decade in Bangladesh because it has a high market value and is rich in nutrients. Further, being an air-breathing fish, Koi have a strong capacity to tolerate poor oxygen environments. Koi production is currently limited to monoculture systems with intensive use of commercial-grade feeds. Feed constitutes almost 80% of the total costs for producing Koi and thus methods to reduce feed inputs can provide significant economic benefits, particularly if fish are co-cultured with carps that rely primarily on natural pond productivity rather than direct consumption of formulated feeds. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and profitability of semi-intensive polyculture of Koi with Indian carps (Rohu and Catla) in pond and also to evaluate the effectiveness of reduced feeding and pond fertilization in Koi–carp polyculture. The research consisted of four treatments, with three replicates each (12 ponds; 100 m2 area, 1.5 m depth). T1 consisted of

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a Koi monoculture (5/m2) with full daily feeding while the other three treatments consisted of a Koi-carp polyculture (Catla, 0.2/m2; Rui, 0.8/m2; Koi, 5/m2) with full daily feeding (T2), 75% daily feeding (T3), or 50% daily feeding (T4). Additionally, the ponds for T3 and T4 were fertilized weekly with urea and triple super phosphate (28 kg/ha N, 5.6 Kg P/ha) to boost pond productivity. Koi were fed a full daily ration of commercial feed (CP feed) according to current practice (20% down to 5% body weight/day) or a fraction of this based on treatment groups.After 126 days, the average weight gains for Koi were 54.79, 96.63, 119.6 g, and 120.5g in T1-4, respectively. The body lengths for Koi were highest in T3 (18.22 cm), followed by T4 (17.97 cm), and lowest in T1 (9.5 cm). Average weights of Ruiat the end of the study were 273, 298, and 340 g for T2-T4, respectively, while that for Catla was 456, 339 and 396 g for T2-T4, respectively. Survival of Koi ranged from 45 - 57% with the highest rate occurring in T4. Catla and Rui survival was 67- 80% and 58 - 61%, respectively. The results demonstrate1) that Koi growth is enhanced when polycultured with carps versus in monoculture, 2) addition of carps to Koi culture improves overall fish production over Koi monoculture alone, and 3) reducing daily ration by 50% along with pond fertilization has little impact on growth of Koi or carps. Based on this research, Koi polyculture with carps is substantially more beneficial in terms of fish production than the current practice of Koi monoculture. This along with reductions in feed ration allow considerable improvement in feed conversion and cost savings with little impact on fish production. (Supported by the AquaFish Innovation Lab – USAID). Development of Quality Salt-Smoke-Dried Fish Product Prepared From Tengra (Mystustengara) and Batashi (Neotropius atherinoides Kept at Ambient Storage Condition Subhash Chandra Chakraborty Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: subhash55chakraborty@yahoo.co.uk Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the changes in sensory attributes, water rehydration capacity, microbiological and biochemical components of fresh, smoked, salt-smoke-dried (SSD), Control dried (CD; treated without salt and smoke), and traditionally dried (TD) tengra (Mystus tengara) and batashi (Neotropius atherinoides) during storage at ambient temperature (26-28oC). Drying was done in a ring tunnel dryer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salt dip, smoking followed by drying on the shelf life of the product over 2 months storage period. The mean general acceptability score of salt-smoke-dried (SSD) tengra and batashi gradually decreased during storage period. Organoleptically, the overall quality of SSD products stored at refrigeration temperature was better than products stored at ambient temperature. Traditional dried (TD) products were found poor in quality compared to the products produced in ring tunnel dryer. The moisture content of fresh tengra and batashi was changed to 18.80 and 18.10%, for salt-smoke-dried (SSD) tengra and batashi respectively. The initial value of protein, fat and ash content of SSD tengra and batashi was 63.40, 19.95 and 16.55%; 65.93, 17.09 and 16.90%, respectively. The maximum rehydration was in the range of 48.21 to 68.30%, 52.79 to 74.64% and 18.16 to 53.76% were obtained in the samples when soaked at 600 C for control dried (CD), SSD and traditionally dried (TD) tengra and batashi, respectively. The percentage of rehydration

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increased with the increment of soaking time and the uptake of water was maximum after 60 min of soaking. On the other hand the percentage of water holding capacity decreased with increased storage period due to the slow increase of moisture content in the samples. The initial salt content, TVB-N and SPC value in SSD tengra and batashi was 3.40%, 5.86mg/100g and 1.02×104CFU/g; 3.20%, 6.10mg/100g and 1.14×104cfug respectively. These values particularly TVBN and SPC slowly increased with storage period respectively in both salt-smoke-dried tengra and batashi, during storage at ambient condition.

Studies on the Quality and Safety Aspect of Fish and Fishery Products of Bangladesh M. A. Mansur Department of Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, E-mail: mansurft63@gmail.com Abstract

This part of the research project (July 2016 to June 2017) was conducted to study the quality and safety aspect of processed fish and fishery products of Bangladesh. Among the processed fish and fishery products prepared from freshwater fishes three sun-dried fish (Amblypharingodon microlepin, Mystus tengra, Wallago attu), salted fish (Hilsa ilisha), semi-fermented fish (Puntius stigma), frozen freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were included. Among the marine fish products five sun-dried marine fish (Stromateus cinereus, Lates calcarifer, Harpodon nehereus, Trichiurus haumela, Engraulis tellasa), frozen tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) were included. The samples were assessed by sensory quality test (Organoleptic test), estimation of nutritional composition e.g. protein, lipid, ash, moisture, TVB-N, TMA-N and heavy metal concentration e.g. Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn in Laboratory experiments. Organoleptically the processed fish and fishery products were excellent. The SDP was <2 in almost all samples which indicated excellent condition i.e. Grade A. The protein content of the processed fish and fishery products was between 18.5% in frozen prawn to 56.20% in sun-dried Amblypharingodon microlepin. Lipid content was between 2.15% to 20.09%, ash content was between 1.24% to 19.07% and moisture content was between 18.88% to 79.65%. The TVB-N value of frozen freshwater prawn was 9.65 mg/100g. Whereas in sun-dried fish, salted fish, semi-fermented the TVB-N value was between 72.8 mg/100g to 87.28 mg/100g. The TMA-N value of the samples was between 3.19 mg/100g to 9.68 mg/100g. The Cd, Cu, Zn concentration was below maximum allowable limit with a few exception as recommended by World Health Organization. The Cr and Pb concentration in almost all samples was above maximum allowable limit (Cr>0.05 ppm, Pb>2 ppm) as recommended by World Health Organization. Result of this rese4arch project indicates that the processed fish and fishery products are of excellent sensory and nutritional quality, excellent freshness quality. These are reasonably safe to eat with careful selection.