RAILWAY COMUNICATION:RAILWAY COMUNICATION:

Mr. Mahbubur RahmanLecturer,

Department of Civil EngineeringStamford University Bangladesh

51, Siddeswari, Dhaka.

BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVEBANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE

PARTICIPENT PARTICIPENT GROUP-AGROUP-A

MD. SAKIN MORSHEDMD. SAKIN MORSHED CEN-03305523CEN-03305523 SHAMSUL ISLAM SHISHIR SHAMSUL ISLAM SHISHIR CEN-03305528CEN-03305528 MD.FAJLUL BARI FUAD CHOWDHURY MD.FAJLUL BARI FUAD CHOWDHURY CEN-03305529CEN-03305529 A.B.M.MASUDUL ALAM A.B.M.MASUDUL ALAM CEN-03305534CEN-03305534 MAHDI MASUDMAHDI MASUD CEN-03305546CEN-03305546 B.M.TIPU SULTANB.M.TIPU SULTAN CEN-03305551CEN-03305551 PRODIP KUMARPRODIP KUMAR CEN-03305554CEN-03305554 SHAMMI AKHTAR SHAMMI AKHTAR CEN-03305559CEN-03305559 MD.SAYDUR RAHMANMD.SAYDUR RAHMAN CEN-02805229CEN-02805229

History of RailwayHistory of Railway In 1769 France Mechanic Nicholas Joseph First In 1769 France Mechanic Nicholas Joseph First

invented air engine. In 27 september 1825, invented air engine. In 27 september 1825, Railway first start at England.Railway first start at England.

Railway acts as an important method of mass Railway acts as an important method of mass transport in Bangladesh . Many districts of the transport in Bangladesh . Many districts of the country are connected via railways.country are connected via railways.Bangladesh Bangladesh RailwayRailway began in began in 18621862. . 53.1153.11 km broad gauge km broad gauge line for traffic on 15 November between Darsana line for traffic on 15 November between Darsana and Jagiti. The next and Jagiti. The next 14.9814.98 km meter gauge line km meter gauge line was opened for traffic on 4th January 1885. In was opened for traffic on 4th January 1885. In 1891, the construction of then 1891, the construction of then Assam-Bengal Assam-Bengal RailwayRailway was taken by the Assam-Bangla was taken by the Assam-Bangla Railway Company. On 1 July 1895, two sections Railway Company. On 1 July 1895, two sections of meter gauge lines were opened between of meter gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149.89 Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149.89 kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50.89 kilometers. Railway Companies length of 50.89 kilometers. Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections in middle and late 19th operation of these sections in middle and late 19th century. Bangladesh Railway was mostly inherited century. Bangladesh Railway was mostly inherited from the British-established Assam Bengal railway from the British-established Assam Bengal railway system after the partition of India in 1947. At system after the partition of India in 1947. At present present Bangladesh RailwayBangladesh Railway has got 2855 route has got 2855 route kilometers.kilometers.

Bangladesh Railway's headquarters are located Bangladesh Railway's headquarters are located in the southern port city of Chittagong, which in the southern port city of Chittagong, which had historically been the south-eastern terminus had historically been the south-eastern terminus of the Assam-Bengal Railway. After of the Assam-Bengal Railway. After independence from Pakistan in 1971, only a independence from Pakistan in 1971, only a small length of additional new tracks were laid .small length of additional new tracks were laid .

As of 2005, the total length of railroad is 2,706 As of 2005, the total length of railroad is 2,706 km. Of that, 923 km are broad gauge (1.676 km. Of that, 923 km are broad gauge (1.676 meter) tracks (mostly in the western region), meter) tracks (mostly in the western region), while the remaining 1,822 km are metre gauge while the remaining 1,822 km are metre gauge tracks (mostly in the central and eastern tracks (mostly in the central and eastern regions). The gauge problem is being tackled by regions). The gauge problem is being tackled by adding third rails to the most important broad adding third rails to the most important broad and metre gauge routes, so that they become and metre gauge routes, so that they become dual gauge.dual gauge.

A major road-rail bridge at Jamuna opened in A major road-rail bridge at Jamuna opened in 1998 to connect the previously isolated east 1998 to connect the previously isolated east and west rail networks.and west rail networks.

As of March 2008, the broad gauge reached As of March 2008, the broad gauge reached Dhaka the national capital, though only up to Dhaka the national capital, though only up to Dhaka Cantonment, DOHS Baridhara. Recently Dhaka Cantonment, DOHS Baridhara. Recently It Reached in to Kamlapur Station.It Reached in to Kamlapur Station.

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE

RAIL IS THE BEST WAY TO CARRYING HEAVY LOAD.RAIL IS THE BEST WAY TO CARRYING HEAVY LOAD.

AVAILABLE IN EVERY COUNTRIES.AVAILABLE IN EVERY COUNTRIES.

CAN PASS HUGE PASSENGER.CAN PASS HUGE PASSENGER.

POPULAR IN COMMERCIAL COMPANY.POPULAR IN COMMERCIAL COMPANY.

LESS RISK.LESS RISK.

JOURNEY IS REASONABLE.JOURNEY IS REASONABLE.

RAIL RAIL ROUTE ROUTE

IN IN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

CROSS SECTION OF DOUBLE CROSS SECTION OF DOUBLE TRACK RAILWAY ALIGNMENTTRACK RAILWAY ALIGNMENT

COMPONENTS COMPONENTS AND AND

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS SUBBALLASTSUBBALLAST BALLASTBALLAST CROSS AND SWITCH TIESCROSS AND SWITCH TIES RAILRAIL CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION JOINTSJOINTS RAIL ANCHORSRAIL ANCHORS TIE PLATES AND FASTENINGSTIE PLATES AND FASTENINGS TRACK SPIKESTRACK SPIKES RAIL JOINTS AND ACCESSORIES RAIL JOINTS AND ACCESSORIES

(SPLICE BARS)(SPLICE BARS) SWITCHESSWITCHES SWITCH STANDSSWITCH STANDS DERAILSDERAILS FROGS AND GUARD RAILSFROGS AND GUARD RAILS TRACK TOOLSTRACK TOOLS

GaugeGauge The Gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear minimun perpendicular distance The Gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear minimun perpendicular distance

between inner faces of the two Rails.between inner faces of the two Rails.

The standard track gauge - the distance between the two rails - is 4 ft. 8½ in or 1435 The standard track gauge - the distance between the two rails - is 4 ft. 8½ in or 1435 mm. but many other gauges, wider and narrower than this, are in use around the mm. but many other gauges, wider and narrower than this, are in use around the world.  Gauge is often intentionally widened slightly on curved track. world.  Gauge is often intentionally widened slightly on curved track. 

FACTORSFACTORS Factors affecting the choice of gauge:Factors affecting the choice of gauge: 1.Traffic Conditions.1.Traffic Conditions. 2. Development of poor areas.2. Development of poor areas. 3. Cost of track.3. Cost of track. 4. Nature of country.4. Nature of country.

TYPE OF GAUGETYPE OF GAUGE

Type Type WidthWidth Broad GaugeBroad Gauge 1676~1524mm1676~1524mm Standard GaugeStandard Gauge 1435~1451mm1435~1451mm Meter GaugeMeter Gauge 1076~1000mm1076~1000mm Narrow GaugeNarrow Gauge 762~610 mm 762~610 mm

TYPE OF TYPE OF GAUGE USES GAUGE USES

IN IN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

RAILRAIL Rails are similar to steel Girder. These are placed end to end to Rails are similar to steel Girder. These are placed end to end to

provide continuous and level surface for the Train to move.provide continuous and level surface for the Train to move.

RAIL IN RAIL IN PASTPAST

CROSS CROSS SECTION OF SECTION OF

RAILRAIL

TYPE OF RAILTYPE OF RAIL

The standard form of rail used around The standard form of rail used around the world is the "flat bottom" rail.  It has the world is the "flat bottom" rail.  It has a wide base or "foot" and narrower top a wide base or "foot" and narrower top or "head".  or "head". 

Bullhead rail was originally designed Bullhead rail was originally designed with reuse in mind.  It was intended with reuse in mind.  It was intended that it would be turned over when the that it would be turned over when the top had worn but this proved top had worn but this proved impossible because the underside also impossible because the underside also wore where it had been secured to the wore where it had been secured to the sleeper.  Bullhead rail has to be sleeper.  Bullhead rail has to be mounted a special "chair" made of cast mounted a special "chair" made of cast iron and secured by a "key" wedged iron and secured by a "key" wedged between the rail web and the chair.  between the rail web and the chair.  The chairs are secured to the sleepers The chairs are secured to the sleepers by "coach screws". by "coach screws". 

BallastBallast Ballast is provided to give support, load transfer Ballast is provided to give support, load transfer

and drainage to the track and thereby keep and drainage to the track and thereby keep water away from the rails and sleepers.  Ballast water away from the rails and sleepers.  Ballast must support the weight of the track and the must support the weight of the track and the considerable cyclic loading of passing trainsconsiderable cyclic loading of passing trains

Individual loads on rails can be as high as 50 Individual loads on rails can be as high as 50 tonnes Ballast will be laid to a depth of 9 to 12 tonnes Ballast will be laid to a depth of 9 to 12 inches (up to 300 mm on a high speed track).  inches (up to 300 mm on a high speed track).  Ballast weighs about 1,600 to 1,800 kg/cu/mBallast weighs about 1,600 to 1,800 kg/cu/m

A highly cost effective solution for the A highly cost effective solution for the reinforcement of ballast over a soft subgrade reinforcement of ballast over a soft subgrade are Tensar biaxial geogrids, which bring are Tensar biaxial geogrids, which bring significant benefits to railway engineers significant benefits to railway engineers

Direct ballast reinforcement reduces the rate of Direct ballast reinforcement reduces the rate of track settlement and reduces maintenance track settlement and reduces maintenance cycles cycles

Reinforcement of a granular sub-base layer Reinforcement of a granular sub-base layer beneath the railway ballast to increase the beneath the railway ballast to increase the bearing capacity of the track foundation. bearing capacity of the track foundation.

An alternative to increasing the depth of An alternative to increasing the depth of ballast, or adopting chemical stabilisation. ballast, or adopting chemical stabilisation.

Improved rail ballast performance allows Improved rail ballast performance allows consistent high speeds to be achieved consistent high speeds to be achieved

Reduction of the rate of permanent Reduction of the rate of permanent settlement. settlement.

Avoids the need for excavation of soft soil and Avoids the need for excavation of soft soil and replacement with thick layers of imported fill. replacement with thick layers of imported fill.

Reduced maintenance due to a proven Reduced maintenance due to a proven increase in the intervals between increase in the intervals between maintenance interventions maintenance interventions

SLEEPERSSLEEPERS Traditionally, sleepers are Traditionally, sleepers are

wooden.  They can be softwood or wooden.  They can be softwood or hardwood. In Bangladesh uses a hardwood. In Bangladesh uses a hardwood .Sleepers are normally hardwood .Sleepers are normally impregnated with preservative impregnated with preservative and, under good conditions, They and, under good conditions, They are easy to cut and drill and used are easy to cut and drill and used to be cheap and plentiful.  to be cheap and plentiful.  Nowadays, they are becoming Nowadays, they are becoming more expensive and other types of more expensive and other types of materials have appeared, notably materials have appeared, notably concrete and steel.concrete and steel.

Steel sleepers are also now used Steel sleepers are also now used on more lightly used roads, but on more lightly used roads, but they are regarded as suitable only they are regarded as suitable only where speeds are 100 mi/h (160 where speeds are 100 mi/h (160 km/h) or less.km/h) or less.

Concrete is the most popular of the new Concrete is the most popular of the new types .They resist movement better than types .They resist movement better than wooden ones.  They work well under wooden ones.  They work well under most conditions but there are some most conditions but there are some railways which have found that they do railways which have found that they do not perform well under the loads of not perform well under the loads of heavy haul freight trains.  A concrete heavy haul freight trains.  A concrete sleeper can weighs up to 320 kg (700 sleeper can weighs up to 320 kg (700 lbs) lbs)

Another type of concrete Another type of concrete sleeper is the twin-block sleeper is the twin-block sleeper.sleeper.

The design consists of two The design consists of two concrete blocks joined by a concrete blocks joined by a steel bar.  It is 30% lighter than steel bar.  It is 30% lighter than a regular concrete sleeper, a regular concrete sleeper, allowing it to be moved allowing it to be moved manually.  It is popular in manually.  It is popular in FranceFrance

FITTING & FASTENINGFITTING & FASTENING

The purpose of providing fitting & fastening is to hold the rail in proper The purpose of providing fitting & fastening is to hold the rail in proper position for the smooth running of trains. This fitting & fastening join rail with position for the smooth running of trains. This fitting & fastening join rail with rail as well as fix the sleepers with rail.rail as well as fix the sleepers with rail.

Type of fastening :Type of fastening : Bearing Plate.Bearing Plate. Fish Plate,Fish Plate, SpikeSpike Hook boltHook bolt FangboltFangbolt Chair and key etc.Chair and key etc.

DETAIL PARTS OF FASTENINGDETAIL PARTS OF FASTENING

DIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENINGDIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENING

DIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENINGDIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENING

DIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENINGDIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENING

DIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENINGDIFFERENT TYPE OF FASTENING

SIGNAL SIGNAL TYPE OF SIGNALTYPE OF SIGNAL- ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONACCORDING TO FUNCTION- ACCORDING TO LOCATIONACCORDING TO LOCATION- ACCORDING TO OPERATIONACCORDING TO OPERATION- SPECIAL SIGNALSPECIAL SIGNAL

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONACCORDING TO FUNCTION - SIMAPHORE SIGNAL- SIMAPHORE SIGNAL

- WARNER SIGNAL- WARNER SIGNAL- GROUND SIGNAL- GROUND SIGNAL- COLOURED LIGHT SIGNAL- COLOURED LIGHT SIGNAL

ACCORDING TO LOCATIONACCORDING TO LOCATION- OUTHER SIGNAL- OUTHER SIGNAL- HOME SIGNAL- HOME SIGNAL- STARTER SIGNAL- STARTER SIGNAL- ADVANCE STARTER SIGNAL- ADVANCE STARTER SIGNAL

ACCORDING TO OPERATIONACCORDING TO OPERATION- ROUTING SIGNAL- ROUTING SIGNAL- REPEATING SIGNAL- REPEATING SIGNAL- CO-ACTING SIGNAL- CO-ACTING SIGNAL- CALLING-ON SIGNAL- CALLING-ON SIGNAL- INDICATOR SIGNAL- INDICATOR SIGNAL- MISCELANEOUS SIGNAL- MISCELANEOUS SIGNAL

SPECIAL SIGNALSPECIAL SIGNAL- DITONATING SIGNAL- DITONATING SIGNAL- HAND SIGNAL- HAND SIGNAL- FIXED SIGNAL- FIXED SIGNAL

SIGNAL SIGNAL CONTROLING CONTROLING

ROOMROOM

VARIOUS TYPE OF SIGNALVARIOUS TYPE OF SIGNAL

SIGNALING SIGNSIGNALING SIGN

TURNTURN

SWITCHESSWITCHES Switches are mechanical devices consisting of special crossties with rails that permit a train to change tracks and Switches are mechanical devices consisting of special crossties with rails that permit a train to change tracks and

therefore, change direction. Switches may be controlled either manually or electronically.therefore, change direction. Switches may be controlled either manually or electronically.

DERAILSDERAILS

Derails are safety devices designed to limit Derails are safety devices designed to limit unauthorized movement of a car or locomotive unauthorized movement of a car or locomotive beyond a specific point. The most frequent use of beyond a specific point. The most frequent use of derails is to prevent unauthorized movement of derails is to prevent unauthorized movement of equipment from a side track onto a main track. equipment from a side track onto a main track. Derails are sometimes used to prevent the Derails are sometimes used to prevent the movement of equipment onto portions of a side track movement of equipment onto portions of a side track where it might cause an accident or damage. where it might cause an accident or damage.

FROGS AND GUARD RAILSFROGS AND GUARD RAILSFrogs are special pieces of trackwork that enable Frogs are special pieces of trackwork that enable flanged wheels to cross from one rail onto another flanged wheels to cross from one rail onto another rail. Guard rails consist of a rail or series of rails that rail. Guard rails consist of a rail or series of rails that lay parallel to the running rails of a track lay parallel to the running rails of a track

TURNOUTTURNOUT I have used the word "turnout" to describe the junctions in trackwork where lines diverge or I have used the word "turnout" to describe the junctions in trackwork where lines diverge or

converge so as to avoid "points" (UK) or "switches" (US), both of which terms can be converge so as to avoid "points" (UK) or "switches" (US), both of which terms can be confusing.  In the railway "trade", turnouts are referred to as "switch and crossing work".  A confusing.  In the railway "trade", turnouts are referred to as "switch and crossing work".  A turnout consists of a number of parts as follows:turnout consists of a number of parts as follows:

The moving part of the turnout is the switch "blade" or "point", one for each route.  The two The moving part of the turnout is the switch "blade" or "point", one for each route.  The two blades are fixed to each other by a tie bar to ensure that when one is against its stock rail, blades are fixed to each other by a tie bar to ensure that when one is against its stock rail, the other is fully clear and will provide room for the wheel flange to pass through cleanly.  the other is fully clear and will provide room for the wheel flange to pass through cleanly.  Either side of the crossing area, wing and check rails are provided to assist the guidance of Either side of the crossing area, wing and check rails are provided to assist the guidance of the wheelsets through the crossing.the wheelsets through the crossing.

TYPE OF TURNOUTTYPE OF TURNOUT

GUARD RAILGUARD RAIL

TURN TABLETURN TABLE

CROSSINGCROSSING Crossing are provided to transfer Crossing are provided to transfer

Train from one track to the other. Train from one track to the other. The tracks may be parallel or The tracks may be parallel or diverging or converging each diverging or converging each other.other.

IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE To passing one line to To passing one line to

another line.another line.

DIFFERENTDIFFERENTTYPES OFTYPES OFCROSSINGCROSSING

RAIL MAINTENANCE RAIL MAINTENANCE

JAM AT CROSSING POINTJAM AT CROSSING POINT

PRESENT PRESENT RAIL RAIL

ROUTE ROUTE IN IN

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

PROPOSED PROPOSED RAIL RAIL

ROUTE ROUTE IN IN

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

COMMUTER COMMUTER RAIL ROUTE RAIL ROUTE

IN IN BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

ANY QUESTION ?ANY QUESTION ?