bangladesh integrated food security phase classification...

Bangladesh Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Acute Food Security Situation Overview

Created on: August 25, 2013 Validation: October 02, 2013

Summary of causes, context and key issues This analysis covers 13 coastal districts of Bangladesh. These districts are similar in agro ecological, socioeconomic and disaster vulnerabilities. Of the 13 districts 8 districts in the south western coastal belt were also analyzed in the pilot phase of IPC (Dec 2012). From the current analysis, it has been found that 8 districts (Pirojpur, Satkhira, Khulna, Borguna, Barisal, Patuakhali, Cox’s Bazar, Noakhali) are classified as Phase 3 on the IPC Acute Food Security Scale. The main factors contributing to this are the repeated occurrence of cyclones, tidal surges, water logging, river erosion and salinity resulting in poor food consumption and high levels of malnutrition. Jhalokati, Bagerhat, Feni, Lakshmipur and Chittagong were found to be slightly less food insecure and were classified in Phase 2. Among the 13 districts, the nutritional status of both women and children were found to be worst in Pirojpur, Barisal, Noakhali and Chittagong. However, the food consumption patterns of both women and household were found worst in Pirojpur, Satkhira, Patuakhali and Lakshmipur district. The analysis shows that in the majority of the coastal districts, the household food consumption and acute malnutrition rates are worse than the national average. The areas facing frequent natural disasters were found to have the highest levels of food insecurity due to the impact of the shocks on food availability, access and or utilization. (Data for most of the key indicators are given in a table in annex 4.)

Local Analyses Partners & Supporting Organizations Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), under Ministry of Food, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), under Ministry of Agriculture, BangladeshBureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL), Department of Disaster Management (DDM), Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPRRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), FAO, WFP, UNICEF, UNOCHA, WHO, ACF, OXFAM, Care, Save The Children, HKI, Dan Church Aid (DCA), World Vision, Islamic Relief Bangladesh (IRB), Muslim Aid, Concern Universal Bangladesh (CUB), SOLIDARITES INTERNATIONAL, ECHO, Eco Social Development Organization (ESDO), BRAC, Shushilon

For more information please contact: Mr Feroz Ahmed, National IPC Coordinator, FAO-Bangladesh, Dhaka at [email protected]

IPC Global Partners

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Part 1: Background, Objectives, Methods, Challenges, Achievements & Next Steps

Background

Bangladesh’s first Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) was successfully conducted from the 03-06 December2012. The IPC project, funded by ECHO, is housed by the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) under the Ministry of Food, meant to assure the integration of the function in an already existing institution. Furthermore, food security information management is a key component of the Food Security Cluster (FSC), an IPC platform. Institutional arrangements created to date have effectively placed the IPC at the intersection between humanitarian action (FSC) and the greater development agenda (food and nutrition security policy and planning), thus working to ensure a coherent and multisectoral nature of the food security analysis and action in Bangladesh. Both the Technical Working Group (TWG) and the Analysts Group (AG) of the IPC show equal representation of NGOs, UN and Government staff, including other humanitarian cluster groups such as Nutrition, WASH, Health etc. Therefore, the IPC also provides training to cluster members, whilst creating a network for dialogue between the humanitarian cluster and government technical working groups based on the nature of its proposed matrix.

Presently, there is no nationally owned systematic and comprehensive food security monitoring by district or divisions in Bangladesh. The NFP PoA and the CIP monitoring system actually investigates the long-term food security situation of the country. However, the FSC under FAO and WFP leadership is conducting humanitarian food security and vulnerability assessments in selected areas. In addition to this, the Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Project (FSNSP), jointly conducted by School of Public Health, BRAC University, Helen Keller International (HKI) and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) generate large volume of primary data. The approach of the IPC is to make the best use of what evidence is available, and to do so in a rigorious and transparent amnner. Consequently, there is a clear need to establish the comprehensive IPC analysis system in Bangladesh in order to monitor the changes in the major indicators of food security by regions and over time. The IPC would offer joint participation and active interaction amongst the various development actors and the Government of Bangladesh to address the issues of food security.

Thus the successful introduction & establishment of the IPC Version 2 across Bangladesh constituting an important step-in food security monitoring and decision making.

Objectives

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) funded by ECHO has the following objectives for its Second Phase in Bangladesh:

To strengthen and institutionalize the Bangladesh FSC through two major technical initiatives: 1. Strengthen the FSC’s capacity to carry out coordinated and comprehensive needs

assessments in times of humanitarian action, and

2. Roll out Phase 2 of IPC in order to institutionalize IPC as a standard tool for consolidated analysis and product to inform policy and programming in humanitarian, transition and development action.

Methods

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a set of protocols to classify the severity and causes of food insecurity and provide actionable knowledge by consolidating wide-ranging evidence. These evidences or data are analyzed based on the given threshold. For some local indicators where thresholds are not given, based on the consensus of the analysts and TWG members, thresholds are determined. Data of all these indicators fall under five contributing factors (Hazard and Vulnerability, Availability, Access, Utilization and Stability). These contributing factors guide the phase classification of four food security outcomes. These are: Food Consumption, Livelihood Change, Nutritional Status and Mortality (each outcome phase can range from 1 through 5). Finally, based on these phases of

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the four outcomes, a final phase is determined for the whole district (which is not the statistical average of the four outcomes). If the sample size of the data set representing any indicators was not adequate during the phase classification that particular indicator was used with caution. In the absence of more recent data on certain indicators comparatively older data was used e.g., mortality data (MICS 2009) and poverty data but these data were given less weight during the phase classification. For one or two indicators data were available from multiple sources with varying estimates. In this type of situation the most updated and authentic source was used. In the report, the phases are indicated by the letter P (For example, Phase 3 is indicated by P 3). Additional details about the terms used in each graph can be found in the footnotes.

Challenges

There is a huge demand for district level IPC acute analysis (even at Upazila level) from both IPC stakeholders and TWG members. But the timely availability of recent data at district level for most of the key indicators of IPC is often difficult.

It would have been better to use data for a specific period of the year to capture the effects of seasonality, which is more applicable for acute analysis. But to provide district level analysis, aggregated data from whole year has been used for some indicators.

The trained IPC analysts are not always available during the data collection and analysis. To train up a new participant and to get immediate output from him/her is a challenge.

Most of the data sources that have been used in this current analysis were collected before Tropical Storm Mahasen that hit Bangladesh on 16 May 2013 so this analysis does not explicitly capture the impact of Mahasen rather this analysis have tried to provide an overall picture of the whole coastal belt of Bangladesh. However, it should be noted that this report partly used hazard and vulnerability information from some of the Post Mahasen Reports.

Achievements

Some of the notable achievements of this project are: The successful production of Bangladesh’s second IPC acute food security analysis & IPC map. The second comprehensive analysis conducted across the Bangladesh coastal zone (13

Districts) with active participation and cooperation by the Government of Bangladesh, UN agencies and NGO.

Extending the pool of certified IPC analysts 3 times (15 participants to 45) and IPC certified trainers resulting in considerable capacity building across the Government and the development sector of Bangladesh.

The pilot phase of IPC acute analysis was undertaken for 8 districts while this cycle of analysis covered 13 districts.

The National Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), under the Ministry of Food have appreciated the IPC analysis in public. Furthermore, in the IPC acute analysis report validation session, the various attendees were informed of the Government of Bangladesh’s commitment to institutionalize the IPC within the government; and their desire to establish this tool across the country over the longer-term.

Different Cluster members started using the IPC phase 2 acute analysis report in different purposes including project proposal development, intervention design and so on.

Phase classification based on robust analysis of the whole coastal belt (13 districts). As per the Terms of Reference (TOR) of TWG, the outcome of the IPC acute analyses has

presented in the food security cluster, Humanitarian Coordination Task Team (HCTT) for their endorsement and implementation.

Next Steps

Following the successful piloting of the IPC acute analysis there is now a clear need for the following steps and actions to be taken:

Continuation of IPC analysis at the national level utilizing the capacity of the TWG and IPC analysts, which is already expanding. Future analysis to be carried out in various zones or

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cluster across the whole country (64 Districts). The Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), under the Ministry of Food has keen interest and demand for the continuation of the IPC project in Bangladesh

Conduct a comprehensive chronic analysis covering all 64 Districts of Bangladesh. These results can then be analyzed along with the acute analytical results to provide a more nuanced study on the drivers of food insecurity. This will result in the formulation of more effective response plans and programming for both the Government and the development community. This will also complement the monitoring of the NFP PoA & Country Investment Plan (CIP) and ongoing Food Security Cluster activities in Bangladesh.

Establish periodic cycles of acute and chronic analysis for Bangladesh. The frequency of analysis will be decided jointly by the TWG.

It is important to build the analytical capacity and facilitation skills of the government and other food security related stakeholders. That is why other then aground 40 globally certified analysts and two master trainers; another Training of Trainers (ToT) session is being planned for another 6-10 IPC analysts.

It is crucial that participating organizations continue to ensure that data as per the jointly agreed upon indicators (for the acute analysis), be collected during the course of the organization’s normal operations. In particular the VAM unit of WFP is encouraged to collect key data on food access and food consumption indicators.

Ensure that the TWG meet regularly at least 3 times a year and take an active role in promoting, improving and establishing the IPC system across Bangladesh. The IPC Project will ensure that all new participants/organizations joining the TWG will receive comprehensive training on IPC.

There is a plan to work closely with all the existing cluster of Bangladesh. As part of that findings of the current IPC acute analysis will be shared through a power point presentation within and /or between the key clusters.

Ensure that IPC analysis is utilized in planning of resources by the development sector and by the GoB. In particular work together to see how IPC analysis & work can better inform policy formulation.

Work closely with the existing cluster to avoid duplication of efforts and capitalize on members' field presence and expertise

Part 2: A summary of the Analysis & Findings

The IPC acute analysis is the outcome of the following rigorous process:

a. Communicated with the TWG and AG members and mobilized them The IPC project organized a national workshop to raise awareness and sensitize key stakeholders on IPC. Some meetings, numerous e-mail communications and phone calls were made to the existing TWG members and AG members as well as communicated with lots of new agencies relevant to IPC to ensure their participation.

b. Refresher Training Two days refresher training was conducted for both new and old participants who were from Government departments, UN agencies, IPC Global Partners, INGOs and Food Security Cluster (FSC).

c. The National Technical Working Group (NTWG) and Analyst Group: The following organizations are the member of the NTWG and Analyst Group:

Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) under Ministry of Food Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) under Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock (MoFL) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPRRSO) Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Department of Disaster Management (DDM) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Food Programme (WFP)

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United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) World Health Organization (WHO) Oxfam Care International Save The Children Action Against Hunger (ACF) Helen Keller International (HKI) Concern Universal Bangladesh (CUB) Solidarits International Islamic Relief Bangladesh (IRB) Dan Church Aid (DCA) Muslim Aid World Vision ECHO Eco Social Development Organization (ESDO) BRAC and Shushilon

Indicators

Indicators used for IPC phase 2 acute analysis are very much same as it was in phase 1.1 The list of these indicators is provided in Annex 1. Apart from this core set, participants also used other indicators relevant to their particular district (s) during the analysis. The analysis incorporated a range of acute indicators pertaining to the following key elements.

Food availability Livelihood change Food access Nutrition and mortality Food consumption Hazards, vulnerability and coping strategies Food utilization

List of Participating Members of the Bangladesh National IPC TWG is provided in Annex-2.

Zoning

Based on homogeneous food security and livelihoods (FSL) characteristics and availability of information/data and geographical coverage, the whole country (64 Districts of Bangladesh) was divided into 11 major zones for IPC analysis (Please see annex 3 for details). Analysis for two coastal zones had carried out in this phase. These zones are as follows:

Coastal Area: Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Barisal, Barguna, Patuakhali, Jhalokati Greater Noakhali: Noakhali, Laxmipur, Feni, Bhola, Cox’s Bazer, Chittagong2

IPC Acute Food Insecurity level and population estimates under the level Based on the availability of data, convergence of the evidence and expert knowledge (not depending on the statistical average) the analytical zones were classified on a particular IPC Acute Food Insecurity level based on group’s technical consensus. Estimates of the population under each level and type of acute food insecurity were also decided based on the convergence of evidence, district population estimates and technical consensus. The analysis offers estimates of populations or even the population range. This is an indicative figure only to furnish the analyst with an idea of the scale and scope.

Overview of Food and Nutrition Security The IPC Analysts Group classified 8 districts as falling under IPC acute phase 3 and 5 districts in IPC phase 2. Among the 13 districts 8 districts have been analyzed before in December 2012, since then

1IPC Phase 1 project organized national level workshops in the month of September2012. The TWG and Analyst Group identified the indicators according to the local context. A final list of 20 core indicators was shortlisted through a comprehensive consultative process. Those core indicators remain unchanged for this analysis 2Due to unavailability of data of some key indicators, Bhola has taken out from this current analysis

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phase has changed for Khulna, Barisal and Jhalokati districts. Khulna and Barisal have now become phase 3 which was in phase 2 earlier analysis. In contrast, phase classification of Jhalokati has improved to phase 2 which was phase 3. Food consumption patterns and women’s nutritional status have declined compared to last year’s acute analysis which raised phase classification of Khulna from phase 2 to 3. In contrast, food consumption pattern of both women and households have improved slightly in Barisal compared to last year but the nutritional situation of both women and children have worsened.

The current analysis explored that the dietary pattern of women and the Food consumption pattern of households are very poor for most of the districts which is probably responsible for the poor nutritional status of women and children. Data revealed that food consumption pattern is poorest in Coastal belt compared to other zones of Bangladesh. It should also be noted that the prevalence of introduction to solid, semi-solid or soft food is low in the coastal belt compared to other zones of Bangladesh (Coastal belt 82 percent, National 87 percent). The previous IPC analysis reported that food availability in terms of crop production was not a major limiting factor for most of the districts but access to food posed a challenge. However, it should be noted that district level availability in terms of production does not say anything explicitly about the district because these food items may easily be exported to other districts.

It is evident that most of the coastal districts are severely prone to cyclone (e.g. Sidr in 2007, Aila in 2009, Mahasen in 2013), tidal surge and vulnerable to climate change. Saline water intrusion, water logging, sea level rise, migration are the consequences of these disasters and/or shocks. These shocks seriously hamper their life and livelihoods including water, sanitation, shelter especially for poor people and who stays close to the coast and make them more vulnerable. A longer term development intervention is called for – for example disaster risk reduction approach. Immediate attention is needed to improve the dietary pattern. Summary of Findings by District The detailed analysis, findings, population estimations and worksheets for districts available with the IPC National Coordinator, FAO Bangladesh. Contact Person: Mr. Feroz Ahmed, [email protected]

Analysis by District

Pirojpur

The IPC analysts concluded that approximately 45-55 percent of the population falls under acute food insecurity IPC Phase 3. Key contributing elements for this conclusion include the following:

Food availability is not an issue for this district as there is ample of supply of staple food including rice, vegetable, fish in the domestic markets. But volatile agricultural wage rates and high price of non-rice nutritious food items affected severely the food consumption of the low income groups specially the day labourers.

A main employment source in Pirojpur is agriculture and about 35 percent of the population live on farming and approximately 17 percent population comprise of agricultural day labourers who are below the lower poverty line. Among the peasants 27 percent are landless, 30.65 percent marginal, 23.32 percent small (1) (2). Because of seasonality in agriculture, in lean season wage rates drop to minimum levels and results poor access to food leading to poor households practicing detrimental coping strategies such as reduced number of meal, low quality food intake, reduced quantity etc. Finally it negatively impacts the nutritional status and all these are evident in the given data. This seasonality also affects the ToT markedly. Moreover, during cyclone season (April-May & October-November) tidal surge was higher than usual and inundated the agricultural land causing damage of crops. In the rainy season it becomes very difficult to travel around the district without a boat. A large proportion of the population (41 percent) is deprived of education. Moreover, because of seasonality, income levels were reduced remarkably during the lean period. Recent year disaster Mahasen affect the region badly, 60,690 people of 118,305 families of 46 Unions of Mothbaria,

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Kaukhali, Vandaria, Najirpur, Jiangor, Nesarabad and Pirojpur Sadar Upazila are affected. Nearly four hundred fifty houses are totally collapsed and 5,641 are partially damaged. Poor people invest their last penny to rebuilt the shelter and they are suffering from malnutrition and food insecurity (3).

Nutritional status of children was very poor and considered to be at phase 4 levels (wasting 15 and underweight 40 percent). With respect to Food Consumption data; consumption patterns and dietary diversity patterns of households and women were also very poor (phase 4). Chronic energy deficiency among women was also very poor (CED 33 percent) and falls under phase 3 (4). Moreover, low population per growth centre ratio, poor access to improved sources of sanitation (46 percent) indicates poor access to health and hygiene related services in the district which is related to poor utilization and food consumption in the district (4) (5).

Infrastructure needs to be developed for access to improve. If water and sanitation conditions of the district remain poor then even improvements in overall nutrition and food consumption patterns might not result in clear gains for the population. Nutrition education is also needed. Overall the district falls under phase 3 but the food consumption pattern and nutritional status are even worse and needs immediate attention.

Jhalokati


Recently the disaster Mahasen destroys the lives and assets of these districts. 64460 people of 30 Unions of Jhalokati, Nalsiti, Rajapur, Katalia Upazila are affected. Over fifty houses are totally and 1934 are partially damaged. 3421 acres of agricultural land slightly damaged (3).

A larger proportion of women of Jhalokati district consumed inadequate diet (66 percent, P4) and the proportion of households that come under poor and borderline food consumption levels were also high (17 percent, P2). One in four women is suffering from chronic energy deficiency (P3). But the proportion of children that were wasted and underweight are lower than expected (8 percent and 25 percent, respectively) (4). Only 37 percent households have access to improved sources of sanitation (P 4) (4). The reason for this lower prevalence might be low income, lack of awareness and frequent natural hazards. Growth centres (e.g., local market) are necessary for better trade but the population per growth centre ratio was 52 percent lower than the national average which indicates poor condition of the district (5).

Production of rice and vegetables were in surplus but pulse, fish and egg production depicted deficits in production (6). Rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory (7). Due to its geographical location it is most vulnerable to cyclone and tidal surge. Around 50 percent area is prone to severe tidal surge (8). Data revealed that diet diversity of women and nutritional status of both women and children need attention. Sanitation facilities also need marked improvement (4).

Satkhira

The IPC analysts concluded that approximately 35-45 percent of the population falls under acute food insecurity IPC Phase 3. It’s a combination of multiple factors that results in Shathira being classified as Phase 3. Key contributing elements for this conclusion includes the following:

As a coastal district, people are vulnerable to natural disaster and they frequently change their income generating activities, coping strategies and look for new settlement. Over 50 percent of the population depend on farming as a primary source of income of which nearly 30 percent constitute agricultural day laborer and marginal farmers. Other sources of incomes are limited. Unplanned shrimp culture hampers the ecology and environment of the coastal belt. Saline water infestations decrease the fertility of land and the production of agriculture decreasing continuously. Saline water

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trapped inside the agricultural land, pond, and water reservoir. Considerable parts of the region have been experiencing water logging almost every year since 2000 and water can often take up to six months to recede (9). Satkhira has 335 km pucca, 276 km semi pucca and 3580 km mud road; waterways 164 nautical mile. At the time of natural calamity it is very difficult to communicate. Poor communication is a barrier in the way of economic development (10).

Seventy eight percent women consumed inadequately diversified diet which results in very high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (22 percent) in women. The proportion of households that come under poor and borderline food consumption levels are also significantly higher (24 percent) than the national average; though underweight and wasting are somewhat better than the national average (26 and 9 percent, respectively) (4). Both IMR and U5 MR were higher than national average (11). This area requires major attention and improvement in diet diversity and nutrition. Data revealed that only 27 percent households had access to improved sources of sanitation (P3). However 9 in 10 households had access to an improved source of water which is not a major concern compared to other districts (4). This has implications on child nutrition as well as on the overall health of the population. It should be noted that 47 percent of households fall under extreme poverty (P4) (2). Availability in terms of rice, vegetables, fish, and egg production were much higher than the local requirement and were not a problem; furthermore rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory.

Khulna


The proportion of women consumed inadequately diversified diet was high (75 percent, P4) which may leads high prevalence of women malnutrition (CED 25 percent, P3). The proportion of households that come under poor and borderline food consumption levels (19 percent, P2) was gradually increasing towards phase 3. The IMR and U5 MR have reduced substantially in the country and in the district as well. Nutritional status of children were very poor and fall under IPC phase 3 (wasting 10 and underweight 29 percent) (4) (12). Moreover, poor access to improved sources of water (76 percent) and sanitation (36 percent) indicates the poor condition of the district and fall under phase 3 both of these were probably responsible for poor utilization of the district (4). The purchasing capacity of the agricultural day labourers is good in the current season. Overall food availability in terms of production was not a big concern for Khulna district. This district is affected by the tidal surge and also affected by the river flood that affects the sanitation and drinking water sources. Water logging and saline water intrusion are also evident. However, the district is vulnerable to cyclone and impacts of climate change. Some parts of this district were moderately affected by cyclone Sidr in 2007 and by cyclone Aila in 2009.

Nutritional status of women and children are poor but the dietary pattern of women is alarming and need immediate attention. In addition to that, access to improved sources of water and sanitation needs to be addressed as a priority.

Bagerhat


Food surplus exists for most important food items. While pulse production is insufficient, production of other protein-rich food sources were adequate to meet demands. The deficit of other food items

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is also met by imports. Thus, overall food availability is not a problem. The purchasing capacity of the agricultural day labourers was also good.

It is important to note that access to an improved source of water (P 4) and sanitation (33 percent, P 3) need addressing.

Barguna


Barguna is a coastal district. As such the people of this district are vulnerable to natural disaster; they frequently change their livelihood, coping strategies and look for new settlements. The district people are suffering from the effect of Mahasen. 60,000 people of 38 Unions are affected. 6,856 houses are totally and 61,812 are partially damaged (3). Considering the poverty level, and the impact of the disaster, Barguna falls into Phase 4 in terms of Livelihood Change. Although cropland was not affected by flooding, the continuous spread of salinity in surface water in the dry season has a detrimental effect on food production. Around 25 percent of the total area is affected with varying degrees of salinity. Approximately 62 percent area is prone to severe tidal surge (P 4) (8). Major parts (43 percent) of the population are deprived of education. Communication is an obstacle in the way of development. The communication system of Barguna is very poor. There are pucca 149 km, semi pucca 96 km and mud road 2057 km; waterways 347 nautical miles (13). In rainy season it’s become difficult to travel from sub-districts to sub districts.

Food Consumption patterns and dietary diversity, especially amongst women, were poor. Prevalence of women malnutrition was also high (CED-23 percent, P 3) (4). Data revealed that 42 percent households have access to an improved source of sanitation and 86 percent households have access to an improved source of water (P2) (4). About 39 percent of the population falls under the poverty line (2). In spite of having improved water sources and relatively better access to sanitation, the nutrition data is alarming. Especially women are in crisis in terms of dietary diversity. Children nutritional status also needs attention otherwise it may deteriorate further. The mortality rate is at moderate levels. The purchasing capacity is less than the average. Barguna’s high poverty level also increases overall vulnerability.

Barisal


The proportion of women that consumed inadequately diversified diets was very high (68 percent, P 4) however, overall consumption patterns for households depicted better rates (15 percent, P 2). Chronic energy deficiency among women is also very high (29 percent, P 3). Most importantly, the proportion of children that were wasted and underweight were remarkably high (16 and 34 percent, respectively) and both fall under IPC phase 4 (4).

Forty one percent population lies below the poverty line which is very high (2). This is closely related to the finding that HH expenditure is 13 percent less than national average (14).

Over 30 percent area is prone to severe tidal surge (P3) (8). Barisal is in the coastal zone so rising sea levels due to climate change is a big threat in this region. The area has been affected by cyclone Sidr, Aila and Mahasen over the last 5 years. Access to an improved source of sanitation is 44 percent (P2) (4).

This is a surplus area in terms of cereal, vegetable and fish production. But deficits exist for wheat, pulse and egg production.

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Patuakhali


Among the peasants, 30 percent is landless, 24 percent small peasant, 41 percent intermediate and 5 percent rich. Only 36 percent of the total population is educated (15). Lack of education is also responsible for the poor nutrition and food habit. Moreover, during cyclone season (April-May & October-November) tidal surge become higher than usual and inundated the agricultural land causing damage to crops. Because of salinization due to river water and saline water intrusion, paddy field in sea bordering areas become uncultivable. As a result small and marginalized farmers have been compelled to change their livelihoods. These factors affect the food access of the agriculture dependent population and results in them becoming reliant on negative coping strategies. Recently the disaster Mahasen destroy the lives and assets of these districts. 70,409 people of 72 Unions of Doshmina, Golachipa, Kolapara, Rangabali, Mirjagonj and Dumki Upazila are affected. 7,540 houses are totally and 18,238 are partially damaged (3).

Twenty eight percent households are in poor and borderline food consumption group (P 3). Seventy two percent women are consuming inadequately diversified diet (less than 5 food groups) which falls under IPC phase 4; and chronic energy deficiency among women is also very high (28 percent, P 3). Moreover, 47 percent people were below the extreme poverty line and 27 percent households reported reducing their monthly household expenditure; all of which indicates poor condition of the district (4) (2) (14).

The proportion of children that were underweight was high (33 percent, phase 3) but wasting is tolerable (7 percent, P 2). The IMR and U5 MR are close to the national average (4) (11). But if women nutritional status remains poor and households continue to consume a poor quality diet; in the long run it can have serious repercussions. Though food availability is good, higher poverty rate, seasonality and high price of non-rice food items severely affect the food consumption of the low income groups specially the day labourers. Based on the given data and analysis, we can conclude that Patuakhali district falls under highly food insecure region.

Feni

The IPC analysts concluded that approximately 25-35 percent of the population falls under acute food insecurity IPC Phase 2. Key contributing elements for this conclusion includes the following:

A large proportion of women consumed inadequately diversified diet (52 percent, P 3) of which results in very high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (26 percent, P 3) in women. Child underweight and wasting is also high (32 percent, P 4 and 11 percent, P 3). However, the proportion of households that consumed poor and the borderline poor food was very satisfactory (7 percent, P 1) (4). Data revealed that 50 percent households did not have access to an improved source of sanitation (P2) though access to an improved source of water was universal (4). However the sanitation coverage may have implications on child nutrition as well as on the overall health of the population. Availability in terms of rice, vegetables, fish, and egg production were much higher than the local requirement and were not a problem; furthermore rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory.

Cox’s Bazar

The IPC analysts concluded that approximately 30-35 percent of the population falls under acute food insecurity IPC Phase 3. It’s a combination of multiple factor that concludes Cox’s Bazar to be in Phase 3. Key contributing elements for this conclusion includes the following:

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In the rainy season and summer people have less opportunity to generate higher income and in the context of the Bangladesh rainy season and summer is natural disaster prone. People faces disaster two times a year and carry the impact all the year round. The literacy rate among the urban people is 52.2 percent that means a large portion of people deprived of basic education.

A larger proportion of women consumed inadequately diversified diet (73 percent, P 4). The proportion of households that depicted poor and borderline food consumption patterns were also significantly higher (20 percent, P 3) than the national average. However, prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (13 percent, P 2) among women was in a tolerable condition. On the other hand, the proportion of children being underweight are very high (38 percent) and fall under IPC phase 4, however wasting is slightly lower (9 percent, P 2) than national average (4). Data revealed that over 70 percent households did not have access to an improved source of sanitation (P 3). However, access to improved source of water is universal (4). The poor sanitation system may have some implications on child nutritional status as well as on the overall health of the population. It should be noted that 31.94 percent households fall under extreme poverty (2). Availability in terms of rice, vegetables, fish, and egg production were much higher than the local requirement and were not a problem; furthermore rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory. This area requires major attention and improvement in diet diversity of women, nutritional status of children and sanitation system of the households.

Noakhali

The IPC analysts concluded that approximately 25-35 percent of the population falls under acute food insecurity IPC Phase 3. It’s a combination of multiple factor that concludes Noakhali to be in Phase 3. Key contributing elements for this conclusion includes the following:

Research findings revealed that the economic activity of Noakhali is not satisfactory. Among the peasants 21 percent are landless, 41 percent marginal and 21 percent small (16). In Mahasen, 35127 people of 33 unions affected badly. 4968 houses are damaged partially and 1710 damage completely. There are 250 acres of agricultural land demolished fully and 1400 acres of land damaged partially (3).

Over fifty percent women consumed inadequately diversified diet (52 percent, P 3) of which results in very high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (28 percent, P 3) in women. The proportion of households that consumed poor and borderline poor food was moderate (13 percent, P 2). But child nutritional status seems poorest in the district. Children being underweight is remarkably high (42 percent, P 5) and wasting is also very high (17 percent, P 4) (4). This area requires major attention and improvement in child nutrition. Data revealed that 67 percent households did not have access to an improved source of sanitation (P 3) which indicates very poor condition of the district. It should be noted that 15.6 percent (P 2) households fall under extreme poverty (4) (2). Availability in terms of rice, vegetables, fish, and egg production were much higher than the local requirement and were not a problem; furthermore rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory (6) (7). Considering the poor nutritional status, diet diversity and sanitation Noakhali fall under IPC phase 3

Laxmipur


Recently the disaster Mahasen destroys the lives and assets of these districts. 9465 people of 14 Unions of Laxmipur, Raipur, Ramgoti, and komolnagor Upazila are affected. 190 houses are totally and 789 are partially damaged. 28887 acres of agricultural land slightly damaged (3).

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The proportion of women that consumed inadequately diversified diet was very high (64 percent, P 4) of which results in very high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (24 percent, P 3) in women. The proportion of households that consumed poor and borderline poor food was also high (25 percent, P 3). The child being underweight is higher (31 percent, P 4) than the national average but wasting is lower (6 percent, P 2) than national average (4). Data revealed that 42 percent households had access to an improved source of sanitation. It is alarming that 34 percent household’s fall under extreme poverty. Percentage of area prone to tidal surge is 49 percent (P 4) and areas prone to river flood 38 percent (4) (2) (8).

Chittagong


Recently the disaster Mahasen destroys the lives and assets of these districts. 29270 people of 33 Unions of Bashkhali, Mirsorai, sitakundo, sondip Upazila are affected. 50 houses are totally and 2005 are partially damaged. 207.3 acres of agricultural land totally and 4964 acres are partially damaged (3).

Over fifty percent women consumed inadequately diversified diet (P 3) of which results in very high prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (23 percent, P 3) in women. The proportion of households that consumed poor and borderline poor food was also high (15 percent, P 2). Underweight is higher (40 percent, P 4) than the national average and wasting is also higher (14 percent, P 3) than national average (4). Data revealed that 64 percent households did not have access to an improved source of sanitation (P 3) which indicates very poor condition of the district (4). Percentage of area prone to tidal surge is 15 percent and 31 percent area prone are prone to river flood (8). Availability in terms of rice, vegetables, fish, and egg production were much higher than the local requirement and were not a problem; furthermore rice purchasing capacity of agricultural wage labourers was satisfactory (7) (6). Note: Details on the 5 phases of the IPC Acute Food Security Classification can be found in Annex 5

13

Annex1: List of Core / Basic Indicators identified for the Acute IPC analysis 1. Cereal production 2. Vegetable production 3. Fish production 4. Pulse production 5. Terms of Trade (Rice purchasing capacity of the agriculture wage labourers) 6. Price of rice 7. Population per growth centre 8. Percent of population with poor & borderline FCS 9. Monthly HH Expenditure 10. Underweight 11. Wasting/GAM rates 12. Percentage of Women consumed inadequately diversified diet (less than 5 food groups) 13. Proportion of Adult women with CED (BMI<18.5) 14. Proportion of area prone to severe river flood & flash flood 15. Proportion of area prone to severe tidal surge 16. Agricultural land affected by the September 2012 flood 17. Access to improved sanitation 18. Access to improved drinking water sources 19. IMR 20. Under5 Mortality rate.

Annex 2: Participating Members of the Bangladesh National IPC Technical Working GroupGovernment of Bangladesh UN Agencies INGOs Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) Department of Agriculture extension (DAE) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock (MoFL) Disaster Management Bureau (DMB)

FAO UNICEF WFP UNOCHA

Oxfam Save the Children Care International ACF HKI

Annex 3: IPC zones Sl. # Name of Zone Number of Districts 1 North West Flood Plain 6 2 Northern Char 6 3 Drought Area 6 4 NW Zone 6 5 Coastal Area 8 6 Greater Faridpur 8 7 Zone-7 8 8 Greater Sylhet/Haor Area 6 9 Greater Noakhali 6 10 Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) 3 11 Urban Area/City Corporation 1 Total 11 Zones 64 Districts

Annex 4: IPC acute an alysis data with phase colour

District

Deviation

from

average

expenditure

Access to

improved

sanitation

facilities

(FSNSP)

Access

to

improv

ed

water

sources

(FSNSP)

Proportion

of area

prone to

tidal surge

(SPARRSO)

Proportion

of Poor

(Upper

poverty

line)

Proportion

of Extreme

Poor

(Lower

poverty

line)

Household

with poor

&

borderline

Food

Consumpti

on (FSNSP)

Women

Consumed

inadequately

diversified

diet (less

than 5 food

groups)

(FSNSP)

Underweight

Children

(Global

Underweight)

(FSNSP)

Global

Acute

Malnutritio

n

(GAM)

(FSNSP)

Adult

chronic

energy

deficiency

(bmi<18.5)

(FSNSP)

IMR

every

1000

live

births

(MICS

2009)

U5

MR

every

1000

live

births

(MICS

2009)

Bagerhat -37% 33% 41% 62 43.00 31.88 23% 68% 28% 8% 26% 50 65 Barguna -16% 42% 86% 100 57.80 39.10 22% 67% 28% 10% 23% 50 66 Barisal 3% 44% 100% 31 57.71 41.10 15% 68% 34% 16% 29% 46 60 Chittagong 11% 36% 100% 15 25.63 7.08 15% 53% 40% 14% 23% 40 50 Cox’s Bazar -12% 29% 98% 46 55.79 31.94 20% 73% 38% 9% 13% 54 72 Feni 4% 50% 100% 21 12.46 4.80 7% 52% 32% 11% 26% 40 51 Jhalkhati -8% 37% 98% 99 46.98 28.43 17% 66% 25% 8% 25% 44 56 Khulna -34% 36% 76% 37 54.51 35.97 19% 75% 29% 10% 25% 39 49 Laximipur -34% 42% 99% 49 34.30 16.20 25% 64% 31% 6% 24% 55 73 Noakhali -21% 33% 100% 50 33.45 15.60 13% 52% 42% 17% 28% 44 56 Patuakhali -10% 41% 100% 100 59.91 47.37 28% 72% 33% 7% 28% 47 61 Pirojpur -27% 46% 83% 91 27.90 18.17 29% 76% 40% 15% 33% 54 72 Satkhira -39% 27% 88% 44 59.76 46.76 24% 78% 26% 9% 22% 57 76

15

Annex 5: IPC Area-based Acute Food Insecurity Reference Tables *For both nutrition and mortality area outcomes, household food consumption deficits must be an explanatory factor in order for that evidence to be used in support of a Phase classification. For example, elevated malnutrition due to disease outbreak or lack of health access—if it is determined

to not be related to food consumption deficits—should not be used as evidence for an IPC classification. Similarly, excess mortality rates due to, murder or conflict –if they are not related to food consumption deficits--should not be used as evidence for a Phase classification. For Acute Malnutrition, the IPC thresholds are based on percent of children under 5 years that are below 2 standard deviations of weight for height or presence of oedema. BMI is an acronym for Body Mass Index. CDR is Crude Death Rate. U5DR is Under 5 Death Rate.

Phase 1 Minimal

More than four in five HHs are able to meet essential food and non-food needs

without engaging in atypical, unsustainable

strategies to access food and income, including any reliance on humanitarian

assistance.

Phase 2 Stressed

At least one in five HHs in the area have the following or worse: Minimally adequate

food consumption but are unable to afford

some essential non-food expenditures without

engaging in irreversible coping strategies

Phase 3 Crisis

At least one in five HHs in the area have the following or

worse: Food consumption gaps with

high or above usual acute malnutrition; or

Are marginally able to meet minimum food needs only with

accelerated depletion of livelihood assets that will lead to

food consumption gaps.

Phase 4 Emergency

At least one in five HHs in the area have the following

or worse: Large food consumption

gaps resulting in very high acute malnutrition and

excess mortality; or Extreme loss of livelihood

assets that will lead to food consumption gaps in the

short term.

Phase 5 Famine

At least one in five HHs in the area have an extreme

lack of food and other basic needs where starvation,

death, and destitution are evident.

(Evidence for all three criteria of food

consumption, wasting, and CDR is required to classify

Famine.)

Priority Response Objectives

Build resilience, Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk Reduction, Protect

livelihoods

Urgent Action Required

Protect livelihoods, reduce food consumption gaps, and

reduce acute malnutrition Save lives &livelihoods

Prevent widespread death and total collapse of

livelihoods

Are

a O

utco

mes

(d

irec

tly

mea

sure

d or

infe

rred

)

Food Consumption

& Livelihood

Change

More than 80 percent of households in the area are able to meet basic food needs without engaging in atypical strategies to access food and income& livelihoods are sustainable

Based on the IPC Household Group Reference Table, at least 20 percent of the households in the area are in Phase 2 or worse



Based on the IPC Household Group Reference Table, at least 20 percent of the households in the area are in Phase 5

Nutritional Status*

Acute Malnutrition: <5 percent BMI <18.5 Prevalence: <10 percent

Acute Malnutrition : 5-10 percent, BMI <18.5 Prevalence: 10-20 percent

Acute Malnutrition : 10- 15 percent OR > usual & increasing BMI <18.5 Prevalence: 20-40 percent , 1.5 x greater than reference

Acute Malnutrition : 15 – 30 percent; OR > usual & increasing BMI <18.5 Prevalence:>40 percent

Acute Malnutrition : >30 percent BMI <18.5 Prevalence:far> 40percent

Mortality*

CDR: <0.5/10,000/day U5DR: ≤1/10,000/day

CDR: <0.5/10,000/day U5DR: ≤1/10,000/day

CDR: 0.5-1/10,000/day U5DR: 1-2/10,000/day

CDR: 1-2/10,000/day OR >2x reference U5DR: 2-4/10,000/day

CDR: >2/10,000/day U5DR: >4/10,000/day

IPC Bangladesh Partners

IPC Global Partners

16

Works Cited 1. wikimapia. wikimapia.org/3148975/Pirojpur-Dist-Town. wikimapia.org. [Online] 2012. http://wikimapia.org/3148975/Pirojpur-Dist-Town.

2. BBS, WFP, WB. Updating Poverty Map. 2009.

3. National Disaster Response Coordination Center (NDRCC), MoDMR. reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int. reliefweb.int. [Online] May 2013.

4. JPGSPH, HKI, BBS. Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Project. 2012.

5. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). Dhaka : s.n., 2010.

6. Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). 2011.

7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2011.

8. SPARRSO. 2011.

9. wikimapia. wikimapia.org/14404866/Satkhira-Dist-Town. wikimapia.org. [Online] http://wikimapia.org/14404866/Satkhira-Dist-Town.

10. UNDP. Water Logging in Satkhira District: An Analysis of Gaps between Needs and Response . 2011.

11. NUICEF, BBS. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). 2009.

12. BBS, Unicef. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. s.l. : BBS, Unicef, 2009.

13. www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_0303.HTM. www.banglapedia.org. [Online] 2006. http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_0303.HTM.

14. BBS. HIES. 2010.

15. Banglapedia. [Online] 2006.

16. —. www.banglapedia.org. [Online] 2006. http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/N_0197.HTM.

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